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begin, the obelisk was lying on a gravel and stone ramp. A pit in the middle was filled with dry sand. Previous experiments showed that wet sand would not flow as well. The ramp was secured by stone walls. Men raised the obelisk by slowly removing the sand while three crews of men pulled on ropes to control its descent into the pit. The back wall was designed to guide the obelisk into its proper place. The obelisk had to catch a turning groove which would prevent it from sliding. They used brake ropes to prevent it from going too far. Such turning grooves had been found on the ancient pedestals. Gravity did most of the work until the final 15° had to be completed by pulling the obelisk forward. They used brake ropes again to make sure it did not fall forward. On 12 September they completed the project.
1590:
they were able to erect one successfully. First
Hopkins and Rais Abdel Aleem organized an experiment to tow a block of stone weighing about 25 tons. They prepared a path by embedding wooden rails into the ground and placing a sledge on them bearing a megalith weighing about 25 tons. Initially they used more than 100 people to try to tow it but were unable to budge it. Finally, with well over 130 people pulling at once and an additional dozen using levers to prod the sledge forward, they moved it. Over the course of a day, the workers towed it 10–20 feet. Despite problems with broken ropes, they proved the monument could be moved this way. Additional experiments were done in Egypt and other locations to tow megalithic stone with ancient technologies, some of which are
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metres (10 ft) long and no more than 5 metric tons (5.5 short tons). A barge big enough to transport the largest
Egyptian obelisks with this ratio would have had to be close to 61-metre-long (200 ft) and 30-metre-wide (100 ft). The workers used ropes that were wrapped around a guide that enabled them to pull away from the river while they were towing it onto the barge. The barge was successfully launched into the Nile.
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665:(1590), which itself set a new standard in communicating technical information and influenced subsequent architectural publications by its meticulous precision. Before being re-erected the obelisk was exorcised. It is said that Fontana had teams of relay horses to make his getaway if the enterprise failed. When
1612:
in which one scribe taunts another to erect a monument for "thy lord". The scroll reads "Empty the space that has been filled with sand beneath the monument of thy Lord." To erect the obelisks at Luxor with this method would have involved using over a million cubic meters of stone, mud brick and sand
1597:
One experiment was to transport a small obelisk on a barge in the Nile River. The barge was built based on ancient
Egyptian designs. It had to be very wide to handle the obelisk, with a 2 to 1 ratio length to width, and it was at least twice as long as the obelisk. The obelisk was about 3.0
656:
in the
Basilica's construction, presented the Pope with a little model crane of wood and a heavy little obelisk of lead, which Sixtus himself was able to raise by turning a little winch with his finger. Fontana was given the project. Half-buried in the debris of the ages, it was first excavated as it
1589:
crew to erect a 25-ton obelisk. This was the third attempt to erect a 25-ton obelisk; the first two, in 1994 and 1999, ended in failure. There were also two successful attempts to raise a 2-ton obelisk and a 9-ton obelisk. Finally in August–September 1999, after learning from their experiences,
974:
the
Israelite, and Sua the Gilzanean, making gestures of submission to the king. The reliefs on the obelisk have accompanying epigraphs, but besides these the obelisk also possesses a longer inscription that records one of the latest versions of Shalmaneser III's annals, covering the period from his
1601:
The final and successful erection event was organized by Rick Brown, Hopkins, Lehner and Gregg Mullen in a
Massachusetts quarry. The preparation work was done with modern technology, but experiments have proven that with enough time and people, it could have been done with ancient technology. To
635:
refers to the obelisk's transportation from Egypt to Rome by order of the
Emperor Gaius (Caligula) as an outstanding event. The barge that carried it had a huge mast of fir wood which four men's arms could not encircle. One hundred and twenty bushels of lentils were needed for ballast. Having
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944:(883–859 BCE). The obelisk bears an inscription that refers to the king's seizure of goods, people and herds, which he carried back to the city of Ashur. The reliefs of the Obelisk depict military campaigns, hunting, victory banquets and scenes of tribute bearing.
1366:
831:(now Sultan Ahmet Square). It once stood 95 feet (29 m) tall and weighed 380 metric tons (420 short tons); however, its lower section (which reputedly also once stood in the hippodrome) is now lost, reducing the obelisk's size to 65 feet (20 m).
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to haul them out. There are now more than twice as many obelisks that were seized and shipped out by Rome as remain in Egypt. The majority were dismantled during the Roman period over 1,700 years ago and the obelisks were sent to different locations.
1210:
1390:
858:
The
Ancient Romans populated their city with 8 large and 42 small Egyptian obelisks. More have been re-erected elsewhere, and the best-known examples outside Rome are the pair of 21-metre (69 ft) 187-metric-ton (206-short-ton)
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stood; then it took from 30 April to 17 May 1586 to move it on rollers to the Piazza: it required nearly 1000 men, 140 carthorses, and 47 cranes. The re-erection, scheduled for 14 September, the Feast of the
224:
of 1549, by the late sixteenth century (after reduced contact with Italy following the excommunication of Queen
Elizabeth), Shakespeare failed to distinguish between pyramids and obelisks in his plays and sonnets. Ancient obelisks are
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for both the ramp and the platform used to lower the obelisk. The largest obelisk successfully erected in ancient times weighed 455 metric tons (502 short tons). A 520-metric-ton (570-short-ton) stele was found in
1304:
1350:
1098:, is a monolith stele with obelisk-like proportions. It is 2.52 metres tall and was carved in a design of low relief with Chavín symbols, such as bands of teeth and animal heads. Long housed in the
955:(ancient Kalhu). It was erected by Ashurnasirpal II, though only survives in fragments. The surviving parts of the reliefs depict scenes of tribute bearing to the king from Syria and the west.
2402:
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1662:
522:
Strong-bull, Appearing-in-Dominion (Thebes), King-of-Upper-and-Lower-Egypt, Two-ladies, Ruler-of-Egypt, Son-of-Rê, Pi(ankh)y: what he made as his monument for his father Amen-Rê, lord of
425:
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fulfilled its purpose, the gigantic vessel was no longer wanted. Therefore, filled with stones and cement, it was sunk to form the foundations of the foremost quay of the new harbour at
1977:
2172:"Della trasportatione dell'obelisco vaticano et delle fabriche di nostro signore papa Sisto V fatte dal cavallier Domenico Fontana, architetto di Sva Santita, libro primo"
782:. This one is about 40 feet (12 m) tall and weighs about 100 metric tons (110 short tons). It was discovered by archaeologists and has been re-erected at its former site.
648:
was determined to erect the obelisk in front of St Peter's, of which the nave was yet to be built. He had a full-sized wooden mock-up erected within months of his election.
661:, was watched by a large crowd. It was a famous feat of engineering, which made the reputation of Fontana, who detailed it in a book illustrated with copperplate etchings,
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This experiment has been used to explain how the obelisks may have been erected in Luxor and other locations. It seems to have been supported by a 3,000 year-old
1488:
1252:
260:, the Greek traveler, was one of the first classical writers to describe the objects. A number of ancient Egyptian obelisks are known to have survived, plus the "
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Egyptian obelisks remain a source of fascination, serving as a reminder of past glories and a symbol of state power. A majority of modern obelisks are built of
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1961:
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and was found at the site of
Kadakol. It had been cut down to make it into a column, presumably for one of the early Christian churches in the area of
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Fontes historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile region between the eighth century BC and the sixth century AD
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1244:
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sought to legitimize their rule over Egypt by constructing Egyptianizing monuments in the Middle Nile region. Historical sources mention that king
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has been reconstructed in the British Museum. The obelisk is the oldest recorded obelisk from Assyria, dating to the 11th century BCE.
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and grave markers, were very often given a form of obelisks, but they are of more modest size. The practice is also still widespread in the
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1990:
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1141:, so not monolithic like their Egyptian counterparts, and are often oversized. Examples from the 19th and 20th centuries include the
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90:. With its height of 32.18 metres (105.6 feet) (with the base and the cross it reaches 45.70 m) it is the largest standing ancient
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1384:, China, built between 1952 and 1958 to commemorate the martyrs of revolutionary struggle in the 19th and 20th centuries
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came to build the Basilica's nave, he had to put the slightest kink in its axis, to line it precisely with the obelisk.
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which had decorated the temple of Isis, where it was uncovered in the 16th century. The Medici claimed it for the
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civilization, where they were erected as public monuments that commemorated the achievements of the Assyrian king.
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in Rome at 105.6 feet (32.2 m) tall and a weight of 455 metric tons (502 short tons). More well known is the
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Chaney, Edward, "Roma Britannica and the Cultural Memory of Egypt: Lord Arundel and the Obelisk of Domitian", in
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2016:
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and obelisk's significance have been previously overlooked, especially the astronomical phenomena connected with
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Obelisk of Psametik II from Heliopolis, removed and reerected by Augustus in the northern Campus Martius, Rome
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raised in the year 1800 as a memorial to the service and dedication of the Stockholm burghers during the
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2155:"Della trasportatione dellªobelisco Vaticano et delle fabriche di Nostro Signore Papa Sisto ..."
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1116:, who discovered it and was considered the 'father of Peruvian archeology'. He was America's first
732:
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346:
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2628:,' "Thy pyramyds buylt up with newer might":Shakespeare and the Cultural Memory of Ancient Egypt'
1880:,' "Thy pyramyds buylt up with newer might":Shakespeare and the Cultural Memory of Ancient Egypt'
268:. These obelisks are now dispersed around the world, and fewer than half of them remain in Egypt.
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and the reliefs depict scenes of tribute bearing as well as the depiction of two subdued rulers,
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Della Trasportatione dell'Obelisco Vaticano et delle Fabriche di Nostro Signore Papa Sisto V
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1360:, Argentina, erected in 1936 to commemorate the quadricentennial of the foundation of the city
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256:. The word "obelisk" as used in English today is of Greek rather than Egyptian origin because
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2622:, eds. D. Marshall, K. Wolfe and S. Russell, British School at Rome, 2011, pp. 147–70.
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871:(21 metres or 70 feet), and the 23-metre (75 ft) over-250-metric-ton (280-short-ton)
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252:, and played a vital role in their religion placing them in pairs at the entrance of the
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The Broken Obelisk, that was also discovered by Rassam at Nineveh. Only the top of this
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Tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top
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801:, the 20th year of his reign. Afterward, one was sent to Rome and erected on the
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and obelisk were derived from natural phenomena associated with the sun (the sun-god
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a tapering, four-sided shaft of stone, usu. monolithic and having a pyramidal apex.
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2053:. Vol. 1. University of Bergen, Dept. of Classics, Bergen, 1994. p. 54.
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The Romans commissioned obelisks in an ancient Egyptian style. Examples include:
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2028:
1580:
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and consist of a single stone; most modern obelisks are made of several stones.
2620:
Roma Britannica: Art Patronage and Cultural Exchange in Eighteenth-Century Rome
342:) is the top stone of the Egyptian pyramid. It is also related to the obelisk.
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771:
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Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile
1112:, which opened in July 2008. The obelisk was named for the archeologist
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1201:. A few, however, continue the ancient tradition of the monolithic obelisk.
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1008:
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280:
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68:
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column, 23 metres (75 feet) high, including the base, which weighs over 250
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Porphyrogenitus (905–959) and originally covered with gilded bronze plaques
2696:: "Researchers Lift Obelisk With Kite to Test Theory on Ancient Pyramids"
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811:, and is today known as the Lateran Obelisk. The other one, known as the
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645:
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574:
181:
60:
1965:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 945.
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581:
Around 30 BCE, Rome seized control of Egypt and looted the various
275:
obelisk still in its original position is the 68-foot (20.7 m) 120-
17:
2665:
2603:
Curran, Brian A., Anthony Grafton, Pamela O. Long, and Benjamin Weiss.
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1606:
1463:
In France and other European countries, monuments to the dead, such as
1401:
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1243:, Ireland, built between 1817 and 1861 to commemorate the victories of
1198:
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Not all the Egyptian obelisks in the Roman Empire were set up at Rome:
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in 37 CE, it has stood at its current site and on the wall of the
374:
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362:
185:
1617:, but researchers believe it was broken while attempting to erect it.
1609:
1519:
1427:, North Korea, completed in 1982 to commemorate the 70th birthday of
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891:
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323:
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34:. For other monumental, upright, inscribed and sculpted stones, see
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as late as the nineteenth century when three of them were sent to
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64:
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42:
35:
2553:"Mysteries of the Nile | August 27, 1999: The Third Attempt"
1698:"NOVA Online | Mysteries of the Nile | A World of Obelisks: Rome"
699:
Three more obelisks were erected in Rome under Sixtus V: at
2630:
Aegyptiaca. Journal of the History of Reception of Ancient Egypt
1882:
Aegyptiaca. Journal of the History of Reception of Ancient Egypt
1614:
1499:
1445:
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1095:
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had two Karnak Temple obelisks removed and transported down the
692:
543:. There are remains of another small obelisk inscribed with the
505:
327:
315:
87:
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to the centre of the capital is lined with obelisks serving as
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Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú
2646:
Obelisken transportieren und aufrichten in Aegypten und in Rom
2329:
2304:
2115:
1950:
1925:
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1722:
520:. The obelisk is inscribed with the kings official titulary:
1404:, Indonesia, built between 1961 and 1975 to commemorate the
966:
in 1846 on the citadel of Kalhu. The obelisk was erected by
366:
307:
117:
2106:
2104:
1663:
List of pre-Columbian engineering projects in the Americas
902:. Their transportation was covered by various newspapers.
508:
built at least one obelisk. The obelisk was made of local
111:
851:
placed an obelisk in the background of his 1655 painting
815:, remained in Alexandria until 390 CE, when Emperor
593:
The largest standing and tallest Egyptian obelisk is the
123:
2279:. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 145–151.
1976:
Blackwell Gary, Patricia; Talcott, Richard (June 2006).
703:, in 1587; at the Lateran Basilica, in 1588; and at the
1897:"Befreiungskriege (Gertraudenfriedhof) | Halle im Bild"
715:. Other notable Egyptian obelisks in Rome are found in
707:, in 1589. An obelisk stands in front of the church of
605:
25 metres (82 ft), 331-metric-ton (365-short-ton)
369:
being the Egyptians' greatest deity at that time). The
220:. Though William Thomas used the term correctly in his
1001:, in Place de la République, a 4th-century obelisk of
2689:
depicting how he erected the Vatican obelisk in 1586.
2530:, Revista Todo es Historia, Nro 90, noviembre de 1974
358:
senior editor Richard Talcott that the shapes of the
180:, nail, pointed pillar') is a tall, slender, tapered
129:
126:
2648:. Norderstedt: Books on Demand 2007 (3rd ed. 2013),
322:
was the mound that arose from the primordial waters
120:
114:
2447:"Domitian Obelisk (In Piazza Papiniano, Benevento)"
1318:, U.S., built between 1848 and 1884 to commemorate
1029:, 1st century CE, 5.8 metres (19 ft)
585:complexes; in one case they destroyed walls at the
248:Obelisks were prominent in the architecture of the
108:
1836:
766:imitated his Roman patrons and set up an obelisk,
1805:. Random House Reference, New York. p. 847.
719:, sculpted while being carried on the back of an
1088:The prehistoric Tello Obelisk, found in 1919 at
314:it was said to have been a petrified ray of the
947:The Rassam Obelisk, named after its discoverer
623:
2277:The Obelisks of Egypt: Skyscrapers of the past
928:(named due to its colour), was discovered by
8:
2328:. NOVA Online | Mysteries of the Nile.
338:religion. The Benben stone (also known as a
212:to describe them, and this word passed into
2231:. Zürich (NEBIS): ETH-Bibliothek – e-rara.
2675:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
2477:. University of Iowa Press. Archived from
1835:Baker, Rosalie F.; Baker, Charles (2001).
975:accessional year to his 33rd regnal year.
910:Obelisk monuments are also known from the
835:Ancient Egyptian obelisks in modern cities
819:had it transported to Constantinople (now
770:, made out of Egyptian red granite in the
310:, and during the religious reformation of
2687:Octavo Edition of Domenico Fontana's book
2204:. Rome, IT: Domenico Basa. Archived from
1839:Ancient Egyptians: People of the pyramids
1803:Random House Webster's college dictionary
1341:, U.S., built in 1930 as a commemorative
1286:, erected in 1835 to commemorate Empress
561:List of Ancient Egyptian obelisks in Rome
555:Ancient Egyptian obelisks in Ancient Rome
1245:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
1027:Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst
516:. Today the obelisk is exhibited in the
2474:The Life and Writings of Julio C. Tello
2253:. Highskyblue.web.fc2.com. 18 June 2001
1689:
1579:In late summer 1999, Roger Hopkins and
1575:Transportation and erection experiments
1518:(1770–1827) in the central cemetery of
1484:
1474:Modern obelisks have also been used in
1203:
391:
264:" found partly hewn from its quarry at
2641:. Copenhagen, Vol. 1 1968, Vol. 2 1972
2591:, New York: TIME/Life, 1993, pp. 56–57
2500:The Stone of the Empress - My Helsinki
2352:"The secret life of the Paris obelisk"
2303:. NOVA Online: Mysteries of the Nile.
2114:. NOVA Online: Mysteries of the Nile.
1924:. NOVA Online: Mysteries of the Nile.
597:in the square at the west side of the
739:. Rome lost one of its obelisks, the
415:in front (the second is today on the
330:settled in the creation story of the
306:, the obelisk symbolized the sun god
7:
2076:"Pyramids and obelisks beyond Egypt"
2017:"Pyramids and Obelisks beyond Egypt"
1406:struggle for Indonesian independence
1258:The Brothers Broglie Obelisk at the
1075:(now Sultan Ahmet Square), built by
936:. The obelisk was erected by either
1843:. Oxford University Press. p.
886:Obelisks were being shipped out of
759:, and left a replica in its place.
747:, but in 1790 they moved it to the
2607:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009.
921:possesses four Assyrian obelisks:
539:Museum of Fine Arts expedition to
25:
2673:(series of articles in Platner's
613:. Brought to Rome by the Emperor
2731:Types of monuments and memorials
1989:. pp. 62–67. Archived from
1627:
1547:
1527:
1507:
1494:A view from ground level of the
1487:
1412:
1389:
1365:
1349:
1326:
1303:
1271:
1251:
1228:
1209:
926:White Obelisk of Ashurnasirpal I
621:, flanking St Peter's Basilica.
472:
448:
424:
397:
104:
2681:History of the obelisk of Arles
2301:"A World of Obelisks: Istanbul"
1538:(1781–1845) in the cemetery of
1452:, cleared in 1936–1950 to link
1374:Monument to the People's Heroes
1183:Monument to the People's Heroes
192:top. Originally constructed by
84:Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano
2577:Secrets of Lost Empire II
2229:Della trasportatione dell'obel
1288:Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia
951:, was found on the citadel of
1:
2746:Stone monuments and memorials
2721:Ancient Egyptian architecture
1978:"Stargazing in Ancient Egypt"
551:at the site of Gebel Barkal.
2517:published February 22, 1885.
2409:. Collection object details.
2391:. Collection object details.
2326:"A World of Obelisks: World"
1922:"A World of Obelisks: Cairo"
1073:Hippodrome of Constantinople
867:(21 metres or 69 feet), and
829:Hippodrome of Constantinople
687:stands in the centre of the
352:Patricia Blackwell Gary and
208:
2756:Ancient Egyptian technology
2364:10.11588/aegyp.2018.2.47945
2112:"A World of Obelisks: Rome"
2088:10.11588/aegyp.2018.2.48018
2029:10.11588/aegyp.2018.2.48018
1947:Griffith, Francis Llewellyn
1763:Online Etymology Dictionary
1221:Russo-Swedish war 1788-1790
518:National Museum in Khartoum
326:upon which the creator god
2777:
2227:Fontana, Domenico (1590).
2196:Fontana, Domenico (1590).
2049:Tormod, Eide, ed. (1996).
1778:
1723:
1129:As commemorative monuments
1108:, it was relocated to the
558:
393:Types of Egyptian obelisks
332:Heliopolitan creation myth
241:
163:
144:
29:
2555:. Pbs.org. 27 August 1999
2526:Julio A. Luqui Lagleyze,
2074:Lacovara, Petere (2018).
2015:Lacovara, Petere (2018).
1648:List of Egyptian obelisks
1266:, Russia, erected in 1827
283:) red granite Obelisk of
244:List of Egyptian obelisks
2176:NYPL Digital Collections
1658:List of obelisks in Rome
1643:List of megalithic sites
1110:Museo Nacional de Chavín
1036:List of obelisks in Rome
940:(1050–1031 BCE) or
785:In 357 CE, Emperor
571:Obelisk of Tuthmosis III
32:Obelisk (disambiguation)
2511:Marking a people's love
2202:Martayan Lan Rare Books
1962:Encyclopædia Britannica
1739:A Greek–English Lexicon
1675:, also known as obelisk
1653:List of modern obelisks
1540:Yves, Charente-Maritime
1496:Via della Conciliazione
1450:Via della Conciliazione
1358:Obelisk of Buenos Aires
1175:Obelisk of Buenos Aires
1032:Rome – there are five,
1023:Titus Sextius Africanus
1021:, Germany – Obelisk of
964:Sir Austen Henry Layard
849:Bartholomeus Breenbergh
659:Exaltation of the Cross
2579:: "Pharaoh's Obelisks"
2528:Plazas de Buenos Aires
1454:Saint Peter's Basilica
1060:
855:
696:
642:
578:
345:It is hypothesized by
184:with four sides and a
95:
72:
2666:Obelisks of the World
1801:Random House (2005).
1730:Liddell, Henry George
1567:Springfield, Illinois
1050:
842:
813:Obelisk of Theodosius
711:, at the head of the
675:
568:
461:Karnak Temple Complex
94:obelisk in the world.
78:
46:
2481:on 19 September 2016
2421:"museodelsannio.com"
2198:"Moving the Obelisk"
1901:www.halle-im-bild.de
1668:Phallic architecture
1536:Jean-Baptiste Hubert
1516:Ludwig van Beethoven
1431:and the ideology of
1280:Stone of the Empress
1217:Obelisk in Stockholm
1151:Stone of the Empress
877:Place de la Concorde
823:) and put up on the
729:Piazza della Rotonda
717:Piazza della Minerva
701:Santa Maria Maggiore
611:Saint Peter's Square
502:twenty-fifth Dynasty
435:, Al-Maalla area of
417:Place de la Concorde
206:used the Greek term
53:Place de la Concorde
30:For other uses, see
2761:Egyptian inventions
2694:National Geographic
2471:Burger, Richard L.
2350:Brier, Bob (2018).
1679:Washington Monument
1635:Architecture portal
1335:High Point Monument
1312:Washington Monument
1237:Wellington Monument
1167:Washington Monument
1159:Wellington Monument
861:Cleopatra's Needles
797:to commemorate his
733:Baths of Diocletian
725:Piazza Montecitorio
654:Giacomo Della Porta
652:, the assistant of
527:An obelisk of King
459:'s fallen obelisk,
431:Obelisk of Pharaoh
411:with the remaining
347:New York University
2736:Outdoor sculptures
2644:Wirsching, Armin,
2605:Obelisk: A History
2515:The New York Times
2513:, an article from
2251:"Caesarea Obelisk"
2237:10.3931/e-rara-117
1563:Oak Ridge Cemetery
1061:
962:was discovered by
856:
853:Joseph Sells Grain
697:
579:
537:Harvard University
480:Unfinished obelisk
304:Egyptian mythology
262:unfinished obelisk
222:Historie of Italie
96:
73:
2654:978-3-8334-8513-8
2639:Obelisks in exile
2613:978-0-262-51270-1
2427:on 6 October 2014
2137:Lees-Milne, James
1756:Harper, Douglas.
1583:teamed up with a
1398:National Monument
1320:George Washington
1284:Carl Ludvig Engel
1195:National Monument
1091:Chavín de Huantar
869:New York City, US
737:Villa Celimontana
709:Trinità dei Monti
705:Piazza del Popolo
689:Piazza del Popolo
441:modern Heliopolis
297:modern Heliopolis
250:ancient Egyptians
194:Ancient Egyptians
16:(Redirected from
2768:
2671:Obelisks of Rome
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:NOVA (TV series)
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2524:
2518:
2508:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2423:. Archived from
2417:
2411:
2410:
2403:"Broken Obelisk"
2399:
2393:
2392:
2385:"Rassam Obelisk"
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2208:on 15 March 2012
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1996:on 3 August 2021
1995:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1893:
1887:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:Tekhenu egyptian
1863:
1861:
1842:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1798:
1792:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1753:
1747:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1694:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1551:
1531:
1511:
1491:
1480:boundary markers
1416:
1393:
1378:Tiananmen Square
1369:
1353:
1330:
1316:Washington, D.C.
1307:
1275:
1255:
1232:
1213:
1187:Tiananmen Square
1171:Washington, D.C.
942:Ashurnasirpal II
845:Dutch Golden Age
774:of his new city
768:Caesarea obelisk
751:attached to the
677:Flaminio Obelisk
650:Domenico Fontana
599:Lateran Basilica
587:Temple of Karnak
476:
452:
428:
401:
360:ancient Egyptian
336:Ancient Egyptian
233:Ancient obelisks
211:
174:
167:
155:
148:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
59:; a red granite
21:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2751:Garden features
2706:
2705:
2662:
2637:Iversen, Erik,
2600:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2525:
2521:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1952:"Obelisk"
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1876:
1872:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1813:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1775:
1771:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1744:Perseus Project
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1577:
1570:
1559:Abraham Lincoln
1552:
1543:
1532:
1523:
1512:
1503:
1492:
1442:
1435:
1417:
1408:
1394:
1385:
1370:
1361:
1354:
1345:
1331:
1322:
1308:
1299:
1276:
1267:
1256:
1247:
1233:
1224:
1214:
1205:Modern obelisks
1131:
1126:
1124:Modern obelisks
1086:
1077:Constantine VII
1045:
988:
968:Shalmaneser III
938:Ashurnasirpal I
908:
865:London, England
837:
764:Herod the Great
632:Natural History
607:Vatican obelisk
595:Lateran Obelisk
563:
557:
535:in 1916 by the
494:
487:
477:
468:
453:
444:
429:
420:
409:Temple of Luxor
402:
318:, the sundisk.
289:Twelfth Dynasty
246:
240:
235:
216:and ultimately
107:
103:
80:Lateran Obelisk
47:One of the two
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2774:
2772:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2668:
2661:
2660:External links
2658:
2657:
2656:
2642:
2635:
2623:
2616:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2581:
2566:
2544:
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2503:
2492:
2463:
2438:
2412:
2407:British Museum
2394:
2389:British Museum
2376:
2342:
2317:
2292:
2286:978-9774240225
2285:
2273:Habachi, Labib
2264:
2242:
2219:
2188:
2163:
2146:
2128:
2100:
2082:(2): 131–135.
2066:
2059:
2041:
2007:
1968:
1957:Chisholm, Hugh
1938:
1913:
1888:
1870:
1854:978-0195122213
1853:
1827:
1811:
1793:
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1248:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:archeologist.
1114:Julio C. Tello
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1069:Walled Obelisk
1053:Walled Obelisk
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1016:
1006:
987:
984:
949:Hormuzd Rassam
930:Hormuzd Rassam
919:British Museum
907:
904:
836:
833:
809:Circus Maximus
787:Constantius II
749:Boboli Gardens
741:Boboli obelisk
619:Circus of Nero
556:
553:
493:
490:
489:
488:
478:
471:
469:
454:
447:
445:
430:
423:
421:
403:
396:
394:
389:respectively.
383:Zodiacal light
239:
236:
234:
231:
49:Luxor Obelisks
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2773:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
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2713:
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2702:
2699:
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2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2632:(5), 263–344
2631:
2627:
2626:Edward Chaney
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2590:
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2422:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2141:Saint Peter's
2138:
2132:
2129:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2060:9788291626017
2056:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1884:(5), 263–344
1883:
1879:
1878:Edward Chaney
1874:
1871:
1867:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1812:9780375426001
1808:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1734:Scott, Robert
1731:
1727:
1718:
1715:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:Dagger (mark)
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1469:Islamic world
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:Others usages
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:Market Square
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:Monrepos Park
1254:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1084:Pre-Columbian
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
999:Arles Obelisk
996:
993:
992:
991:
986:Ancient Roman
985:
983:
981:
976:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:Black Obelisk
956:
954:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
920:
915:
913:
905:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
882:
881:Paris, France
878:
874:
873:Luxor Obelisk
870:
866:
862:
854:
850:
846:
841:
834:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
805:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
753:Palazzo Pitti
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:Spanish Steps
710:
706:
702:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
668:
667:Carlo Maderno
664:
660:
655:
651:
647:
641:
639:
634:
633:
628:
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620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
588:
584:
576:
572:
567:
562:
554:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
531:was found at
530:
529:Senkamanisken
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:black granite
507:
503:
499:
491:
485:
481:
475:
470:
466:
462:
458:
451:
446:
442:
438:
437:Al-Matariyyah
434:
427:
422:
418:
414:
413:Luxor Obelisk
410:
406:
400:
395:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
357:
356:
351:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
293:Al-Matariyyah
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
271:The earliest
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
245:
237:
232:
230:
228:
223:
219:
215:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
173:
166:
161:
157:
154:
147:
143:
140:
139:Ancient Greek
134:
101:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2693:
2674:
2645:
2638:
2629:
2619:
2604:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2547:
2540:"Dispatches"
2535:
2527:
2522:
2506:
2495:
2485:27 September
2483:. Retrieved
2479:the original
2473:
2466:
2456:15 September
2454:. Retrieved
2451:obelisks.org
2450:
2441:
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2425:the original
2415:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2367:. Retrieved
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2355:
2345:
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2320:
2308:. Retrieved
2295:
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2206:the original
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2091:. Retrieved
2079:
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2032:. Retrieved
2020:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1991:the original
1984:
1971:
1960:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:
1891:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1858:. Retrieved
1838:
1830:
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1817:
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1701:
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1343:war memorial
1179:Buenos Aires
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761:
745:Villa Medici
698:
662:
643:
630:
624:
592:
580:
533:Gebel Barkal
526:
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495:
439:district in
353:
350:Egyptologist
344:
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2683:(in French)
1707:26 February
1702:www.pbs.org
1592:listed here
1581:Mark Lehner
1429:Kim Il Sung
1421:Juche Tower
1067:, Turkey –
997:, France –
932:in 1853 at
799:ventennalia
681:Ramesses II
514:Old Dongola
387:sun pillars
196:and called
137:; from
65:metric tons
2710:Categories
2598:References
2356:Aegyptiaca
2080:Aegyptiaca
2023:(2): 130.
2021:Aegyptiaca
2000:30 January
1906:23 January
1465:headstones
1339:New Jersey
1197:(1975) in
1185:(1958) in
1177:(1936) in
1169:(1884) in
1161:(1861) in
1153:(1835) in
1145:(1800) in
1118:indigenous
1011:, Italy –
795:Alexandria
772:hippodrome
685:Heliopolis
625:The elder
559:See also:
457:Hatshepsut
433:Senusret I
340:pyramidion
285:Senusret I
277:metric-ton
242:See also:
227:monolithic
190:pyramidion
160:diminutive
92:monolithic
69:short tons
61:monolithic
2741:Sculpture
2726:Monoliths
2431:21 August
2212:21 August
2181:21 August
1986:Astronomy
1783: in
1758:"obelisk"
1724:ὀβελίσκος
1534:Grave of
1522:, Austria
1514:Grave of
1476:surveying
1458:lampposts
1425:Pyongyang
1298:, Finland
1290:, at the
1147:Stockholm
1043:Byzantine
1009:Benevento
549:Aktisanes
545:cartouche
419:in Paris)
355:Astronomy
312:Akhenaten
281:short-ton
258:Herodotus
209:obeliskos
186:pyramidal
153:obelískos
146:ὀβελίσκος
51:, on the
2716:Obelisks
2275:(1985).
2139:(1967).
1949:(1911).
1860:10 March
1621:See also
1542:, France
1296:Helsinki
1193:and the
1155:Helsinki
1139:concrete
1065:Istanbul
1059:, Turkey
1057:Istanbul
1013:Domitian
980:monolith
912:Assyrian
906:Assyrian
896:New York
847:painter
821:Istanbul
776:Caesarea
757:Florence
721:elephant
646:Sixtus V
615:Caligula
577:, Turkey
575:Istanbul
547:of King
496:Ancient
334:form of
238:Egyptian
182:monument
18:Obelisks
2559:14 June
2369:18 June
2335:14 June
2310:14 June
2257:14 June
2158:purl.pt
2121:14 June
2093:17 June
2034:17 June
1959:(ed.).
1931:14 June
1785:Liddell
1742:at the
1607:papyrus
1502:, Italy
1402:Jakarta
1382:Beijing
1199:Jakarta
1191:Beijing
1143:Obelisk
1135:masonry
1015:Obelisk
934:Nineveh
875:at the
827:of the
807:of the
629:in his
500:of the
486:, Egypt
467:, Egypt
455:Tip of
443:, Egypt
407:of the
375:sunrise
371:pyramid
363:pyramid
287:of the
254:temples
218:English
199:tekhenu
100:obelisk
2652:
2611:
2542:, NOVA
2283:
2057:
1851:
1809:
1779:οβελός
1610:scroll
1569:, U.S.
1520:Vienna
1448:, the
1264:Vyborg
1241:Dublin
1181:, the
1173:, the
1165:, the
1163:Dublin
1157:, the
1019:Munich
1005:origin
953:Nimrud
892:London
735:, and
731:, the
603:iconic
583:temple
492:Nubian
379:sunset
320:Benben
273:temple
204:Greeks
202:, the
172:obelós
165:ὀβελός
2677:1929)
1994:(PDF)
1981:(PDF)
1955:. In
1789:Scott
1685:Notes
1433:Juche
1071:, at
1025:, at
1003:Roman
995:Arles
900:Paris
888:Egypt
825:spina
804:spina
780:Judea
683:from
644:Pope
638:Ostia
627:Pliny
541:Sudan
484:Aswan
465:Luxor
405:Pylon
279:(130-
266:Aswan
214:Latin
141:
67:(280
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36:Stele
2650:ISBN
2609:ISBN
2561:2013
2487:2010
2458:2019
2433:2015
2371:2019
2337:2013
2312:2013
2281:ISBN
2259:2013
2214:2015
2183:2015
2123:2013
2095:2019
2055:ISBN
2036:2019
2002:2021
1933:2013
1908:2023
1862:2014
1849:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1787:and
1709:2018
1615:Axum
1586:NOVA
1555:Tomb
1500:Rome
1446:Rome
1419:The
1396:The
1372:The
1356:The
1333:The
1310:The
1278:The
1235:The
1106:Lima
1096:Peru
1051:The
1034:see
972:Jehu
958:The
924:The
917:The
898:and
843:The
791:Nile
693:Rome
569:The
506:Piye
385:and
377:and
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316:Aten
178:spit
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2360:doi
2330:PBS
2305:PBS
2233:doi
2116:PBS
2084:doi
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