410:(shell beads). The wampum is employed in all matters of public importance. Their funerals were known to be quiet and solemn, with the women covering their faces. There were also special events such as the Planting Feast which would happen in May or when the Onondaga believed the ground was ready. This was three days for penitential and religious services. One day for the children's dance, and one each for the Four Persons, the Holder for the Heavens, the Thunder, and for gambling. The Strawberry Feast comes when the berries are ripe. This day there are dancing for the Thunder and a feast of strawberries. The Green Bean Dance comes when the green beans are fit for use. This day there are dances for the Thunder and a mixture of war and feather dances. The Green Corn dance always comes after the Green Bean dance. This day there are three days for religious services, one for the children, one for the Four Persons, one for the Holder of the heavens, and one for the Thunder with the feast. The Onondaga's Thanksgiving feast in October closely resembled the Green Corn Dance.
399:
346:, which emerge from underground every seventeen years. The sudden arrival of such a large quantity of the insects provided a source of sustenance for the Onondaga people who were experiencing severe food insecurity following the Sullivan campaigns and the subsequent brutal winter. The seemingly miraculous arrival of the cicadas (specifically, Brood VII also known as the Onondaga brood) is commemorated by the Onondaga as though it were an intervention by the Creator to ensure their survival after such a traumatizing, catastrophic event.
50:
100:
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323:, the Onondaga were at first officially neutral, although individual Onondaga warriors were involved in at least one raid on American settlements. After Americans attacked their main village on April 20, 1779, the Onondaga later sided with the majority of the League and fought against the American colonists in alliance with the
372:
The
Onondaga Nation was crucial in forming the Iroquois League which led them to be very well revered by their peers. The "Tree of Peace" was planted on Onondaga Land. Onondaga has been regarded as the capital of Iroquois land. The Onondaga were known as the Central Fire-Keepers of the Confederacy.
413:
The
Onondaga peoples place great emphasis on giving thanks, and this is reflected in their ceremonies. Ceremonial songs would be performed in the longhouse, and danced to in a counter-clockwise direction since this is the life-providing direction of Mother Earth, moon, and stars. The more spirited
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and foot races were always known to be favorites of the
Onondaga people. They also adopted many games from European settlers such as mumble the peg, marbles, some games of ball, pull away, and fox and geese in the snow. Hide and seek and blindmanbajj's bluff were played but no games with song.
276:
territory. This reserve used to be
Haudenosaunee hunting grounds, but much of the Confederacy relocated there as a result of the American Revolution. Although the British promised the security of Haudenosaunee homelands, the 1783 treaty of Paris ceded the territory over to the United States.
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was always held by an
Onondaga chief; he was to be the chief arbitrator of the Lords of the Confederacy. The Onondaga maintained the largest number chieftainship titles as well as the largest number of clans among the Iroquois.
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lineage, meaning that clan membership is inherited from the mother. Membership in the
Onondaga is also exclusively inherited matrilineally. The clan system extends throughout the Haudenosaunee, and clan members from other
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Onondaga peoples believe it is their duty to help and support their clan in tough times, sickness, and death. Interclan marriages are mandatory, so a member of one clan can only marry someone outside of their clan.
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sites in the claimed area. The Court of
Appeals for the Second Circuit rejected the Onondagas' claim in 2012, and the Supreme Court in 2013 declined to hear an appeal.
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The
Onondaga were known as the guardians or watchkeepers of the league. They were keepers of the law in order to preserve traditions and institutions. The culture hero
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debated joining the
Haudenosaunee based on the Great Peacemaker's teachings, a solar eclipse took place. The most likely eclipse visible in the area was in 1142 AD.
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the singing and dancing, the more thanks is given to the
Creator. The Onondaga peoples rely on the lunar calendar for their ceremonies that occur, and there are
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542:, filed a land rights action in federal court, seeking acknowledgment of title to over 3,000 square miles (7,800 km) of ancestral lands centering in
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Iroquois Chiefs from the Six Nations Reserve reading wampum belts in Brantford, Ontario in 1871. Joseph Snow, Onondaga chief, is first on the left.
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The Onondaga practice the sprinkling of ashes when juggling the treatment of the sick. They also do a public confession of sins upon a string of
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331:", breaking the neutrality agreement and devastating the Onondaga people. When the United States won independence, many Onondaga followed
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with the United States, in which their right to their homeland was acknowledged by the United States in article II of the treaty.
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of particular sites of Onondaga habitation shows dates starting close to 1200AD ± 60 years with growth for hundreds of years.
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a continued placement of villages on defensive high points away from rivers and the presence of defensive earthen embankments
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to their east. For this reason, the League of the Iroquois historically met at the Iroquois government's capital at
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In the aftermath of the "Sullivan Expedition", following the brutal winter of 1780, there was a massive swarm of
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1347:"The Onondaga Nation, in Unprecedented Land Back Moment, Regains 1,023 Acres of the Land From New York State"
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Process and Meaning in Spatial Archaeology: Investigations into Pre-Columbian Iroquoian Space and Place
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On November 11, 1794, the Onondaga Nation, along with the other Haudenosaunee nations, signed the
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was an Onondaga Indian and was essential in the early organization of the league. The title of
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are nominated by clan mothers, rather than elected. One's clan is determined by their
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Blau, Harold (1965). "Historical Factors in Onondaga Iroquois Cultural Stability".
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a gradual evolution of pottery vessels and smoking pipe forms and decorations
1325:"Supreme Court rejects Onondaga Indian Nation's land claim against New York"
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On June 29, 2022, 1,023 acres of land were returned to the Onondaga Nation.
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1234:"Revisiting Onondaga Iroquois Prehistory through Social Network Analysis"
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responsible for initiating the ceremonies based on the different moons.
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Being centrally located, they are considered the "Keepers of the Fire" (
993:"A Story of Survival Revived by the Cicadas' Loud (and Crunchy) Return"
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1045:. 1794 Canandaigua Treaty Commemoration Committee, Inc. Archived from
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1018:"Ogweñ•yó'da' déñ'se' Hanadagá•yas: The Cicada and George Washington"
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Seven Generations of Iroquois Leadership: The Six Nations Since 1800
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to Upper Canada, where they were given land by the British Crown at
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212:"People of the Hills") are one of the five original nations of the
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Todadaho Sid Hill, Traditional Chief of the Onondaga Nation at the
764:"Onondaga's Say: That's not us in your census (reprint from 2001)"
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599:(Lives at Onondaga and holds a Faithkeeper title, but is Seneca)
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1240:. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. pp. 189–214.
953:
Onondaga Iroquois Prehistory: A Study in Settlement Archaeology
513:
565:
The Onondaga very much enjoyed sports and physical activity.
956:(reprint ed.). Syracuse University Press. p. 197.
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Some factors that defined pre-colonial Onondaga life were:
300:
This oral tradition is supported by archeological studies.
220:. Their historical homelands are in and around present-day
436:
a gradual evolution of stone and bone tools and implements
153:, Kanoh'hon'io, Kahni'kwi'io, other Indigenous religions,
1417:
921:
Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy)
640:, or 'Great Wolf'), (1795–1873; chief from 1850 to 1873)
272:. Onondaga people also live near Brantford, Ontario on
795:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
538:
On March 11, 2005, the Onondaga Nation in the town of
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are considered family. In total there are nine clans:
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continuity of house forms and inferred communal living
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approached the Onondaga and other tribes to found the
915:
Johansen, Bruce Elliott; Mann, Barbara Alice (2000).
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and author of his eponymous Code, died at Onondaga.
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United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
646:(1903–1993), actress, director, speech pathologist
582:Rose Doctor, Onondaga people Wolf Clan, Clanmother
1578:Settlement of the northern shores of Lake Ontario
1845:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
1232:Hart, John P.; Engelbrecht, William E. (2016).
228:
864:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 136–138.
861:The Native Peoples of North America: a History
635:
205:
1614:
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1156:Beauchamp, W. M. (1888). "Onondaga Customs".
8:
1043:"1794 Pickering Treaty With the Six Nations"
790:"Registered Population – Onondaga Clear Sky"
462:The Onondaga in New York have a traditional
40:
1875:Native Americans in the American Revolution
1850:Native American history of New York (state)
1365:Beauchamp, W. M. (1895). "Onondaga Notes".
1236:. In Eric E. Jones; John L. Creese (eds.).
923:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 105.
820:Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999.
293:. The tradition tells that at the time the
1855:Native American tribes in New York (state)
1773:St. John the Baptist Greek Catholic Church
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652:(professional lacrosse player) (born 1992)
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1804:Irish Tipperary Hill Heritage Memorial
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445:the continued use of human face motifs
264:In the United States, the home of the
261:, as the traditional chiefs do today.
356:In 1816, 450 Onondaga were living in
315:of his attack on an Onondaga village.
249:have territory to their west and the
7:
1870:History of Onondaga County, New York
798:. Government of Canada. 9 April 2019
241:that shelters the Five Nations. The
63:Regions with significant populations
1860:Ethnic groups in Syracuse, New York
1630:Ethnic groups in Syracuse, New York
1865:History of Broome County, New York
1349:. onondaganation.org. 1 July 2022.
664:(poet, novelist and visual artist)
25:
1327:. CNYCentral.com. 15 October 2013
887:"Dating the Iroquois Confederacy"
830:Groat, Cody (February 18, 2020).
439:continuity in subsistence systems
285:According to oral tradition, the
1367:The Journal of American Folklore
1158:The Journal of American Folklore
885:Johansen, Bruce E. (Fall 1995).
832:"Six Nations of the Grand River"
98:
70:
1814:Sainte Marie among the Iroquois
658:lawyer and activist (1947–2015)
448:evidence for bear ceremonialism
1418:Onondaga Reservation, New York
978:"US Presidents – Hanadagá•yas"
696:Six Nations of the Grand River
216:(Iroquois) Confederacy in the
1:
1794:African American Jerry Rescue
1072:. Syracuse University Press.
991:Rojas, Rick (June 22, 2018).
818:Tuscarora English Dictionary,
386:, the Seneca half-brother of
1314:, n.d., accessed 11 Nov 2015
466:form of government, wherein
140:, Other Iroquoian languages.
1420:United States Census Bureau
1068:Hauptman, Laurence (2008).
703:Other spellings encountered
1896:
1778:St. Peter's Italian Church
1246:10.5876/9781607325109.c007
321:American Revolutionary War
224:, south of Lake Ontario.
29:
1405:. Retrieved 11 Sept 2012.
1403:Haudenosaunee Confederacy
836:The Canadian Encyclopedia
362:Buffalo Creek Reservation
222:Onondaga County, New York
165:
149:
132:
47:
32:Onondaga (disambiguation)
1400:"Current Clan Mothers."
950:Tuck, James A. (1990).
656:Tonya Gonnella Frichner
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360:, 210 of whom lived on
329:The Sullivan Expedition
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1468:League of the Iroquois
1312:Syracuse Post Standard
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161:Related ethnic groups
1752:Irish Tipperary Hill
688:Onondaga of Ohswegen
675:Onondaga Reservation
621:Iroquois Confederacy
270:Onondaga Reservation
237:) in the figurative
151:Longhouse/Gai'hwi:io
30:For other uses, see
980:. 22 February 2014.
739:HMCS Onondaga (S73)
313:Samuel de Champlain
44:
1880:Onondaga, New York
1563:Great Law of Peace
1433:, official website
1306:2010-12-06 at the
997:The New York Times
745:John Arthur Gibson
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544:Syracuse, New York
540:Onondaga, New York
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344:periodical cicadas
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230:Kayečisnakwe’nì·yu
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1709:Pacific Islanders
1644:African Americans
1596:
1595:
1079:978-0-8156-3165-1
963:978-0-8156-2511-7
930:978-0-313-30880-2
871:978-0-8135-3899-0
856:Bruce E. Johansen
770:. 16 January 2020
734:Onondaga language
710:Onondaga language
698:, Ontario, Canada
692:Bearfoot Onondaga
199:(Onontaerrhonon,
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1201:. 2014-02-18
1198:
1195:"Ceremonies"
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1024:. 2018-05-14
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155:Christianity
123:2,894 (2019)
37:Ethnic group
27:Ethnic group
1573:Jigonhsasee
1533:Ethnobotany
1523:Clan Mother
1053:6 September
802:2 September
774:2 September
628:Sidney Hill
609:Canassatego
472:matrilineal
458:Clan System
388:Cornplanter
337:Six Nations
274:Six Nations
43:Onoñda’gegá
1829:Categories
1729:Vietnamese
1724:Ukrainians
1412:References
1288:2020-12-08
1205:2020-12-08
1028:2024-04-02
936:2010-05-23
901:2020-02-09
841:2020-12-08
816:Rudes, B.
694:, both at
597:Oren Lyons
464:matriachal
453:Government
311:Sketch by
1659:Bhutanese
1553:Mythology
1548:Languages
1507:Tuscarora
1278:"Culture"
677:south of
552:Superfund
375:Hyenwatha
239:longhouse
235:Tuscarora
187:Iroquoian
128:Languages
18:Onondagas
1840:Iroquois
1835:Onondaga
1689:Italians
1583:Tadodaho
1543:Hiawatha
1492:Onondaga
1304:Archived
1002:April 2,
858:(2006).
728:See also
683:Syracuse
681:outside
626:Tadodaho
617:Tadadaho
613:Hiawatha
592:Tadodaho
567:Lacrosse
379:Tadodaho
358:New York
259:Onondaga
201:Onondaga
189:peoples
185:, other
145:Religion
138:Onondaga
85:New York
41:Onondaga
1787:Related
1699:Latinos
1674:Germans
1664:British
1528:Economy
1475:Peoples
1331:29 June
619:of the
477:nations
422:Culture
394:Customs
325:British
319:In the
281:History
268:is the
134:English
117:Nunavut
113:Ontario
91:Unknown
1679:Greeks
1669:French
1654:Asians
1637:Groups
1558:Orenda
1516:Topics
1502:Seneca
1497:Oneida
1487:Mohawk
1482:Cayuga
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251:Oneida
247:Seneca
243:Cayuga
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106:Canada
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1734:Welsh
1719:Slavs
1714:Poles
1684:Irish
1649:Arabs
1383:JSTOR
1260:JSTOR
1174:JSTOR
1124:JSTOR
751:Notes
669:Today
504:heron
499:snipe
1694:Jews
1538:Flag
1333:2017
1250:ISBN
1074:ISBN
1055:2016
1004:2024
958:ISBN
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