75:
1233:– to commit suicide to accompany him in death. This gesture has made some historians suspect that Nurhaci had in fact named the fifteen-year-old Dorgon as a successor, with Daišan as regent. By forcing Dorgon's mother to kill herself, the princes removed a strong base of support for Dorgon. The reason such intrigue was necessary is that Nurhaci had left the two elite Yellow Banners to Dorgon and Dodo, who were the sons of Lady Abahai. Hong Taiji exchanged control of his two White Banners for that of the two Yellow Banners, shifting their influence and power from his young brothers onto himself.
4983:
967:
with us
Manchus (Jurchen) and Mongols. Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same." Later Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the Mongols was not based in any real shared culture, rather it was for pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism", when he said to the Mongols: "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat and wear pelts. My people till the fields and live on grain. We two are not one country and we have different languages."
1100:
1068:
1193:
1173:, which would eventually form the backbone of the military that dominated the Qing Empire. The status of Banners did not change much over the course of Nurhaci's lifetime, nor in subsequent reigns, remaining mostly under the control of the royal family. The two elite Yellow Banners were consistently under Nurhaci's control. The two Blue Banners were controlled by Nurhaci's brother
986:
533:
830:
started to expand his own power, starting only from thirteen sets of armor inherited from his father. In 1584, he attacked Nikan Wailan at Turun. Nikan Wailan fled away to Erhun, which
Nurhaci attacked again in 1587. Nikan Wailan this time fled to Li Chengliang's territory. Li relented and gave Nikan Wailan over to Nurhaci, who beheaded Nikan Wailan immediately.
911:. Dahai was described with his origin from the Liao valley and his ethnicity as Han Chinese in the Korean book "Nanjung chamnok; Sok chamnok" (亂中雜錄) by Cho Kyŏng-nam (趙慶南) (1570-1641) a Korean official and scholar, contradicting Qing texts which says his clan is Giolca. The Qing texts said Dahau's family lived near Fushun in the Giolca region.
3502:
3475:
1080:
conquered Han subjects in
Liaodong, turned against them and ordered that they no longer be trusted and enacted discriminatory policies and killings against them, while ordering that Han who assimilated to the Jurchen (in Jilin) before 1619 be treated equally as Jurchens were and not like the conquered Han in Liaodong.
837:
tribes and towns from 1583 to 1588. At the same time, Nurhaci still considered himself a guardian of the Ming border and a local representative of imperial Ming power. He received the title of assistant commissioner-in chief in 1589 and the honor of "dragon-tiger general" in 1595. He consolidated his
970:
When the
Jurchens were reorganized by Nurhaci into the Eight Banners, many Manchu clans were artificially created as a group of unrelated people founded a new Manchu clan (mukun) using a geographic origin name such as a toponym for their hala (clan name). The irregularities over Jurchen and Manchu
966:
Nurhaci chose to variously emphasize either differences or similarities in lifestyles with other peoples like the
Mongols for political reasons. Nurhaci said to the Mongols that "The languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same. It is the same
1079:
Nurhaci had treated Han in
Liaodong differently according to how much grain they had, those with less than 5 to 7 sin were treated poorly while those with more than that amount were rewarded with property. Due to a revolt by Han in Liaodong in 1623, Nurhachi, who previously gave concessions to
829:
Nurhaci sought revenge against Nikan Wailan for the deaths of his father and grandfather. The Ming returned his father's remains, grant him trade patents, and recognized him as the successor of
Giocangga. However, Nurhaci's demand that they hand over Nikan Wailan was refused. Nurhaci therefore
1200:
The details of Hong Taiji's succession as the Khan of the Later Jin dynasty are unclear. When he died in late 1626, Nurhaci did not designate an heir; instead he encouraged his sons to rule collegially. Three of his sons and a nephew were the "four senior beiles":
838:
relationship with the Ming by personally leading multiple tributary missions to
Beijing from 1590 onward, and was seen in by the Ming a loyal subject. His aggressive tactics against other Jurchen tribes were fueled by the high status that the Ming had given him.
1026:. Ming generals who defected to the Manchus were often married to women from the Aisin Gioro clan while lower-ranked defectors were given non-imperial Manchu women as wives. Nurhaci arranged for a marriage between one of his granddaughters and the Ming general
1247:
The change of the name from
Jurchen to Manchu by Hong Taiji was made to hide the fact that the ancestors of the Manchus, the Jianzhou Jurchens, were ruled by the Chinese. The Qing dynasty carefully hid the two original editions of the books of
74:
1511:
According to the account of Korean ambassadors, Nurhaci was a physically strong man with a long and stern-looking face and a big, straight nose. Like most of the other Manchu men, he shaved most of his facial hair and kept only his
971:
clan origin led to the Qing trying to document and systematize the creation of histories for Manchu clans, including manufacturing an entire legend around the origin of the Aisin Gioro clan by taking mythology from the northeast.
640:. Some suggest that the meaning of the name in the Manchu language is "the skin of a wild boar". Another explanation is "brave person like wild boar". Regarded as the founding father of the Qing dynasty, he is given the customary
1075:
The Han prisoner of war Gong
Zhenglu (Onoi) was appointed to instruct Nurhaci's sons and received gifts of slaves, wives, and a domicile from Nurhaci after Nurhaci rejected offers of payment to release him back to his relatives.
1244:. Eventually the older Daišan worked out a compromise that allowed Hong Taiji as the Khan, but almost equal to the other three senior beiles. Hong Taiji would eventually find ways to become the undisputed leader.
4543:
Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature
5076:
1181:, controlled the White Banner for most of his father's reign until he rebelled. Then the Bordered White Banner was given to Nurhaci's grandson and the Plain White was given to his eighth son and heir,
1256:" (Taizu Shihlu Tu) in the Qing palace, forbidden from public view because they showed that the Manchu Aisin Gioro family had been ruled by the Ming dynasty. In the Ming period, the Koreans of
3968:
3951:
1306:
Manchu translations of Chinese texts included the Ming penal code and military texts were performed by Dahai. These translations were requested of Dahai by Nurhaci. The military text
1189:. Later in Nurhaci's reign, the Bordered Red Banner was handed down to his son. Daišan and his son would continue holding the two Red Banners well into the end of Hong Taiji's reign.
896:
in 1619. As Nurhaci's power expanded, the relationship with the Ming also became increasingly strained. In 1608, Ming subjects were prohibited from cultivating the land or gathering
1260:
referred to the Jurchen-inhabited lands north of the Korean peninsula, above the rivers Yalu and Tumen, as part of Ming China, which they called the "superior country" (sangguk).
1131:
placed in Yuan's army. Unable to recover either physically or mentally, Nurhaci died of his wounds two days later in Aijipu (靉雞堡; present-day Da'aijinpu Village, Dijia Township,
3183:
1432:: manju-i yargiyan kooli). Good contemporary sources are also available. For instance, much material concerning Nurhaci's rise is preserved within Korean sources such as the
2901:
5040:
870:, Guwalca, Jušeri, Neyen, and the Yehe themselves to attack the Jianzhou Jurchens. The coalition was defeated at the Battle of Gure and Nurhaci emerged victorious.
5072:
1019:
The first capitals of the Later Jin dynasty established by Nurhaci were Fe Ala and Hetu Ala. Many ethnic Han participated in the construction of Hetu Ala.
4714:
4329:
3936:
3756:
3433:
1329:), with the Manchus placing significance upon military and governance related Chinese texts. A Manchu translation was made of the military-themed novel
814:
who enjoyed the patronage of Li. He frequented the Fushun market as official delegation leader, and accompanied Li to Beijing at least once. In 1582,
1473:
from Nurhaci's reign also survives. A revised transcription of these records (with the dots and circles added to the script) was commissioned by the
1240:
were willing to accept Hong Taiji as Khan, but Amin then would have wanted to leave with his Bordered Blue Banner, threatening to dissolve Nurhaci's
4852:
3770:
1434:
993:
Nurhaci defeated a four-pronged Chinese offensive intended to capture his capital of Hetu Ala by concentrating his forces in one column at a time.
4709:
4324:
3931:
3751:
3428:
5105:
877:
tribes. He began by attacking the Hada in 1599 and conquering them in 1603. Then in 1607, Hoifa was also conquered with the death of its beile
5056:
1335:. Chinese literature, military theory and legal texts were translated into Manchu by Dahai and Erdeni. The translations were ordered in 1629.
5125:
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4281:
4226:
4196:
4134:
4107:
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1185:. However, by the end of Nurhaci's reign, Hong Taiji controlled both White Banners. Finally, the Red Banner was run by Nurhaci's second son
5110:
5028:
5024:
4861:
2802:
5016:
4466:
775:, a Jurchen headman who lived some two centuries earlier. The young man grew up as a soldier in the household of the Ming dynasty general
2860:
1091:. In April 1625, he designated Shenyang the new capital city, which would hold that status until the Qing conquest of the Ming in 1644.
4982:
4626:
4021:
3261:
3019:
2992:
2965:
822:). Giocangga feared for his granddaughter who was married to Atai, the town's chief. He rushed into the city, taking Nurhaci's father
4654:
4605:
4586:
4509:
3978:
1289:
903:
In 1599, Nurhaci gave two of his translators, Erdeni Baksi ('Jewel Teacher' in Mongolian) and Dahai Jargūci, the task of creating a
3009:
2955:
2982:
5020:
5012:
1648:
960:
940:
In order to help with the newly organized administration, five of his trusted companions were appointed as his chief councilors,
231:
3667:[What did Li Xunxian, the first general of the Ming Dynasty to surrender to the Qing Dynasty, used to favor Yongfang?].
5115:
3583:
3556:
3529:
3288:
1386:: coohai baita be gisurengge, Discourse on the art of War. Another later Manchu translation was made by Aisin Gioro Qiying.
4519:
Fuchs, Walter (1935), "Der Tod der Kaiserin Abahai i. J. 1626. Ein Beitrag zur Frage des Opfertodes (殉死) bei den Mandju ",
1177:
until he died, at which point the Blue Banners were given to Šurhaci's two sons, Chiurhala and Amin. Nurhaci's eldest son,
5052:
2814:) for a diamond owned by Shanghai mobster Lao Che. In the film novelization Lao Che claimed to be a descendant of Nurhaci.
1352:) done by Dahai was ordered by Nurhaci. While it was mainly administrative and ethical guidance which made up most of the
1331:
789:
4550:
1364:
and Chinese military manuals were eagerly translated by the Manchus. They were also attracted to the military content in
1321:
Chinese history, Chinese law, and Chinese military theory classical texts were translated into Manchu during the rule of
1299:), all Chinese military texts dedicated to the arts of war due to the Manchu interests in the topic, like Sun-Tzu's work
771:
Nurhaci was born in 1559. Being a member of the Gioro clan of the Suksuhu River tribe, Nurhaci also claimed descent from
5120:
980:
930:
4845:
3609:
1128:
5130:
4767:
3332:
2832:
1429:
1383:
4812:
4800:
4782:
3639:
3359:
3305:
3138:
671:
578:
503:
156:
86:
2875:
2807:
1023:
609:
546:
133:
5004:
2880:
853:
550:
4996:
1217:(38 or 39), and Hong Taiji himself (33). On the day after Nurhaci's death, they coerced his primary consort
5068:
5064:
5060:
5048:
5044:
5036:
5000:
4838:
4242:
4212:
5032:
5008:
4992:
3177:
1455:
1123:, in what was the first serious military defeat of his life. During this battle, Nurhaci was wounded by
1009:
3774:
3253:
The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia
1303:. The military related texts which were translated into Manchu from Chinese were translated by Dahai.
1001:
in which he enumerated seven problems with Ming rule and began to rebel against the domination of the
5100:
5095:
4698:
4313:
4267:
4246:
4182:
3920:
3740:
3642:[The first surrender of gold after the Ming Dynasty Li Yongfang] (in Chinese). Archived from
3417:
1270:
585:
491:
47:
1699:
937:
after his death in 1626, however Nurhaci is usually referred to as the founder of the Qing dynasty.
322:
4441:
2120:
1241:
1206:
847:
648:, which is traditionally assigned to founders of dynasties. His name is also alternatively spelled
1715:
799:
learning all he knew about Chinese military and political strategies from them. He named his clan
616:
in 1636. He is also generally credited with ordering the creation of a new written script for the
336:
4360:
4078:
4070:
3672:
3158:
1545:
1496:
1120:
1050:'s daughter was married to Li Yongfang. The offspring of Li received the "Third Class Viscount" (
725:
403:
375:
3745:
1839:(松古圖), Princess of the Second Rank (和碩公主; 28 December 1612 – March/April 1646), eighth daughter
1731:
1583:
1005:. A majority of the grievances dealt with conflicts against Yehe, and Ming favouritism of Yehe.
345:
294:
4474:
1169:
Among the most lasting contributions Nurhaci left his descendants was the establishment of the
660:(the last of these simply the transcription of the Chinese characters used to write his name).
4937:
4674:
4670:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China
4650:
4622:
4601:
4582:
4505:
4277:
4222:
4192:
4130:
4124:
4103:
4017:
3974:
3795:
3789:
3720:
3589:
3562:
3558:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
3535:
3508:
3481:
3454:
3450:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
3392:
3365:
3338:
3311:
3307:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
3284:
3257:
3251:
3230:
3204:
3198:
3015:
2988:
2961:
1951:
1124:
735:
664:
277:
4691:
The Scaffolding of Sovereignty: Global and Aesthetic Perspectives on the History of a Concept
4395:
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4957:
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4664:
4528:
4352:
4062:
3716:
3422:
3150:
3126:
A Re-examinations of the Story of the Founding of the Ch'ing Dynasty 『清朝開国説話再考』(in Japanese)
1860:
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167:
42:. In accordance with Manchu custom, it should be used alone or with titles but not with the
3925:
1991:(巴布海), General of the First Rank (鎮國將軍; 15 January 1597 – September/October 1643), 11th son
437:
Chengtian Guangyun Shengde Shengong Zhaoji Liji Renxiao Ruiwu Duanyi Qin'an Hongwen Dingye
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4579:
Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590-2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia
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1843:
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751:
739:
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617:
554:
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470:
447:
427:
394:
366:
341:
4394:
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai (1890).
4218:
Bannermen Tales (Zidishu): Manchu Storytelling and Cultural Hybridity in the Qing Dynasty
702:
4596:
Li, Gertraude Roth (2002), "State Building before 1644", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),
1790:(顏哲), Princess of the Second Rank (和碩公主; 1587 – August/September 1646), second daughter
803:
around 1612, when he formally ascended the throne as the Khan of the Later Jin dynasty.
4932:
4552:
Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language
2016:
1653:
1483:
1394:
Information concerning Nurhaci can be found in later, propagandistic works such as the
1314:
1300:
1116:
1067:
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1031:
667:
574:
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4796:
4778:
4082:
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1214:
1170:
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941:
819:
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593:
589:
299:
4099:
A Chronology of Translation in China and the West: From the Legendary Period to 2004
3816:
3709:
4913:
4909:
4902:
changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor.
4895:
4865:
4808:
4532:
1071:
Nurhaci captured Liaoyang in 1621 and made it the capital of his empire until 1625.
1002:
918:
815:
795:
613:
597:
137:
82:
3361:
From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-century China
1955:(穆庫什), Princess of the Second Rank (和碩公主; 1595 – June/July 1659), fourth daughter
1642:(德格類), Prince of the Third Rank (貝勒; 10 January 1597 – 11 November 1635), 10th son
1192:
4668:
4644:
4616:
4541:
4343:
Durrant, Stephen (October 1979). "Sino-Manchu Translations at the Mukden Court".
4271:
4216:
4166:
4037:
1553:
of the First Rank (端莊固倫公主; 8 April 1578 – August/September 1652), first daughter
4731:
2819:
2054:
2030:
1781:
1677:
1599:
1218:
1027:
956:
867:
833:
Nurhaci gradually grew his strength in the following years and subdued the core
800:
641:
566:
461:
415:
256:
31:
4830:
2940:
2036:
Lady of the Third Rank (鄉君; 8 April 1604 – July/August 1685), seventh daughter
4922:
4899:
4886:
4822:
4559:
4188:
Literary Migrations: Traditional Chinese Fiction in Asia (17th–20th Centuries)
4066:
3818:
Expedições Militares Portuguêsas em Auxílio Mings Contra os Manchus, 1621-1647
3744:
2918:
2865:
2847:
1664:
1322:
1210:
1182:
1174:
1016:, and other Jurchen clans, greatly enlarging the territory under his control.
934:
818:, a rival Jurchen chief, led Ming forces to attack the Fort Gure (古勒城, now in
313:
104:
35:
1284:
3585:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
3388:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
2198:
2040:
1963:
1826:
1810:
1767:
1683:
1624:
1513:
1460:. Indeed, the record of Sin Chung-il's trip to Jianzhou is preserved in the
955:
Only after he became Khan did he finally unify the Ula (clan of his consort
859:
807:
308:
3617:
1578:
1202:
1186:
985:
826:
with him. During the ensuing battle, both Giocangga and Taksi were killed.
290:
4702:
3421:
1915:
of the First Rank (鎮國克潔將軍; 24 December 1585 – 3 November 1640), fourth son
3924:
3612:[Introduction of General Li Yongfang Li Yongfang's Descendants].
3283:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 33.
2824:
1959:
1947:
of the First Rank (鎮國恪僖公; 13 December 1592 – 27 February 1655), ninth son
1863:
1846:
1757:
1534:
1326:
1136:
1108:
1088:
1084:
1060:) title. Li Yongfang was the great-great-great-grandfather of Li Shiyao (
1039:
949:
889:
885:
878:
811:
605:
129:
4317:
4074:
3821:. Duke University Libraries. Macau, China, Escola tipográfica salesiana.
1614:(莽古爾泰), Prince of the Third Rank (貝勒; 1587 – 11 January 1633), fifth son
3643:
3280:
Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World
3162:
2001:
1981:
1974:
1902:
1880:
897:
787:, the official language of the courts. Nurhaci read the Chinese novels
772:
498:
486:
43:
17:
4598:
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800
4364:
4053:
Durrant, Stephen (1977). "Manchu Translations of Chou Dynasty Texts".
2957:
Global Crisis: War, Climate and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century
1925:
of the Second Rank (輔國愨厚公; 2 April 1589 – 6 September 1639), sixth son
1893:
of the First Rank (鎮國勤敏公; 8 September 1585 – 14 March 1648), third son
1152:
1149:
1008:
Nurhaci led many successful engagements against the Ming dynasty, the
933:
of the 12th century. The "Later Jin" was renamed to "Qing" by his son
900:, one of the main Jurchen export products, within Nurhaci's boundary.
4673:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press.
2830:
Nurhaci was portrayed by Jing Gangshan in the 2017 television series
2061:
1805:
1797:
1710:
1631:
1557:
1407:
1257:
1226:
1157:
1047:
1035:
1013:
780:
742:
in 1736 (see infobox), the shortened form of which was "Emperor Gao"
601:
332:
327:
304:
3791:
A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
3256:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 99–100.
3154:
2069:
of the Second Rank (輔國介直公; 26 January 1612 – 23 June 1646), 13th son
588:, Nurhaci reorganized and united various Jurchen tribes (the later "
4356:
914:
In 1606, he was granted the title of Kundulun Khan by the Mongols.
4760:
2308:
2145:
1694:
1566:
1236:
According to Hong Taiji's later recollections, Amin and the other
1222:
1191:
1178:
1098:
1066:
984:
873:
From 1599 to 1618, Nurhaci set out on a campaign against the four
823:
513:
318:
285:
3970:
The Manchu era (1644-1912): arts of China's last imperial dynasty
3711:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
3693:
2810:
trades the remains of Nurhaci (contained in a small, ornate jade
4972:
3226:
The Cambridge History of China: Pt. 1; The Ch'ing Empire to 1800
1970:
1308:
945:
925:), often called the Later Jin in reference to the legacy of the
4834:
1103:
In 1621, Nurhaci started the construction of a new palace, the
4397:
Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
2811:
862:
called upon a coalition of nine tribes: the Hada, Ula, Hoifa,
4247:"The Textual History of Sanguo Yanyi: The Manchu Translation"
596:
military system, and eventually launched attacks on both the
4013:
The Northern Region of Korea: History, Identity, and Culture
1574:
of the Third Rank (廣略貝勒; 1580 – 14 October 1615), first son
4646:
the Cambridge History of China, the Ch'ing dynasty to 1800
3771:"李奉尧（？–1789）汉军镶黄旗人，二等伯李永芳四世孙也，清朝大臣。父元亮，官户部尚书，谥勤恪，李侍尧之弟。自官"
1022:
Defectors from the Ming side played a massive role in the
4171:. Society for the Study of Early China. 1977. p. 53.
4042:. Society for the Study of Early China. 1975. p. 53.
1933:(格格) of the Giyamuhut-Gioro clan (嘉穆瑚覺羅氏), personal name
1477:. This has been translated into Japanese under the title
959:, mentioned below) and the Yehe, the clan of his consort
4618:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
4600:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–72,
4126:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
3200:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
1268:
The first Manchu translations of Chinese works were the
1221:(1590–1626) – who had borne him three sons:
1196:
Battle of Ningyuan in which Nurhaci was wounded and died
4876:
Later Jin rulers posthumously regarded as Qing emperors
604:
dynasties. His conquest of Ming dynasty's northeastern
4558:. Shanghae: London Mission Press. 1855. Archived from
3531:
The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44
3477:
Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History
3008:
Mair, Victor H.; Chen, Sanping; Wood, Frances (2013).
2984:
The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44
2851:, a pterodactyloid pterosaur, is named after Nurhaci.
1672:(太宗; 28 November 1592 – 21 September 1643), eighth son
1630:
Married Sodnom Dügüreng (索諾木杜棱; ? – 1644) of the
3953:
Early Manchu Recruitment of Chinese Scholar-officials
3060:
3058:
1722:(睿忠親王; 17 November 1612 – 31 December 1650), 14th son
1590:(禮烈親王; 19 August 1583 – 25 November 1648), second son
1107:, for his Later Jin dynasty's capital of Mukden (now
565:(14 May 1559 – 30 September 1626), also known by his
4191:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 94.
2823:
focused on the life of Nurhaci. He was portrayed by
1620:(莽古濟; 1590 – January/February 1636), third daughter
1139:) on 30 September 1626, at the age of 67. His tomb,
997:
In 1618, Nurhaci commissioned a document titled the
519:
509:
497:
485:
460:
426:
414:
386:
358:
276:
174:
162:
143:
114:
110:
100:
92:
81:
56:
3708:
3033:
3031:
2039:Married Ezhayi (鄂札伊; ? – 1641) of the Manchu
1706:(英親王; 28 August 1605 – 28 November 1651), 12th son
3794:. University of California Press. pp. 101–.
3480:. University of California Press. pp. 148–.
3011:Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization
1495:). A project is or was (as of 2006) under way at
1083:By May 1621, Nurhaci had conquered the cities of
689:("brilliant khan who benefits all nations"). His
4417:: Vade Mecum for an Iconoclastic Translation of
3561:. University of California Press. pp. 61–.
3453:. University of California Press. pp. 47–.
3310:. University of California Press. pp. 45–.
3229:. Cambridge University Press. 2002. p. 31.
3182:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1817:(饒余敏親王; 27 July 1589 – 10 May 1646), seventh son
881:, followed by an expedition against Ula and its
4273:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period: 1644-1912
4221:. Harvard University, Asia Center. p. 25.
3956:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 10.
3412:
3410:
3408:
3358:Jonathan D. Spence; John E. Wills, Jr. (1979).
3337:. Natl Foreign Lg Resource Ctr. pp. 285–.
2987:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 16.
2960:(illustrated ed.). Yale University Press.
2919:"The Romanization of Early Manchu Regnal Names"
2015:Married Suna (蘇納; ? – 1648) of the Manchu
1656:(葉赫那拉氏; 1575 – 31 October 1603), personal name
729:
4621:(reprint ed.). Harvard University Press.
4016:. University of Washington Press. p. 19.
3973:. Art Gallery of Greater Victoria. p. 5.
1980:Married Turgei (圖爾格; 1594–1645) of the Manchu
1842:Married Gürbüshi (古爾布什; ? – 1661) of the
1796:Married Darhan (達爾漢; 1590–1644) of the Manchu
1738:(豫通親王; 2 April 1614 – 29 April 1649), 15th son
1686:(烏拉那拉氏; 1590 – 1 October 1626), personal name
1556:Married Hohori (何和禮; 1561–1624) of the Manchu
1115:In 1626, Nurhaci was defeated by Ming general
4846:
3014:(illustrated ed.). Thames & Hudson.
2087:(費揚果; October/November 1620 – 1640), 16th son
1347:
1294:
1275:
392:Tianming (天命): 14 May 1616 – 15 February 1627
8:
2943:. 满族文化网 Manchu Culture Network. 8 July 2020.
1042:to the Manchus in 1618 as the result of the
888:in 1613, and finally the Yehe and its beile
3715:. University of California Press. pp.
3588:. Stanford University Press. pp. 76–.
3391:. Stanford University Press. pp. 54–.
2941:"What does Nurhachi's name mean in Chinese"
1360:, military science was indeed found in the
4853:
4839:
4831:
4722:
3165:. Archived from the original on 2020-08-07
2098:
53:
4129:. Harvard University Press. p. 122.
3203:. Harvard University Press. p. 127.
3139:"New Light on The Origins of The Manchus"
674:dynasty. His title in Manchu as khan was
4715:United States Government Printing Office
4345:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4330:United States Government Printing Office
4102:. Chinese University Press. p. 60.
3937:United States Government Printing Office
3757:United States Government Printing Office
3616:(in Chinese). 2015-12-28. Archived from
3434:United States Government Printing Office
3334:Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents
3100:
3049:
4581:. New York: Columbia University Press.
4149:
3907:
3895:
3855:
3843:
3364:. Yale University Press. pp. 35–.
2892:
1435:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
707:
612:by his descendants, who proclaimed the
551:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
422:Emperor Fuyu Lieguo Yingming (覆育列國英明皇帝)
246: 1588; died 1603)
221: 1585; died 1620)
198: 1577; died 1592)
3175:
2800:In the opening scene of the 1984 film
2745:
2652:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2434:
2329:
2325:
2313:
2215:
2111:
2107:
2103:
1977:and had issue (two sons, one daughter)
1338:The translation of the military texts
1312:was translated into Manchu along with
663:Nurhaci was the last chieftain of the
355:
3999:. Augustan Society. 1975. p. 34.
3883:
3815:Boxer, C. R. (Charles Ralph) (1937).
2742:
2732:
2720:
2710:
2706:
2694:
2692:
2682:
2670:
2660:
2656:
2640:
2637:
2627:
2615:
2605:
2601:
2589:
2586:
2576:
2563:
2553:
2549:
2524:
2514:
2502:
2492:
2488:
2476:
2474:
2464:
2452:
2442:
2438:
2422:
2419:
2409:
2397:
2387:
2383:
2371:
2369:
2359:
2347:
2337:
2333:
2307:
2297:
2285:
2275:
2271:
2259:
2256:
2246:
2233:
2223:
2219:
2203:
2197:
2187:
2175:
2165:
2161:
2149:
2144:
2134:
2119:
2115:
1623:Married Urgūdai (吳爾古代) of the Manchu
7:
4710:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
4325:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
3932:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
3752:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
3507:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 79–.
3429:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
3088:
2803:Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
1602:(富察氏; ? – 1620), personal name
96:17 February 1616 – 30 September 1626
2861:Chinese emperors family tree (late)
1962:(布佔泰; ? – 1618) of the Manchu
1866:(博爾濟吉特氏; ? – March/April 1644)
1499:to translate them into English, as
1382:Abkai: qoohai baita be gisurengge,
810:was a chieftain of the Jurchens in
608:region laid the groundwork for the
4768:Chieftain of the Jianzhou Jurchens
4377:
4296:
3879:
3867:
3831:
3143:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
3112:
3076:
3064:
3037:
1966:in 1608 and had issue (three sons)
1368:, which is why it was translated.
917:In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself
734:" (Tengri-yin Süldetü). It means "
687:Geren gurun-be ujire genggiyen han
25:
1560:in 1588 and had issue ( two sons)
1354:Three Strategies of Huang Shigong
1344:Three Strategies of Huang Shigong
1290:Three Strategies of Huang Shigong
337:Prince Ruizhong of the First Rank
309:Prince Raoyumin of the First Rank
4981:
4504:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
4411:Victor H. Mair (February 2008).
4400:. Kelly & Walsh. p. 40.
2000:Married Daki (達啟) of the Manchu
1760:(博爾濟吉特氏; 1599 – 21 January 1666)
1537:(佟佳氏; 1560–1592), personal name
1166:), is located east of Shenyang.
531:
73:
3882:, p. 52, note 127, citing
3665:"第一个投降满清的明朝将领李寻仙jg用什么战宠永芳结局如何？"
2012:(1600 – October/November 1646)
1973:(額亦都; 1562–1622) of the Manchu
1481:, and Chinese, under the title
573:, was the founding khan of the
364:Aisin-Gioro Nurhaci (愛新覺羅·努爾哈齊)
346:Prince Yutong of the First Rank
265:
243:
218:
195:
4649:. Cambridge University Press.
4533:10.1080/02549948.1935.11744911
4500:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1997).
3277:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1991).
1412:
1372:was translated into Manchu as
1348:
1162:
1056:
295:Prince Lilie of the First Rank
1:
5106:17th-century Chinese monarchs
5041:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
4643:Peterson, Willard J. (2002).
3788:Pamela Kyle Crossley (2000).
2019:in 1613 and had issue (1 son)
1366:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
1332:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
1264:Translations of Chinese texts
921:and founded the Jin dynasty (
790:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
323:Prince Ying of the First Rank
5126:Emperors of the Qing dynasty
4693:. Columbia University Press.
3671:(in Chinese). Archived from
3555:Frederic E. Wakeman (1985).
3447:Frederic E. Wakeman (1985).
3304:Frederic E. Wakeman (1985).
1129:Macau s manufactured cannons
981:Transition from Ming to Qing
5111:Creators of writing systems
4467:"Manchu Studies at Harvard"
4442:"The Old Manchu Chronicles"
3996:The Augustan, Volumes 17-20
3534:. Routledge. pp. 13–.
2817:The 2005 television series
1346:, and the Da Ming Huidian (
1250:Qing Taizu Wu Huangdi Shilu
1242:unification of the Jurchens
842:Unifying the Jurchen tribes
5152:
4540:Ko, Shou-p'ing Wu (1855).
3950:Grossnick, Roy A. (1972).
3501:Wakeman, Frederic (1977).
3331:Gertraude Roth Li (2010).
2981:Swope, Kenneth M. (2014).
2646:
2543:
2539:
2428:
2327:
2319:
2209:
2109:
2105:
1209:(son of Nurhaci's brother
978:
851:
845:
755:
716:
675:
633:
398:
29:
27:Founding khan of Later Jin
4990:
4979:
4872:
4819:
4806:
4790:
4765:
4757:
4752:
4725:
4430:. p. 82. Number 178.
4067:10.1017/S0362502800006623
3707:Evelyn S. Rawski (1998).
3528:Kenneth M. Swope (2014).
2954:Parker, Geoffrey (2013).
2876:Qing conquest of the Ming
2726:
2708:
2700:
2676:
2658:
2654:
2621:
2603:
2595:
2570:
2551:
2547:
2508:
2490:
2482:
2458:
2440:
2436:
2403:
2385:
2377:
2353:
2335:
2331:
2291:
2273:
2265:
2240:
2221:
2217:
2181:
2163:
2155:
2128:
2113:
2043:in November/December 1619
1501:The Old Manchu Chronicles
1492:
1443:
1403:
1295:
1276:
1148:
1051:
1024:Qing conquest of the Ming
747:
730:
698:
622:Mongolian vertical script
610:Qing conquest of the Ming
467:
441:(承天廣運聖德神功肇紀立極仁孝睿武端毅欽安弘文定業
433:
421:
391:
363:
354:
72:
65:
4785:was established in 1616
4615:Perdue, Peter C (2009).
4276:. SMC publ. p. vi.
4123:Perdue, Peter C (2009).
3582:Mark C. Elliott (2001).
3385:Mark C. Elliott (2001).
3197:Perdue, Peter C (2009).
2881:List of Buddha claimants
1396:Manchu Veritable Records
975:Invasion of Ming dynasty
854:Timeline of the Jurchens
4803:was established in 1616
1829:(葉赫那拉氏), personal name
1770:(哈達那拉氏), personal name
1034:) after Li surrendered
5116:People from Mudanjiang
4096:Chan, Sin-wai (2009).
3504:Fall of Imperial China
3474:Anne Walthall (2008).
3250:Sneath, David (2007).
2917:Tak-sing, Kam (1999).
2743:Empress Xuan (d. 1569)
1627:in February/March 1601
1197:
1112:
1072:
994:
806:Nurhaci's grandfather
670:and first khan of the
632:Nurhaci is written as
539:This article contains
4894:Enthroned in 1626 as
4699:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
4689:Jerr, Nicole (2017).
4577:Narangoa, Li (2014).
4471:sites.fas.harvard.edu
4314:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
4268:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
4213:Chiu, Elena Suet-Ying
4010:Kim, Sun Joo (2011).
3921:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
3741:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
3418:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
3124:Matsumura Jun, p.131
1195:
1102:
1070:
1010:Northern Yuan dynasty
988:
592:"), consolidated the
584:As the leader of the
571:Emperor Taizu of Qing
4732:House of Aisin-Gioro
4446:Manchu Studies Group
4428:Dino–Platonic Papers
3967:Till, Barry (2004).
2077:(格格), personal name
1793:Married Yilaka (伊拉喀)
1362:Six Secret Teachings
1271:Six Secret Teachings
586:House of Aisin-Gioro
406:: Тэнгэрийн сүлдэт (
5121:Ming dynasty rebels
4908:began to rule over
3898:, pp. 158–160.
3746:"Li Shih-yao"
3694:"第一個投降滿清的明朝將領結局如何？"
3137:Huang, Pei (1990).
2906:(in Chinese). 飛翔時代.
2525:Nurhaci (1559–1626)
1849:on 22 February 1625
1632:Aohan Borjigin clan
1507:Physical appearance
848:Jurchen unification
783:, where he learned
4776:Position abolished
3638:曹德全 (2014-03-22).
3614:www.lishiquwen.com
2795:In popular culture
1497:Harvard University
1446:), especially the
1198:
1121:Battle of Ningyuan
1113:
1073:
995:
738:." He was given a
450:: Dergi hūwangdi (
397:: Abkai fulingga (
5131:Founding monarchs
5083:
5082:
4829:
4828:
4820:Succeeded by
4747:30 September 1626
4680:978-0-520-04804-1
4665:Wakeman, Frederic
4415:Soldierly Methods
4283:978-957-638-066-2
4228:978-0-674-97519-4
4198:978-981-4414-32-6
4136:978-0-674-04202-5
4109:978-962-996-355-2
3801:978-0-520-92884-8
3726:978-0-520-92679-0
3610:"李永芳将军的简介 李永芳的后代"
3595:978-0-8047-4684-7
3568:978-0-520-04804-1
3541:978-1-134-46209-4
3514:978-0-02-933680-9
3487:978-0-520-25444-2
3460:978-0-520-04804-1
3398:978-0-8047-4684-7
3371:978-0-300-02672-6
3344:978-0-9800459-5-6
3317:978-0-520-04804-1
3236:978-0-521-24334-6
3210:978-0-674-04202-5
3079:, pp. 29–30.
3067:, pp. 27–29.
2923:Studia Orientalia
2791:
2790:
1857:Secondary Consort
1823:Secondary Consort
1815:of the First Rank
1778:Secondary Consort
1764:Secondary Consort
1745:Secondary Consort
1736:of the First Rank
1720:of the First Rank
1704:of the First Rank
1679:Empress Xiaoliewu
1649:Empress Xiaocigao
1588:of the First Rank
579:Later Jin dynasty
547:rendering support
527:
526:
481:
480:
257:Empress Xiaoliewu
232:Empress Xiaocigao
147:30 September 1626
87:Later Jin dynasty
67:Khan of Great Jin
16:(Redirected from
5143:
4985:
4918:
4912:, replacing the
4878:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4832:
4758:Preceded by
4748:
4741:
4723:
4718:
4706:
4694:
4684:
4660:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4610:
4592:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4564:
4557:
4547:
4535:
4521:Monumenta Serica
4515:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4473:. Archived from
4463:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4425:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4391:
4385:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4321:
4310:
4304:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4183:Salmon, Claudine
4179:
4173:
4172:
4163:
4157:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3928:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3773:. Archived from
3767:
3761:
3760:
3748:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3714:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3425:
3414:
3403:
3402:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2897:
2121:Sibeoci Fiyanggū
2099:
2055:Sirin-Gioro clan
2031:Irgen-Gioro clan
1782:Irgen-Gioro clan
1751:Consort Shoukang
1494:
1475:Qianlong Emperor
1470:Jiu Manzhou Dang
1445:
1427:
1414:
1405:
1381:
1351:
1350:
1298:
1297:
1279:
1278:
1254:Manzhou Shilu Tu
1205:(43 years old),
1164:
1155:
1095:Death and legacy
1058:
1053:
1044:Battle of Fushun
999:Seven Grievances
909:Mongolian script
907:by adapting the
864:Khorchin Mongols
835:Jianzhou Jurchen
785:Mandarin Chinese
759:
749:
736:Heaven's Mandate
733:
732:
731:Тэнгэрийн сүлдэт
720:
709:
700:
685:
635:
553: instead of
535:
534:
476:
455:
409:
408:ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠦᠯᠳᠡᠲᠦ
400:
381:
372:
356:
269:
267:
247:
245:
222:
220:
199:
197:
150:
124:
122:
77:
61:
54:
21:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5079:
4986:
4977:
4906:Shunzhi Emperor
4903:
4892:
4874:
4868:
4859:
4825:
4816:
4804:
4794:
4777:
4771:
4763:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4704:"Nurhaci"
4697:
4688:
4685:In two volumes.
4681:
4663:
4657:
4642:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4614:
4608:
4595:
4589:
4576:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4539:
4518:
4512:
4499:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4480:
4478:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4451:
4449:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4423:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4376:
4372:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3906:
3902:
3894:
3890:
3878:
3874:
3866:
3862:
3854:
3850:
3842:
3838:
3830:
3826:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3678:
3676:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3649:
3647:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3623:
3621:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3423:"Nurhaci"
3416:
3415:
3406:
3399:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3155:10.2307/2719229
3136:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2857:
2843:
2797:
2792:
2096:
1911:(湯古代), General
1682:(孝烈武皇后) of the
1670:Emperor Taizong
1652:(孝慈高皇后) of the
1549:(嫩哲), Princess
1525:Primary Consort
1522:
1509:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1392:
1390:Primary sources
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1325:in Mukden (now
1266:
1133:Yuhong District
1097:
991:Battle of Sarhu
983:
977:
905:Manchu alphabet
894:Battle of Sarhu
856:
850:
844:
769:
757:
740:posthumous name
718:
683:
681:
679:
677:
638:Manchu language
630:
628:Name and titles
618:Manchu language
560:
559:
558:
555:Manchu alphabet
545:Without proper
536:
532:
474:
469:
453:
451:
446:
428:Posthumous name
407:
402:
393:
379:
374:
370:
365:
350:
272:
271:
268: 1601)
263:
259:
249:
241:
237:
234:
224:
216:
212:
209:
201:
193:
189:
186:
170:
154:
152:
148:
128:
127:(嘉靖三十八年 四月 初八日)
126:
120:
118:
59:
58:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5149:
5147:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5088:
5087:
5081:
5080:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4835:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4818:
4805:
4795:
4788:
4787:
4773:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4753:Regnal titles
4750:
4749:
4729:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4701:, ed. (1943).
4695:
4686:
4679:
4661:
4655:
4640:
4628:978-0674042025
4627:
4612:
4606:
4593:
4587:
4574:
4537:
4516:
4510:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4458:
4433:
4403:
4386:
4370:
4357:10.2307/601450
4351:(4): 653–661.
4335:
4316:, ed. (1943).
4305:
4289:
4282:
4259:
4234:
4227:
4204:
4197:
4174:
4158:
4142:
4135:
4115:
4108:
4088:
4045:
4029:
4023:978-0295802176
4022:
4002:
3986:
3979:
3959:
3942:
3926:"Abahai"
3923:, ed. (1943).
3912:
3910:, p. 160.
3900:
3888:
3872:
3860:
3858:, p. 158.
3848:
3846:, p. 157.
3836:
3824:
3807:
3800:
3780:
3777:on 2016-10-07.
3762:
3743:, ed. (1943).
3732:
3725:
3699:
3685:
3656:
3640:"首个投降后金的明将李永芳"
3630:
3601:
3594:
3574:
3567:
3547:
3540:
3520:
3513:
3493:
3486:
3466:
3459:
3439:
3420:, ed. (1943).
3404:
3397:
3377:
3370:
3350:
3343:
3323:
3316:
3296:
3289:
3269:
3263:978-0231511674
3262:
3242:
3235:
3216:
3209:
3189:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3093:
3091:, p. 152.
3081:
3069:
3054:
3042:
3027:
3021:978-0500771471
3020:
3000:
2994:978-1134462094
2993:
2973:
2967:978-0300189193
2966:
2946:
2932:
2909:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2833:Rule The World
2828:
2815:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
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2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
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2430:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
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2382:
2379:
2378:
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2373:
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2370:
2368:
2365:
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2358:
2355:
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2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
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2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2293:
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2290:
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2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
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2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:Yehe-Nara clan
2010:Sixth daughter
2007:
2006:
2005:
1995:Fifth daughter
1992:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1967:
1948:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1868:
1867:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1827:Yehe-Nara clan
1820:
1819:
1818:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1775:
1768:Hada-Nara clan
1761:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1723:
1707:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1654:Yehe-Nara clan
1645:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1625:Hada-Nara clan
1615:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1575:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1521:
1518:
1508:
1505:
1484:Manwen Laodang
1391:
1388:
1370:The Art of War
1315:The Art of War
1301:The Art of War
1265:
1262:
1127:gunners using
1117:Yuan Chonghuan
1096:
1093:
1057:sān děng zǐjué
1014:Joseon dynasty
976:
973:
952:, and Hohori.
846:Main article:
843:
840:
768:
765:
761:Dergi Hūwangdi
722:Abkai Fulingga
693:was Tianming (
629:
626:
549:, you may see
537:
530:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
517:
516:
511:
507:
506:
501:
495:
494:
489:
483:
482:
479:
478:
465:
464:
458:
457:
431:
430:
424:
423:
419:
418:
412:
411:
389:
388:
384:
383:
361:
360:
352:
351:
349:
348:
339:
330:
325:
316:
311:
302:
297:
288:
282:
280:
274:
273:
261:
255:
254:
253:
252:
239:
235:
230:
229:
228:
227:
214:
210:
207:
206:
205:
204:
191:
187:
184:
183:
182:
181:
178:
176:
172:
171:
166:
164:
160:
159:
153:(天命十一年 八月 十一日)
151:(aged 67)
145:
141:
140:
116:
112:
111:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
79:
78:
70:
69:
63:
62:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5148:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4904:In 1644, the
4901:
4897:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4851:
4849:
4844:
4842:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4824:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4762:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4739:
4734:
4733:
4724:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4656:0-521-24334-3
4652:
4648:
4647:
4641:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4607:0-521-24334-3
4603:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4588:9780231160704
4584:
4580:
4575:
4565:on 2014-09-03
4561:
4554:
4553:
4545:
4544:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4511:9780631235910
4507:
4503:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4477:on 2016-10-13
4476:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4429:
4422:
4420:
4419:Sun Zi bingfa
4416:
4407:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4320:
4319:"Dahai"
4315:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4119:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4092:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4006:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3980:9780888852168
3976:
3972:
3971:
3963:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3873:
3870:, p. 51.
3869:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3837:
3834:, p. 52.
3833:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3675:on 2016-10-07
3674:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3646:on 2016-10-07
3645:
3641:
3634:
3631:
3620:on 2017-12-03
3619:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3551:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3115:, p. 31.
3114:
3109:
3106:
3103:, p. 24.
3102:
3101:Narangoa 2014
3097:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3052:, p. 51.
3051:
3050:Crossley 1997
3046:
3043:
3040:, p. 25.
3039:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2896:
2893:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Li Chengliang
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2808:Indiana Jones
2805:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:Ula-Nara clan
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1864:Borjigin clan
1862:
1858:
1855:
1848:
1847:Borjigin clan
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:Borjigin clan
1756:
1753:(壽康妃) of the
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1684:Ula-Nara clan
1681:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:Monggo Jerjer
1655:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1570:(褚英), Prince
1569:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:Hahana Jacing
1536:
1535:Tunggiya clan
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1462:Seonjo Sillok
1459:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1419:
1415:
1413:Mǎnzhōu Shílù
1409:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1273:
1272:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:; 40 or 41),
1212:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:Eight Banners
1167:
1165:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1105:Mukden Palace
1101:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
992:
987:
982:
974:
972:
968:
964:
962:
961:Monggo Jerjer
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
912:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
858:In 1593, the
855:
849:
841:
839:
836:
831:
827:
825:
821:
820:Xinbin County
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
797:
792:
791:
786:
782:
778:
777:Li Chengliang
774:
766:
764:
762:
753:
745:
741:
737:
727:
723:
714:
710:
704:
696:
692:
688:
673:
669:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
627:
625:
623:
620:based on the
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:Eight Banners
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
556:
552:
548:
544:
542:
522:
518:
515:
512:
508:
505:
502:
500:
496:
493:
490:
488:
484:
472:
466:
463:
459:
449:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:
425:
420:
417:
413:
405:
399:ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ
396:
390:
385:
377:
368:
362:
357:
353:
347:
343:
340:
338:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
281:
279:
275:
258:
251:
250:
233:
226:
225:
203:
202:
180:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
117:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
68:
64:
55:
50:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5029:N. Dynasties
5025:S. Dynasties
4914:Ming dynasty
4910:China proper
4893:
4891:
4881:
4875:
4866:Qing dynasty
4807:
4791:
4775:
4766:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4708:
4690:
4669:
4645:
4632:. Retrieved
4617:
4597:
4578:
4567:. Retrieved
4560:the original
4551:
4542:
4527:(1): 71–81,
4524:
4520:
4501:
4479:. Retrieved
4475:the original
4470:
4461:
4450:. Retrieved
4448:. 2012-11-08
4445:
4436:
4427:
4418:
4414:
4406:
4396:
4389:
4373:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4323:
4308:
4292:
4272:
4262:
4250:. Retrieved
4243:West, Andrew
4237:
4217:
4207:
4187:
4177:
4167:
4161:
4150:Wakeman 1985
4145:
4125:
4118:
4098:
4091:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4038:
4032:
4012:
4005:
3995:
3989:
3969:
3962:
3952:
3945:
3930:
3915:
3908:Wakeman 1985
3903:
3896:Wakeman 1985
3891:
3875:
3863:
3856:Wakeman 1985
3851:
3844:Wakeman 1985
3839:
3827:
3817:
3810:
3790:
3783:
3775:the original
3765:
3750:
3735:
3710:
3702:
3688:
3677:. Retrieved
3673:the original
3668:
3659:
3648:. Retrieved
3644:the original
3633:
3622:. Retrieved
3618:the original
3613:
3604:
3584:
3577:
3557:
3550:
3530:
3523:
3503:
3496:
3476:
3469:
3449:
3442:
3427:
3387:
3380:
3360:
3353:
3333:
3326:
3306:
3299:
3279:
3272:
3252:
3245:
3225:
3219:
3199:
3192:
3178:cite journal
3167:. Retrieved
3146:
3142:
3132:
3125:
3120:
3108:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3045:
3010:
3003:
2983:
2976:
2956:
2949:
2935:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2895:
2846:
2844:
2831:
2818:
2801:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2065:(賴慕布), Duke
2060:
2053:(格格) of the
2050:
2029:(格格) of the
2026:
2009:
2002:Niohuru clan
1997:(1597–1613)
1994:
1988:
1982:Niohuru clan
1975:Niohuru clan
1950:
1944:
1943:(巴布泰), Duke
1940:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1903:Niohuru clan
1901:(格格) of the
1898:
1890:
1886:
1881:Joogiya clan
1879:(格格) of the
1876:
1870:
1869:
1859:(側妃) of the
1856:
1836:
1830:
1825:(側妃) of the
1822:
1812:
1804:
1787:
1780:(側妃) of the
1777:
1771:
1766:(側妃) of the
1763:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1726:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1647:
1639:
1617:
1609:
1603:
1598:(继妃) of the
1595:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1533:(元妃) of the
1531:Consort Yuan
1530:
1524:
1523:
1510:
1500:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1433:
1411:
1395:
1393:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1330:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1288:
1281:
1269:
1267:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1199:
1168:
1161:
1141:Fu Mausoleum
1114:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1055:
1021:
1018:
1007:
1003:Ming dynasty
996:
969:
965:
954:
939:
926:
922:
916:
913:
902:
882:
872:
857:
832:
828:
816:Nikan Wailan
805:
796:Water Margin
794:
788:
770:
760:
721:
706:
686:
662:
658:Nu-er-ha-chi
657:
653:
649:
645:
631:
614:Qing dynasty
583:
570:
562:
561:
538:
523:Empress Xuan
442:
438:
434:
185:Consort Yuan
168:Fu Mausoleum
149:(1626-09-30)
66:
46:
39:
5101:1626 deaths
5096:1559 births
5021:16 Kingdoms
4502:The Manchus
4168:Early China
4055:Early China
4039:Early China
2820:Taizu Mishi
2311:(1543–1583)
2257:Empress Zhi
2201:(1526–1583)
1921:(塔拜), Duke
1889:(阿拜), Duke
1798:Gorolo clan
1772:Amin Jerjer
1558:Donggo clan
1479:Manbun roto
1456:Gwanghaegun
1430:Möllendorff
1384:Möllendorff
1252:" and the "
1219:Lady Abahai
1028:Li Yongfang
957:Lady Abahai
931:Jin dynasty
923:aisin gurun
801:Aisin Gioro
642:temple name
567:temple name
492:Aisin-Gioro
462:Temple name
416:Regnal name
369:: Nurgaci (
125:14 May 1559
48:Aisin-Gioro
32:Manchu name
5090:Categories
5013:3 Kingdoms
4900:Hong Taiji
4823:Hong Taiji
4817:1616–1626
4772:1583–1616
4569:2016-08-19
4481:2017-09-27
4452:2024-06-18
4380:, p.
4299:, p.
4252:11 October
4152:, p.
3884:Fuchs 1935
3679:2016-06-30
3650:2016-06-30
3624:2016-06-30
3290:0691008779
3169:2020-11-05
3149:(1): 269.
2929:: 133–148.
2887:References
2866:Darughachi
2848:Nurhachius
2845:The genus
2420:Empress Yi
1665:Hong Taiji
1611:Manggūltai
1596:Consort Ji
1551:Duanzhuang
1323:Hong Taiji
1215:Manggūltai
1183:Hong Taiji
1125:Portuguese
1046:. His son
979:See also:
948:, Hūrhan,
942:Anfiyanggū
935:Hong Taiji
852:See also:
767:Early life
708:T'ien-ming
703:Wade–Giles
473:: Taidzu (
468:Taizu (太祖)
378:: Нурхач (
314:Hong Taiji
300:Manggūltai
208:Consort Ji
121:1559-05-14
105:Hong Taiji
36:given name
4938:Yongzheng
4813:Later Jin
4801:Later Jin
4792:New title
4783:Later Jin
4083:191822020
3089:Jerr 2017
2199:Giocangga
2079:Daiyinzha
2041:Nara clan
2033:(伊爾根覺羅氏)
1909:Tanggūdai
1871:Concubine
1784:(伊爾根覺羅氏)
1600:Fuca clan
1514:moustache
1380:ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ
808:Giocangga
726:Mongolian
672:Later Jin
504:Later Jin
404:Mongolian
387:Era dates
376:Mongolian
157:Later Jin
134:Manchuria
101:Successor
44:clan name
4973:Xuantong
4958:Xianfeng
4953:Daoguang
4943:Qianlong
4862:Emperors
4727:Nurhaci
4667:(1985).
4634:10 March
4270:(1991).
4215:(2017).
4185:(2013).
4075:23351361
2900:_博、任吉_.
2855:See also
2825:Steve Ma
2094:Ancestry
2085:Fiyanggū
2075:Mistress
2057:(西林覺羅氏)
2051:Mistress
2027:Mistress
1969:Married
1960:Bujantai
1958:Married
1952:Mukushen
1931:Mistress
1899:Mistress
1877:Mistress
1861:Khorchin
1837:Songgutu
1813:Raoyumin
1755:Khorchin
1718:Ruizhong
1618:Mangguji
1572:Guanglüe
1541:(哈哈納扎青)
1453:and the
1424:ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ
1422:ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡳ
1356:and the
1327:Shenyang
1137:Shenyang
1109:Shenyang
1089:Shenyang
1085:Liaoyang
1040:Liaoning
950:Fiongdon
929:Jurchen
890:Gintaisi
886:Bujantai
879:Baindari
812:Hetu Ala
758:ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ
719:ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ
691:era name
682:ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ
678:ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᠪᡝ
668:Jurchens
665:Jianzhou
654:Nurhachi
606:Liaodong
175:Consorts
155:Aijipu,
130:Hetu Ala
30:In this
5136:Nurhaci
4968:Guangxu
4963:Tongzhi
4948:Jiaqing
4928:Shunzhi
4923:Taizong
4887:Taizong
4864:of the
4493:Sources
4378:Ko 1855
4297:Ko 1855
3880:Li 2002
3868:Li 2002
3832:Li 2002
3163:2719229
3113:Li 2002
3077:Li 2002
3065:Li 2002
3038:Li 2002
2841:Science
2564:Douliji
2234:Douliji
2004:in 1608
1989:Babuhai
1941:Babutai
1905:(鈕祜祿氏)
1844:Khalkha
1831:Nanakun
1811:Prince
1809:(阿巴泰),
1732:Prince
1716:Prince
1714:(多爾袞),
1700:Prince
1698:(阿濟格),
1668:(皇太極),
1660:(孟古哲哲)
1640:Degelei
1634:in 1627
1584:Prince
1489:Chinese
1440:Chinese
1400:Chinese
1211:Šurhaci
1175:Šurhaci
1145:Chinese
1119:at the
989:At the
927:earlier
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454:ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ
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1891:Qinmin
1883:(兆佳氏)
1833:(納納昆)
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1774:(阿敏哲哲)
1734:Yutong
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1604:Gundei
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