40:
662:
234:
4547:
214:
3826:
4489:
1041:
4477:
571:
1223:
243:
4509:
223:
4535:
4499:
626:, but it can also be a result of other illnesses and health conditions. When this occurs, an organism will adapt by reducing energy consumption and expenditure to prolong the use of stored nutrients. It will use stored energy reserves until they are depleted, and it will then break down its own body mass for additional energy.
1175:
to break down surrounding matter and then absorbs the nutrients through the cell wall. Fungi can be parasitic, saprophytic, or symbiotic. Parasitic fungi attach and feed on living hosts, such as animals, plants, or other fungi. Saprophytic fungi feed on dead and decomposing organisms. Symbiotic fungi
709:
Carbohydrates are molecules that store significant amounts of energy. Animals digest and metabolize carbohydrates to obtain this energy. Carbohydrates are typically synthesized by plants during metabolism, and animals have to obtain most carbohydrates from nature, as they have only a limited ability
586:
Foraging is the process of seeking out nutrients in the environment. It may also be defined to include the subsequent use of the resources. Some organisms, such as animals and bacteria, can navigate to find nutrients, while others, such as plants and fungi, extend outward to find nutrients. Foraging
180:
in the late 18th century. Chemists in the 18th and 19th centuries experimented with different elements and food sources to develop theories of nutrition. Modern nutrition science began in the 1910s as individual micronutrients began to be identified. The first vitamin to be chemically identified was
1207:
to assist in hunting for food, and some protozoa travel via infectious spores to act as parasites. Many protists are mixotrophic, having both phototrophic and heterotrophic characteristics. Mixotrophic protists will typically depend on one source of nutrients while using the other as a supplemental
603:
in which an animal must maximize the gain of nutrients while minimizing the amount of time and energy spent foraging. It was created to analyze the foraging habits of animals, but it can also be extended to other organisms. Some organisms are specialists that are adapted to forage for a single food
705:
All macronutrients except water are required by the body for energy, however, this is not their sole physiological function. The energy provided by macronutrients in food is measured in kilocalories, usually called
Calories, where 1 Calorie is the amount of energy required to raise 1 kilogram of
693:
are animals that eat both plants and other animals. Many herbivores rely on bacterial fermentation to create digestible nutrients from indigestible plant cellulose, while obligate carnivores must eat animal meats to obtain certain vitamins or nutrients their bodies cannot otherwise synthesize.
549:
185:
in 1926, and vitamin C was identified as a protection against scurvy in 1932. The role of vitamins in nutrition was studied in the following decades. The first recommended dietary allowances for humans were developed to address fears of disease caused by food deficiencies during the
1279:
or random collision, merge with the organism, degrade it, and absorb the released nutrients. Predatory strategies of prokaryotes include attaching to the outer surface of the organism and degrading it externally, entering the cytoplasm of the organism, or by entering the
629:
A balanced diet includes appropriate amounts of all essential and nonessential nutrients. These can vary by age, weight, sex, physical activity levels, and more. A lack of just one essential nutrient can cause bodily harm, just as an overabundance can cause toxicity.
1132:
is plentiful in the Earth's atmosphere, very few plants can use this directly. Most plants, therefore, require nitrogen compounds to be present in the soil in which they grow. This is made possible by the fact that largely inert atmospheric nitrogen is changed in a
750:
are found in smaller amounts. An animal's body will reduce the amount of fatty acids it produces as dietary fat intake increases, while it increases the amount of fatty acids it produces as carbohydrate intake increases. Fats contain 9 calories per gram.
907:, and they are also used to increase flavor in foods. Protein can be found in virtually all foods, as it makes up cellular material, though certain methods of food processing may reduce the amount of protein in a food. Humans can also obtain energy from
114:, consuming inorganic matter, absorbing light, or some combination of these. Some can produce nutrients internally by consuming basic elements, while some must consume other organisms to obtain pre-existing nutrients. All forms of life require
1244:, vary greatly in how they obtain nutrients across nutritional groups. Prokaryotes can only transport soluble compounds across their cell envelopes, but they can break down chemical components around them. Some lithotrophic prokaryotes are
1256:, can engage in photosynthesis to obtain energy from sunlight. This is common among bacteria that form in mats atop geothermal springs. Phototrophic prokaryotes typically obtain carbon from assimilating carbon dioxide through the
1170:
Fungi are chemoheterotrophs that consume external matter for energy. Most fungi absorb matter through the root-like mycelium, which grows through the organism's source of nutrients and can extend indefinitely. The fungus excretes
733:
Lipids provide animals with fats and oils. They are not soluble in water, and they can store energy for an extended period of time. They can be obtained from many different plant and animal sources. Most dietary lipids are
39:
489:
involving the movement of inorganic matter through a combination of soil, organisms, air or water, where they are exchanged in organic matter. Energy flow is a unidirectional and noncyclic pathway, whereas the movement of
883:
that prevent contamination of pathogenic microorganisms and simplify the production of food. These include drying, freezing, heating, milling, pressing, packaging, refrigeration, and irradiation. Most cultures add
862:
has made up a key component of human nutrition since the beginning of agriculture. Early humans hunted animals for meat, and modern humans domesticate animals to consume their meat and eggs. The development of
1052:
or the atmosphere. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur are essential nutrients that make up organic material in a plant and allow enzymic processes. These are absorbed ions in the soil, such as
622:, occur when an organism does not have the nutrients that it needs. This may be caused by suddenly losing nutrients or the inability to absorb proper nutrients. Not only is malnutrition the result of a
634:
keep the majority of people from nutrient deficiencies. DRVs are not recommendations but a combination of nutrient references to educate professionals and policymakers on what the maximum and minimum
587:
may be random, in which the organism seeks nutrients without method, or it may be systematic, in which the organism can go directly to a food source. Organisms are able to detect nutrients through
2369:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse. 2007.
892:
to foods before eating to add flavor, though most do not significantly affect nutrition. Other additives are also used to improve the safety, quality, flavor, and nutritional content of food.
631:
831:, in which humans developed agriculture to produce food. The Chemical Revolution in the 18th century allowed humans to study the nutrients in foods and develop more advanced methods of
797:
are used to display an animal's health. Animals develop positive and negative associations with foods that affect their health, and they can instinctively avoid foods that have caused
1026:, and require additional nutrients derived from meat. Large-breed puppies are susceptible to overnutrition, as small-breed dog food is more energy dense than they can absorb.
2793:
851:
in addition to biology. Nutrition in humans is balanced with eating for pleasure, and optimal diet may vary depending on the demographics and health concerns of each person.
284:
Nutrients are substances that provide energy and physical components to the organism, allowing it to survive, grow, and reproduce. Nutrients can be basic elements or complex
754:
Protein consumed by animals is broken down to amino acids, which would be later used to synthesize new proteins. Protein is used to form cellular structures, fluids, and
1967:
435:
of an organism is the sum of the foods it eats. A healthy diet improves the physical and mental health of an organism. This requires ingestion and absorption of
2305:
911:, which is both a food and a drug, but it provides relatively few essential nutrients and is associated with nutritional deficiencies and other health risks.
552:
to return to the environment after being absorbed or consumed. Without proper nutrient cycling, there would be risk of change in oxygen levels, climate, and
1306: – the proportion of any array of a single nutrient or nutritional factor, or of numerous nutrients in foods, often ordered by different scalar indices
2274:
278:, and other creatures dig and digest the compost into fertile soil. The minerals and nutrients in the soil is recycled back into the production of crops.
1022:
in particular are heavily studied and typically include all essential nutrients for these animals. Cats are sensitive to some common nutrients, such as
3042:
2686:
190:
and the Second World War. Due to its importance in human health, the study of nutrition has heavily emphasized human nutrition and agriculture, while
1733:
1089:, respectively. Other nutrients used by plants are potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, chlorine, iron, copper, zinc, and molybdenum.
2709:
1942:
2559:
Charya, M. A. Singara (2015). "Fungi: An
Overview". In Bahadur, Bir; Rajam, Manchikatla Venkat; Sahijram, Leela; Krishnamurthy, K. V. (eds.).
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Animals generally have a higher requirement of energy in comparison to plants. The macronutrients essential to animal life are carbohydrates,
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Nutrients are absorbed by the cells and used in metabolic biochemical reactions. These include fueling reactions that create precursor
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are photosynthetic protists that can produce energy from light. Several types of protists use mycelium similar to those of fungi.
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2301:
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2523:
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The type of organism determines what nutrients it needs and how it obtains them. Organisms obtain nutrients by consuming
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1248:
that can survive in nutrient-deprived environments by breaking down inorganic matter. Phototrophic prokaryotes, such as
1014:
has been manufactured since 1860, and subsequent research and development have addressed the nutritional needs of pets.
2818:
1640:
1525:
1120:
attached to negatively charged soil particles so that the cations are available for uptake by the root. In the leaves,
823:
Early human nutrition consisted of foraging for nutrients, like other animals, but it diverged at the beginning of the
4450:
2528:
1915:
1906:
895:
Humans obtain most carbohydrates as starch from cereals, though sugar has grown in importance. Lipids can be found in
875:. Other foods eaten by humans include nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables. Access to domesticated animals as well as
553:
1666:
730:, and they are the most abundant nutrients for herbivorous land animals. Carbohydrates contain 4 calories per gram.
3898:
2934:
344:
31:
1275:, are predatory and feed on other single-celled organisms. Predatory prokaryotes seek out other organisms through
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3049:
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2994:
2060:
802:
119:
3213:
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has caused a significant increase in human intake of fats and oils. Humans have developed advanced methods of
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3119:
2872:
1706:
1478:"History of modern nutrition science—implications for current research, dietary guidelines, and food policy"
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and the atmosphere. Fungi absorb nutrients around them by breaking them down and absorbing them through the
2650:
4062:
3744:
3686:
3329:
2068:
947:
727:
519:
805:. Some animals, such as rats, do not seek out new types of foods unless they have a nutrient deficiency.
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4122:
4102:
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3183:
3113:
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2750:
Overmann, Jörg; Garcia-Pichel, Ferran (2006). "The
Phototrophic Way of Life". In Dworkin, Martin (ed.).
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Schematic of photosynthesis in plants. The carbohydrates produced are stored in or used by the plant.
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of the organism. Some cultures and religions have restrictions on what is acceptable for their diet.
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444:
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and energy, biosynthetic reactions that convert precursor metabolites into building block molecules,
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are substances required by an organism in trace amounts. Organic micronutrients are classified as
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As these nutrients do not provide the plant with energy, they must obtain energy by other means.
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of the organism. Groups of predatory prokaryotes may forgo attachment by collectively producing
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4262:
4117:
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3198:
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3147:
2961:
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2907:
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2853:
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2767:
2730:
2708:
Southam, G.; Westall, F. (2007). "Geology, Life and
Habitability". In Schubert, Gerald (ed.).
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are organisms that produce their own nutrients from the carbon of inorganic substances like
187:
45:
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is the simplest form of carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are broken down to produce glucose and
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482:
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328:
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213:
111:
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are organisms that obtain nutrients by consuming the carbon of other organisms, while
4561:
4327:
4222:
4112:
4087:
4082:
3975:
3923:
3918:
3696:
3613:
3515:
3480:
3249:
2931:
The Nature of
Nutrition: A Unifying Framework from Animal Adaptation to Human Obesity
2726:
2674:
2175:
1462:
1329:
1249:
1199:
are heterotrophic protists, and different protozoa seek nutrients in different ways.
927:
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452:
309:
305:
285:
2635:
1849:
4372:
4352:
4317:
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4097:
4077:
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3913:
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3286:
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2921:
2890:
Mengel, Konrad; Kirkby, Ernest A.; Kosegarten, Harald; Appel, Thomas, eds. (2001).
1265:
1257:
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that are not animals, plants, or fungi, resulting in great diversity between them.
1165:
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1086:
955:
798:
743:
735:
619:
613:
545:
533:
515:
499:
495:
335:, and assembly reactions that use these polymers to construct cellular structures.
131:
96:
95:
and chemical structures. Failure to obtain the required amount of nutrients causes
64:
2269:
2596:
Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Slamovits, Claudio H., eds. (2017).
2533:
604:
source, while others are generalists that can consume a variety of food sources.
4539:
4422:
4417:
4387:
4342:
4287:
4227:
4212:
4207:
4172:
4132:
4022:
4012:
4007:
3691:
3417:
3339:
3218:
3208:
3159:
3101:
2572:
2157:
1141:
1113:
1069:, or they are absorbed as gases, such as carbon dioxide, water, oxygen gas, and
1054:
1040:
999:
529:
518:, among others that continually recycle along with other mineral nutrients into
507:
382:
350:
143:
92:
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638:
are for the average person. Food labels also use DRVs as a reference to create
570:
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931:
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771:
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398:
386:
378:
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324:
301:
271:
251:
88:
68:
2806:
2682:
2374:
1833:
1503:
1446:
1377:
835:. Major advances in economics and technology during the 20th century allowed
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3457:
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362:
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275:
2814:
2099:
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1841:
1521:
1454:
1385:
1368:
1222:
681:
Animals are heterotrophs that consume other organisms to obtain nutrients.
258:
capitalizes upon the natural services of nutrient recycling in ecosystems.
242:
17:
2471:
Caring for Family Pets: Choosing and
Keeping Our Companion Animals Healthy
1208:
source or a temporary alternative when its primary source is unavailable.
1096:
and from the air (consisting of mainly nitrogen and oxygen) through their
222:
4412:
4337:
4267:
4197:
4192:
4017:
3951:
3548:
3505:
3404:
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2718:
2474:
1943:"Nutrition: What Plants and Animals Need to Survive | Organismal Biology"
1237:
1196:
1145:
1129:
1062:
1019:
1015:
1011:
967:
951:
914:
In humans, poor nutrition can cause deficiency-related diseases, such as
824:
782:
759:
739:
690:
565:
413:. Prototrophs can create essential nutrients from other compounds, while
410:
402:
366:
293:
259:
203:
182:
159:
151:
127:
84:
72:
50:
1320: – Anything required by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce
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4027:
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3749:
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3578:
3543:
3384:
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147:
139:
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1495:
1476:
Mozaffarian, Dariush; Rosenberg, Irwin; Uauy, Ricardo (13 June 2018).
365:
are organisms that can be heterotrophs and autotrophs, including some
4092:
3623:
3608:
3568:
3563:
3437:
3359:
3354:
3264:
2469:
Taylor, Mark B. (2011). "Pet
Nutrition". In Davis, Radford G. (ed.).
2404:"Diabetes Diet and Food Tips: Eating to Prevent and Control Diabetes"
1807:
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1117:
1007:
1003:
923:
919:
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855:
755:
747:
575:
460:
406:
297:
142:, obtaining them by consuming other organisms. Humans have developed
115:
1437:
1412:
946:. Other conditions possibly affected by nutrition disorders include
2651:"A classification of mixotrophic protists based on their behaviour"
3754:
3653:
3585:
3573:
3311:
3259:
2627:
1221:
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1039:
889:
859:
711:
660:
588:
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390:
349:
Organisms can be classified by how they obtain carbon and energy.
263:
154:
and advance human nutrition. Plants acquire nutrients through the
135:
123:
54:
38:
854:
Humans are omnivores that eat a variety of foods. Cultivation of
528:
that are performed by living organisms and natural processes are
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2018:
2016:
1991:
1989:
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155:
80:
76:
2983:
1875:
Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and
Applied (13 March 2024).
3412:
2754:. Vol. 2: Ecophysiology and Biochemistry (3rd ed.).
1482:
1176:
grow around other organisms and exchange nutrients with them.
1137:
process to biologically usable forms in the soil by bacteria.
983:
847:
is closely related to human nutrition, making it a subject of
1092:
Plants uptake essential elements from the soil through their
2144:
Trüeb, Ralph M. (2020). "Brief
History of Human Nutrition".
1352:"A Short History of Nutritional Science: Part 1 (1785–1885)"
3296:
2546:
2509:
2497:
176:
Scientific analysis of food and nutrients began during the
2979:
1877:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
1557:
1555:
1048:
Most plants obtain nutrients through inorganic substances
103:
is the study of nutrition, though it typically emphasizes
2789:"Predatory prokaryotes: an emerging research opportunity"
2846:
Comparative
Ecology of Microorganisms and Macroorganisms
867:
has also allowed humans in some cultures to consume the
381:
obtain energy by consuming chemical energy from matter.
308:
are the primary substances required by an organism, and
2235:
2233:
793:
take place in conjunction with food availability, and
4523:
1308:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
389:
obtain electrons from inorganic substances, such as
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3998:
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3534:
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3403:
3320:
3227:
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3058:
2794:
Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology
2131:
2119:
1808:"Malnutrition: Organic and Functional Consequences"
1769:
1572:
1570:
1546:
871:of other animals and process it into foods such as
455:, protein and fat play major roles in ensuring the
385:consume other organisms to obtain electrons, while
1696:
1300: – Growth is limited by the scarcest resource
2929:Simpson, Stephen J.; Raubenheimer, David (2012).
316:, and inorganic micronutrients are classified as
1326: – Surface on which a plant or animal lives
843:to better meet the nutritional needs of humans.
599:is a model that explains foraging behavior as a
331:that combine these molecules into macromolecule
27:Provision to cells and organisms to support life
2867:Mann, Jim; Truswell, A. Stewart, eds. (2012).
1073:. Phosphorus, boron, and silicon are used for
2995:
2363:What I need to know about eating and diabetes
2306:National Center for Biotechnology Information
1100:. Nutrient uptake in the soil is achieved by
595:, allowing them to regulate nutrient intake.
8:
2240:Whitney, Ellie; Rolfes, Sharon Rady (2013).
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2046:
2022:
1995:
130:. Animals require complex nutrients such as
3841:
3064:
3002:
2988:
2980:
2434:"Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin D"
2275:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1734:"Intro to biogeochemical cycles (article)"
1645:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2089:
1511:
1436:
1367:
1124:open to take in carbon dioxide and expel
998:, nutrition is managed by humans through
938:, or nutrient-excess conditions, such as
778:.. Protein contains 4 calories per gram.
288:. Approximately 30 elements are found in
1152:and convert it to usable energy through
1077:. They are obtained through the soil as
689:are animals that eat other animals, and
4530:
2270:"Defining Adult Overweight and Obesity"
1793:
1781:
1757:
1600:
1588:
1561:
1342:
1010:are provided to livestock. Specialized
49:(purple leaf blue butterfly) gathering
2522:Lindemann, W.C.; Glover, C.R. (2003).
2282:from the original on 28 September 2021
1413:"History: The changing notion of food"
1350:Carpenter, Kenneth J. (1 March 2003).
494:is cyclic. Mineral cycles include the
2689:from the original on 21 February 2022
1923:from the original on 25 February 2017
1690:
1688:
7:
4498:
2302:"Metabolic syndrome – PubMed Health"
801:or nutritional imbalances through a
417:must consume preexisting nutrients.
4508:
2717:. Vol. 10: Planets and Moons.
3423:Evolutionary developmental biology
2821:from the original on 3 August 2022
2384:from the original on 8 August 2022
2034:
2007:
1893:
1856:from the original on 8 August 2022
1576:
1528:from the original on 6 August 2022
1392:from the original on 6 August 2022
970:in chronic cases of malnutrition.
25:
3448:Post-transcriptional modification
1806:Mora, Rafael J.F. (1 June 1999).
762:). Enzymes are essential to most
4545:
4533:
4507:
4497:
4488:
4487:
4475:
3824:
2727:10.1016/B978-044452748-6.00164-4
2675:10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.00138.x
2443:US National Institutes of Health
2338:. 5 October 2011. Archived from
642:for the average healthy person.
618:Nutrient deficiencies, known as
377:obtain energy from light, while
241:
232:
221:
212:
2561:Plant Biology and Biotechnology
2132:Simpson & Raubenheimer 2012
2120:Simpson & Raubenheimer 2012
1947:organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu
1770:Simpson & Raubenheimer 2012
1547:Simpson & Raubenheimer 2012
1411:Stafford, Ned (December 2010).
1116:. These hydrogen ions displace
710:to generate them. They include
2954:Principles of Animal Nutrition
2524:"Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes"
1667:"Religion and dietary choices"
548:. Nutrient cycles allow these
1:
2892:Principles of Plant Nutrition
2869:Essentials of Human Nutrition
2439:Office of Dietary Supplements
2061:"The ENZYME database in 2000"
958:. Undernutrition can lead to
685:are animals that eat plants,
83:. It provides organisms with
1641:"Benefits of Healthy Eating"
2573:10.1007/978-81-322-2286-6_7
2529:New Mexico State University
2158:10.1007/978-3-030-59920-1_2
1916:National Geographic Society
1907:National Geographic Society
1298:Liebig's law of the minimum
706:water by 1 degree Celsius.
640:safe nutritional guidelines
624:lack of necessary nutrients
4584:
2935:Princeton University Press
2894:(5th ed.). New York:
2848:(2nd ed.). New York:
2244:(13 ed.). Wadsworth,
2146:Nutrition for Healthy Hair
2059:Bairoch A (January 2000).
1263:Some prokaryotes, such as
1215:
1163:
1112:(H) into the soil through
1033:
812:
785:is governed by nutrition.
654:
632:The Daily Reference Values
611:
563:
474:
451:from fat-containing food.
424:
345:Primary nutritional groups
342:
304:being the most important.
201:
169:
32:Nutrition (disambiguation)
29:
4469:
3934:Polymerase chain reaction
3894:Green fluorescent protein
3822:
3471:Earliest known life forms
3017:
2904:10.1007/978-94-010-1009-2
2844:Andrews, John H. (2017).
2610:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0
1332:2015 Charter on Nutrition
803:conditioned food aversion
126:as well as various other
2871:(4th ed.). Oxford:
2787:Martin, Mark O. (2002).
2598:Handbook of the Protists
2225:Mann & Truswell 2012
2213:Mann & Truswell 2012
2201:Mann & Truswell 2012
2189:Mann & Truswell 2012
2047:Mann & Truswell 2012
2023:Mann & Truswell 2012
1996:Mann & Truswell 2012
1813:World Journal of Surgery
1705:(5th ed.). Oxford:
1695:Allaby, Michael (2015).
1356:The Journal of Nutrition
194:is a secondary concern.
3986:species discovery curve
3114:Response to environment
2873:Oxford University Press
2764:10.1007/0-387-30742-7_3
2649:Jones, Harriet (1997).
2242:Understanding Nutrition
1722:(subscription required)
1707:Oxford University Press
1703:A Dictionary of Ecology
948:cardiovascular diseases
728:short-chain fatty acids
597:Optimal foraging theory
4461:Plant morphology terms
4063:Biological engineering
3745:Biological interaction
2711:Treatise on Geophysics
2069:Nucleic Acids Research
1230:
1050:absorbed from the soil
1045:
766:processes, as well as
678:
583:
522:ecological nutrition.
57:
4148:Developmental biology
4123:Computational biology
4103:Cellular microbiology
3443:Mendelian inheritance
3355:Energy transformation
2332:"Omega-3 fatty acids"
2248:. pp. 667, 670.
1225:
1216:Further information:
1173:extracellular enzymes
1043:
903:, vegetable oil, and
664:
601:cost–benefit analysis
582:with a prepared stick
573:
526:Biogeochemical cycles
449:essential fatty acids
445:essential amino acids
42:
4368:Reproductive biology
4253:Mathematical biology
4178:Evolutionary biology
4128:Conservation biology
3939:Two-hybrid screening
3909:Protein purification
3740:Biogeochemical cycle
3702:Internal environment
3350:Cellular respiration
2758:. pp. 203–257.
2721:. pp. 421–437.
2567:. pp. 197–215.
2477:. pp. 177–194.
2082:10.1093/nar/28.1.304
1369:10.1093/jn/133.3.638
1218:Microbial metabolism
996:animals in captivity
980:domesticated animals
962:in acute cases, and
829:Neolithic Revolution
487:biogeochemical cycle
256:agricultural systems
71:process by which an
30:For other uses, see
4153:Ecological genetics
3864:Gel electrophoresis
3854:Genetic engineering
3807:Population dynamics
3717:Reproductive system
2952:Wu, Guoyao (2017).
2667:1997FrBio..37...35J
2549:, pp. 136–137.
2512:, pp. 111–135.
2227:, pp. 109–120.
2203:, pp. 409–437.
2010:, pp. 193–194.
1909:(21 January 2011).
1673:. 19 September 2016
1619:National Geographic
1429:2010Natur.468S..16S
1324:Substrate (biology)
1228:cellular metabolism
1226:Simplified view of
1144:absorb energy from
994:, as well as other
974:Domesticated animal
608:Nutrient deficiency
178:chemical revolution
172:Nutritional science
101:Nutritional science
4482:Biology portal
4378:Structural biology
4363:Relational biology
4188:Generative biology
4183:Freshwater biology
3981:mark and recapture
3929:Restriction enzyme
3722:Respiratory system
3677:Circulatory system
3604:Epidermis (botany)
2655:Freshwater Biology
2547:Mengel et al. 2001
2510:Mengel et al. 2001
2498:Mengel et al. 2001
2312:on 5 February 2011
1974:. 21 December 2018
1972:Biology LibreTexts
1826:10.1007/PL00012343
1318:Resource (biology)
1313:Nutrition analysis
1231:
1046:
944:metabolic syndrome
858:and production of
841:food fortification
795:courtship displays
787:Migration patterns
679:
591:or other forms of
584:
554:ecosystem function
550:essential elements
431:In nutrition, the
371:carnivorous plants
339:Nutritional groups
58:
4521:
4520:
4383:Synthetic biology
4263:Molecular biology
4118:Cognitive biology
3994:
3993:
3820:
3819:
3511:Natural selection
3292:Organic compounds
3189:Scientific method
3179:Emergent property
3120:Hierarchy of life
3090:Energy processing
2967:978-1-351-64637-6
2944:978-1-4008-4280-3
2913:978-94-010-1009-2
2882:978-0-19-956634-1
2859:978-1-4939-6897-8
2773:978-0-387-25492-0
2619:978-3-319-28149-0
2582:978-81-322-2286-6
2484:978-0-313-38527-8
2255:978-1-133-58752-1
2167:978-3-030-59920-1
2152:. pp. 3–15.
2134:, pp. 39–41.
2049:, pp. 70–73.
2025:, pp. 49–55.
1998:, pp. 21–26.
1760:, pp. 83–85.
1716:978-0-19-179315-8
1671:Independent Nurse
1591:, pp. 72–79.
1564:, pp. 70–72.
1496:10.1136/bmj.k2392
1423:(7327): S16–S17.
1282:periplasmic space
1135:nitrogen fixation
791:seasonal breeding
742:and fatty acids.
492:mineral nutrients
447:from protein and
16:(Redirected from
4575:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4538:
4537:
4529:
4511:
4510:
4501:
4500:
4491:
4490:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4456:Ecological terms
4108:Chemical biology
3969:Field techniques
3842:
3828:
3687:Digestive system
3682:Endocrine system
3255:Chemical element
3214:Biology journals
3110:Self-replication
3065:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2981:
2971:
2948:
2925:
2886:
2863:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2716:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2604:. pp. 2–4.
2600:(2nd ed.).
2593:
2587:
2586:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2532:. Archived from
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2446:. Archived from
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2410:. Archived from
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2368:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2308:. Archived from
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2246:Cengage Learning
2237:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2102:. Archived from
2093:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1968:"4.2: Nutrients"
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1700:
1698:"Nutrient cycle"
1692:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1515:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1440:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1371:
1347:
1309:
1304:Nutrient density
865:animal husbandry
833:food preparation
716:oligosaccharides
657:Animal nutrition
636:nutrient intakes
593:nutrient sensing
512:phosphorus cycle
427:Diet (nutrition)
395:hydrogen sulfide
245:
236:
225:
216:
188:Great Depression
46:Amblypodia anita
21:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4546:
4544:
4532:
4524:
4522:
4517:
4474:
4473:
4465:
4451:Botanical terms
4434:
4433:
4432:
4393:Systems biology
4358:Quantum biology
3990:
3964:
3846:
3836:
3829:
3816:
3726:
3707:Muscular system
3664:
3658:
3649:Vascular tissue
3596:
3590:
3530:
3491:History of life
3452:
3433:Gene regulation
3428:Gene expression
3399:
3316:
3223:
3054:
3013:
3008:
2978:
2968:
2951:
2945:
2928:
2914:
2889:
2883:
2866:
2860:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2752:The Prokaryotes
2749:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2714:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2620:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2536:on 17 May 2013.
2521:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2500:, pp. 1–3.
2496:
2492:
2485:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2278:. 7 June 2021.
2268:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2168:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2122:, pp. 3–4.
2118:
2114:
2109:on 1 June 2011.
2106:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1579:, pp. 2–4.
1575:
1568:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1438:10.1038/468S16a
1410:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1307:
1294:
1220:
1214:
1203:protozoa use a
1182:
1168:
1162:
1102:cation exchange
1038:
1036:Plant nutrition
1032:
992:working animals
976:
905:leaf vegetables
881:food processing
837:mass production
821:
815:Human nutrition
813:Main articles:
811:
783:animal behavior
768:DNA replication
720:polysaccharides
659:
653:
648:
616:
610:
568:
562:
479:
473:
457:quality of life
429:
423:
347:
341:
329:polymerizations
282:
281:
280:
279:
248:
247:
246:
238:
237:
228:
227:
226:
218:
217:
206:
200:
174:
168:
105:human nutrition
87:, which can be
79:to support its
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4581:
4579:
4571:
4570:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4542:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4505:
4495:
4485:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4248:Marine biology
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4058:Bioinformatics
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3889:DNA microarray
3886:
3884:DNA sequencing
3881:
3876:
3874:Centrifugation
3871:
3869:Chromatography
3866:
3861:
3859:Transformation
3856:
3850:
3848:
3839:
3831:
3830:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3770:Climate change
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3712:Nervous system
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3644:Vascular plant
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3501:Microevolution
3498:
3496:Macroevolution
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3390:Photosynthesis
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:Cell signaling
3342:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3228:Chemical basis
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3194:Taxonomic rank
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:Reductionistic
3171:
3117:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3030:
3021:Introduction (
3018:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2977:
2976:External links
2974:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2956:. Boca Raton:
2949:
2943:
2926:
2912:
2887:
2881:
2864:
2858:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2801:(5): 467–477.
2779:
2772:
2742:
2735:
2700:
2641:
2618:
2588:
2581:
2551:
2539:
2514:
2502:
2490:
2483:
2461:
2450:on 6 July 2011
2425:
2414:on 20 May 2011
2395:
2353:
2342:on 9 July 2008
2323:
2293:
2261:
2254:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2166:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2051:
2039:
2037:, p. 271.
2027:
2012:
2000:
1985:
1959:
1934:
1898:
1886:
1867:
1820:(6): 530–535.
1798:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1725:
1715:
1684:
1658:
1632:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1566:
1551:
1539:
1468:
1403:
1362:(3): 638–645.
1341:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1301:
1293:
1290:
1213:
1210:
1181:
1178:
1161:
1158:
1154:photosynthesis
1075:esterification
1071:sulfur dioxide
1034:Main article:
1031:
1028:
975:
972:
877:vegetable oils
849:social science
845:Human behavior
810:
807:
738:, composed of
655:Main article:
652:
649:
647:
644:
609:
606:
564:Main article:
561:
558:
504:nitrogen cycle
483:nutrient cycle
477:Nutrient cycle
475:Main article:
472:
471:Nutrient cycle
469:
425:Main article:
422:
419:
359:carbon dioxide
343:Main article:
340:
337:
310:micronutrients
306:Macronutrients
290:organic matter
286:macromolecules
250:
249:
240:
239:
231:
230:
229:
220:
219:
211:
210:
209:
208:
207:
202:Main article:
199:
196:
170:Main article:
167:
164:
112:organic matter
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4580:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4553:
4543:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4514:
4506:
4504:
4496:
4494:
4486:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:Phylogenetics
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:Human biology
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:Chronobiology
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4088:Biotechnology
4086:
4084:
4083:Biostatistics
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:Belt transect
3974:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3924:Southern blot
3922:
3920:
3919:Northern blot
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3832:
3827:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:Immune system
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Ground tissue
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:Phylogenetics
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:Genetic drift
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:Nucleic acids
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3250:Chemical bond
3248:
3246:
3245:Carbohydrates
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2933:. Princeton:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2736:9780444527486
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2704:
2701:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2462:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2413:
2409:
2408:Helpguide.org
2405:
2399:
2396:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2215:, p. 86.
2214:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2076:(1): 304–05.
2075:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1796:, p. 98.
1795:
1790:
1787:
1784:, p. 16.
1783:
1778:
1775:
1772:, p. 36.
1771:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1718:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1647:. 16 May 2021
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1603:, p. 93.
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1330:Milan Charter
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:cyanobacteria
1247:
1246:extremophiles
1243:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:hydrogen ions
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1042:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
973:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:preterm birth
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
820:
816:
808:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
776:transcription
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
749:
745:
744:Phospholipids
741:
737:
736:triglycerides
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
707:
703:
701:
697:
692:
688:
684:
676:
672:
668:
663:
658:
650:
645:
643:
641:
637:
633:
627:
625:
621:
615:
607:
605:
602:
598:
594:
590:
581:
577:
572:
567:
559:
557:
555:
551:
547:
546:sulfur cycles
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
484:
478:
470:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:Carbohydrates
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
428:
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
346:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
244:
235:
224:
215:
205:
197:
195:
193:
189:
184:
179:
173:
165:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:carbohydrates
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
69:physiological
66:
62:
56:
52:
48:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4373:Sociobiology
4353:Protistology
4318:Photobiology
4313:Pharmacology
4303:Parasitology
4298:Paleontology
4278:Neuroscience
4258:Microbiology
4168:Epidemiology
4138:Cytogenetics
4098:Cell biology
4078:Biosemiotics
4068:Biomechanics
4048:Biogeography
4043:Biochemistry
4038:Bacteriology
4033:Astrobiology
3957:
3950:
3943:
3914:Western blot
3904:Enzyme assay
3879:Cell culture
3780:Conservation
3665:and function
3663:Animal form
3597:and function
3370:Fermentation
3148:Organ system
3106:Reproduction
3084:Properties (
2953:
2930:
2891:
2868:
2845:
2838:Bibliography
2823:. Retrieved
2798:
2792:
2782:
2751:
2745:
2710:
2703:
2691:. Retrieved
2661:(1): 35–43.
2658:
2654:
2644:
2597:
2591:
2560:
2554:
2542:
2534:the original
2527:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2470:
2464:
2452:. Retrieved
2448:the original
2437:
2428:
2416:. Retrieved
2412:the original
2407:
2398:
2388:22 September
2386:. Retrieved
2362:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:the original
2335:
2326:
2314:. Retrieved
2310:the original
2296:
2286:22 September
2284:. Retrieved
2273:
2264:
2241:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2191:, p. 1.
2184:
2145:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2104:the original
2073:
2067:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2003:
1976:. Retrieved
1971:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1914:
1901:
1896:, p. 1.
1889:
1880:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1817:
1811:
1801:
1794:Andrews 2017
1789:
1782:Andrews 2017
1777:
1765:
1758:Andrews 2017
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1738:Khan Academy
1737:
1728:
1702:
1675:. Retrieved
1670:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1644:
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1617:
1608:
1601:Andrews 2017
1596:
1589:Andrews 2017
1584:
1562:Andrews 2017
1549:, p. 2.
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1487:
1481:
1471:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1359:
1355:
1345:
1271:
1266:Bdellovibrio
1264:
1262:
1258:Calvin cycle
1254:Chloroflexia
1236:, including
1232:
1187:include all
1183:
1169:
1166:Fungiculture
1150:chloroplasts
1142:Green plants
1139:
1114:proton pumps
1091:
1087:silicic acid
1047:
977:
956:osteoporosis
913:
894:
853:
822:
799:toxic injury
780:
758:(biological
753:
732:
708:
704:
680:
675:Ariège river
646:In organisms
628:
620:malnutrition
617:
614:Malnutrition
585:
578:fishing for
524:
516:oxygen cycle
500:sulfur cycle
496:carbon cycle
480:
430:
383:Organotrophs
351:Heterotrophs
348:
322:
283:
175:
109:
97:malnutrition
60:
59:
44:
36:
4513:WikiProject
4423:Xenobiology
4418:Virophysics
4388:Systematics
4343:Primatology
4288:Ornithology
4228:Ichthyology
4213:Herpetology
4208:Gerontology
4173:Epigenetics
4133:Cryobiology
4023:Agrostology
4013:Aerobiology
4008:Abiogenesis
3845:Laboratory
3692:Homeostasis
3595:Plant form
3418:Epigenetics
3340:Cell theory
3240:Amino acids
3219:Common name
3209:Peer review
3184:Mechanistic
1911:"Herbivore"
1234:Prokaryotes
1128:. Although
1055:bicarbonate
1000:animal feed
700:fatty acids
696:amino acids
508:water cycle
387:lithotrophs
379:chemotrophs
375:Phototrophs
325:metabolites
150:to replace
144:agriculture
89:metabolized
65:biochemical
18:Nutritional
4439:Glossaries
4408:Toxicology
4403:Teratology
4348:Proteomics
4333:Physiology
4273:Neontology
4238:Lipidology
4233:Immunology
4203:Geobiology
4163:Embryology
4143:Dendrology
4073:Biophysics
4053:Biogeology
3847:techniques
3802:Microbiome
3629:Plant stem
3521:Speciation
3466:Adaptation
3395:Prokaryote
3375:Metabolism
3335:Cell cycle
3166:>
3162:>
3158:>
3156:Population
3154:>
3150:>
3146:>
3142:>
3138:>
3134:>
3130:>
3126:>
3102:Regulation
3086:Adaptation
2628:2017945328
2418:17 October
2346:17 October
2316:17 October
1978:2 November
1952:2 November
1743:2 November
1337:References
1286:hydrolytic
1277:chemotaxis
1212:Prokaryote
1201:Flagellate
1189:eukaryotes
1164:See also:
1106:root hairs
1104:, wherein
1083:boric acid
1079:phosphates
982:, such as
932:stillbirth
897:animal fat
687:carnivores
683:Herbivores
667:kingfisher
612:See also:
542:phosphorus
520:productive
415:auxotrophs
399:dihydrogen
363:Mixotrophs
355:autotrophs
302:phosphorus
272:earthworms
252:Composting
91:to create
4568:Nutrition
4323:Phycology
4308:Pathology
4293:Osteology
4283:Nutrition
4243:Mammalogy
4218:Histology
3959:in silico
3835:Research
3812:Resources
3785:Ecosystem
3775:Community
3760:Biosphere
3672:Breathing
3554:Eukaryote
3536:Diversity
3486:Gene flow
3458:Evolution
3365:Eukaryote
3277:Molecules
3168:Biosphere
3164:Ecosystem
3160:Community
3132:Organelle
3027:Evolution
2958:CRC Press
2807:1464-1801
2683:0046-5070
2454:17 August
2375:656826809
2176:229617949
1834:1432-2323
1504:0959-8138
1490:: k2392.
1463:205061112
1447:1476-4687
1378:0022-3166
1288:enzymes.
1205:flagellum
988:livestock
936:cretinism
916:blindness
901:butterfat
827:with the
764:metabolic
760:catalysts
691:omnivores
673:near the
669:eating a
465:longevity
198:Nutrients
128:molecules
85:nutrients
61:Nutrition
51:nutrients
4562:Category
4552:Minerals
4493:Category
4413:Virology
4398:Taxonomy
4338:Pomology
4268:Mycology
4198:Genomics
4193:Genetics
4018:Agronomy
3999:Branches
3952:in vitro
3549:Bacteria
3526:Taxonomy
3506:Mutation
3476:Function
3405:Genetics
3307:Proteins
3152:Organism
3128:Molecule
3112:),
3068:Overview
3043:Timeline
3023:Genetics
2896:Springer
2850:Springer
2825:6 August
2819:Archived
2815:12432957
2756:Springer
2719:Elsevier
2693:8 August
2687:Archived
2636:43539893
2602:Springer
2565:Springer
2475:ABC-CLIO
2379:Archived
2280:Archived
2150:Springer
2100:10592255
1921:Archived
1860:7 August
1854:Archived
1850:21037746
1842:10227920
1625:8 August
1532:6 August
1526:Archived
1522:29899124
1455:21179078
1396:6 August
1390:Archived
1386:12612130
1292:See also
1238:bacteria
1197:Protozoa
1185:Protists
1146:sunlight
1130:nitrogen
1063:ammonium
1020:cat food
1016:Dog food
1012:pet food
968:marasmus
964:stunting
952:diabetes
825:Holocene
781:Much of
740:glycerol
677:, France
580:termites
566:Foraging
560:Foraging
538:nitrogen
441:minerals
437:vitamins
411:ammonium
403:iron(II)
367:plankton
333:polymers
318:minerals
314:vitamins
294:nitrogen
260:Bacteria
204:Nutrient
183:thiamine
160:mycelium
152:foraging
140:proteins
73:organism
4526:Portals
4503:Commons
4446:Biology
4428:Zoology
4158:Ecology
4028:Anatomy
3945:in vivo
3837:methods
3790:Habitat
3765:Climate
3750:Biomass
3732:Ecology
3579:Protist
3544:Archaea
3438:Genomes
3385:Mitosis
3380:Meiosis
3302:Polymer
3282:Monomer
3270:Quantum
3104:,
3100:,
3096:,
3092:,
3088:,
3075:Science
3060:Biology
3038:History
3033:Outline
3011:Biology
2922:9332099
2663:Bibcode
2336:Umm.edu
2035:Wu 2017
2008:Wu 2017
1894:Wu 2017
1577:Wu 2017
1513:5998735
1425:Bibcode
1272:Ensifer
1242:archaea
1180:Protist
1122:stomata
1118:cations
1067:sulfate
1059:nitrate
1024:taurine
960:wasting
940:obesity
909:ethanol
856:cereals
819:Cooking
756:enzymes
748:sterols
724:Glucose
671:tadpole
292:, with
268:insects
254:within
192:ecology
166:History
148:cooking
63:is the
4093:Botany
3899:vector
3755:Biomes
3624:Phloem
3609:Flower
3569:Fungus
3564:Animal
3360:Enzyme
3265:Matter
3260:Lipids
3199:Theory
3140:Tissue
3094:Growth
2964:
2941:
2920:
2910:
2879:
2856:
2813:
2805:
2770:
2733:
2681:
2634:
2626:
2616:
2579:
2481:
2373:
2252:
2174:
2164:
2098:
2091:102465
2088:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1713:
1677:17 May
1651:17 May
1614:"Diet"
1520:
1510:
1502:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1417:Nature
1384:
1376:
1160:Fungus
1126:oxygen
1098:leaves
1085:, and
1065:, and
1008:forage
1004:Fodder
990:, and
954:, and
924:scurvy
920:anemia
890:spices
873:cheese
774:, and
772:repair
718:, and
712:sugars
698:, and
651:Animal
576:bonobo
544:, and
534:carbon
514:, and
461:health
407:sulfur
300:, and
298:carbon
138:, and
136:lipids
122:, and
120:energy
116:carbon
93:energy
3795:niche
3654:Xylem
3639:Shoot
3586:Virus
3574:Plant
3322:Cells
3312:Water
3235:Atoms
3144:Organ
3098:Order
3050:Index
2918:S2CID
2715:(PDF)
2632:S2CID
2382:(PDF)
2367:(PDF)
2172:S2CID
2107:(PDF)
2064:(PDF)
1927:1 May
1846:S2CID
1459:S2CID
1193:Algae
1148:with
1108:pump
1094:roots
1030:Plant
886:herbs
860:bread
809:Human
589:taste
530:water
485:is a
409:, or
391:water
264:fungi
124:water
75:uses
55:guano
53:from
4540:Food
3634:Root
3619:Leaf
3559:Alga
3136:Cell
3124:Atom
3080:Life
2962:ISBN
2939:ISBN
2908:ISBN
2877:ISBN
2854:ISBN
2827:2022
2811:PMID
2803:ISSN
2768:ISBN
2731:ISBN
2695:2022
2679:ISSN
2624:LCCN
2614:ISBN
2577:ISBN
2479:ISBN
2456:2021
2420:2011
2390:2021
2371:OCLC
2348:2011
2318:2011
2288:2021
2250:ISBN
2162:ISBN
2096:PMID
1980:2022
1954:2022
1929:2017
1862:2022
1838:PMID
1830:ISSN
1745:2022
1711:ISBN
1679:2023
1653:2023
1627:2022
1534:2022
1518:PMID
1500:ISSN
1451:PMID
1443:ISSN
1398:2022
1382:PMID
1374:ISSN
1269:and
1252:and
1240:and
1018:and
1006:and
984:pets
942:and
934:and
888:and
869:milk
839:and
817:and
789:and
746:and
463:and
433:diet
421:Diet
369:and
276:bugs
156:soil
146:and
81:life
77:food
67:and
3413:DNA
3330:ATP
3204:Law
2900:doi
2760:doi
2723:doi
2671:doi
2606:doi
2569:doi
2154:doi
2086:PMC
2078:doi
1881:FDA
1822:doi
1508:PMC
1492:doi
1488:361
1483:BMJ
1433:doi
1421:468
1364:doi
1360:133
978:In
966:of
43:An
4564::
3297:pH
3025:,
2960:.
2937:.
2916:.
2906:.
2898:.
2875:.
2852:.
2817:.
2809:.
2797:.
2791:.
2766:.
2729:.
2685:.
2677:.
2669:.
2659:37
2657:.
2653:.
2630:.
2622:.
2612:.
2575:.
2563:.
2526:.
2473:.
2441:,
2436:.
2406:.
2377:.
2334:.
2304:.
2272:.
2232:^
2170:.
2160:.
2148:.
2094:.
2084:.
2074:28
2072:.
2066:.
2015:^
1988:^
1970:.
1945:.
1919:.
1913:.
1879:.
1852:.
1844:.
1836:.
1828:.
1818:23
1816:.
1810:.
1736:.
1709:.
1701:.
1687:^
1669:.
1643:.
1616:.
1569:^
1554:^
1524:.
1516:.
1506:.
1498:.
1486:.
1480:.
1457:.
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1441:.
1431:.
1419:.
1415:.
1388:.
1380:.
1372:.
1358:.
1354:.
1260:.
1156:.
1081:,
1061:,
1057:,
1002:.
986:,
950:,
930:,
926:,
922:,
918:,
899:,
770:,
722:.
714:,
702:.
665:A
574:A
556:.
540:,
536:,
532:,
510:,
506:,
502:,
498:,
481:A
459:,
443:,
439:,
405:,
401:,
397:,
393:,
373:.
361:.
320:.
296:,
274:,
270:,
266:,
262:,
162:.
134:,
118:,
107:.
99:.
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3122:(
3116:)
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2947:.
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2885:.
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2350:.
2320:.
2290:.
2258:.
2178:.
2156::
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1982:.
1956:.
1931:.
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1864:.
1824::
1747:.
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20:)
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