452:). Particular physical objects merely exemplify or instantiate the universal. But this raises the question: Where is this universal realm? One possibility is that it is outside space and time. A view sympathetic with this possibility holds that, precisely because some form is immanent in several physical objects, it must also transcend each of those physical objects; in this way, the forms are "transcendent" only insofar as they are "immanent" in many physical objects. In other words, immanence implies transcendence; they are not opposed to one another. (Nor, in this view, would there be a separate "world" or "realm" of forms that is distinct from the physical world, thus shirking much of the worry about where to locate a "universal realm".) However,
558:, or that they differ from each other (and other cats) quite less than they differ from other things, and this warrants classing them together. Some resemblance nominalists will concede that the resemblance relation is itself a universal, but is the only universal necessary. Others argue that each resemblance relation is a particular, and is a resemblance relation simply in virtue of its resemblance to other resemblance relations. This generates an infinite regress, but many argue that it is not
262:
universal is not something real that exists in a subject ... but that it has a being only as a thought-object in the mind ". As a general rule, Ockham argued against assuming any entities that were not necessary for explanations. Accordingly, he wrote, there is no reason to believe that there is an entity called "humanity" that resides inside, say, Socrates, and nothing further is explained by making this claim. This is in accord with the analytical method that has since come to be called
832:
Ockham, Buridan, Marsilius and others, there are also striking differences. More fundamentally, Robert Pasnau has questioned whether any kind of coherent body of thought that could be called 'nominalism' can be discerned in fourteenth century writing. This makes it difficult, it has been argued, to follow the twentieth century narrative which portrayed late scholastic philosophy as a dispute which emerged in the fourteenth century between the
539:, which states that Fluffy and Kitzler, for example, are both cats simply because the predicate 'is a cat' applies to both of them. And this is the case for all similarity of attribute among objects. The main criticism of this view is that it does not provide a sufficient solution to the problem of universals. It fails to provide an account of what makes it the case that a group of things warrant having the same predicate applied to them.
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600:. Two tropes are exactly resembling if substituting one for the other would make no difference to the events in which they are taking part. Varying degrees of resemblance at the macro level can be explained by varying degrees of resemblance at the micro level, and micro-level resemblance is explained in terms of something no less robustly physical than causal power.
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328:, nominalism profoundly influences these two periods. Even though modernity and contemporaneity are secular eras, their roots are firmly established in the sacred. Furthermore, "Nominalism turned this world on its head," he argues. "For the nominalists, all real being was individual or particular and universals were thus mere fictions."
579:
is a philosophical theory that explains universality of particulars as conceptualized frameworks situated within the thinking mind. The conceptualist view approaches the metaphysical concept of universals from a perspective that denies their presence in particulars outside of the mind's perception of
568:
argues that class membership forms the metaphysical backing for property relationships: two particular red balls share a property in that they are both members of classes corresponding to their properties – that of being red and being balls. A version of class nominalism that sees some
831:
Aware that explicit thinking in terms of a divide between 'nominalism' and 'realism’ emerged only in the fifteenth century, scholars have increasingly questioned whether a fourteenth-century school of nominalism can really be said to have existed. While one might speak of family resemblances between
376:
schools; they were of the opinion that words have as referent not true objects, but only concepts produced in the intellect. These concepts are not real since they do not have efficient existence, that is, causal powers. Words, as linguistic conventions, are useful to thought and discourse, but even
1046:
Rodriguez-Pereyra (2008) writes: "The word 'Nominalism', as used by contemporary philosophers in the Anglo-American tradition, is ambiguous. In one sense, its most traditional sense deriving from the Middle Ages, it implies the rejection of universals. In another, more modern but equally entrenched
331:
Another scholar, Victor Bruno, follows the same line. According to Bruno, nominalism is one of the first signs of rupture in the medieval system. "The dismembering of the particulars, the dangerous attribution to individuals to a status of totalization of possibilities in themselves, all this will
261:
something in common among like individuals, but that it is a concept in the mind, rather than a real entity existing independently of the mind. Ockham argued that only individuals existed and that universals were only mental ways of referring to sets of individuals. "I maintain", he wrote, "that a
45:
do not actually exist other than being merely names or labels. There are at least two main versions of nominalism. One version denies the existence of universals – things that can be instantiated or exemplified by many particular things (e.g., strength, humanity). The other version
507:
hold that there is no realm in which universals exist, but rather universals are located in space and time wherever they are manifest. Now, recall that a universal, like greenness, is supposed to be a single thing. Nominalists consider it unusual that there could be a single thing that exists in
270:
and non-arbitrarily applied to two individuals, there must be some resemblance or shared property between the two individuals that justifies their falling under the same concept and that is just the metaphysical problem that universals were brought in to address, the starting-point of the whole
391:. The theory seeks to explain how it is possible for words to refer to classes of objects even if no such class has an objective existence. Dignāga's thesis is that classes do not refer to positive qualities that their members share in common. On the contrary, universal classes are exclusions (
1557:
be removed. The edict used the word 'nominalist' to describe those students at Paris who 'are not afraid to imitate' the renovators. These students then made a reply to Louis XI, defending nominalism as a movement going back to Ockham, which had been persecuted repeatedly, but which in fact
365:, maintaining that the referent of the word is both the individual object perceived by the subject of knowledge and the universal class to which the thing belongs. According to Indian realism, both the individual and the universal exist objectively, with the second underlying the former.
662:
was identical to the individual inside it. Classes corresponding to what are held to be species or genera are concrete sums of their concrete constituting individuals. For example, the class of philosophers is nothing but the sum of all concrete, individual philosophers.
409:, specifically accounting for the fact that some things are of the same type. For example, Fluffy and Kitzler are both cats, or, the fact that certain properties are repeatable, such as: the grass, the shirt, and Kermit the Frog are green. One wants to know by virtue of
819:
viewed as founding figures. However, the concept of 'nominalism' as a movement (generally contrasted with 'realism'), first emerged only in the late fourteenth century, and only gradually became widespread during the fifteenth century. The notion of two distinct ways, a
151:... We customarily hypothesize a single form in connection with each of the many things to which we apply the same name. ... For example, there are many beds and tables. ... But there are only two forms of such furniture, one of the bed and one of the table. (
617:
Mark
Hunyadi characterizes the contemporary Western world as a figure of a "libidinal nominalism." He argues that the insistence on the individual will that has emerged in medieval nominalism evolves into a "libidinal nominalism" in which desire and will are conflated.
508:
multiple places simultaneously. The realist maintains that all the instances of greenness are held together by the exemplification relation, but this relation cannot be explained. Additionally, in lexicology as an argument against color realism; there is the subject of
860:
is the project of replacing current scientific theories by alternatives dispensing with mathematical objects (see
Burgess, 1983, p. 96). A recent study extends the Burgessian critique to three nominalistic reconstructions: the reconstruction of analysis by
20:
1153:, Routledge, 2014, pp. 84–85: " have often been presented as the first nominalists, rejecting the existence of universal concepts altogether. ... For Chrysippus there are no universal entities, whether they be conceived as substantial
436:
of all the green things. With respect to the color of the grass, the shirt and Kermit, one of their parts is identical. In this respect, the three parts are literally one. Greenness is repeatable because there is one thing that
604:, perhaps the most prominent contemporary realist, argues that such a trope-based variant of nominalism has promise, but holds that it is unable to account for the laws of nature in the way his theory of universals can.
266:, the principle that the explanation of any phenomenon should make as few assumptions as possible. Critics argue that conceptualist approaches answer only the psychological question of universals. If the same concept is
591:
resemblance relation that holds among like tropes. Another route is to argue that all apparent tropes are constructed out of more primitive tropes and that the most primitive tropes are the entities of complete
810:
As a category of late medieval thought, the concept of 'nominalism' has been increasingly queried. Traditionally, the fourteenth century has been regarded as the heyday of nominalism, with figures such as
5055:
1579:
in 1406, he described the nominalists as those who deny the reality of universals outside the human mind, and realists as those who affirm that reality. Also, for instance, in a 1425 document from the
797:, and other abstract ontological primitives, but not over sets whose members are such individuals. Only a small fraction of the corpus of modern mathematics can be rederived in a nominalistic fashion.
516:) (and there may not be a straightforward translation either, in Japanese 青 (usually translated as "blue")); is sometimes used for words which in English may be considered as "green" (such as apples)
614:
of science in contemporary times is actually motivated by an unstated nominalist metaphysical view. For this reason, he claims, scientists and constructionists tend to "shout past each other".
852:
A critique of nominalist reconstructions in mathematics was undertaken by
Burgess (1983) and Burgess and Rosen (1997). Burgess distinguished two types of nominalist reconstructions. Thus,
271:
problem (MacLeod & Rubenstein, 2006, §3d). If resemblances between individuals are asserted, conceptualism becomes moderate realism; if they are denied, it collapses into nominalism.
1084:
An overview of the philosophical problems and an application of the concept to a case of the
Supreme Court of the State of California, gives Thomas Kupka, 'Verfassungsnominalismus', in:
162:
What about someone who believes in beautiful things, but doesn't believe in the beautiful itself ...? Don't you think he is living in a dream rather than a wakened state? (
5289:
646:, exist. Collections of individuals likewise exist, but two collections having the same individuals are the same collection. Goodman was himself drawing heavily on the work of
1583:
that draws a distinction between the via of Thomas
Aquinas, Albert the Great, and the via of the 'modern masters' John Buridan and Marsilius of Inghen. See Robert Pasnau,
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said "They have a taste for 'desert landscapes.'" They try to express everything that they want to explain without using universals such as "catness" or "greenness."
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in set theory assures us that any matching pair of curly braces enclosing one or more instances of the same individuals denote the same set. Hence {
208:... 'Man', and indeed every general predicate, signifies not an individual, but some quality, or quantity or relation, or something of that sort. (
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is the hypothesis that science, properly interpreted, already dispenses with mathematical objects (entities) such as numbers and sets. Meanwhile,
1857:, 2nd ed. Harvard University Press. (Ch. 1 includes the classic treatment of virtual sets and relations, a nominalist alternative to set theory.)
509:
444:
Nominalism denies the existence of universals. The motivation for this flows from several concerns, the first one being where they might exist.
1119:
397:). As such, the "cow" class, for example, is composed of all exclusions common to individual cows: they are all non-horse, non-elephant, etc.
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53:, that is, subsequent to particular things. However, some versions of nominalism hold that some particulars are abstract entities (e.g.,
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1983:
1953:
1939:
1920:
1513:
1464:
Strawson, P. F. "Conceptualism." Universals, concepts and qualities: new essays on the meaning of predicates. Ashgate
Publishing, 2006.
587:. A trope is a particular instance of a property, like the specific greenness of a shirt. One might argue that there is a primitive,
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unfold in an existential fissure that is both objective and material. The result of this fissure will be the essays to establish the
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famously held, on one interpretation, that there is a realm of abstract forms or universals apart from the physical world (see
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654:, which was itself a reaction to the paradoxes associated with Cantorian set theory. Leśniewski denied the existence of the
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encompasses various realist and nominalist traditions. Certain orthodox Hindu schools defend the realist position, notably
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253:, who was the most influential and thorough nominalist. Abelard's and Ockham's version of nominalism is sometimes called
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1549:) be taught at the University of Paris, and ordering that the books of various 'renovating scholars', including Ockham,
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57:), while others are concrete entities – entities that do exist in space and time (e.g., pillars, snakes, and bananas).
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Most nominalists have held that only physical particulars in space and time are real, and that universals exist only
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Lately, some scholars have been questioning what kind of influences nominalism might have had in the conception of
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Aristotle famously rejected certain aspects of Plato's Theory of Forms, but he clearly rejected nominalism as well:
46:
specifically denies the existence of abstract objects – objects that do not exist in space and time.
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245:(c. 1050 – c. 1125) was an early, prominent proponent of nominalism. Nominalist ideas can be found in the work of
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1630:(2011). "A Burgessian Critique of Nominalistic Tendencies in Contemporary Mathematics and its Historiography".
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642:(see especially Goodman 1940 and 1977), who argued that concrete and abstract entities having no parts, called
1240:""Nelson Goodman: The Calculus of Individuals in its different versions", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
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1769:(2011) A Burgessian Critique of Nominalistic Tendencies in Contemporary Mathematics and its Historiography.
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762:(see especially Quine 1969), one making possible all elementary operations on sets except that the
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Burgess, John (1983). Why I am not a nominalist. Notre Dame J. Formal Logic 24, no. 1, 93–105.
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There are various forms of nominalism ranging from extreme to almost-realist. One extreme is
257:, which presents itself as a middle way between nominalism and realism, asserting that there
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within them. However, the name "nominalism" emerged from debates in medieval philosophy with
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901:'s foundational contribution to analysis that dispensed with Cauchy's infinitesimals.
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1882:. Ed. Robert E. Bjork. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Vol. III, p. 1000.
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which he coined specially for the purpose of discussing the problem of universals.
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foreshadowing the eventual rejection of scholasticism in the seventeenth century.
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The
Platonic universals corresponding to the names "bed" and "beautiful" were the
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734:} }, and any combination of matching curly braces and one or more instances of
72:, which assert that universals do exist over and above particulars, and to the
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The Oxford
Dictionary of Philosophy. Simon Blackburn. Oxford University Press
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596:. Primitive trope resemblance may thus be accounted for in terms of causal
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The first philosophers to explicitly describe nominalist arguments were the
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182:. Platonic Forms were the first universals posited as such in philosophy.
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A Imagem
Estilhaçada: Breve Ensaio sobre Realismo, Nominalismo e Filosofia
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are names of individuals and not of collections of individuals. Goodman,
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512:; where in some languages the equivalent words for blue and green may be
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in 1474 commanding that realism alone (as contained in scholars such as
1367:"Searching for the semantic boundaries of the Japanese colour term 'AO'"
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2186:
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1451:
1123:
593:
5267:
2032:
1741:, Dagobert D. Runes (ed.). Totowa, NJ: Littlefield, Adams, & Co. (
1525:
The classic starting point of nominalism has been the edict issued by
773:, nominalism has come to mean doing mathematics without assuming that
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3534:
3264:
2923:
2913:
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2221:
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2201:
2099:
1862:
1014:
898:
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all advocated reasoning about collectivities by means of a theory of
377:
so, it should not be accepted that words apprehend reality as it is.
219:
54:
2004:
in The Oxford
Handbook of Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic (2007)
1961:
1167:
1089:
554:
cat closely enough to be classed together with it as members of its
546:
believe that 'cat' applies to both cats because Fluffy and Kitzler
5795:
4477:
3429:
3091:
2377:
1646:
445:
393:
358:
136:
92:
18:
523:
populated with only the bare minimum of types of entities, or as
76:
substance theory of Aristotle, which asserts that universals are
2149:
2104:
2009:
Medieval Nominalism and the Literary Questions: Selected Studies
1865:
and the Oxford Schools: The Relation of the "Summa de Ente" to
931:
498:
368:
Buddhists take the nominalist position, especially those of the
5271:
5056:
An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
4410:
4072:
2814:
2352:
2314:
2036:
2023:
1689:(2 volumes) Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press, 1987.
1224:
Resemblance Nominalism: A Solution to the Problem of Universals
424:
answer is that all the green things are green in virtue of the
3274:
777:
in the mathematical sense exist. In practice, this means that
2310:
1595:
1593:
1833:
Price, H. H. (1953). "Universals and Resemblance", Ch. 1 of
702:} are all the same set. For Goodman and other proponents of
1965:
1047:
sense, it implies the rejection of abstract objects" (§1).
766:
of a quantified variable cannot contain any virtual sets.
185:
Our term "universal" is due to the English translation of
1964:, entry by Mary C. MacLeod and Eric M. Rubenstein in the
1477:, 1996. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.
1253:
Donald Cary Williams, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
476:
of God. To complicate things, what is the nature of the
1895:
Williams, D. C. (1953). "On the Elements of Being: I",
456:
assert that nothing is outside of space and time. Some
1206:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2014.
1188:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2022.
2012:
by Richard Utz, with the assistance of Terry Barakat
1558:
represents the truer philosophy. See Robert Pasnau,
1204:
Pierre Gassendi (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
113:, nominalism finds its application in what is called
1086:
Archives for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy
493:
hold a position intermediate between nominalism and
5976:
5773:
5550:
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5482:
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5305:
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2540:
2512:
2464:
2436:
2363:
2235:
2070:
1430:Quinton, Anthony (1957). "Properties and Classes".
1186:
Thomas Hobbes (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
1071:
An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy
1168:"Chrysippus (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)"
1499:(Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2023).
1344:(2d, rev. ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
383:formulated a nominalist theory of meaning called
174:of the Bed and the Form of the Beautiful, or the
1869:Debates at Oxford in the Late Fourteenth Century
881:re-reconstruction of Weierstrassian analysis by
1792:An Examination of William Hamilton's Philosophy
497:, saying that universals exist only within the
1321:Sonam Thakchoe (2022). Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
417:makes the grass, the shirt, and Kermit green.
5283:
4422:
2326:
2048:
501:and have no external or substantial reality.
8:
1704:(1960). "De las alegorías a las novelas" in
1263:
1261:
610:has also argued that much of what is called
1729:: An Introduction to His Life and Writings
1510:Nominalism in the Philosophy of Mathematics
472:) that universals are contained within the
5398:
5290:
5276:
5268:
5146:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
4429:
4415:
4407:
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2822:
2811:
2360:
2349:
2333:
2319:
2311:
2055:
2041:
2033:
2020:
519:Finally, many philosophers prefer simpler
60:Nominalism is primarily a position on the
1645:
889:; and the hermeneutic reconstruction, by
848:Nominalist reconstructions in mathematics
106:"there is nothing general except names".
1371:Australian Review of Applied Linguistics
1291:
1289:
1272:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1126:'s Archimedes Project online version of
840:, realism, with the nominalist ideas of
569:classes as "natural classes" is held by
441:itself wherever there are green things.
2002:Rosen, Burgess: Nominalism Reconsidered
1432:Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society
1222:""Review of Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra,
1001:
214:xxii, 178b37, trans. Pickard-Cambridge)
16:Philosophy emphasizing names and labels
1888:(1912). "The World of Universals," in
413:are Fluffy and Kitzler both cats, and
1878:Utz, Richard, "Literary Nominalism."
1420:See, for example, H. H. Price (1953).
1411:MacLeod & Rubenstein (2006), §3b.
1402:MacLeod & Rubenstein (2006), §3a.
1215:
1213:
626:A notion that philosophy, especially
7:
1975:"The Medieval Problem of Universals"
1880:Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages
1270:The Theological Origins of Modernity
1220:MacBride, Fraser (7 February 2004).
405:Nominalism arose in reaction to the
1984:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1967:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1954:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1940:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1921:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1806:The Harvest of Medieval Theology:
1514:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1327:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1323:"The Theory of Two Truths in India"
1992:Nominalism, Realism, Conceptualism
1837:, Hutchinson's University Library.
324:and contemporaneity. According to
275:Modern and contemporary philosophy
147:, i.e., non-nominalist, position:
14:
1268:Gillespie, Michael Allen (2008).
824:, associated with realism, and a
6054:
6042:
5936:Stratification of emotional life
5385:
5379:
5373:
4390:
4389:
4376:
1760:The Social Construction of What?
1365:Conlan, Francis (January 2003).
460:, such as the pagan philosopher
139:was perhaps the first writer in
1843:(1961). "On What There is," in
1562:, (New York: OUP, 2011), p. 85.
1300:. Rio de Janeiro: Editora ViV.
432:thing that, in this case, is a
249:and reached their flowering in
197:is a contraction of the phrase
5086:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
1847:, 2nd/ed. N.Y: Harper and Row.
1675:References and further reading
1614:Metaphysical Themes, 1274-1671
1601:Metaphysical Themes, 1274-1671
1585:Metaphysical Themes, 1274-1671
1560:Metaphysical Themes, 1274-1671
806:Historical origins of the term
583:Another form of nominalism is
464:and the Christian philosopher
1:
4967:Principle of compositionality
1731:, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1978.
1721:. Princeton University Press.
1717:& Rosen, Gideon. (1997).
1616:, (New York: OUP, 2011), p86.
1603:, (New York: OUP, 2011), p84.
1587:, (New York: OUP, 2011), p84.
638:owes much to the writings of
238:, the French philosopher and
102:summarised nominalism in his
5116:Philosophical Investigations
3862:Ordinary language philosophy
1910:Rodriguez-Pereyra, Gonzalo.
1845:From a Logical Point of View
1830:, New York University Press.
1810:and Late Medieval Nominalism
1694:American Heritage Dictionary
1444:10.1093/aristotelian/58.1.33
1037:Mill (1872); Bigelow (1998).
283:, nominalism was revived by
5528:Theological intellectualism
4957:Modality (natural language)
3912:Contemporary utilitarianism
3827:Internalism and externalism
1912:"Nominalism in Metaphysics"
1762:, Harvard University Press.
1753:The Structure of Appearance
1497:Le second âge de l'individu
6118:
5906:Principle of double effect
5096:Language, Truth, and Logic
4836:Theological noncognitivism
4721:Contrast theory of meaning
4716:Causal theory of reference
4447:Index of language articles
3176:Svatantrika and Prasangika
1892:, Oxford University Press.
1890:The Problems of Philosophy
1873:Cambridge University Press
1821:The Ascent from Nominalism
1486:Hacking (1999), pp. 80–84.
1340:Chatterjee, A. K. (1975).
771:foundations of mathematics
343:
301:, it has been defended by
201:, meaning "on the whole".
124:
6037:
5371:
5236:
5181:Philosophy of information
4781:Mediated reference theory
4444:
4370:
4085:
4068:
3475:
2821:
2810:
2398:Philosophy of mathematics
2388:Philosophy of information
2359:
2348:
2182:Parsimony (Occam's razor)
2030:
2025:Links to related articles
1996:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1899:, vol. 17, pp. 3–18.
1828:Greek Philosophical Terms
1779:10.1007/s10699-011-9223-1
1656:10.1007/s10699-011-9223-1
1157:or in some other manner."
1056:Feibleman (1962), p. 211.
632:philosophy of mathematics
428:of a universal: a single
401:The problem of universals
115:constitutional nominalism
5106:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
1855:Set Theory and Its Logic
1739:Dictionary of Philosophy
1737:(1962). "Nominalism" in
1719:A Subject with no Object
1577:University of Heidelberg
964:Psychological nominalism
885:that dispensed with the
858:revolutionary nominalism
714:} is also identical to {
132:Ancient Greek philosophy
6087:Naturalism (philosophy)
5533:Theological voluntarism
4907:Use–mention distinction
4751:Direct reference theory
3867:Postanalytic philosophy
3808:Experimental philosophy
1871:, Cambridge, England:
1835:Thinking and Experience
1823:, D. Reidel Publishing.
1724:Courtenay, William J.
1698:, Fourth Edition, 2000.
1696:of the English Language
1383:10.1075/aral.26.1.06con
1137:A Greek-English Lexicon
1021:Oxford University Press
984:Universal (metaphysics)
938:Ideas Have Consequences
704:mathematical nominalism
622:Mathematical nominalism
346:Difference (philosophy)
326:Michael Allen Gillespie
211:Sophistical Refutations
6049:Catholicism portal
4841:Theory of descriptions
4776:Linguistic determinism
4438:Philosophy of language
4000:Social constructionism
3012:Hellenistic philosophy
2428:Theoretical philosophy
2403:Philosophy of religion
2393:Philosophy of language
1771:Foundations of Science
1633:Foundations of Science
1508:Bueno, Otávio, 2013, "
1296:Bruno, Victor (2020).
1110:Peters (1967), p. 100.
1075:, Chapter XVII, p. 50.
887:law of excluded middle
854:hermeneutic nominalism
836:, nominalism, and the
634:, should abstain from
612:social constructionism
544:resemblance nominalism
510:blue-green distinction
468:, imply (anticipating
216:
168:
159:
157:596a–b, trans. Grube)
68:philosophies, such as
26:
6082:Metaphysical theories
6061:Philosophy portal
5876:Infused righteousness
4952:Mental representation
4887:Linguistic relativity
4771:Inquisitive semantics
4383:Philosophy portal
3902:Scientific skepticism
3882:Reformed epistemology
2408:Philosophy of science
2237:Theories of deduction
1897:Review of Metaphysics
1812:, Grand Rapids, MI:
1765:Karin Usadi Katz and
1758:Hacking, Ian (1999).
1681:Adams, Marilyn McCord
1581:University of Cologne
1342:The Yogācāra Idealism
1101:Penner (1987), p. 24.
1017:UK English Dictionary
959:Problem of universals
944:Linguistic relativity
927:Concrete (philosophy)
752:Richard Milton Martin
407:problem of universals
206:
160:
149:
62:problem of universals
22:
6102:Theories of language
6009:Doctor of the Church
5891:Ontological argument
5136:Naming and Necessity
5046:De Arte Combinatoria
4845:Definite description
4806:Semantic externalism
3803:Critical rationalism
3510:Edo neo-Confucianism
3354:Acintya bheda abheda
3333:Renaissance humanism
3044:School of the Sextii
2418:Practical philosophy
2413:Political philosophy
1929:Maurin, Anna-Sofia.
969:Realism (philosophy)
873:that dispensed with
779:quantified variables
648:Stanisław Leśniewski
537:predicate nominalism
389:theory of exclusions
64:. It is opposed to
5836:Divine illumination
5492:Augustinian realism
5360:Theological virtues
5299:Catholic philosophy
5186:Philosophical logic
5176:Analytic philosophy
4982:Sense and reference
4861:Verification theory
4816:Situation semantics
3374:Nimbarka Sampradaya
3285:Korean Confucianism
3032:Academic Skepticism
2064:Philosophical logic
1860:Robson, John Adam,
1826:Peters, F. (1967).
1819:Penner, T. (1987).
1735:Feibleman, James K.
1706:Otras inquisiciones
1626:Usadi Katz, Karin;
1612:See Robert Pasnau,
1599:See Robert Pasnau,
1027:on August 26, 2021.
949:Literary nominalism
450:theory of the forms
299:analytic philosophy
236:medieval philosophy
230:Medieval philosophy
143:to clearly state a
6004:Islamic philosophy
5958:Trademark argument
5851:Formal distinction
5801:Augustinian values
5474:Analytical Thomism
5454:Christian humanism
5036:Port-Royal Grammar
4932:Family resemblance
4851:Theory of language
4826:Supposition theory
3995:Post-structuralism
3897:Scientific realism
3852:Quinean naturalism
3832:Logical positivism
3788:Analytical Marxism
3007:Peripatetic school
2919:Chinese naturalism
2446:Aesthetic response
2373:Applied philosophy
2128:Unity of opposites
1702:Borges, Jorge Luis
1571:For example, when
1088:97 (2011), 44–77,
658:and held that any
189:'s technical term
141:Western philosophy
27:
6069:
6068:
5984:Catholic theology
5931:Seven deadly sins
5901:Peripatetic axiom
5811:Cartesian dualism
5546:
5545:
5512:Scotistic realism
5469:Neo-scholasticism
5265:
5264:
5259:
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4761:Dynamic semantics
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3783:Analytic feminism
3755:
3754:
3717:Kierkegaardianism
3679:Transcendentalism
3639:Neo-scholasticism
3485:Classical Realism
3462:
3461:
3234:
3233:
3049:Neopythagoreanism
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2423:Social philosophy
2308:
2307:
2160:List of fallacies
2145:Explanatory power
2072:Critical thinking
1886:Russell, Bertrand
1755:, 3rd ed. Kluwer.
1686:William of Ockham
1551:Gregory of Rimini
1473:"Conceptualism."
1200:"Pierre Gassendi"
989:William of Ockham
897:, and others, of
842:William of Ockham
817:William of Ockham
666:The principle of
650:, especially his
505:Moderate realists
351:Indian philosophy
340:Indian philosophy
281:modern philosophy
251:William of Ockham
111:philosophy of law
37:is the view that
24:William of Ockham
6109:
6059:
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6057:
6047:
6046:
5871:Homo unius libri
5816:Cogito, ergo sum
5806:Cardinal virtues
5507:Moderate realism
5399:
5389:
5388:
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5377:
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5315:Cardinal virtues
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5221:Formal semantics
5169:Related articles
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3960:Frankfurt School
3907:Transactionalism
3857:Normative ethics
3837:Legal positivism
3813:Falsificationism
3798:Consequentialism
3793:Communitarianism
3766:
3634:New Confucianism
3473:
3280:Neo-Confucianism
3245:
3054:Second Sophistic
3039:Middle Platonism
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2823:
2812:
2655:Epiphenomenalism
2522:Consequentialism
2456:Institutionalism
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2312:
2290:Platonic realism
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1988:
1979:Zalta, Edward N.
1958:
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1935:Zalta, Edward N.
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1916:Zalta, Edward N.
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1023:. Archived from
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979:Substantial form
871:Karl Weierstrass
867:Richard Dedekind
598:indiscernibility
585:trope nominalism
566:Class nominalism
180:Beautiful Itself
100:John Stuart Mill
70:Platonic realism
43:abstract objects
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3940:Critical theory
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3669:Social contract
3525:Foundationalism
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3424:Illuminationism
3409:Aristotelianism
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3384:Vishishtadvaita
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482:exemplification
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6066:
6064:
6063:
6051:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5896:Pascal's wager
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5856:Guardian angel
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5556:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5411:Augustinianism
5407:
5405:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5320:Divine command
5317:
5311:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5272:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5152:
5142:
5132:
5122:
5112:
5102:
5092:
5082:
5072:
5062:
5052:
5042:
5032:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4962:Presupposition
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4741:Deconstruction
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4411:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4386:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4186:Middle Eastern
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4093:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3950:Existentialism
3947:
3945:Deconstruction
3942:
3936:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3778:Applied ethics
3774:
3772:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3742:Nietzscheanism
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3684:Utilitarianism
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3582:Transcendental
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3520:Existentialism
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:Augustinianism
3305:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3221:Zoroastrianism
3218:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3078:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3064:Church Fathers
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2946:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2579:Libertarianism
2576:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2383:Metaphilosophy
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:Constructivism
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2077:informal logic
2068:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2005:
1999:
1989:
1973:Klima, Gyula.
1970:
1959:
1945:
1926:
1905:
1904:External links
1902:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1883:
1876:
1858:
1848:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1814:Baker Academic
1802:Oberman, Heiko
1799:
1785:
1763:
1756:
1746:
1732:
1722:
1712:
1709:
1699:
1690:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1618:
1605:
1589:
1564:
1555:Peter of Ailly
1553:, Buridan and
1518:
1501:
1495:Mark Hunyadi,
1488:
1479:
1466:
1457:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1357:
1350:
1332:
1313:
1307:978-6588972021
1306:
1285:
1279:978-0226293516
1278:
1257:
1245:
1231:
1209:
1191:
1173:
1159:
1155:Platonic Forms
1149:John Sellars,
1142:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1077:
1058:
1049:
1039:
1030:
1000:
999:
997:
994:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
908:
906:
903:
879:constructivist
875:infinitesimals
849:
846:
807:
804:
802:
799:
668:extensionality
640:Nelson Goodman
623:
620:
542:Proponents of
532:
529:
525:W. V. O. Quine
491:Conceptualists
402:
399:
341:
338:
315:D. C. Williams
307:Nelson Goodman
276:
273:
264:Ockham's razor
231:
228:
133:
130:
122:
119:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6114:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6062:
6052:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6030:
6029:Phenomenology
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5926:Rota Fortunae
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5886:Occam's razor
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5866:Head of a pin
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5781:Actus Essendi
5779:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5615:Chateaubriand
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5502:Conceptualism
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5416:Scholasticism
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5366:
5365:Virtue ethics
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5350:Seven virtues
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5293:
5288:
5286:
5281:
5279:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5206:Scholasticism
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:Structuralism
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4746:Descriptivism
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4726:Contrastivism
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4427:
4425:
4420:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4397:
4396:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:Miscellaneous
4321:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:Miscellaneous
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4005:Structuralism
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:Postmodernism
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:Phenomenology
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:Vienna Circle
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3847:Moral realism
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3649:Phenomenology
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:Individualism
3587:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3454:Judeo-Islamic
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3430:ʿIlm al-Kalām
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:Shuddhadvaita
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:Scholasticism
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2809:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:Conceptualism
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:Particularism
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:Functionalism
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:Eliminativism
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:Compatibilism
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:Particularism
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1715:Burgess, John
1713:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:(1865/1877).
1067:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1002:
995:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
939:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
922:Conceptualism
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
904:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:Errett Bishop
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
855:
847:
845:
843:
839:
835:
829:
827:
823:
818:
814:
805:
800:
798:
796:
795:ordered pairs
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
756:Willard Quine
753:
749:
745:
742:, as long as
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
621:
619:
615:
613:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
590:
586:
581:
578:
577:Conceptualism
574:
572:
567:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
530:
528:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
506:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
486:
483:
479:
478:instantiation
475:
471:
470:conceptualism
467:
463:
459:
458:Neoplatonists
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
400:
398:
396:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
355:Purva Mimamsa
352:
347:
339:
337:
335:
329:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:Rudolf Carnap
300:
297:
292:
290:
286:
285:Thomas Hobbes
282:
274:
272:
269:
265:
260:
256:
255:conceptualism
252:
248:
247:Peter Abelard
244:
241:
237:
229:
227:
225:
222:, especially
221:
215:
213:
212:
205:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
167:
165:
158:
156:
155:
148:
146:
142:
138:
131:
128:
120:
118:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
21:
5999:Neoplatonism
5921:Ressentiment
5916:Quinque viae
5881:Memento mori
5841:Double truth
5786:Actus primus
5552:Philosophers
5496:
5459:Cartesianism
5154:
5144:
5134:
5124:
5114:
5104:
5094:
5084:
5064:
5054:
5044:
5034:
5024:
5006:
4947:Metalanguage
4942:Logical form
4897:Truth-bearer
4856:Unilalianism
4785:
4766:Expressivism
4593:Wittgenstein
4538:von Humboldt
4455:Philosophers
4388:
4374:
4045:
4036:Postcritique
4026:Kyoto School
3985:Posthumanism
3965:Hermeneutics
3820: /
3761:Contemporary
3737:Newtonianism
3700:Cartesianism
3659:Reductionism
3495:Conservatism
3490:Collectivism
3428:
3156:Sarvāstivadā
3134:Anekantavada
3059:Neoplatonism
3027:Epicureanism
2960:Pythagoreans
2899:Confucianism
2865:Contemporary
2855:Early modern
2783:
2759:Anti-realism
2713:Universalism
2670:Subjectivism
2466:Epistemology
2284:
2270:Intuitionism
2255:Fictionalism
2014:Perspicuitas
2013:
2007:
1995:
1982:
1966:
1952:
1949:"Nominalism"
1938:
1919:
1896:
1889:
1879:
1861:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1808:Gabriel Biel
1805:
1796:Chapter XVII
1791:
1759:
1752:
1738:
1727:Adam Wodeham
1725:
1718:
1708:(pg 153–56).
1705:
1692:
1684:
1637:
1631:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1584:
1575:visited the
1567:
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1496:
1491:
1482:
1474:
1469:
1460:
1435:
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1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1377:(1): 71–86.
1374:
1370:
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1341:
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1234:
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1106:
1097:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1042:
1033:
1025:the original
1013:
1010:"nominalism"
1004:
936:
863:Georg Cantor
857:
853:
851:
837:
833:
830:
825:
821:
813:John Buridan
809:
793:, primitive
768:
760:virtual sets
759:
747:
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735:
731:
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150:
135:
127:Anti-realism
114:
108:
95:
88:
86:
59:
50:
48:
34:
28:
6019:Rationalism
6014:Renaissance
5946:Augustinian
5831:Disputation
5826:Differentia
5791:Actus purus
5695:Malebranche
5610:Bonaventure
5345:Personalism
5340:Natural law
5335:Probabilism
5191:Linguistics
5156:Limited Inc
5076:On Denoting
4902:Proposition
4553:de Saussure
4518:Ibn Khaldun
4031:Objectivism
3970:Neo-Marxism
3932:Continental
3842:Meta-ethics
3822:Coherentism
3727:Hegelianism
3664:Rationalism
3624:Natural law
3604:Materialism
3530:Historicism
3500:Determinism
3391:Navya-Nyāya
3166:Sautrāntika
3161:Pudgalavada
3097:Vaisheshika
2950:Presocratic
2850:Renaissance
2789:Physicalism
2774:Materialism
2680:Normativity
2665:Objectivism
2650:Emergentism
2640:Behaviorism
2589:Metaphysics
2555:Determinism
2494:Rationalism
2250:Dialetheism
2140:Explanation
2110:Credibility
1794:, 4th ed.,
1788:Mill, J. S.
1547:Bonaventure
1543:Duns Scotus
1073:, Volume II
912:Abstraction
838:via antiqua
834:via moderna
826:via moderna
822:via antiqua
644:individuals
608:Ian Hacking
454:naturalists
370:Sautrāntika
363:Vaisheshika
311:H. H. Price
243:Roscellinus
82:Roscellinus
74:hylomorphic
31:metaphysics
6076:Categories
6024:Empiricism
5846:Evil demon
5620:Chesterton
5497:Nominalism
5484:Universals
5325:Just price
5251:Discussion
5246:Task Force
5196:Pragmatics
4987:Speech act
4917:Categories
4831:Symbiosism
4786:Nominalism
4698:Watzlawick
4578:Bloomfield
4498:Chrysippus
4330:Amerindian
4237:Australian
4176:Vietnamese
4156:Indonesian
3705:Kantianism
3654:Positivism
3644:Pragmatism
3619:Naturalism
3599:Liberalism
3577:Subjective
3515:Empiricism
3419:Avicennism
3364:Bhedabheda
3248:East Asian
3171:Madhyamaka
3151:Abhidharma
3017:Pyrrhonism
2784:Nominalism
2779:Naturalism
2708:Skepticism
2698:Relativism
2688:Absolutism
2617:Naturalism
2527:Deontology
2499:Skepticism
2484:Naturalism
2474:Empiricism
2438:Aesthetics
2342:Philosophy
2295:Pragmatism
2285:Nominalism
2192:Propaganda
2167:Hypothesis
2120:Antithesis
1962:Universals
1867:Scholastic
1790:, (1872).
1351:8120803159
1120:"katholou"
1066:Mill, J.S.
891:Carl Boyer
801:Criticisms
636:set theory
521:ontologies
514:colexified
344:See also:
240:theologian
224:Chrysippus
199:kata holou
176:Bed Itself
125:See also:
98:, "name".
89:nominalism
39:universals
35:nominalism
5989:Platonism
5963:Univocity
5861:Haecceity
5740:Ratzinger
5705:Montaigne
5685:MacIntyre
5640:Dionysius
5635:Descartes
5595:Augustine
5449:Salamanca
5228:Semiotics
5216:Semantics
5066:Alciphron
5002:Statement
4937:Intension
4877:Ambiguity
4756:Dramatism
4736:Cratylism
4488:Eubulides
4483:Aristotle
4463:Confucius
4209:Pakistani
4171:Taiwanese
4118:Ethiopian
4091:By region
4077:By region
3892:Scientism
3887:Systemics
3747:Spinozism
3674:Socialism
3609:Modernism
3572:Objective
3480:Anarchism
3414:Averroism
3303:Christian
3255:Neotaoism
3226:Zurvanism
3216:Mithraism
3211:Mazdakism
2982:Cyrenaics
2909:Logicians
2542:Free will
2504:Solipsism
2451:Formalism
2265:Formalism
2227:Vagueness
2207:Relevance
2202:Reasoning
2115:Dialectic
2090:Ambiguity
1664:119250310
1647:1104.0375
1640:: 51–89.
1512:" in the
1438:: 33–58.
1388:April 17,
783:universes
660:singleton
656:empty set
652:mereology
589:objective
531:Varieties
466:Augustine
439:manifests
426:existence
422:Platonist
385:apohavada
322:modernity
268:correctly
187:Aristotle
87:The term
6097:Ontology
6092:Occamism
5951:Irenaean
5941:Theodicy
5911:Quiddity
5774:Concepts
5700:Maritain
5670:Krasicki
5660:Gassendi
5650:Eriugena
5605:Boethius
5580:Anscombe
5570:Albertus
5464:Molinism
5431:Occamism
5403:Medieval
5330:Just war
5241:Category
5201:Rhetoric
5026:Cratylus
4997:Sentence
4972:Property
4892:Language
4870:Concepts
4708:Theories
4673:Strawson
4658:Davidson
4648:Hintikka
4643:Anscombe
4588:Vygotsky
4543:Mauthner
4513:Averroes
4503:Zhuangzi
4493:Diodorus
4473:Cratylus
4395:Category
4350:Yugoslav
4340:Romanian
4247:Scottish
4232:American
4161:Japanese
4141:Buddhist
4123:Africana
4113:Egyptian
3955:Feminist
3877:Rawlsian
3872:Quietism
3770:Analytic
3722:Krausism
3629:Nihilism
3594:Kokugaku
3557:Absolute
3552:Idealism
3540:Humanism
3328:Occamism
3295:European
3240:Medieval
3186:Yogacara
3146:Buddhist
3139:Syādvāda
3022:Stoicism
2987:Cynicism
2975:Sophists
2970:Atomists
2965:Eleatics
2904:Legalism
2845:Medieval
2769:Idealism
2723:Ontology
2703:Nihilism
2607:Idealism
2365:Branches
2354:Branches
2280:Logicism
2260:Finitism
2212:Rhetoric
2197:Prudence
2135:Evidence
2095:Argument
2085:Analysis
2016:, (2004)
1931:"Tropes"
1853:(1969).
1531:Averroes
1527:Louis XI
1151:Stoicism
905:See also
764:universe
630:and the
628:ontology
552:exemplar
548:resemble
485:relation
462:Plotinus
430:abstract
374:Yogācāra
195:Katholou
191:katholou
178:and the
164:Republic
154:Republic
104:apothegm
51:post res
5977:Related
5765:Wojtyła
5745:Scheler
5690:Maistre
5680:Lombard
5665:Isidore
5645:Erasmus
5625:Clement
5590:Aquinas
5560:Abelard
5426:Scotism
5421:Thomism
5395:Schools
5008:more...
4912:Concept
4653:Dummett
4628:Gadamer
4623:Chomsky
4608:Derrida
4598:Russell
4583:Bergson
4568:Tillich
4528:Leibniz
4468:Gorgias
4345:Russian
4314:Spanish
4309:Slovene
4299:Maltese
4294:Italian
4274:Finland
4242:British
4224:Western
4214:Turkish
4199:Islamic
4194:Iranian
4146:Chinese
4133:Eastern
4100:African
4047:more...
3732:Marxism
3562:British
3505:Dualism
3401:Islamic
3359:Advaita
3349:Vedanta
3323:Scotism
3318:Thomism
3260:Tiantai
3203:Persian
3191:Tibetan
3181:Śūnyatā
3122:Cārvāka
3112:Ājīvika
3107:Mīmāṃsā
3087:Samkhya
3002:Academy
2955:Ionians
2929:Yangism
2886:Chinese
2877:Ancient
2840:Western
2835:Ancient
2794:Realism
2751:Reality
2741:Process
2622:Realism
2602:Dualism
2597:Atomism
2479:Fideism
2300:Realism
2187:Premise
2177:Opinion
2172:Inquiry
2155:Fallacy
1994:, from
1981:(ed.).
1937:(ed.).
1918:(ed.).
1875:, 1961.
1816:, 2001.
1751:(1977)
1539:Aquinas
1452:4544588
1128:Liddell
1124:Harvard
787:numbers
769:In the
594:physics
560:vicious
495:realism
381:Dignāga
145:realist
121:History
66:realist
55:numbers
5968:Utopia
5760:Suárez
5750:Scotus
5735:Rahner
5725:Pascal
5715:Newman
5655:Ficino
5585:Anselm
5575:Alcuin
5441:Modern
5307:Ethics
5160:(1988)
5150:(1982)
5140:(1980)
5130:(1967)
5120:(1953)
5110:(1951)
5100:(1936)
5090:(1921)
5080:(1905)
5070:(1732)
5060:(1668)
5050:(1666)
5040:(1660)
5030:(n.d.)
4992:Symbol
4693:Searle
4683:Putnam
4633:Kripke
4618:Austin
4603:Carnap
4548:Ricœur
4533:Herder
4523:Hobbes
4304:Polish
4284:German
4279:French
4264:Danish
4254:Canada
4204:Jewish
4166:Korean
4151:Indian
3693:People
3614:Monism
3567:German
3535:Holism
3468:Modern
3446:Jewish
3369:Dvaita
3342:Indian
3265:Huayan
3117:Ajñana
3074:Indian
2939:Greco-
2924:Taoism
2914:Mohism
2860:Modern
2827:By era
2816:By era
2731:Action
2612:Monism
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2222:Theory
2100:Belief
1863:Wyclif
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580:them.
313:, and
220:Stoics
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4688:Lewis
4678:Quine
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4289:Greek
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1914:. In
1660:S2CID
1642:arXiv
1448:JSTOR
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