261:
305:
199:
324:
460:
398:
36:
241:
179:
440:
420:
378:
283:
221:
159:
358:
48:
961:
608:. Nam et al. demonstrated the direct condensation of nucleobases with ribose to give ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets, a key step leading to RNA formation. Also, a plausible prebiotic process for synthesizing pyrimidine and purine ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides using wet-dry cycles was presented by Becker et al.
574:
are used. These nucleotides possess the non-canonical sugar dideoxyribose, which lacks 3' hydroxyl group (which accepts the phosphate). DNA polymerases cannot distinguish between these and regular deoxyribonucleotides, but when incorporated a dideoxynucleotide cannot bond with the next base and the
546:
are used as antiviral or anticancer agents. The viral polymerase incorporates these compounds with non-canonical bases. These compounds are activated in the cells by being converted into nucleotides. They are administered as nucleosides since charged nucleotides cannot easily cross cell membranes.
554:
of the sugar backbone exist. Due to the low stability of RNA, which is prone to hydrolysis, several more stable alternative nucleoside/nucleotide analogues that correctly bind to RNA are used. This is achieved by using a different backbone sugar. These analogues include
133:
Each chemical has a short symbol, useful when the chemical family is clear from the context, and a longer symbol, if further disambiguation is needed. For example, long nucleobase sequences in genomes are usually described by CATG symbols, not Cyt-Ade-Thy-Gua (see
595:
hypothesis free-floating ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides were present in the primitive soup. Molecules as complex as RNA must have arisen from small molecules whose reactivity was governed by physico-chemical processes. RNA is composed of
993:
652:
Ramesh, Deepthi; Vijayakumar, Balaji
Gowrivel; Kannan, Tharanikkarasu (December 2020). "Therapeutic potential of uracil and its derivatives in countering pathogenic and physiological disorders".
1360:
891:
Becker, Sidney; Feldmann, Jonas; Wiedemann, Stefan; Okamura, Hidenori; Schneider, Christina; Iwan, Katharina; Crisp, Antony; Rossa, Martin; Amatov, Tynchtyk; Carell, Thomas (2019-10-04).
986:
730:
Jordheim, Lars Petter; Durantel, David; Zoulim, Fabien; Dumontet, Charles (2013). "Advances in the development of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues for cancer and viral diseases".
1578:
979:
774:
67:, adenosine. The line-angle molecular representation implies carbon atoms at each angle, each with enough hydrogen atoms to fill its four-bond valency.
1571:
2751:
96:
or 2'-deoxyribose) whereas a nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. In a nucleoside, the
1682:
3112:
3034:
2971:
939:
1564:
1934:
1914:
492:, particularly in the liver, but they are more abundantly supplied via ingestion and digestion of nucleic acids in the diet, whereby
3087:
587:
arose, knowledge is required of the chemical pathways that permit formation of the key building blocks of life under plausible
1340:
1335:
695:
Galmarini, Carlos M.; MacKey, John R.; Dumontet, Charles (2002). "Nucleoside analogues and nucleobases in cancer treatment".
2636:
2206:
2616:
2776:
2766:
2741:
304:
775:"Advances in Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analogues in Tackling Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis Virus Infections"
260:
198:
3482:
2581:
2576:
1687:
1478:
1292:
1287:
2891:
459:
2746:
2646:
1516:
1511:
1307:
2736:
1663:
604:
nucleotides, both of which are necessary for reliable information transfer, and thus
Darwinian natural selection and
397:
2373:
323:
2954:
2791:
2591:
2191:
1844:
1531:
1427:
1422:
1317:
1312:
1302:
1249:
810:
1541:
1442:
1394:
2984:
2196:
1536:
1526:
1269:
632:
2846:
2621:
2378:
1437:
531:
522:
into nucleobases and ribose or deoxyribose. In addition, nucleotides can be broken down inside the cell into
3387:
3337:
2756:
2186:
1776:
1706:
1598:
1498:
1456:
1409:
1297:
1244:
1239:
503:
240:
178:
965:
3397:
3362:
3347:
3195:
2816:
2631:
2231:
2201:
2149:
1904:
1789:
1721:
1521:
1473:
1468:
1259:
617:
551:
439:
419:
3417:
2661:
3442:
3412:
3392:
3372:
3342:
2641:
2611:
2221:
2181:
1701:
1604:
1488:
1432:
1389:
1384:
1254:
527:
377:
282:
220:
158:
136:
2601:
2171:
357:
2166:
3502:
3452:
3422:
3367:
3237:
2911:
2761:
2666:
2543:
2521:
2490:
2261:
1849:
1839:
1493:
1483:
1404:
1206:
907:
845:
564:
1631:
3447:
2936:
2811:
2731:
2538:
2331:
2216:
1741:
1677:
1399:
1279:
1168:
1071:
556:
543:
60:
2806:
2801:
2626:
2443:
2388:
2246:
2226:
1909:
1794:
1672:
1201:
892:
519:
2960:
2485:
2316:
2311:
2144:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1736:
1731:
1646:
1590:
1145:
931:
802:
755:
677:
3221:
2796:
2586:
2495:
2104:
1756:
1711:
2716:
2676:
2596:
2468:
2368:
2256:
3289:
3009:
3004:
2994:
2906:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2726:
2721:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2533:
2515:
2408:
2383:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2251:
2114:
2059:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1984:
1919:
1894:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1355:
1327:
923:
873:
794:
747:
712:
669:
571:
487:
3014:
2826:
2054:
2049:
3156:
3145:
2886:
2881:
2781:
2711:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2358:
2351:
2321:
2276:
2236:
2044:
2039:
1884:
1834:
1125:
915:
863:
853:
786:
739:
704:
661:
523:
2821:
2786:
2500:
2463:
2393:
2211:
1726:
3102:
2510:
2505:
2478:
2453:
2024:
1964:
1587:
1115:
1044:
773:
Ramesh, Deepthi; Vijayakumar, Balaji
Gowrivel; Kannan, Tharanikkarasu (12 February 2021).
515:
309:
85:
911:
893:"Unified prebiotically plausible synthesis of pyrimidine and purine RNA ribonucleotides"
849:
3189:
3092:
3052:
2014:
1969:
1231:
1181:
1176:
1097:
868:
833:
627:
265:
203:
64:
708:
3496:
3179:
2336:
2094:
2029:
1859:
1350:
1345:
1264:
1196:
1135:
935:
834:"Abiotic synthesis of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets"
806:
681:
464:
77:
759:
3507:
3462:
3402:
3299:
3284:
3279:
3258:
3206:
3184:
3097:
3067:
3024:
2565:
2099:
2009:
1954:
1944:
1191:
1034:
1002:
493:
402:
665:
3274:
3231:
3174:
3169:
3125:
3082:
3047:
2931:
2836:
2438:
2129:
2109:
2089:
2074:
2069:
2019:
1889:
1869:
1799:
1784:
1615:
588:
838:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
514:) and phosphate. The nucleosides, in turn, are subsequently broken down in the
3294:
3253:
3226:
3211:
3201:
3057:
3019:
2926:
2656:
2448:
2363:
2241:
2134:
2119:
1979:
1939:
1924:
1854:
1824:
1751:
1220:
1158:
1153:
1051:
1011:
622:
601:
560:
498:
126:
105:
89:
81:
24:
20:
1556:
3382:
3332:
3248:
3216:
3072:
2999:
2989:
2901:
2841:
2831:
2651:
2606:
2403:
2176:
2084:
2079:
2064:
1949:
1899:
1874:
1746:
1696:
1651:
1186:
1110:
1105:
1078:
971:
919:
858:
605:
592:
511:
328:
245:
183:
35:
927:
877:
798:
790:
751:
716:
673:
960:
142:
16:
Any of several glycosylamines comprising a nucleobase and a sugar molecule
3357:
3352:
3243:
2916:
2473:
1994:
1974:
1879:
1716:
1130:
1066:
1039:
444:
424:
97:
3466:
3437:
3407:
3377:
3327:
3077:
3062:
2921:
2671:
2550:
2528:
2326:
1864:
1636:
1619:
1140:
1120:
1061:
1029:
1024:
382:
287:
225:
163:
3432:
3427:
3139:
2346:
2341:
2306:
2034:
1056:
1019:
597:
362:
101:
93:
743:
47:
2896:
2458:
2398:
2555:
2266:
1959:
1929:
584:
1560:
975:
113:
109:
3113:
3035:
2972:
100:
carbon is linked through a glycosidic bond to the N9 of a
92:(also termed a nitrogenous base) and a five-carbon sugar (
832:
Nam, Inho; Nam, Hong Gil; Zare, Richard N. (2018-01-02).
108:. Nucleotides are the molecular building blocks of
3317:
3267:
3155:
3138:
3111:
3033:
2970:
2953:
2564:
2143:
2128:
1645:
1614:
1597:
1455:
1373:
1326:
1278:
1230:
1219:
1167:
1096:
1087:
1010:
1683:4'-O-Ī²-D-Glucosyl-9-O-(6''-deoxysaccharosyl)olivil
120:List of nucleosides and corresponding nucleobases
2150:
3118:Tooltip Plasma membrane monoamine transporter
3040:Tooltip Equilibrative nucleoside transporters
2977:Tooltip Concentrative nucleoside transporters
1572:
987:
486:Nucleosides can be produced from nucleotides
8:
144:
3152:
2967:
2140:
1611:
1579:
1565:
1557:
1461:
1377:
1227:
1093:
994:
980:
972:
867:
857:
3157:
654:European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
644:
579:Prebiotic synthesis of ribonucleosides
416:
354:
279:
217:
155:
7:
88:. A nucleoside consists simply of a
59:Two corresponding nucleosides, the
2539:Tetramethylpyrazine (ligustrazine)
14:
129:and the corresponding nucleosides
959:
945:from the original on 2022-10-09.
458:
438:
418:
396:
376:
356:
322:
303:
281:
259:
239:
219:
197:
177:
157:
137:Nucleic acid sequence Ā§ Notation
46:
34:
2155:Tooltip Adenosine triphosphate
550:In molecular biology, several
538:Use in medicine and technology
1:
3483:Receptor/signaling modulators
1845:8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine
732:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
709:10.1016/S1470-2045(02)00788-X
666:10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112801
583:In order to understand how
518:of the digestive system by
125:This list does not include
3526:
2985:6-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone
1692:-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine
1224:(Nucleoside monophosphate)
80:that can be thought of as
63:, deoxyadenosine, and the
18:
3476:
1507:
1464:
1418:
1380:
1079:Unnatural base pair (UBP)
3162:Tooltip Xanthine oxidase
633:Synthesis of nucleosides
19:Not to be confused with
2752:UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
1457:Nucleoside triphosphate
920:10.1126/science.aax2747
859:10.1073/pnas.1718559115
532:deoxyribose-1-phosphate
504:thymidine monophosphate
3196:Cinnamomum osmophloeum
1905:Choline theophyllinate
1410:Xanthosine diphosphate
1374:Nucleoside diphosphate
791:10.1002/cmdc.202000849
618:Arabinosyl nucleosides
2439:Opiranserin (VVZ-149)
1780:-Cyclopentyladenosine
575:chain is terminated.
565:peptide nucleic acids
3238:Pistacia integerrima
2544:Ligusticum wallichii
2522:Ligusticum wallichii
1850:8-Phenyltheophylline
1840:8-Chlorotheophylline
1790:Neladenoson dalanate
968:at Wikimedia Commons
591:. According to the
589:prebiotic conditions
557:locked nucleic acids
544:nucleoside analogues
542:In medicine several
152:Deoxyribonucleoside
127:modified nucleobases
1280:Deoxyribonucleotide
1169:Deoxyribonucleoside
1072:Pyrimidine analogue
912:2019Sci...366...76B
850:2018PNAS..115...36N
813:on 14 December 2021
697:The Lancet Oncology
61:deoxyribonucleoside
572:dideoxynucleotides
528:ribose-1-phosphate
3490:
3489:
3313:
3312:
3290:Mycophenolic acid
3149:
3134:
3133:
2964:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2516:Angelica sinensis
1608:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1451:
1450:
1369:
1368:
1328:Cyclic nucleotide
1215:
1214:
964:Media related to
524:nitrogenous bases
479:
478:
146:Nitrogenous base
3515:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3143:
3119:
3115:
3041:
3037:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2958:
2352:Rheum officinale
2156:
2152:
2141:
1885:Caffeine citrate
1835:7-Methylxanthine
1668:-methyladenosine
1612:
1602:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1558:
1462:
1378:
1228:
1149:-Methyladenosine
1126:5-Methylcytidine
1094:
996:
989:
982:
973:
963:
947:
946:
944:
897:
888:
882:
881:
871:
861:
829:
823:
822:
820:
818:
809:. Archived from
785:(9): 1403ā1419.
770:
764:
763:
727:
721:
720:
692:
686:
685:
649:
462:
442:
422:
400:
380:
360:
332:(deoxythymidine)
326:
307:
291:(5-methyluracil)
285:
263:
243:
223:
201:
181:
161:
143:
50:
38:
3525:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3472:
3309:
3263:
3161:
3142:
3130:
3117:
3107:
3103:Propentofylline
3053:Benzodiazepines
3039:
3029:
2976:
2957:
2941:
2560:
2511:Sodium ferulate
2479:Radix puerariae
2454:Phenolphthalein
2154:
2147:
2132:
2124:
2025:Propentofylline
1965:Isovaleric acid
1649:
1641:
1601:
1593:
1588:Purine receptor
1585:
1555:
1546:
1503:
1447:
1414:
1365:
1322:
1274:
1223:
1211:
1207:Deoxyxanthosine
1163:
1116:5-Methyluridine
1083:
1045:Purine analogue
1006:
1000:
956:
951:
950:
942:
906:(6461): 76ā82.
895:
890:
889:
885:
831:
830:
826:
816:
814:
772:
771:
767:
744:10.1038/nrd4010
729:
728:
724:
694:
693:
689:
651:
650:
646:
641:
614:
581:
570:In sequencing,
540:
484:
467:
463:
447:
443:
427:
423:
405:
401:
385:
381:
365:
361:
342:
333:
331:
327:
319:
314:
313:(ribothymidine)
312:
310:5-methyluridine
308:
292:
290:
286:
268:
264:
248:
244:
228:
224:
206:
202:
186:
182:
166:
162:
149:Ribonucleoside
122:
104:or the N1 of a
86:phosphate group
71:
70:
69:
68:
56:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3190:Cinnamaldehyde
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3150:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3093:Pentoxifylline
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2965:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2138:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:Pentoxifylline
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1970:Istradefylline
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1664:2-(1-Hexynyl)-
1657:
1655:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1632:8-Aminoadenine
1625:
1623:
1609:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1232:Ribonucleotide
1225:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1182:Deoxyguanosine
1179:
1177:Deoxyadenosine
1173:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1098:Ribonucleoside
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1001:
999:
998:
991:
984:
976:
970:
969:
955:
954:External links
952:
949:
948:
883:
824:
765:
738:(6): 447ā464.
722:
703:(7): 415ā424.
687:
643:
642:
640:
637:
636:
635:
630:
628:Salvage enzyme
625:
620:
613:
610:
580:
577:
539:
536:
483:
480:
477:
476:
456:
436:
415:
414:
394:
374:
353:
352:
320:
301:
278:
277:
266:deoxyguanosine
257:
237:
216:
215:
204:deoxyadenosine
195:
175:
154:
153:
150:
147:
121:
118:
78:glycosylamines
65:ribonucleoside
58:
57:
52:
45:
44:
41:deoxyadenosine
40:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3521:
3520:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3475:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Benzbromarone
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:AR-C 118925XX
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:UDP-galactose
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:Chelerythrine
2335:
2333:
2332:Calmidazolium
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Cibacron blue
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:Theodrenaline
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Proxyphylline
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:Aminophylline
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:Deoxycytidine
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:Pseudouridine
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1004:
997:
992:
990:
985:
983:
978:
977:
974:
967:
962:
958:
957:
953:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
887:
884:
879:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
828:
825:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
726:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
645:
638:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
594:
590:
586:
578:
576:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
553:
548:
545:
537:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:nucleosidases
517:
513:
509:
505:
502:(such as the
501:
500:
495:
494:nucleotidases
491:
490:
481:
475:
471:
466:
465:deoxycytidine
461:
457:
455:
451:
446:
441:
437:
435:
431:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
399:
395:
393:
389:
384:
379:
375:
373:
369:
364:
359:
355:
350:
346:
341:
337:
330:
325:
321:
318:
311:
306:
302:
300:
296:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
262:
258:
256:
252:
247:
242:
238:
236:
232:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
200:
196:
194:
190:
185:
180:
176:
174:
170:
165:
160:
156:
151:
148:
145:
141:
139:
138:
131:
130:
128:
119:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
66:
62:
49:
37:
26:
22:
3479:
3478:
3463:Chrysophanol
3459:
3403:Hypoxanthine
3324:
3304:
3300:Pralatrexate
3285:Methotrexate
3280:Azathioprine
3259:Topiroxostat
3236:
3207:Myo-inositol
3194:
3185:Caffeic acid
3098:Progesterone
3068:Dipyridamole
3048:Barbiturates
3025:Progesterone
2807:AR-C 69931MX
2802:AR-C 67085MX
2774:Antagonists:
2773:
2627:AR-C 67085MX
2573:
2542:
2520:
2514:
2477:
2444:Oxidized-ATP
2389:JNJ-47965567
2350:
2274:Antagonists:
2273:
2247:L-Ī²,Ī³-Me-ATP
2227:D-Ī²,Ī³-Me-ATP
2163:
2100:Theophylline
2010:Paraxanthine
1955:Fenethylline
1945:Enprofylline
1910:Ciforadenant
1832:Antagonists:
1831:
1795:Piclidenoson
1777:
1689:
1673:2-Cl-IB-MECA
1665:
1660:
1628:
1202:Deoxyinosine
1192:Deoxyuridine
1146:
1088:
1035:Hypoxanthine
1005:constituents
1003:Nucleic acid
903:
899:
886:
844:(1): 36ā40.
841:
837:
827:
815:. Retrieved
811:the original
782:
778:
768:
735:
731:
725:
700:
696:
690:
657:
653:
647:
582:
569:
549:
541:
507:
497:
488:
485:
473:
469:
453:
449:
433:
429:
411:
407:
403:deoxyuridine
391:
387:
371:
367:
348:
344:
339:
335:
316:
298:
294:
274:
270:
254:
250:
234:
230:
212:
208:
192:
188:
172:
168:
135:
132:
124:
123:
73:
72:
3503:Nucleosides
3325:Precursors:
3305:Many others
3275:Aminopterin
3232:Phytic acid
3175:Amflutizole
3170:Allopurinol
3126:Decynium-22
3083:Hexobendine
2955:Transporter
2932:Ticlopidine
2837:Clopidogrel
2747:UDP-glucose
2486:Purotoxin 1
2317:AZ-11645373
2312:AZ-10606120
2110:Tracazolate
2090:Theobromine
2075:SCH-442,416
2070:Rolofylline
2020:Preladenant
1890:Cartazolate
1870:Bamifylline
1820:Tecadenoson
1815:Sonedenoson
1810:Selodenoson
1805:SDZ WAG 994
1800:Regadenoson
1785:Namodenoson
1737:Capadenoson
1732:Binodenoson
1727:BAY 60ā6583
966:Nucleosides
779:ChemMedChem
561:morpholinos
508:nucleosides
499:nucleotides
496:break down
82:nucleotides
74:Nucleosides
3497:Categories
3295:Pemetrexed
3254:Tisopurine
3227:Oxipurinol
3222:Niraxostat
3212:Kaempferol
3202:Febuxostat
3146:inhibitors
3058:Cilostazol
3020:Phloridzin
2927:Ticagrelor
2797:AR-C 66096
2657:Diquafosol
2602:Ī±,Ī²-Me-ATP
2587:2-Thio-UTP
2496:Ro 0437626
2449:Phenol Red
2364:Gefapixant
2359:Evans blue
2242:Ivermectin
2172:Ī±,Ī²-Me-ATP
2135:nucleotide
2120:ZM-241,385
2105:Tozadenant
1980:MRE3008F20
1940:Dyphylline
1925:Dimethazan
1855:Acefylline
1825:UK-432,097
1757:Evodenoson
1752:CP-532,903
1712:Apadenoson
1591:modulators
1221:Nucleotide
1159:Wybutosine
1154:Xanthosine
1089:Nucleoside
1052:Pyrimidine
1012:Nucleobase
660:: 112801.
639:References
623:Nucleobase
602:pyrimidine
106:pyrimidine
90:nucleobase
84:without a
25:nucleobase
21:nucleotide
3480:See also:
3383:Guanosine
3333:Adenosine
3249:Quercetin
3217:Myricetin
3073:Estradiol
3000:Estradiol
2990:Adenosine
2902:Prasugrel
2842:Elinogrel
2832:Cangrelor
2777:2-Me-SAMP
2717:PAPET-ATP
2677:INS-37217
2652:Denufosol
2607:Adenosine
2597:5-OMe-UDP
2582:2-Me-SATP
2577:2-Me-SADP
2574:Agonists:
2469:PSB-12062
2404:Magnesium
2369:GW-791343
2257:PAPET-ATP
2177:Adenosine
2167:2-Me-SATP
2164:Agonists:
2085:Theacrine
2080:SCH-58261
2065:Reversine
1950:Etazolate
1900:CGS-15943
1875:Cafedrine
1747:CGS-21680
1697:Adenosine
1678:2'-MeCCPA
1661:Agonists:
1652:adenosine
1629:Agonists:
1187:Thymidine
1111:Guanosine
1106:Adenosine
936:203719976
807:231576801
682:221724578
606:evolution
593:RNA world
552:analogues
512:thymidine
510:(such as
329:thymidine
246:guanosine
184:adenosine
53:adenosine
3358:Cytidine
3353:Cytosine
3244:Propolis
3010:KGO-2173
3005:KGO-2142
2995:dMeThPmR
2961:blockers
2917:Regrelor
2907:PSB-0739
2877:MRS-2578
2872:MRS-2500
2867:MRS-2395
2862:MRS-2279
2857:MRS-2211
2852:MRS-2179
2727:PSB-1114
2722:PSB-0474
2707:MRS-4062
2702:MRS-2957
2697:MRS-2768
2692:MRS-2693
2687:MRS-2690
2682:MRS-2365
2592:5-Br-UDP
2534:TC-P 262
2474:Puerarin
2409:MRS-2159
2384:isoPPADS
2302:A-839977
2297:A-804598
2292:A-740003
2287:A-438079
2282:A-317491
2252:MRS-2219
2115:VUF-5574
2060:PSB-1115
2005:MRS-3777
2000:MRS-1754
1995:MRS-1706
1990:MRS-1334
1985:MRS-1220
1975:KF-26777
1920:CVT-6883
1895:CGH-2466
1880:Caffeine
1772:LUF-5845
1767:LUF-5835
1762:GR 79236
1717:ATL-146e
1599:Receptor
1351:c-di-AMP
1346:c-di-GMP
1131:Cytidine
1067:Cytosine
1040:Xanthine
940:Archived
928:31604305
878:29255025
817:13 March
799:33427377
760:39842610
752:23722347
717:12142171
674:32927231
612:See also
445:cytidine
425:cytosine
343:(dated:
98:anomeric
3467:rhubarb
3460:Others:
3438:Uridine
3408:Inosine
3378:Guanine
3328:Adenine
3078:Ethanol
3063:Dilazep
3015:MeThPmR
2922:Suramin
2827:C1330-7
2672:INS-365
2551:TNP-ATP
2529:Suramin
2327:Calcium
2055:PSB-788
2050:PSB-603
1865:ATL-444
1637:Adenine
1620:adenine
1605:ligands
1141:Inosine
1121:Uridine
1062:Thymine
1030:Guanine
1025:Adenine
908:Bibcode
900:Science
869:5776833
846:Bibcode
567:(PNA).
559:(LNA),
506:) into
489:de novo
482:Sources
468:symbol
448:symbol
428:symbol
406:symbol
386:symbol
383:uridine
366:symbol
334:symbol
315:symbol
293:symbol
288:thymine
269:symbol
249:symbol
229:symbol
226:guanine
207:symbol
187:symbol
167:symbol
164:adenine
3433:Uracil
3428:Ribose
3318:Others
3268:Others
3140:Enzyme
2887:NF-340
2882:NF-157
2782:A3P5PS
2712:NF-546
2434:NF-449
2429:NF-279
2424:NF-157
2419:NF-110
2414:NF-023
2347:Emodin
2342:Copper
2307:AF-353
2277:5-BDBD
2237:HT-AMP
2045:PSB-36
2040:PSB-11
2035:PSB-10
1057:Uracil
1020:Purine
934:
926:
876:
866:
805:
797:
758:
750:
715:
680:
672:
598:purine
526:, and
363:uracil
102:purine
94:ribose
3088:NBMPR
2897:PPADS
2822:BzATP
2787:AMPĪ±S
2767:UTPĪ³S
2737:UDPĪ²S
2637:ATPĪ³S
2617:ADPĪ²S
2501:Ro 51
2464:PPNDS
2459:PPADS
2399:KN-62
2394:KN-04
2212:BzATP
2207:ATPĪ³S
1935:DPCPX
1361:cGAMP
1356:cADPR
943:(PDF)
932:S2CID
896:(PDF)
803:S2CID
756:S2CID
678:S2CID
516:lumen
3114:PMAT
3036:ENTs
2973:CNTs
2912:RB-2
2847:Ip5I
2792:Ap4A
2757:Up3U
2647:dATP
2622:Ap3A
2556:Zinc
2506:RO-3
2491:RB-2
2379:Ip5I
2267:Zinc
2197:Ap5A
2192:Ap4A
1960:IBMX
1930:DMPX
1742:CCPA
1542:dXTP
1537:dITP
1532:dCTP
1527:dUTP
1522:dTTP
1517:dGTP
1512:dATP
1479:mUTP
1443:dCDP
1438:dUDP
1433:dTDP
1428:dGDP
1423:dADP
1395:mUDP
1341:cGMP
1336:cAMP
1318:dXMP
1313:dIMP
1308:dCMP
1303:dUMP
1298:dTMP
1293:dGMP
1288:dAMP
1250:mUMP
924:PMID
874:PMID
819:2021
795:PMID
748:PMID
713:PMID
670:PMID
600:and
585:life
563:and
474:dCyd
412:dUrd
340:dThd
275:dGuo
213:dAdo
140:).
112:and
76:are
3508:DNA
3453:UTP
3448:UDP
3443:UMP
3423:ITP
3418:IDP
3413:IMP
3398:GTP
3393:GDP
3388:GMP
3373:CTP
3368:CDP
3363:CMP
3348:ATP
3343:ADP
3338:AMP
2937:UDP
2892:PIT
2817:ATP
2762:UTP
2732:UDP
2667:ITP
2662:IDP
2642:CTP
2632:ATP
2612:ADP
2566:P2Y
2374:HMA
2322:BBG
2262:UTP
2232:GTP
2222:CTP
2202:ATP
2187:AMP
2182:ADP
2151:ATP
2145:P2X
1915:CPX
1722:ATP
1707:AMP
1702:ADP
1688:5'-
1499:XTP
1494:ITP
1489:CTP
1484:UTP
1474:GTP
1469:ATP
1405:CDP
1400:UDP
1390:GDP
1385:ADP
1270:XMP
1265:IMP
1260:CMP
1255:UMP
1245:GMP
1240:AMP
916:doi
904:366
864:PMC
854:doi
842:115
787:doi
740:doi
705:doi
662:doi
658:207
530:or
472:or
454:Cyd
452:or
434:Cyt
432:or
410:or
392:Urd
390:or
372:Ura
370:or
349:Thd
347:or
338:or
317:māµU
299:Thy
297:or
273:or
255:Guo
253:or
235:Gua
233:or
211:or
193:Ado
191:or
173:Ade
171:or
114:RNA
110:DNA
23:or
3499::
3158:XO
2519:,
2130:P2
1647:P1
1616:P0
938:.
930:.
922:.
914:.
902:.
898:.
872:.
862:.
852:.
840:.
836:.
801:.
793:.
783:16
781:.
777:.
754:.
746:.
736:12
734:.
711:.
699:.
676:.
668:.
656:.
534:.
470:dC
408:dU
351:)
336:dT
271:dG
209:dA
116:.
3469:)
3465:(
3148:)
3144:(
2963:)
2959:(
2547:)
2541:(
2525:)
2513:(
2482:)
2476:(
2355:)
2349:(
2157:)
2148:(
2137:)
2133:(
1778:N
1690:N
1666:N
1654:)
1650:(
1622:)
1618:(
1607:)
1603:(
1580:e
1573:t
1566:v
1147:N
995:e
988:t
981:v
918::
910::
880:.
856::
848::
821:.
789::
762:.
742::
719:.
707::
701:3
684:.
664::
450:C
430:C
388:U
368:U
345:T
295:T
251:G
231:G
189:A
169:A
27:.
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