1281:"The south-west corner of Western Australia provides a rare and celebrated instance of harmonious interaction that had lasting consequences. In King George Sound, explorers and early colonists owed the success of their missions to Nyungar traditions of diplomacy and hospitality. In 1803, Matthew Flinders had his marines perform a military salute to honour the Nyungar for their assistance over a three-week rest period (White 1980). For at least half a century or longer, the Nyungar would enact a variation of this ceremony, with Aboriginal men assembled in rows, military-style, with white pipe clay and red crosses painted on their chests, with sticks as guns — mimicking the 'redcoats'. By the early 1900s, however, this branch of the Nyungar clan had become extinct, victims of colonial expansion from the Swan River penal settlement and also of introduced diseases."
470:"pacify" the Aboriginal population, men were rounded up and chained for offences ranging from spearing livestock, burning the bush, or digging vegetables on what had been their own land. It quickly became a "place of torment, deprivation and death", and it has been estimated that there may be as many as 369 Aboriginal graves on the island, of which five were for prisoners who had been hanged. Except for a short period between 1849 and 1855, during which the prison was closed, some 3,700 Aboriginal men and boys, many of them Noongars, but also many others from all parts of the state, were imprisoned.
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most productive land was being taken, especially on the Upper Swan—led to sporadic clashes. An example of such misunderstandings was the
Noongar land-management practice of setting fires in early summer, mistakenly seen as an act of hostility by the settlers. Conversely, the Noongar saw the settlers' livestock as fair game to replace the dwindling stocks of native animals shot indiscriminately by settlers. The only area that successfully resisted the usurpation of native land for any time was the area around the
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364:, the Noongar population has been variously estimated at between 6,000 and some tens of thousands. Colonisation by the British brought both violence and new diseases, taking a heavy toll on the population. The Noongar, like many other Aboriginal peoples, saw the arrival of Europeans as the returning of deceased people, often imagining them as relatives who deserved accommodation. As they approached from the west, the newcomers were called
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426:. His father was caught and killed without trial by a military firing squad. Yagan himself, with a bounty on his head, was ambushed soon afterwards by an 18-year-old settler youth, after he had stopped two settlers and asked for flour. His corpse was decapitated, and the head was sent to England for display in fairgrounds. Yagan is now considered a Noongar hero, by many to have been one of the first indigenous
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forcing the
Aboriginal Cultural Material Committee to deregister 300 Aboriginal sacred sites in Western Australia. Although falling most heavily upon Pilbara and Kimberley sites this government policy also was having an impact on Noongar lands according to Ira Hayward-Jackson, Chairman of the Rottnest Island Deaths Group. The changes also removed rights of notification and appeal for
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263:(a dialect of the English language) laced with Noongar words and occasionally inflected by its grammar. Most contemporary Noongar trace their ancestry to one or more of these groups. In the 2011 Australian census, 10,549 people identified as indigenous in the south-west of Western Australia. By 2021, this number had increased to 14,355.
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Gave a most particular catalogue of the names, places & manner of death, & by whom killed, whether by soldier or otherwise. He complained greatly of our encroachments and interference; that they were straightened for subsistence, treated with rudeness, & prevented from walking with liberty in their own country."
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by relatively infertile soil. The north is characterized by casuarina, acacia, and melaleuca thickets, and the south by mulga scrubland, but it also supports dense forest stands. Several rivers run to the coast, and lakes and wetlands provided the
Noongar people with their distinctive food and vegetation resources.
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documents enabled
Justice Wilcox to find that laws and customs governing land throughout the whole Single Noongar Claim (taking in Perth, and many other towns in the greater South West) were those of a single community. The claimants shared a language and had extensive interaction with others in the claim area.
749:. A highlight of the Festival was the unveiling of the monumental "Ngallak Koort Boodja – Our Heart Land Canvas". The 8-metre (26 ft) canvas was commissioned for the festival by representatives of the united elders and families from across the Noongar nation. It was painted by leading Noongar artists
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The
Noongar themselves are tackling their own issues; for example, the Noongar Patrol, which is an Aboriginal Advancement Council initiative. It was set up to deter Aboriginal young people from offending behaviour and reduce the likelihood of their contact with the criminal justice system. The patrol
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Yagan's brother Monday later deposed that their resistance stemmed from the many deaths the
Whadjuk had suffered and their loss of access to elementary means of survival. "He stated that the number of men belonging to his tribe that were killed several times since we came to the settlement to be 16.
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Many of these issues are not unique to the
Noongar but in many cases they are unable to receive appropriate government-agency care. The report that was produced after this gathering also stated that Noongar men have a life expectancy of 20 years less than non-Aboriginal men, and go to hospital three
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Many local governments in the southwest have developed "compacts" or "commitments" with their local
Noongar communities to ensure that sites of significance are protected and that the culture is respected. At the same time, the Western Australian Barnett government, also from November 2014, had been
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which has been a source of contention between local
Noongar groups (who would like to see the land, which was reclaimed from the river in the late 19th century, "restored" to them) and the title-holders who wished to develop the site. A Noongar protest camp existed here for several years in the late
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recognised the success of his three-week sojourn as due in good part to
Noongar diplomacy, and Noongar rituals celebrated their reception of the newcomers in a ceremonial form. When settlement became more firmly established, however, misunderstandings over the obligations of reciprocity—some of the
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whose time frame is defined by specific observable changes to the environment, with a dry period varying from as few as three to as many as eleven months. Tribes are spread over three different geological systems: the coastal plains, the plateau, and the plateau margins; all areas are characterized
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was an important site for the Noongar. It was a hunting site where kangaroos were herded and driven over the edge to provide meat for gathering clans. In this context, the "clan" is a local descent group – larger than a family but based on family links through common ancestry. At the base of Mount
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describes itself as the response to the Aboriginal community's need for positive self-enhancement through artistic expression. It is a theatre company that strives for community development and which also has the drive to create "exciting, authentic and culturally appropriate indigenous theatre".
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Justice Wilcox's judgment is noteworthy for several reasons. It highlights Perth's wealth of post-European settlement writings which provide an insight into Aboriginal life, including laws and customs, around the time of settlement in 1829 and also into the beginning of the last century. These
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was subsequently lodged and was heard in April 2007. The remainder of the larger "Single Noongar Claim" area, covering 193,956 km (74,887 sq mi) of the south-west of Western Australia, remains outstanding, and will hinge on the outcome of this appeal process. In the interim, the
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announced in June 1839 that the island would become a penal establishment for Aboriginal people and was officially designated as such in 1841. From that time until 1903, when the indigenous section was closed, Rottnest Island was used as a prison to transfer Aboriginal prisoners "overseas". To
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Contemporary usage tends to aggregate these into three major sub-identities: (1) the Wardandi of the coastal zone from Augusta to Bunbury; (2) the Pindjarup (Binjarub) from north Bunbury to Mandurah and Pinjarra, both coastally and inland; and (3) the Perth metropolitan and surrounding area's
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Since the Noongar are largely urbanised or concentrated in major regional towns, studies have shown that the direct economic impact of the Noongar community on the WA economy was estimated to range between five and seven hundred million dollars per year. Exit polls of tourists leaving Western
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At the time of European settlement, it is believed that the peoples of what became the Noongar community spoke thirteen dialects, of which five still have speakers with some knowledge of their respective versions of the language. No speakers use it over the complete range of everyday speaking
446:. Notwithstanding this violence, extraordinary acts of goodwill existed. In the same year, 1834, the Swan River Noongar couple, Migo and Molly Dobbin, alerted to the fact a European child had gone missing, covered 35 kilometres (22 mi) in 10 hours tracking his
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animals and non-endemic plants is also severe, and has resulted in a high proportion of plants and animals being included in the categories of rare, threatened and endangered species. In modern times many Aboriginal men were employed intermittently as rabbiters, and
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became an important part of Noongar diet in the early 20th century. The Noongar territory also happens to conform closely with the south-west Indian Ocean Drainage Region, and the use of these water resources played a very important seasonal part in their culture.
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Australia have consistently shown that "lack of contact with indigenous culture" has been their greatest regret. It has been estimated that this results in the loss of many millions of dollars worth of foregone tourist revenue.
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and he defended many on charges of theft, arguing from church doctrine that theft was not criminal if dictated by dire necessity. While intent on converting, he encouraged the Noongars to maintain their traditional culture.
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and brother Monday, declared an outlaw after undertaking a series of food raids and a retaliatory murder. Caught and imprisoned, he escaped and was let alone, as though informally reprieved as a native version of
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417:, formerly of good standing among the settler authorities and known in the colony for his handsome bearing, "tall, slender, well-fashioned..of pleasing countenance", was, together with his father
501:) became the home of up to one-third of the population. It is estimated that 10 to 25% of Noongar children were forcibly "adopted" during these years, in part of what has become known as the
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in Western Australia. The Western Australian government has dedicated several areas for the purpose of building communities specifically for the Noongar people, such as the (now closed)
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936:(October/November) – A definite warming trend is accompanied by longer dry periods and fewer cold fronts crossing the coast. The height of the wildflower season.
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From 1890 to 1958, the lives and lifestyles of Noongar people were subject to the Native Welfare Act. By 1915, 15% of Perth's Noongar had been thrust north and interned at the
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seeking to protect their heritage. A legal ruling on 1 April 2015 overturned the government's actions on some of the sites deregistered which were found to be truly sacred.
924:(June/July) – Cold fronts that have until now brushed the lower south-west coast begin to cross further north. This is usually the wettest part of the year.
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In April 2008 the Full Bench of the Federal Court upheld parts of the appeal by the Western Australian and Commonwealth governments against Justice Wilcox's judgment.
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uses mediation and negotiation with indigenous youth in an attempt to curb anti-social and offending behaviour of young people who come into the city at night.
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flexible wood bent around the head and with the arms tied together with sinew or fibre cord to ... known as the kodj or kodja and restricted in distribution
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Importantly, Justice Wilcox found the Noongar community constituted a united society which had continued to exist despite the disruption resulting from
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and wallabies; for people close to the coastal zone or riverine systems, spear-fishing or culling fish in traps was customary. An extensive range of
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930:(August/September) – Often the coldest part of the year, with clear, cold nights and days, or warmer, rainy and windy periods.
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3052:"Challenging the 'offshore hypothesis' for fossiliferous chert artefacts in southwestern Australia and consideration of inland trade routes"
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906:(December/January) – Dry and hot. Noongar burned sections of scrubland to force animals into the open for easier hunting.
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Incarcerating Indigenous people of the Wongatha lands in the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia: Indigenous leaders' perspectives
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and people being forced off their land and dispersed to other areas as a result of white settlement and later Government policies.
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In recent years there has been considerable interest in Noongar visual arts. In 2006, Noongar culture was showcased as part of the
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in Noongar culture, that meandered over the land creating rivers, waterways, and lakes. It is thought that the Wagyl created the
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Eliza is a sacred site where the Wagyl is said to have rested during its journeys. This site is also the location of the former
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465:, possibly meaning "place across the water"). After a short period when both settlers and prisoners occupied the island, the
1396:"2021 South-Western WA, Census Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics"
1371:"2011 South-Western WA, Census Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics"
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than most other regions in Australia. The ecological damage done to this region through clearing, introduced species, by
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O'Leary, Michael J.; Ward, Ingrid; Key, Marcus M.; Burkhart, Mackenze S.; Rawson, Chris; Evans, Noreen (January 2017).
545:. Many country Noongar people have developed long-standing relationships with non-Noongar farmers and continue to hunt
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in 1846. Salvado was an advocate for the humane treatment of the Australian Aboriginals at the mission he created at
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553:(food) as well as teach their children stories about the land. In a few areas in the south-west, visitors can go on
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The Noongar still have large extended families and many families have difficulty accessing available structures of
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3270:"WGAR News: WA Government Deregisters World's Oldest Rock Art Collection As Sacred Site: Amy McQuire, New Matilda"
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918:(April/May) – Cooler weather begins. Fishing continued and bulbs and seeds were collected for food.
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Noongar people live in many country towns throughout the south-west as well as in the major population centres of
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Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
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3140:"Towards a Phen(omen)ology of the Seasons: The Emergence of the Indigenous Weather Knowledge Project (IWKP)"
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that corresponded with moving to different habitats and feeding patterns based on seasonal foods. They are:
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of Western Australia, and made sustainable use of seven biogeographic regions of their territory, namely:
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The Noongar thus have a close connection with the earth and, as a consequence, they divided the year into
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The Stolen Generations – the separation of Aboriginal Children from their Families in Western Australia
688:, a documentary on the history of Aboriginals in WA, was first produced in 1979. Other plays include:
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784:, West Australian Young Voices, Noongar Children's Choir and the Western Australian Youth Orchestra.
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flint for spear and knife edges when the chert deposits were submerged by sea level rise during the
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A Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language in Common Use Amongst the Aboriginals of Western Australia
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742:", and the first steps of teaching the Noongar language in the general curriculum have been made.
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Generally, Noongar made a living by hunting and trapping a variety of game, including kangaroos,
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Clarke, Philip A. (August 2007). "Indigenous Spirit and Ghost Folklore of "Settled" Australia".
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For Their Own Good: Aborigines and Government in the South West of Western Australia 1900–1940
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2807:. Federation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages. December 2000. Archived from
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A notable incident for the Noongar people in the Western Australian Colony was the arrival of
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2527:"WA Whistleblower 1: Allegations of Bullying, Intimidation in WA Dept of Aboriginal Affairs"
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1777:"Observations on edge-ground stone hatchets with hafting modifications in Western Australia"
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912:(February/March) – Hottest part of the year, with sparse rainfall throughout.
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situations, and the full resources of the language are available only to a few individuals.
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2129:"How Indigenous Australians rely on subtle changes in the environment to track the seasons"
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Noongar people together will continue to be involved in native title negotiations with the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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are on the school syllabus in several Australian states. Davis' first full-length play
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2851:"Pre-Macassans at Dholtji? Exploring one of north-east Arnhem Land's great conundrums"
2685:. Cultural studies of natures, landscapes and environments. Bristol: Intellect Books.
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Yagan's head was returned and given proper burial in 2010, 177 years after his death.
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Gnaala Karla Booja: the headwaters of the Murray and Harvey Rivers to the Indian Ocean
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3085:"A Study of the Impact of the Noongar Community on the Western Australian Economy"
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The South West Boojarah: Lower course of the Blackwood and adjacent coastal areas
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1509:"Nyungar Tradition: Glimpses of Aborigines of South Western Australia 1829–1914"
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on the south coast. There are 14 different groups in the Noongar cultural bloc:
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society, many difficult issues face the present day Noongar. For example, the
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people in the Avon Valley continued until violently suppressed by Lieutenant
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descend from people who spoke several languages and dialects that were often
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Callinan, Tara (presenter); Quartermaine, Craig (reporter) (14 April 2015).
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2066:"Indigenous languages being taught to 10,000 Western Australian school kids"
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Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star translated and sung in Noongar – music video
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Southern Noongar Wagyl Kaip: The South Coast to the Blackwood Tributaries
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3108:"Unlocking the economic potential of an indigenous Australian community"
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Jennie Buchanan, Len Collard, Ingrid Cumming, David Palmer, Kim Scott,
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of the Noongar comes from a word originally meaning "man" or "person".
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The Archaeology of Market Capitalism: A Western Australian Perspective
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gathering in 1996 identified major community problems associated with
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Broken spears: Aborigines and Europeans in the Southwest of Australia
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The contemporary Noongar calendar divides the year into six seasons:
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fighters. Matters escalated with conflicts between the settlement of
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on 21 March 2012 – via Health Department of Western Australia.
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is a traditional cloak of the Noongar people made of kangaroo skin.
39:
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Keeping Languages Alive: Documentation, Pedagogy and Revitalization
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Lord abbot of the wilderness: the life and times of Bishop Salvado
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Noongar culture is particularly strong with the written word. The
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Olman Walley, a Noongar performer, in traditional Noongar clothing
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International Handbook of Research on Indigenous Entrepreneurship
2753:
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Far From Home: Aboriginal Prisoners of Rottnest Island, 1838–1931
2580:"Closing the gap - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples"
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1939:"What was the weapon of choice for the Aborigines of Australia?"
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Elders are increasingly asked on formal occasions to provide a "
482:
406:, which effectively blocked expansion of the tiny settlement at
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season (April–May) required extensive treatment to remove their
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of Australia that disappeared between 15 and 50,000 years ago.
27:
Group of Aboriginal peoples on the southwest coast of Australia
3384:, Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1976.
3004:. South West Aboriginal Land & Sea Council. Archived from
2598:. South West Aboriginal Land & Sea Council. Archived from
950:
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562:
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No Sugar, The Dreamers, Barungin: Smell the Wind, In Our Town
150:
105:
69:
147:
102:
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Strangers on the Shore: Early Coastal Contact in Australia
144:
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63:
3369:, Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 1992.
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2015:
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October 2021 saw the opening of the first Noongar opera
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From August 1838, ten Aboriginal prisoners were sent to
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The Aboriginal Languages of the South-West of Australia
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Stepping Off: Rewilding and Belonging in the South-West
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visitor centre, in Kojonup, are named after the kodj.
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Other native title claims on Noongar lands include:
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Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Western Australia
2885:"WA Government 'moving to deregister sacred sites'"
2630:
Sprinter and Sprummer: Australia's Changing Seasons
1762:
138:
90:
57:
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3138:Ryan, John Charles (2013). Backhaus, Gary (ed.).
3110:. In Dana, Léo-Paul; Anderson, Robert B. (eds.).
3087:. University of Western Australia. Archived from
2728:"Language documentation and community interests"
2393:Henry Prinsep's Empire: Framing a distant colony
863:These seven regions have been acknowledged as a
1040:The Harris Family: The coasts of the area from
867:hot-spot, having a generally greater number of
841:– Whadjuk, Binjareb, Balardong, Wilman, Ganeang
797:The Noongar people occupied and maintained the
2985:. South West Aboriginal Land & Sea Council
2826:"West Australian Opera: Koolbardi Wer Wardong"
2473:"Biodiversity Hotspots – Australia – Overview"
1351:. South West Aboriginal Land & Sea Council
3431:
3114:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 508–524.
2486:"Essays about quilts: Aboriginal skin cloaks"
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1056:The Ballardong Lands: The interior Wheatbelt.
397:Initially, relations were generally cordial.
371:
365:
235:
8:
2730:. In Jones, Mari C.; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.).
2475:. Conservation International. Archived from
259:language family. Contemporary Noongar speak
234:. The Noongar people refer to their land as
2787:. PANDORA electronic collection. Canberra:
2336:
2114:
1738:
1429:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBirdsall1987 (
776:and Guy Ghouse, the opera was performed at
434:and the Pindjarup people, resulting in the
3438:
3424:
3416:
2805:"Language of the month series (number 11)"
1014:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
3355:, Perth: Focus Education Services, 1984.
2039:
1714:
1455:
991:brought down a judgment which recognised
2355:"Warrior reburied 170 years after death"
2252:
1587:
1560:
1419:
1331:
650:
450:, and saved him, at the point of death.
314:were also available, including yams and
38:
4211:Aboriginal peoples of Western Australia
2288:
2276:
2264:
2051:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1654:
1642:
1319:
1312:
1199:
609:In Perth, the Noongar believe that the
356:Aboriginal history of Western Australia
3019:. Quaalup Homestead Wilderness Retreat
2983:Kaartdijin Noongar – Noongar Knowledge
2609:"Yagan: an Aboriginal resistance hero"
1618:
1572:
1536:
1494:
1467:
1349:Kaartdijin Noongar – Noongar Knowledge
243:The members of the collective Noongar
2961:Springer Science & Business Media
2582:. Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet
2379:"AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia"
2072:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1792:Australian Archaeological Association
1726:
1630:
1548:
1078:and problems integrating with modern
629:. The Wagyl has been associated with
7:
3213:Australian National University Press
2860:; Veth, Peter; Neale, Margo (eds.).
2717:Haebich, Anna; Delroy, Anne (1999).
2708:Green, Neville; Moon, Susan (1997).
2398:Australian National University Press
2236:
2220:
2204:
2188:
2172:
2156:
1606:
1482:
1443:
1001:Bennell v State of Western Australia
3106:Ord, Duncan; Mazzarol, Tim (2007).
2887:. National Indigenous Radio Service
2607:Cormick, Craig (9 September 1997).
2325:Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet
2300:
2137:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
613:is said to represent the body of a
2789:Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology
2682:Black Swan Lake: Life of a Wetland
2596:"Commitment to a New Relationship"
2449:Edith Cowan University M.A. thesis
947:South West Native Title Settlement
383:Carrolup River Native Settlement,
25:
3184:Outlaw Heroes in Myth and History
2883:McMahon, Kristy (24 March 2015).
1894:"To Imagine an Australian Museum"
1157:History of Indigenous Australians
747:Perth International Arts Festival
3342:Kaya Wandjoo Ngala Noongarpedia.
2028:Callinan & Quartermaine 2015
1993:Australian Museums and Galleries
955:
413:In June 1832, a Whadjuk leader,
251:. What is now classified as the
134:
86:
53:
3076:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.016
1010:Government of Western Australia
835:– Balardong, Nyakinyaki, Wilman
444:Henry William St Pierre Bunbury
3315:"Yirra Yaakin Noongar Theatre"
2785:"Indigenous Weather Knowledge"
2679:Giblett, Rodney James (2013).
1892:Carty, John (2 October 2019).
1800:10.1080/03122417.2014.11682030
1:
2999:"Noongar history and culture"
2824:Limelight Arts Media (2021).
2421:The Passing of the Aborigines
2127:Logan, Tyne (31 March 2023).
2064:Bourke, Keane (4 July 2022).
1910:10.1080/00664677.2019.1706038
1873:. ABC Education. 27 June 2023
1140:Swan Valley Noongar Community
1110:without medical supervision,
1012:, and are represented by the
891:Indigenous Australian seasons
495:Moore River Native Settlement
485:. He provided refuge for the
384:
298:The Noongar peoples have six
261:Australian Aboriginal English
3246:"Wadjemup (Rottnest Island)"
3211:. Canberra, ACT, Australia:
3083:Ord, Duncan (19 June 2006).
2866:National Museum of Australia
2721:. Western Australian Museum.
2441:Bedells, Stephen J. (2010).
2016:Yirra Yaakin Noongar Theatre
1162:History of Western Australia
1126:Father-and-son relationships
1084:Noongar Men of the SouthWest
999:and its surrounds, known as
995:in an area over the city of
853:– Wilmen, Goreng and Wudjari
847:– Bibbulmun/Bibulmun, Mineng
557:walks, trying foods such as
438:. Similarly, struggles with
376:), meaning "white spirits".
3231:"Tindale Tribal Boundaries"
2666:. Tourism Western Australia
2457:Bennell v Western Australia
1525:Noongar history and culture
692:and for younger audiences,
497:. Carrolup (later known as
4232:
3056:Quaternary Science Reviews
2736:Cambridge University Press
2627:Entwisle, Timothy (2014).
2518:Federal Court (Full Court)
2463: (19 September 2006),
2390:Allbrook, Malcolm (2014).
2103:Conservation International
1989:"The Kodja Place, Kojonup"
989:Federal Court of Australia
944:
888:
621:creature that is a common
600:Kojonup, Western Australia
481:, in the territory of the
410:for almost half a decade.
353:
282:
29:
4216:Native title in Australia
4145:
3144:Environment, Space, Place
2556:10.1080/00155870701337346
2514:[2008] FCAFC 63
2484:Blacklock, Fabri (n.d.).
2461:[2006] FCA 1243
2091:Limelight Arts Media 2021
1974:Western Australian Museum
1845:Western Australian Museum
1751:Haebich & Delroy 1999
987:On 19 September 2006 the
964:This section needs to be
698:Moorli and the Leprechaun
255:is a member of the large
3346:Cultural Science Journal
2849:McIntosh, Ian S (2008).
2726:Henderson, John (2013).
2353:AAP; AG (12 July 2010).
1667:www.creativespirits.info
1074:As a consequence of the
591:) or kodja is a Noongar
32:Noongar (disambiguation)
3289:Wilson, Thomas (2017).
3203:Tindale, Norman Barnett
2490:National Quilt Register
1763:National Quilt Register
1739:Ord & Mazzarol 2007
1345:"Connection to Country"
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1187:Prehistory of Australia
1167:Australian history wars
714:and the 2011 award for
673:1990s and early 2000s.
589:"to be hit on the head"
462:
372:
366:
344:Flandrian transgression
236:
162:people who live in the
4132:Forrest River massacre
3129:Russo, George (1980),
3033:"Nyoongar Health Plan"
2516: (23 April 2008),
2426:University of Adelaide
1970:visitWAnderland.com.au
1943:calendar-australia.com
1784:Australian Archaeology
1172:List of Noongar people
1088:cultural dispossession
660:
648:
636:, part of the extinct
518:
394:
360:Before the arrival of
334:local people utilised
44:
4150:By state or territory
3181:Seal, Graham (2011).
2953:Nayton, Gaye (2011).
2901:George Fletcher Moore
2418:(17 December 2014) .
2359:Australian Geographic
1898:Anthropological Forum
1775:Akerman, Kim (2014).
1715:Green & Moon 1997
1096:chemical dependencies
945:Further information:
889:Further information:
799:Mediterranean climate
782:West Australian Opera
778:His Majesty's Theatre
770:Koolbardi wer Wardong
654:
646:
577:pâté and bush honey.
516:
382:
249:mutually intelligible
174:on the west coast to
160:Aboriginal Australian
42:
4127:Flying Foam massacre
3700:Mantjintjarra Ngalia
3380:Douglas, Wilfrid H.
3011:on 18 February 2006.
2911:Wm. S. Orr & Co.
2868:. pp. 165–180.
2830:Limelight Arts Media
2537:– via YouTube.
2479:on 11 February 2006.
1334:, p. 146, n. 4.
1242:(December–January):
1120:Language and culture
897:six distinct seasons
810:Geraldton Sandplains
803:south-west ecoregion
706:Miles Franklin Award
30:For other uses, see
3274:Indymedia Australia
3156:10.7761/ESP.5.1.103
3133:, The Polding Press
3068:2017QSRv..156...36O
2661:"Executive Summary"
2602:on 20 October 2004.
2496:on 12 February 2014
2424:. South Australia:
2385:. 10 November 2022.
1539:, pp. 141–161.
1227:word for "country".
1177:Noongar kin systems
1094:Alcohol and drugs (
322:, eaten during the
318:seeds. Nuts of the
4159:Northern Territory
3447:Aboriginal peoples
2811:on 4 December 2002
2754:"Heritage Library"
1995:. 23 December 2016
1248:(February–March);
1219:, sometimes spelt
1131:times more often.
1117:Diet and nutrition
1076:Stolen Generations
816:Swan Coastal Plain
757:, Yvonne Kickett,
740:Welcome to Country
733:traditional owners
717:That Deadman Dance
661:
649:
519:
503:Stolen Generations
467:Colonial Secretary
395:
350:History of contact
312:edible wild plants
294:Ecological context
45:
4193:
4192:
4184:Western Australia
4137:Pinjarra massacre
3451:Western Australia
3344:Special issue of
3306:978-1-925-16435-0
3240:. September 2016.
3222:978-0-708-10741-6
3194:978-0-857-28792-2
3165:978-6-068-26658-9
3121:978-1-781-95264-1
3093:on 21 August 2006
3017:"Noongar Seasons"
2970:978-1-441-98318-3
2875:978-1-876-94488-9
2836:on 5 October 2021
2771:. Nyoongar Patrol
2745:978-1-107-65552-2
2692:978-1-841-50704-0
2644:978-1-486-30204-8
2613:Green Left Weekly
2407:978-1-925-02161-5
2313:Executive Summary
1966:"The Kodja Place"
1631:AAP & AG 2010
1551:, pp. 28–29.
1497:, pp. 12–13.
1136:sheltered housing
1123:Domestic violence
985:
984:
812:– Amangu and Yued
655:Swan River, with
436:Pinjarra massacre
168:Western Australia
164:south-west corner
16:(Redirected from
4223:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3417:
3407:
3351:Green, Neville,
3325:
3323:
3321:
3310:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3252:. Archived from
3250:Creative Spirits
3241:
3235:
3226:
3198:
3187:. Anthem Press.
3177:
3134:
3125:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3079:
3046:
3044:
3038:. Archived from
3037:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3012:
3010:
3003:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2974:
2949:
2946:Internet Archive
2896:
2894:
2892:
2879:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2832:. Archived from
2820:
2818:
2816:
2800:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2749:
2722:
2713:
2704:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2656:
2635:Csiro Publishing
2623:
2621:
2619:
2603:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2575:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2520:
2510:Bodney v Bennell
2505:
2503:
2501:
2492:. Archived from
2480:
2467:
2452:
2437:
2411:
2386:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2361:. Archived from
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2234:
2228:
2218:
2212:
2202:
2196:
2186:
2180:
2170:
2164:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1591:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1507:Tilbrook, Lois.
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1112:solvent sniffing
980:
977:
971:
959:
958:
951:
857:Esperance Plains
399:Matthew Flinders
389:
386:
375:
369:
285:Noongar language
253:Noongar language
239:
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
112:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
76:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
21:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4169:South Australia
4154:New South Wales
4141:
4115:
3453:
3444:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3365:Haebich, Anna,
3333:
3331:Further reading
3328:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3297:Fremantle Press
3288:
3279:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3244:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3201:
3195:
3180:
3166:
3137:
3128:
3122:
3105:
3096:
3094:
3082:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2997:
2988:
2986:
2977:
2971:
2952:
2899:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2853:
2848:
2839:
2837:
2823:
2814:
2812:
2803:
2783:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2693:
2678:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2645:
2626:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2594:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2541:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2483:
2471:
2455:
2440:
2414:
2408:
2389:
2377:
2368:
2366:
2365:on 23 June 2013
2352:
2348:
2343:
2337:Nyoongar Patrol
2335:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2235:
2231:
2219:
2215:
2203:
2199:
2187:
2183:
2171:
2167:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2115:Noongar Seasons
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1820:
1818:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1594:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1235:
1231:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1152:
1108:self medicating
1072:
1063:
981:
975:
972:
969:
960:
956:
949:
943:
893:
887:
869:endemic species
795:
790:
788:Noongar ecology
663:Also in Perth,
604:The Kodja Place
569:jam or relish,
511:
475:Rosendo Salvado
455:Rottnest Island
424:William Wallace
387:
358:
352:
296:
287:
281:
269:
137:
133:
89:
85:
56:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4229:
4227:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3911:Pitjantjatjara
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
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3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
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3637:
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3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
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3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3400:
3399:External links
3397:
3393:
3392:
3378:
3363:
3349:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3311:
3305:
3286:
3266:
3242:
3227:
3221:
3199:
3193:
3178:
3164:
3150:(1): 102–130.
3135:
3126:
3120:
3103:
3080:
3047:
3029:
3013:
2995:
2975:
2969:
2950:
2897:
2880:
2874:
2846:
2821:
2801:
2781:
2765:
2750:
2744:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2691:
2676:
2657:
2643:
2624:
2604:
2592:
2576:
2550:(2): 141–161.
2539:
2522:
2506:
2481:
2469:
2453:
2438:
2412:
2406:
2387:
2375:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:
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2317:
2305:
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2281:
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2257:
2245:
2229:
2213:
2197:
2181:
2165:
2149:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2056:
2044:
2040:WGAR News 2015
2032:
2020:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1985:
1955:
1930:
1904:(4): 384–396.
1884:
1858:
1831:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1741:, p. 514.
1731:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1621:, p. 115.
1611:
1592:
1577:
1565:
1563:, p. 175.
1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1499:
1487:
1485:, p. 123.
1472:
1460:
1456:Henderson 2013
1448:
1436:
1412:
1400:www.abs.gov.au
1387:
1375:www.abs.gov.au
1362:
1336:
1324:
1311:
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1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1104:dual diagnoses
1071:
1070:Current issues
1068:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1038:
1025:mixed marriage
983:
982:
963:
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954:
942:
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931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
886:
883:
861:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
833:Avon Wheatbelt
830:
813:
794:
791:
789:
786:
780:by members of
708:for his novel
647:The Swan River
617:, a snakelike
575:witchetty grub
510:
507:
354:Main article:
351:
348:
295:
292:
283:Main article:
280:
277:
268:
265:
237:Noongar boodja
43:Noongar groups
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4228:
4217:
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4212:
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4019:
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3778:
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3765:Ngaatjatjarra
3763:
3761:
3760:Ngaanyatjarra
3758:
3756:
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3588:
3586:
3583:
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3568:
3566:
3565:Jabirr Jabirr
3563:
3561:
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3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
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3398:
3396:
3391:
3390:0-85575-050-2
3387:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:1-875560-14-9
3372:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3361:0-9591828-1-0
3358:
3354:
3350:
3348:Vol 9, No. 1.
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3256:on 6 May 2009
3255:
3251:
3247:
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3239:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3214:
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3209:
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2908:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2858:Sutton, Peter
2852:
2847:
2835:
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2827:
2822:
2810:
2806:
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2798:
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2694:
2688:
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2683:
2677:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2633:. Melbourne:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
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2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
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2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2465:Federal Court
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2403:
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2297:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2255:, p. 25.
2254:
2253:Entwisle 2014
2249:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2120:
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2060:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2009:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1872:
1871:First Weapons
1868:
1862:
1859:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1828:
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1813:
1809:
1805:
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1747:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1705:, p. 23.
1704:
1699:
1696:
1693:, p. 24.
1692:
1687:
1684:
1681:, p. 22.
1680:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1657:, p. 18.
1656:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1609:, p. 70.
1608:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1590:, p. 49.
1589:
1588:Allbrook 2014
1584:
1582:
1578:
1575:, p. 16.
1574:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:McIntosh 2008
1557:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1470:, p. 12.
1469:
1464:
1461:
1458:, p. 58.
1457:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1420:Birdsall 1987
1416:
1413:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:Allbrook 2014
1328:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1297:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1254:(April–May),
1252:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1193:
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1143:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:comorbidities
1097:
1093:
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1091:
1089:
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1069:
1067:
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1055:
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1036:
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1034:
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1026:
1021:
1017:
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1006:
1003:FCA 1243. An
1002:
998:
994:
990:
979:
967:
962:
953:
952:
948:
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935:
932:
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858:
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849:
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843:
840:
839:Jarrah Forest
837:
834:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
814:
811:
808:
807:
806:
804:
801:lands of the
800:
792:
787:
785:
783:
779:
775:
774:Gina Williams
772:. Written by
771:
766:
764:
760:
759:Alice Warrell
756:
752:
751:Shane Pickett
748:
743:
741:
736:
734:
728:
725:
721:
719:
718:
713:
712:
707:
704:won the 2000
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
671:
666:
659:in light blue
658:
657:Canning River
653:
645:
641:
639:
635:
634:naracoutensis
633:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:Darling Scarp
607:
605:
601:
597:
594:
590:
585:
583:
578:
576:
572:
571:bush tomatoes
568:
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393:
381:
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349:
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333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
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309:
304:
301:
293:
291:
286:
278:
276:
274:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:cultural bloc
241:
238:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
155:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
110:
84:
80:
77:, also spelt
74:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4096:Yindjibarndi
3971:Unggarranggu
3849:
3790:Ngarlawangga
3750:Nangatadjara
3685:Mandjildjara
3394:
3381:
3366:
3352:
3345:
3338:John Hartley
3320:20 September
3318:. Retrieved
3291:
3278:. Retrieved
3276:. 9 May 2015
3273:
3258:. Retrieved
3254:the original
3249:
3207:
3183:
3147:
3143:
3130:
3111:
3097:20 September
3095:. Retrieved
3090:the original
3059:
3055:
3040:the original
3021:. Retrieved
3006:the original
2987:. Retrieved
2982:
2955:
2944:– via
2905:
2889:. Retrieved
2861:
2838:. Retrieved
2834:the original
2829:
2815:20 September
2813:. Retrieved
2809:the original
2773:. Retrieved
2757:. Retrieved
2731:
2718:
2709:
2681:
2668:. Retrieved
2629:
2618:20 September
2616:. Retrieved
2612:
2600:the original
2584:. Retrieved
2547:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2509:
2498:. Retrieved
2494:the original
2489:
2477:the original
2456:
2443:
2420:
2392:
2367:. Retrieved
2363:the original
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2289:AustLII 2008
2284:
2277:AustLII 2006
2272:
2267:, p. 5.
2265:Giblett 2013
2260:
2248:
2232:
2216:
2200:
2184:
2168:
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2132:
2122:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2069:
2059:
2052:McMahon 2015
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1997:. Retrieved
1992:
1977:. Retrieved
1969:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1942:
1933:
1921:. Retrieved
1901:
1897:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1870:
1861:
1849:. Retrieved
1843:
1840:"Kodj (axe)"
1834:
1826:
1819:. Retrieved
1787:
1783:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1703:Bedells 2010
1698:
1691:Bedells 2010
1686:
1679:Bedells 2010
1674:
1662:
1655:Bedells 2010
1650:
1643:Cormick 1997
1638:
1626:
1614:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1514:. p. 3.
1502:
1490:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1423:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1374:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1348:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1296:
1286:
1277:
1232:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1182:Noongarpedia
1144:
1133:
1129:
1083:
1073:
1064:
1032:
1029:
1022:
1018:
1000:
993:native title
986:
973:
965:
941:Native title
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
894:
865:biodiversity
862:
796:
769:
767:
744:
737:
729:
724:Yirra Yaakin
722:
715:
709:
697:
693:
689:
685:
675:
670:Swan Brewery
662:
630:
608:
603:
586:
579:
520:
492:
472:
452:
412:
404:Murray River
396:
359:
338:, replacing
323:
305:
297:
288:
270:
257:Pama–Nyungan
242:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
82:
78:
48:
46:
36:
3951:Tjeraridjal
3946:Tjalkadjara
3860:Nyangumarta
3770:Ngadjunmaia
3705:Mardudunera
3280:22 February
2989:17 December
2891:22 February
2529:. NITV News
2416:Daisy Bates
1794:: 137–145.
1619:Wilson 2017
1573:Nayton 2011
1537:Clarke 2007
1495:Nayton 2011
1468:Nayton 2011
1422:, p. 1
1405:24 November
1380:24 November
1320:SWAL&SC
1080:westernised
763:Sharyn Egan
755:Tjyllyungoo
665:Mount Eliza
555:bush tucker
551:bush tucker
549:and gather
432:Thomas Peel
419:Midgegooroo
388: 1951
4200:Categories
4164:Queensland
4106:Yinikutira
4081:Yawijibaya
3986:Walmadjari
3956:Tjurabalan
3835:Njakinjaki
3800:Ngolibardu
3690:Mandjindja
3650:Maduwongga
3615:Kartudjara
3545:Ildawongga
3535:Gooniyandi
3495:Ballardong
3260:24 January
2909:. London:
2775:23 October
2653:1097134622
2586:23 October
2434:Q128080416
2346:References
1727:Russo 1980
1549:Moore 1842
694:Honey Spot
682:Jack Davis
627:Swan River
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428:resistance
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3996:Wariangga
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2205:ABOM 2016
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2157:ABOM 2016
1918:0066-4677
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