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defences from their prey sponge in their bodies, rendering themselves distasteful to predators. One method of chemical defense used by nudibranchs are secondary metabolites, which play an important role in mediating relationships among marine communities. The evidence that suggests the chemical compounds used by dorid nudibranchs do in fact come from dietary sponges lies in the similarities between the metabolites of prey and nudibranchs, respectively. Furthermore, nudibranchs contain a mixture of sponge chemicals when they are in the presence of multiple food sources, as well as change defence chemicals with a concurrent change in diet. This, however, is not the only way for nudibranchs to develop chemical defences. Certain
Antarctic marine species defense mechanisms are believed to be controlled by biological factors like predation and competition, and selective pressures. Certain species are able to produce their own chemicals
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712:, certainly produce audible sounds. Professor Grant, who first observed the interesting fact in some specimens of the latter which he was keeping in an aquarium, says of the sounds, that 'they resemble very much the clink of a steel wire on the side of the jar, one stroke only been given at a time, and repeated at intervals of a minute or two; when placed in a large basin of water the sound is much obscured, and is like that of a watch, one stroke being repeated, as before, at intervals. The sound is longest and most often repeated when the
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animal; and at the instant of the stroke, we observe the lips suddenly separate, as if to allow the water to rush into a small vacuum formed within. As these animals are hermaphrodites, requiring mutual impregnation, the sounds may possibly be a means of communication between them, or, if they are of an electric nature, they may be the means of defending from foreign enemies one of the most delicate, defenceless, and beautiful
Gasteropods that inhabit the deep.
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1041:) are recognised by having an intact digestive gland and the feather-like branchial (gill) plume, which forms a cluster on the posterior part of the body, around the anus. Fringes on the mantle do not contain any intestines. Additionally, dorid nudibranchs commonly have distinct pockets, bumps, and/or mantle dermal formations, which are distortions on their skin, used to store bioactive defense chemicals.
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1052:(spread across the back) instead of the branchial plume. The cerata function in place of gills and facilitate gas exchange through the epidermis. Additionally, aeolids possess a branched digestive gland, which may extend into the cerate and often has tips that contain cnidosacs (stinging cells absorbed from prey species and then used by the nudibranch). They lack a mantle. Some are hosts to
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796:, thus having a set of reproductive organs for both sexes, but they cannot fertilize themselves. Mating usually takes a few minutes, and involves a dance-like courtship. Nudibranchs typically deposit their eggs within a gelatinous spiral, which is often described as looking like a ribbon. The number of eggs varies; it can be as few as just 1 or 2 eggs (
627:), among the largest of tropical marine slugs, potently chemically defended, and brilliantly red and white, is nocturnal and has no known mimics. Other studies of nudibranch molluscs have concluded they are aposematically coloured, for example, the slugs of the family Phylidiidae from Indo-Pacific coral reefs.
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In the course of their evolution, nudibranchs have lost their shells, while developing alternative defence mechanisms. Some species evolved an external anatomy with textures and colours that mimicked surrounding sessile invertebrate animals (often their prey sponges or soft corals) to avoid predators
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alive in his room for a month, and during the whole period of their confinement they have continued to produce the sounds with very little diminution of their original intensity. In a small apartment they are audible at the distance of twelve feet. The sounds obviously proceed from the mouth of the
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Nudibranchs use a variety of chemical defences to aid in protection, but it is not necessary for the strategy to be lethal to be effective; in fact, good arguments exist that chemical defences should evolve to be distasteful rather than toxic. Some sponge-eating nudibranchs concentrate the chemical
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without harming the nudibranch. Once further into the organ, the cells are assimilated by intestinal protuberances and brought to specific placements on the creature's hind body. Nudibranchs can protect themselves from the hydrozoids and their nematocysts; the specific mechanism is yet unknown, but
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are lively and moving about, and is not heard when they are cold and without any motion; in the dark I have not observed any light emitted at the time of the stroke; no globule of air escapes to the surface of the water, nor is any ripple produced on the surface at the instant of the stroke; the
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that shed their shells after their larval stage. They are noted for their often extraordinary colours and striking forms, and they have been given colourful nicknames to match, such as "clown", "marigold", "splendid", "dancer", "dragon", and "sea rabbit". Currently, about 3,000 valid species of
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without dietary influence. Evidence for the different methods of chemical production comes with the characteristic uniformity of chemical composition across drastically different environments and geographic locations found throughout
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Another method of protection is the release of the ugdon acid from the skin. Once the specimen is physically irritated or touched by another creature, it will release the mucus automatically, eating the animal from the inside out.
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Schrödl M., Wägele H. & Willan R. C. (2001). "Taxonomic
Redescription of the Doridoxidae (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia), an Enigmatic Family of Deep Water Nudibranchs, with Discussion of Basal Nudibranch Phylogeny".
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of the
Nudibranchia and its two major groups, the Anthobranchia/Doridoidea and Cladobranchia. A study published in May 2001, again revised the taxonomy of the Nudibranchia. They were thus divided into two major clades:
2993:. "Navanax inermis is the bane of all nudibranchs, because it is one of the few known predators on this group of slugs. Dorids mainly eat sponges, bryozoans, and tunicates, whereas aeolids principally eat cnidarians."
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are seen among species, many species are nocturnal or cryptic, and bright colours at the red end of the spectrum are rapidly attenuated as a function of water depth. For example, the
Spanish dancer nudibranch (genus
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The eyes in nudibranchs are simple and able to discern little more than light and dark. The eyes are set into the body, are about a quarter of a millimeter in diameter, and consist of a lens and five photoreceptors.
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simply envelops it with its capacious mouth, but if the prey is a larger siphonophore, the mollusc nibbles off its fishing tentacles, the ones carrying the most potent nematocysts. Like some others of its kind,
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to depths well over 700 m (2,300 ft). The greatest diversity of nudibranchs is seen in warm, shallow reefs, although one nudibranch species was discovered at a depth near 2,500 m (8,200 ft).
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Klussmann-Kolb A (2001). "The
Reproductive Systems of the Nudibranchia (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia): Comparative Histology and Ultrastructure of the Nidamental Glands with Aspects of Functional Morphology".
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Newer insights derived from morphological data and gene-sequence research seemed to confirm those ideas. On the basis of investigation of 18S rDNA sequence data, strong evidence supports the
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probably play an important role. Similarly, some nudibranchs can also take in plant cells (symbiotic algae from soft corals) and reuse these to make food for themselves. The related group of
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612:, have an intensely bright and contrasting colour pattern that makes them especially conspicuous in their surroundings. Nudibranch molluscs are the most commonly cited examples of
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from sea sponges as a means of deterring predators. After hatching, the infants look almost identical to their adult counterparts, albeit smaller. Infants may also have fewer
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Pawlik, JR; et al. (1988). "Defensive chemicals of the
Spanish Dancer nudibranch, Hexabranchus sanguineus, and its egg ribbons: Macrolides derived from a sponge diet".
2217:"Advantages of naming species under the PhyloCode: An example of how a new species of Discodorididae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Nudibranchia, Doridina) may be named"
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516:(in shelled gastropods, the operculum is a bony or horny plate that can cover the opening of the shell when the body is withdrawn). In most species, there is a swimming
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2838:"The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877"
957:. This predatory mollusc sucks air into its stomach to keep it afloat, and using its muscular foot, it clings to the surface film. If it finds a small victim,
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The exact systematics of nudibranchs are a topic of recent revision. Traditionally, nudibranchs have been treated as the order
Nudibranchia, located in the
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2084:, p.33. "The best documented predators of pelagic cnidarians from the phylum Mollusca are the neustonic nudibranchs and snails the pelagic nudibranch "
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2377:. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (22nd Annual Scientific Diving Symposium). Archived from the original on January 29, 2009
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1938:"Integrative systematics of northern and Arctic nudibranchs of the genus Dendronotus (Mollusca, Gastropoda), with descriptions of three new species"
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Milne-Edwards H (1848). Note sur la classification naturelle chez
Mollusques Gasteropodes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, series 3, 9: 102-112.
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552:) breathe through a "naked gill" shaped into branchial plumes in a rosette on their backs. By contrast, on the back of the aeolids in the clade
490:. In all nudibranchs, the male and female sexual openings are on the right side of the body, reflecting their asymmetrical origins. They lack a
1971:"First true brackish-water nudibranch mollusc provides new insights for phylogeny and biogeography and reveals paedomorphosis-driven evolution"
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production species compared to the wide variety of dietary and environmentally dependent chemical composition in sequestering species.
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around
Antarctica. They are almost entirely restricted to salt water, although a few species are known to inhabit lower salinities in
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Barsby, T.; Linington, R. G.; Andersen, R. J. (2002). "De Novo terpenoid biosynthesis by the dendronotid nudibranch Melibe leonina".
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317:
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3183:"On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia"
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2522:"Chemical ecology of the Antarctic nudibranch Bathydoris hodgsoni Eliot, 1907: defensive role and origin of its natural products"
1755:"Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) more than just slimy slugs. Shell reduction and its implications on defence and foraging"
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The body forms of nudibranchs vary greatly. Because they are opisthobranchs, unlike most other gastropods, they are apparently
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Cella, Kristen; Carmona, Leila; Ekimova, Irina; Chichvarkhin, Anton; Schepetov, Dimitry; Gosliner, Terrence M. (2016-12-15).
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This gallery shows some of the great variability in the color and form of nudibranchs, and nudibranch egg ribbons.
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2799:"The role of prey mobility in the population ecology of the nudibranch Cuthona nana (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)"
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1290:, currently the most up-to-date system of classifying the gastropods, the Nudibranchia are a subclade within the
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sea slugs feed on algae and retain just the chloroplasts for their own photosynthetic use, a process known as
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1088:(which had previously been grouped among sidegill slugs) have been placed alongside nudibranchs in the clade
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Nudibranchs occur in seas worldwide, ranging from the Arctic, through temperate and tropical regions, to the
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Thiele, J. (1931). Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, II. Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena, Germany.
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An index of names given to nudibranchs and their subsequent use, referenced to Bibliographia Nudibranchia.
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Opisthobranch Newsletter – Bibliography and portal to opisthobranch, nudibranch & seaslug information
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Nudibranchs are commonly divided into two main kinds, dorid and aeolid (also spelled eolid) nudibranchs:
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2577:"Chemical defence and evolutionary ecology of dorid nudibranchs and some other opisthobranch gastropods"
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Nudibranchs have cephalic (head) tentacles, which are sensitive to touch, taste, and smell. Club-shaped
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in marine ecosystems, but the evidence for this has been contested, mostly because few examples of
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groups that are not closely related to nudibranchs. A number of these other sea slugs, such as the
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970:; instead, it uses them to defend itself by passing them from its gut to the surface of its skin.
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obtained from its diet, which continue to photosynthesize and provide energy to the nudibranch.
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is an example of a nudibranch that has its cerata positioned like wings instead of on its back.
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2010:
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816:. The lifespan of nudibranchs can range from a few weeks to a year, depending on the species.
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Scottish Nudibranchs: Online resource for identification of species found in Scottish waters
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2410:"Extreme autotomy and whole-body regeneration in photosynthetic sea slugs: Current Biology"
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Nudi Pixel: Online resource for nudibranchs and sea slugs identification using photographs
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Nudibranchs in their natural environment, Scuba Diving – Narooma NSW offline? 26 Nov 2014
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2924:
Barnes, H.; Powell, H. T. (1954). "Onchidoris fusca (Müller); A Predator of Barnacles".
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2371:"Predator Suites and Flabellinid Nudibranch Nematocyst Complements in the Gulf of Maine"
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1986:
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Ekimova, I.; T. Korshunova; D. Schepetov; T. Neretina; N. Sanamyan; A. Martynov (2015).
498:) on their sides, which deter predators. Many also have a simple gut and a mouth with a
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2005:
1970:
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1092:(recognising them as more closely related to each other than to other opisthobranchs).
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2154:"The Electrophysiology of Photoreceptors in the Nudibranch Mollusc, Tritonia Diomedia"
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pictured) have many cerata over their back which are used for defense and respiration.
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sound, when in a glass vessel, is mellow and distinct.' The Professor has kept these
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Dexiarchia nom. nov. (= Doridoxoidea + Dendronotoidea + Aeolidoidea + "Arminoidea").
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1995:
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2423:
Karuso, P. (1987). "Chemical Ecology of the Nudibranchs". In Scheuer, PJ (ed.).
2330:"Marine benthic invertebrates use multimodal cues for defence against reef fish"
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967:
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animals, found crawling over the substrate. The only exceptions to this are the
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shown) breathe with the branchial plume, which projects from around their anus.
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3154:"The New Classification of Gastropods according to Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005"
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Nudibranchs vary in adult size from 4 to 600 mm (0.16 to 23.62 in).
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2893:"Phylogeography and phyloecology of dorid nudibranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda)"
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nudibranch body: Note the oral tentacles (ot), foot tentacles (ft), eye (e),
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2060:(Chun, 1889), in New South Wales with a note on other species in this genus"
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Antipredatory defensive roles of natural products from marine invertebrates
2014:
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17:
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1902:. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
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700:) that two species of nudibranchs emit sounds that are audible to humans.
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nudibranchs, which float upside down just under the ocean's surface; the
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1969:
Korshunova, T.; K. Lundin; K. Malmberg; B. Picton; A. Martynov (2018).
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2661:"Acid secretion in some species of Doridacea (Mollusca, Nudibranchia)"
2271:
Edmunds, M. (1991). "Does warning colouration occur in nudibranchs?".
1954:
1937:
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externally (but not internally) because they have undergone secondary
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3439:
3075:"A Radical Solution: The Phylogeny of the Nudibranch Family Fionidae"
2971:
Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
2875:
Baba & Abe, 1964. [In] Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum"
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557:
528:, and the shell is shed before the animal emerges from the egg mass.
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322:
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Nudibranchs are frequently differentiated as either dorid or aeolid.
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Various nudibranch species from Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand
2447:, a comprehensive review of the chemical ecology of the nudibranchs
1864:
Turnbull, John (Spring 2016). "The Nudibranch – Creature Feature".
3784:
3430:
Mediterranean slug site (actually a misnomer) – Worldwide coverage
3391:
Nudibranchs Encyclopedia: Catalogue of Asia/Indo-Pacific Sea Slugs
1831:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
1291:
1100:) and instead Nudipleura has been placed as the first offshoot of
1096:, Opisthobranchia has been recognised as not a valid clade (it is
823:
809:
778:
765:
574:
530:
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387:
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1616:) in the Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary, Savannah, Georgia
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when the larva transforms into the adult form. Some species have
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2029:"Discoveries of deep-sea biomass and biodiversity using an ROV"
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and prey on members of their own species. Other groups feed on
730:
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Nudibranchs that feed on hydrozoids can store the hydrozoids'
3425:
OPK Opistobranquis – Iberian and Mediterranean Opisthobranchs
246:
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3383:
McDonald, Gary R. & J. W. Nybakken. (November 5, 2014).
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Siphonophora (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of Canadian Pacific Waters
264:
2031:. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Archived from
243:
3477:
Nudibranch gallery- Sergey Parinov – offline? 26 Nov 2014
3181:
Jörger, K. M.; Stöger, I.; Kano, Y.; et al. (2010).
261:
252:
3152:
Poppe, Guido T.; Tagaro, Sheila P. (February 23, 2006).
2130:. Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. 2013-04-25. Archived from
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At the basis of the Euthyneura the Nudipleura split off
2520:
Avila, C; Iken, K; Fontana, A; Cimino, G (2000-09-05).
2457:
Pawlik, JR (2012). Fattorusso, E.; et al. (eds.).
1657:
Nudibranch egg ribbon at Shaab Mahmoud (Red Sea), Egypt
747:
2836:
Domínguez, M.; Troncoso, J. S.; García, F. J. (2008).
920:, which are descended from tunicate-feeding species),
663:. Some of these species have been observed practicing
3445:
Images, information and identification of Nudibranchs
3369:
A listing, by Author, of publications on nudibranchs.
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Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales
1645:
Dorid nudibranch egg ribbon in Moss Beach, California
1298:. The Nudibranchia are then divided into two clades:
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reported observations by "Professor Grant" (possibly
556:, brightly coloured sets of protruding organs called
267:
1130:
1852 watercolor of a Nudibranch by Jacques Burkhardt
888:), and some eat other sea slugs or their eggs (e.g.
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larva with a coiled shell, but the shell is shed at
258:
255:
249:
3565:
3026:"The chemistry and chemical ecology of nudibranchs"
2700:
2698:
2095:
Nudibranch and Sea Slug Identification Indo-Pacific
1068:(the marine slugs: which consisted of nudibranchs,
412:Nudibranchs live at virtually all depths, from the
240:
2665:Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London
2526:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
2295:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
603:). Other nudibranchs, as seen especially well on
346:(molluscs), but many sea slugs belong to several
3385:List of the Worldwide Food Habits of Nudibranchs
2831:
2829:
2427:. Vol. 1. Springer-Verlag. pp. 31–60.
1912:
1910:
1908:
1805:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (2nd edition),
1669:Nudibranch egg ribbon at Malahi (Red Sea), Egypt
3263:Wägele H. & Willan R. C. (September 2000).
2288:
2286:
2097:New World Publications Jacksonville Florida USA
494:cavity. Some species have venomous appendages (
3358:Vol. 2. 229 pp., 41 pls. Ray Society, no. 156.
3351:Vol. 1. 207 pp., 21 pls. Ray Society, no. 151.
2985:
2983:
2886:
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2375:In: SF Norton (Ed). Diving for Science...2003
1894:
1892:
1115:This classification was based on the work of
1104:(which is the dominant clade of gastropods).
548:is appropriate, since the dorids (infraclass
478:(cn) at the cerata tips. Scale bar is 100 μm.
8:
3492:National Geographic Nudibranch Photo Gallery
3024:Dean, Lewis J.; Prinsep, Michèle R. (2017).
2128:"Nudibranchs – National Geographic Magazine"
704:Two very elegant species of Sea-slug, viz.,
3393:. Neville Coleman's Underwater Geographic.
3354:Thompson, T. E., & G. H. Brown (1984).
2105:
2103:
3553:
3548:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
3509:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
3435:The Slug Site, Michael D. Miller 2002–2014
1633:at La Herradura (Mediterranean Sea), Spain
58:
40:
31:
3280:
3269:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3218:
3208:
3116:
3098:
3041:
2908:
2897:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2853:
2842:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2600:
2575:Faulkner, D. J.; Ghiselin, M. T. (1983).
2461:. NY: Springer Science. pp. 677–710.
2353:
2004:
1994:
1953:
1942:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1782:
1772:
802:) or as many as an estimated 25 million (
2117:, 207 pp., 21 pls. Ray Society, no. 151.
1735:Symposia and workshops on opisthobranchs
1125:
2515:
2513:
1753:Wägele, H.; Klussmann-Kolb, A. (2005).
1745:
1598:mating at Verde Island, the Philippines
1440:
1288:taxonomy by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)
363:, are often confused with nudibranchs.
3546:: many videos of nudibranchs from the
2474:
2464:
2387:
2328:Ritson-Williams, R.; Paul, VJ (2007).
2093:Gosliner TM, Valdes A Behrens DW 2015
443:, which swim in the water column; and
334:Nudibranchs are often casually called
1379:Unassigned Cladobranchia (previously
1119:(1931), who built on the concepts of
512:The adult form is without a shell or
397:from Anilao Pier dive site, depth 5 m
7:
3790:E27E87C0-FFB3-FFA9-FF0D-FB510C59D02B
3751:53d00e53-98c8-489c-ab56-ac2edf787b27
2991:Nudibranchs: Marine slugs with verve
642:. These stolen nematocysts, called
3282:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb02196.x
3006:. Marinelife.about.com. 2011-11-10
1580:from Verde Island, the Philippines
1547:from Verde Island, the Philippines
1338:(= Phanerobranchiata Non Suctoria)
25:
3372:McDonald, Gary R. (7 July 2021).
3361:McDonald, Gary R. (7 July 2021).
3356:Biology of opisthobranch molluscs
3349:Biology of opisthobranch molluscs
2756:"How many eggs do sea slugs lay?"
2192:"Hexabranchus sanguineus | DORIS"
2111:Biology of opisthobranch molluscs
943:The surface-dwelling nudibranch,
3420:Nudibranchs of the British Isles
2910:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00413.x
2855:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x
1706:
1694:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1621:
1603:
1585:
1568:
1552:
1535:
1527:Spanish dancer, taken at night,
1520:
1500:
1479:
1459:
1443:
1000:
982:
734:
236:
85:
3265:"Phylogeny of the Nudibranchia"
2806:American Malacological Bulletin
2158:Journal of Experimental Biology
2080:G.M. Mapstone & M.N. Arai,
1308:Gnathodoridacea (contains only
342:(sea slugs), within the phylum
3543:Molluscs. Brain & Behavior
3533:carefully consuming a hydroid
3504:Molluscs. Brain & Behavior
3450:Nudibranch Photos by Mick Tait
3374:Institute of Marine Sciences.
3363:Institute of Marine Sciences.
2581:Marine Ecology Progress Series
2494:Nudibranchs of Southern Africa
2334:Marine Ecology Progress Series
2152:CHASE, RONALD (June 1, 1974).
1900:A Collage of Nudibranch Colors
1824:"Feeding in nudibranch larvae"
949:, is a specialist predator of
1:
2546:10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00227-6
894:) or, on some occasions, are
210:
3846:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier
3142:, Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005
3100:10.1371/journal.pone.0167800
2754:Rudman, W. B. (2010-06-09).
2671:(2): 121–133. Archived from
2315:10.1016/0022-0981(88)90225-0
1996:10.1371/journal.pone.0192177
1713:Mushroom coral reticulidia (
688:Apparent production of sound
3376:Nudibranch Systematic Index
2869:Rudman, W.B. (1999-03-19).
2433:10.1007/978-3-642-72726-9_2
2425:Bioorganic Marine Chemistry
820:Feeding and ecological role
3862:
3365:Bibliographia Nudibranchia
3140:Taxonomy of the Gastropoda
2687:Evenings at the Microscope
1286:However, according to the
1201:Willan & Morton, 1984
848:All known nudibranchs are
338:, as they are a family of
316:
211:See text for superfamilies
3389:Coleman, Neville (2008).
3004:"Facts About Nudibranchs"
2926:Journal of Animal Ecology
2780:"Diving with Nudibranchs"
2394:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2244:10.1080/17451000510019141
2056:"The pelagic nudibranch,
2054:Steinberg, J. E. (1956).
1882:Bronson, Wilfrid (1935).
1843:10.1017/S0025315400006044
1561:Glossodoris atromarginata
1190:Alder & Hancock, 1845
1181:Alder & Hancock, 1845
773:Nembrotha purpureolineata
651:special cells with large
224:
217:
196:
191:
82:Scientific classification
80:
66:
57:
48:
39:
34:
3347:Thompson, T. E. (1976).
3210:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323
3188:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2492:Gosliner, T. M. (1987).
2109:Thompson, T. E. (1976).
1822:Thompson, T. E. (2009).
1351:Pseudoeuctenidiacea ( =
1010:Hermissenda crassicornis
634:(stinging cells) in the
367:Distribution and habitat
3521:Attack of the Sea Slugs
3311:10.1078/0044-5231-00008
3030:Natural Product Reports
2741:10.1078/0044-5231-00011
2224:Marine Biology Research
2058:Cephalopyge trematoides
484:bilaterally symmetrical
440:Cephalopyge trematoides
296:nudibranchs are known.
3327:. ryanphotographic.com
3170:on September 27, 2007.
2708:. Aquaticcommunity.com
1866:Nature New South Wales
1721:Wakatobi National Park
1544:Nembrotha chamberlaini
1131:
926:Onchidoris bilamellata
914:), other nudibranchs (
882:Limacia, Plocamopherus
845:
789:
776:
724:
595:
541:
479:
474:(c). This species has
453:Anatomical description
398:
385:
307:
3772:Paleobiology Database
3440:The Okinawa Slug Site
3378:, 3rd online Edition.
3367:, 3rd online Edition.
3325:"Family Phyllidiidae"
3299:Zoologischer Anzeiger
2729:Zoologischer Anzeiger
1898:Ocean Portal (2017).
1774:10.1186/1742-9994-2-3
1512:from Lembeh Straits,
1473:Bunaken National Park
1129:
1111:Traditional hierarchy
955:Portuguese man o' war
830:Pteraeolidia ianthina
827:
782:
769:
702:
646:, wander through the
578:
534:
460:
391:
374:
3535:Myrionema amboinense
2873:Favorinus tsuruganus
2659:Edmunds, M. (1968).
2170:10.1242/jeb.60.3.707
1760:Frontiers in Zoology
1683:Goniobranchus kuniei
1452:Tritoniopsis elegans
1134:Order Nudibranchia:
966:does not digest the
808:). The eggs contain
710:Tritonia arborescens
446:Phylliroe bucephalum
51:Berghia coerulescens
3527:The Lynx Nudibranch
3497:Sea Slugs of Hawaii
3201:2010BMCEE..10..323J
3091:2016PLoSO..1167800C
2938:1954JAnEc..23..361B
2891:Valdés, Á. (2004).
2630:2002Checo..12..199B
2593:1983MEPS...13..295F
2538:2000JEMBE.252...27A
2496:. Sea Challengers.
2346:2007MEPS..340...29R
2307:1988JEMBE.119...99P
2236:2005MBioR...1..216D
2215:Dayrat, B. (2005).
1987:2018PLoSO..1392177K
1686:, off the coast of
1610:Regal sea goddess (
1361:( = Cladohepatica)
1121:Henri Milne-Edwards
992:Chromodoris willani
770:Mating behavior in
698:Robert Edmond Grant
582:Nembrotha kubaryana
463:Berghia stephanieae
225:About 3000 species
27:Order of gastropods
3465:2011-05-27 at the
3043:10.1039/C7NP00041C
2797:NC Folino (1997).
2760:The Sea Slug Forum
2638:10.1007/PL00012669
2602:10.3354/meps013295
2355:10.3354/meps340029
1926:, Fishermen Scuba.
1922:2013-08-14 at the
1716:Reticulidia fungia
1630:Flabellina affinis
1577:Chromodoris dianae
1468:Nembrotha cristata
1132:
946:Glaucus atlanticus
846:
790:
785:Acanthodoris lutea
777:
746:. You can help by
694:Philip Henry Gosse
596:
571:Defence mechanisms
542:
537:Glaucus atlanticus
526:direct development
480:
399:
386:
359:and the colourful
76:, the Philippines
3823:
3822:
3759:Open Tree of Life
3559:Taxon identifiers
3415:William B. Rudman
3036:(12): 1359–1390.
2503:978-0-930118-13-6
2442:978-3-642-72728-3
2369:Frick, K (2003).
2035:on 9 October 2013
1955:10.1111/zoj.12214
1723:, Indonesia, 2018
1595:Nembrotha milleri
1509:Chromodoris annae
1489:Triopha catalinae
1348:(= Actenidiacea)
1305:(= Holohepatica)
1252:
1240:
1231:
1219:
1202:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1147:
1062:gastropod mollusc
764:
763:
384:, the Philippines
229:
228:
187:
69:Chromodoris lochi
16:(Redirected from
3853:
3816:
3815:
3803:
3802:
3793:
3792:
3780:
3779:
3767:
3766:
3754:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3731:
3730:
3728:NHMSYS0021056110
3718:
3717:
3705:
3704:
3692:
3691:
3679:
3678:
3666:
3665:
3653:
3652:
3640:
3639:
3627:
3626:
3614:
3613:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3554:
3531:Phidiana lynceus
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3222:
3212:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3163:. Archived from
3158:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3102:
3085:(12): e0167800.
3070:
3064:
3063:
3045:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3000:
2994:
2987:
2978:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2808:. Archived from
2803:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2702:
2693:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2221:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:on June 17, 2008
2124:
2118:
2107:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2008:
1998:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1933:
1927:
1914:
1903:
1896:
1887:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1776:
1750:
1710:
1698:
1688:Papua New Guinea
1678:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1625:
1607:
1589:
1572:
1556:
1539:
1524:
1504:
1483:
1463:
1447:
1247:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1200:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1159:
1142:
1004:
986:
805:Aplysia fasciata
799:Vayssierea felis
792:Nudibranchs are
759:
756:
738:
731:
648:alimentary tract
420:Nudibranchs are
326:
320:
312:'naked' and the
275:) belong to the
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
182:
90:
89:
62:
44:
32:
21:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3811:
3806:
3798:
3796:
3788:
3783:
3775:
3770:
3762:
3757:
3749:
3747:
3739:
3734:
3726:
3721:
3713:
3708:
3700:
3695:
3687:
3682:
3674:
3669:
3661:
3656:
3648:
3643:
3635:
3630:
3622:
3617:
3609:
3604:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3561:
3517:
3467:Wayback Machine
3407:
3344:
3342:Further reading
3339:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3009:
3007:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2988:
2981:
2975:Greenwood Press
2965:
2961:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2764:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2689:, 1884 edition,
2684:
2680:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2473:
2463:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2254:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2196:doris.ffessm.fr
2190:
2189:
2185:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2108:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2022:
1981:(1): e0192177.
1968:
1967:
1963:
1948:(4): e0192177.
1935:
1934:
1930:
1924:Wayback Machine
1915:
1906:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1877:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1804:
1800:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1731:
1724:
1711:
1702:
1699:
1690:
1679:
1670:
1667:
1658:
1655:
1646:
1643:
1634:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1573:
1564:
1557:
1548:
1540:
1531:
1525:
1516:
1505:
1496:
1484:
1475:
1464:
1455:
1448:
1436:
1331:Onchidoridoidea
1277:Bathydoridoidea
1261:
1259:Early revisions
1178:Onchidoridoidea
1117:Johannes Thiele
1113:
1107:
1084:). Since 2005,
1080:sea slugs, and
1066:Opisthobranchia
1044:Aeolids (clade
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1005:
997:
996:
987:
976:
852:. Some feed on
822:
760:
754:
751:
744:needs expansion
729:
690:
638:body wall, the
573:
455:
414:intertidal zone
369:
303:comes from the
239:
235:
181:
84:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3859:
3857:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3828:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3804:
3794:
3781:
3768:
3755:
3745:
3732:
3719:
3706:
3693:
3680:
3667:
3654:
3641:
3628:
3615:
3602:
3587:
3571:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3538:
3524:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:Sea Slug Forum
3406:
3405:External links
3403:
3402:
3401:
3387:
3381:
3370:
3359:
3352:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3316:
3288:
3255:
3246:
3237:
3173:
3144:
3132:
3065:
3016:
2995:
2989:Hans Bertsch,
2979:
2959:
2932:(2): 361–363.
2916:
2903:(4): 551–559.
2880:
2861:
2848:(2): 349–368.
2825:
2789:
2784:Dive the World
2771:
2746:
2735:(2): 119–136.
2718:
2694:
2678:
2675:on 2013-04-15.
2651:
2624:(4): 199–202.
2608:
2567:
2509:
2502:
2484:
2449:
2441:
2415:
2401:
2361:
2320:
2282:
2263:
2230:(3): 216–232.
2207:
2183:
2144:
2119:
2099:
2086:
2073:
2046:
2020:
1961:
1928:
1904:
1888:
1875:
1856:
1837:(2): 239–248.
1814:
1798:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
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1730:
1727:
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1712:
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1661:
1659:
1656:
1649:
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1644:
1637:
1635:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1613:Felimare picta
1609:
1602:
1600:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1534:
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1526:
1519:
1517:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1485:
1478:
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1465:
1458:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1397:Goniaeolididae
1394:
1389:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1356:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1313:
1310:Bathydorididae
1284:
1283:
1280:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1251:in Franc, 1968
1241:
1236:Dendronotoidea
1232:
1220:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1112:
1109:
1070:sidegill slugs
1058:
1057:
1042:
1029:Dorids (clade
1018:
1017:
1006:
999:
998:
988:
981:
980:
979:
978:
977:
975:
972:
953:, such as the
872:phanerobranchs
821:
818:
794:hermaphroditic
762:
761:
741:
739:
728:
725:
706:Eolis punctata
689:
686:
572:
569:
567:detect odors.
454:
451:
407:brackish water
403:Southern Ocean
394:Kalinga ornata
368:
365:
352:photosynthetic
340:opisthobranchs
227:
226:
222:
221:
215:
214:
208:
207:
202:
194:
193:
189:
188:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
139:Heterobranchia
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
78:
77:
64:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3858:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3698:
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3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
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3655:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:: HD clip of
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
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3478:
3475:
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3470:
3468:
3464:
3461:
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3456:
3453:
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3433:
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3428:
3426:
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3418:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3399:0-947325-41-7
3396:
3392:
3388:
3386:
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3379:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3357:
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3350:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3278:
3275:(1): 83–181.
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3141:
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3124:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3096:
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3084:
3080:
3076:
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3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
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3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3017:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
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2931:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2815:on 2012-06-25
2811:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2719:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2468:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2301:(2): 99–109.
2300:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2164:(3): 707–19.
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2047:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:0-582-36467-1
1808:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1423:
1422:Embletoniidae
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:Proctonotidae
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:Metarminoidea
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:Cladobranchia
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:Phyllidioidea
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:Euctenidiacea
1301:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1279:+ Doridoidea)
1278:
1274:
1273:Anthobranchia
1271:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1245:Metarminoidea
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1199:
1198:Cladobranchia
1195:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1140:Anthobranchia
1137:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:pleurobranchs
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:bubble snails
1071:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1054:zooxanthellae
1051:
1047:
1046:Cladobranchia
1043:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:Anthobranchia
1028:
1027:
1026:
1012:
1011:
1003:
994:
993:
985:
973:
971:
969:
965:
960:
956:
952:
951:siphonophores
948:
947:
941:
939:
938:Cladobranchia
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:
913:
912:
907:
906:
901:
897:
893:
892:
887:
883:
879:
878:
873:
869:
866:), others on
865:
864:
859:
855:
851:
843:
842:zooxanthellae
840:
836:
832:
831:
826:
819:
817:
815:
811:
807:
806:
801:
800:
795:
787:
786:
781:
775:
774:
768:
758:
749:
745:
742:This section
740:
737:
733:
732:
726:
723:
720:
715:
711:
707:
701:
699:
695:
687:
685:
681:
679:
674:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
625:
619:
615:
611:
610:
607:
602:
593:
590:
589:
584:
583:
579:Nudibranchs (
577:
570:
568:
566:
561:
560:are present.
559:
555:
554:Cladobranchia
551:
550:Anthobranchia
547:
539:
538:
533:
529:
527:
523:
522:metamorphosis
519:
515:
510:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:
459:
452:
450:
449:
447:
442:
441:
436:
432:
431:
427:
423:
418:
415:
410:
408:
404:
396:
395:
390:
383:
379:
378:
373:
366:
364:
362:
358:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
325:
319:
315:
314:Ancient Greek
311:
310:
306:
302:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:, a group of
281:
278:
272:
233:
223:
220:
216:
213:
212:
206:
203:
201:
200:Euctenidiacea
198:
197:
195:
190:
185:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
155:Subterclass:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
88:
83:
79:
75:
74:Puerto Galera
71:
70:
65:
61:
56:
53:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3841:Nudibranchia
3624:Nudibranchia
3611:Nudibranchia
3597:Nudibranchia
3567:Nudibranchia
3566:
3542:
3541:Slug City –
3534:
3530:
3503:
3502:Slug City –
3390:
3375:
3364:
3355:
3348:
3329:. Retrieved
3319:
3305:(1): 83–97.
3302:
3298:
3291:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3249:
3240:
3232:
3192:
3186:
3176:
3165:the original
3160:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3008:. Retrieved
2998:
2970:
2962:
2946:10.2307/1986
2929:
2925:
2919:
2900:
2896:
2872:
2864:
2845:
2841:
2817:. Retrieved
2810:the original
2805:
2792:
2783:
2774:
2763:. Retrieved
2759:
2749:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2710:. Retrieved
2706:"Nudibranch"
2686:
2685:P.H. Gosse,
2681:
2673:the original
2668:
2664:
2654:
2621:
2618:Chemoecology
2617:
2611:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2532:(1): 27–44.
2529:
2525:
2493:
2487:
2458:
2452:
2424:
2418:
2404:
2390:cite journal
2379:. Retrieved
2374:
2364:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2298:
2294:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2255:. Retrieved
2227:
2223:
2210:
2199:. Retrieved
2195:
2186:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2136:. Retrieved
2132:the original
2122:
2114:
2110:
2094:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2033:the original
2023:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1884:Water People
1883:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1834:
1830:
1817:
1801:
1764:
1758:
1748:
1714:
1681:
1628:
1611:
1593:
1575:
1559:
1542:
1507:
1492:), Northern
1487:
1466:
1450:
1437:
1387:Charcotiidae
1370:Dendronotida
1336:Polyceroidea
1285:
1262:
1243:Superfamily
1239:Allman, 1845
1234:Superfamily
1222:Superfamily
1212:Aeolidioidea
1210:Superfamily
1204:
1187:Polyceroidea
1185:Superfamily
1176:Superfamily
1169:Doridoxoidea
1167:Superfamily
1155:Superfamily
1149:
1133:
1114:
1106:
1098:paraphyletic
1059:
1024:
1008:
990:
963:
958:
944:
942:
925:
915:
909:
903:
889:
885:
881:
875:
861:
856:, others on
847:
833:has adapted
828:
803:
797:
791:
783:
771:
755:January 2018
752:
748:adding to it
743:
718:
713:
709:
705:
703:
691:
682:
677:
672:
669:
661:kleptoplasty
644:kleptocnidae
629:
624:Hexabranchus
622:
608:
605:
597:
586:
580:
562:
545:
543:
535:
511:
508:
504:
481:
461:
444:
438:
437:nudibranchs
428:
419:
411:
400:
392:
375:
354:
333:
323:
300:
298:
280:Nudibranchia
279:
231:
230:
209:
179:Nudibranchia
178:
165:Superorder:
145:Infraclass:
67:
49:
29:
3684:iNaturalist
3591:Wikispecies
3507:, from the
2967:Piper, Ross
2587:: 295–301.
2475:|work=
2273:Malacologia
1917:Nudibranchs
1872:(3): 16–17.
1767:(1): 1–18.
1701:Nudibranch
1486:Sea clown (
1412:Madrellidae
1196:Infraorder
1172:Bergh, 1900
1138:Infraorder
1078:sap-sucking
968:nematocysts
934:Aeolidiidae
850:carnivorous
788:laying eggs
657:sacoglossan
632:nematocysts
614:aposematism
609:quadricolor
606:Chromodoris
565:rhinophores
468:rhinophores
284:soft-bodied
232:Nudibranchs
159:Ringipleura
35:Nudibranch
18:Nudibranchs
3836:Nudipleura
3830:Categories
3523:at YouTube
3331:2023-05-07
3195:(1): 323.
3010:2013-07-04
2819:2013-03-07
2765:2024-08-14
2712:2013-07-04
2381:2008-07-03
2279:: 241–255.
2257:2009-06-14
2201:2023-04-17
2138:2013-07-04
2070:: 184–192.
2039:16 October
1741:References
1592:A pair of
1494:California
1417:Pinufiidae
1365:Euarminida
1353:Doridoxida
1346:Dexiarchia
1321:Doridoidea
1296:Nudipleura
1228:Rafinesque
1224:Arminoidea
1216:J. E. Gray
1161:Rafinesque
1157:Doridoidea
1102:Euthyneura
1094:Since 2010
1090:Nudipleura
1039:Doridoidea
936:and other
932:(e.g. the
911:Goniodoris
727:Life cycle
601:camouflage
546:nudibranch
356:Sacoglossa
301:nudibranch
205:Dexiarchia
169:Nudipleura
149:Euthyneura
135:Subclass:
129:Gastropoda
3109:1932-6203
3052:0265-0568
2554:0022-0981
2477:ignored (
2467:cite book
2340:: 29–39.
1514:Indonesia
1392:Dironidae
1375:Aeolidida
1316:Doridacea
1265:monophyly
1082:sea hares
1064:subclass
1035:Doridacea
1007:Aeolids (
922:barnacles
917:Roboastra
905:Nembrotha
900:tunicates
896:cannibals
891:Favorinus
868:bryozoans
839:symbiotic
837:to house
692:In 1884,
588:Clavelina
585:) eating
544:The name
514:operculum
488:detorsion
476:cnidosacs
470:(r), and
426:neustonic
361:Aglajidae
348:taxonomic
336:sea slugs
299:The word
290:gastropod
219:Diversity
105:Kingdom:
99:Eukaryota
3663:46449083
3576:Wikidata
3463:Archived
3229:20973994
3127:27977703
3079:PLOS ONE
3060:29135002
2969:(2007),
2646:35384332
2562:10962063
2252:53557429
2015:29538398
1975:PLOS ONE
1920:Archived
1851:86275359
1793:15715915
1729:See also
1402:Heroidae
1144:Férussac
1123:(1848).
1076:, algae
989:Dorids (
974:Taxonomy
930:anemones
874:such as
858:hydroids
719:Tritonia
714:Tritonia
665:autotomy
653:vacuoles
594:colonies
592:tunicate
344:Mollusca
324:bránkhia
293:molluscs
119:Mollusca
115:Phylum:
109:Animalia
95:Domain:
72:pair in
3582:Q733595
3220:3087543
3197:Bibcode
3118:5158052
3087:Bibcode
2934:Bibcode
2626:Bibcode
2589:Bibcode
2534:Bibcode
2342:Bibcode
2303:Bibcode
2232:Bibcode
2178:4847278
2006:5851531
1983:Bibcode
1529:Red Sea
1434:Gallery
1294:of the
1205:aeolids
1048:) have
964:Glaucus
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