49:
360:
575:
69:
415:— a series of cell divisions with little or no overall growth or nuclear divisions. The resulting opalines, which become gradually smaller with fewer nuclei per individual, are called tomonts. At some point the small tomonts undergo encystment, and the cysts are released into the environment (i.e. the breeding pool of the anuran host) along with the feces.
441:
multinucleate protrophont. In this case, the protrophont grows into a trophont and the whole cycle starts over again. The cycle from protrophont to cyst may occur in either the tadpole or adult hosts. Some evidence suggests that the life cycle transitions of opalines may be governed by the hormonal cycles of the host.
477:
hosts. Their scarcity outside of anuran hosts had led many to speculate that the others are just incidental infestations—maybe the infested snake had just eaten an infested frog, for example. However, opalines have been found in saltwater fish which have no access to anurans. Also, the populations
414:
trophonts in the adult anuran cloaca. Through much of the year, the trophonts grow and divide continually to yield more trophonts. Nuclear divisions maintain the appropriate number of nuclei during this phase. As the host's breeding season approaches, the trophonts enter a phase known as palintomy
461:
They are found almost exclusively in the large intestine and cloaca. Since the anuran absorbs the nutrients from its food in the small intestine, the opalines are probably not depriving their hosts of nutrients. It is believed that the opalines are simply living off the "left-over" nutrients in the
350:
Earl 1973, have not been considered as valid by subsequent authors (p. 249) The 5 recognized genera differ in terms of the number of nuclei, the appearance and location of the falx (two short, sickle-shaped rows of flagella), and whether the long rows of flagella (called "kineties") cover the
440:
zygocyst with one nucleus. The zygocyst has two possible fates. It may be shed along with the feces of the tadpole host; and if eaten by another tadpole, it will excyst (hatch) to yield more gamonts in the new host. Alternatively, the zygocyst may excyst in its original host and grow into a
314:
of the family
Proteromonadidae. A new order—Slopalinida Patterson 1985—was proposed to include the members of the families Proteromonadidae Grassé 1952 and Opalinidae Claus 1874. In 2004, the first reliable opaline genetic sequence data supported the
351:
body evenly or if there is a "bald spot". Due to the differences in body shape among the different life cycle stages within a species, the use of overall body shape - whether flat or cylindrical - to differentiate the genera has been de-emphasized.
281:
has been a subject of great controversy since the late 19th century, and is not completely resolved at present. Initially, microscopists believed that the thousands of rhythmically beating hair-like structures which cover their surface were
863:
Foissner, W.; Schubert, G.; Wilbert, N. (1979). "Morphologie, Infraciliatur und
Silberliniensystem von Protoopalina symphysodonis nov. spec. (Protozoa: Opalinata), einer Opalinidae aus dem Intestinum von
501:
Successful culturing of opalines in artificial media for periods of 1 month or more has been reported. This technique will aid tremendously in future studies of all aspects of opaline biology.
465:
Anuran hosts containing many thousands of opalines appear to be completely healthy, with no obvious irritation or other pathological signs on their intestinal or cloacal walls.
888:
2501:
421:
Once cysts are eaten by foraging tadpoles, they excyst (hatch) to yield gamonts. The gamonts divide further, including a meiotic division, to yield
404:
is completed entirely in the tadpole stage of the host. Very little is known about the life cycles of opalines in fish, reptile or arthropod hosts.
382:
2488:
481:
The pathogenicity (if any) of opalines in fish hosts is not yet known. One study found no irritation or other pathological signs on the rectal
957:
319:
nature of the order
Slopalinida. The authors of that study considered the opalines to be a family (Opalinidae) within the order Slopalinida.
604:
48:
359:
229:
appearance of these microscopic organisms when illuminated with full sunlight. Most opalines live in the large intestine and cloaca of
704:
Kostka M, Hampl V, Cepicka I, Flegr J (2004). "Phylogenetic position of
Protoopalina intestinalis based on SSU rRNA gene sequence".
290:. In the early 20th century other aspects of opaline biology clearly differentiated them from the ciliates and they were placed in
998:
762:
Affa'a, F.-M.; Mignot, J.-P.; Amiet, J.-L. (1996). "Morphological and cytological observations on two opalinid endocommensals of
993:
662:
Corliss, J.O.; Balamuth, W. (1963). "Consideration of the opalinids as a new superclass in the subphylum
Sarcomastigophora".
1077:
1067:
1050:
915:
2529:
2449:
68:
950:
2506:
462:
feces, possibly supplemented by the biochemical contributions of the rich bacterial flora which also reside there.
453:. While the opalines are often referred to as "parasites", two lines of evidence suggest that they are actually
374:
478:
of opalines in fish hosts are often very high, suggesting that they are probably reproducing in the fish host.
31:
1082:
258:
1838:
574:
2402:
2290:
2285:
2253:
2248:
1874:
1810:
2280:
2047:
1986:
225:, currently assigned to the family Opalinidae, in the order Slopalinida. Their name is derived from the
2265:
2195:
2020:
1045:
943:
2313:
2300:
1910:
1846:
1676:
1259:
2270:
2092:
1777:
1671:
1638:
1510:
469:
Only about a dozen reports of opalines in fishes have been published, and even fewer on opalines from
257:; whether they are parasitic is not certain. The unusual features of the opalines, first observed by
199:
2462:
2275:
2258:
2190:
2055:
1996:
1699:
1454:
1449:
1306:
1290:
1160:
1142:
2097:
2087:
2028:
1956:
1852:
1534:
1492:
1464:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1217:
2534:
1981:
1797:
1605:
1395:
1272:
1153:
368:
2308:
2102:
2061:
2172:
1717:
1482:
1285:
1062:
1040:
1028:
1003:
520:
Li, Weidong; Wang, Chong; Huang, Feng; Li, Ming; Nilsen, Frank; Liu, Huiyu; Xu, Jianlong (2014).
206:
63:
1189:
793:
El Mofty MM, Sadek IA (1975). "The effect of fresh toad bile on the induction of encystation in
1786:
1132:
2318:
1933:
1882:
1820:
1625:
1147:
1072:
1035:
1023:
1013:
818:
721:
600:
563:
291:
1426:
2149:
1300:
987:
907:
845:
810:
775:
713:
644:
553:
545:
2440:
836:
Sandon, H. (1980). "Notes on
African opalinids (Protozoa, Opalinata). 1. Zelleriella spp".
2157:
1892:
1828:
1805:
1403:
316:
2006:
1961:
1928:
1738:
1709:
1515:
1472:
1295:
1018:
970:
648:
558:
521:
303:
106:
93:
2523:
2222:
2182:
2074:
1656:
1648:
1633:
1614:
814:
411:
384:. The most comprehensive study published so far concluded that the life cycles of 10
262:
2384:
2167:
2162:
2034:
2001:
1976:
1966:
1951:
1943:
1865:
1751:
1746:
1694:
1661:
1505:
1346:
1280:
1227:
1199:
974:
396:
species are all "remarkably similar" (p. 321). A more recent study found that
230:
192:
119:
2454:
592:
449:
Lacking a mouth, opalines feed by taking in nutrients from their surroundings by
2434:
2371:
2082:
1923:
1918:
1500:
1384:
1359:
1194:
1124:
935:
717:
450:
433:
429:
226:
549:
2138:
1991:
1900:
1686:
1666:
1570:
1171:
482:
474:
436:. Conjugation occurs between one microgamete and one macrogamete, to yield a
311:
299:
287:
222:
2425:
2475:
2240:
1756:
1587:
1477:
1354:
1245:
1209:
966:
635:
Corliss, J.O. (1955). "The opalinid infusorians: Flagellates or ciliates?".
454:
80:
725:
567:
400:
fits the standard opaline life cycle model described below, while that of
322:
There are currently about 200 recognized species of opalines in 5 genera:
2419:
2230:
2211:
1541:
1413:
1365:
1222:
1180:
1137:
1115:
1057:
822:
27:
Small group of peculiar heterokonts, family
Opalinidae, order Slopalinida
2493:
1971:
1335:
1253:
911:
849:
739:
Wessenberg, H. (1961). "Studies on the life cycle and morphogenesis of
470:
437:
278:
266:
250:
246:
185:
178:
17:
1104:
586:
584:
422:
295:
254:
129:
2396:
779:
2480:
381:
Like many parasites, the life cycle of opalines is rather complex
358:
283:
238:
234:
2467:
599:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 247–325.
242:
2400:
939:
685:(family Opalinidae): Opalinid phylogeny and classification".
428:. Each gamete has only one nucleus and may be either a
410:
The basic opaline life cycle begins with the large,
2409:
2363:
2299:
2239:
2221:
2208:
2181:
2148:
2135:
2073:
2046:
2019:
1942:
1909:
1891:
1873:
1864:
1837:
1819:
1796:
1776:
1769:
1737:
1730:
1708:
1685:
1647:
1624:
1604:
1597:
1584:
1567:
1524:
1491:
1463:
1425:
1412:
1394:
1381:
1345:
1332:
1271:
1244:
1208:
1179:
1170:
1123:
1114:
1101:
342:Delvinquier et al. 1991. Two additional genera,
493:, but stated that "most infected animals died".
419:Sexual and asexual phases in larval anuran host.
310:revealed that they share many features with the
261:in 1683, has led to much debate regarding their
681:Patterson, D.J. (1985). "The fine structure of
622:Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his "little animals"
595:. In Kreier, Julius P.; Baker, John R. (eds.).
951:
8:
591:Delvinquier, .L.J.; Patterson, D.J. (1993).
515:
513:
277:The relationship between opalines and other
745:University of California Studies in Zoology
2397:
2296:
2218:
2205:
2145:
2132:
1870:
1773:
1766:
1734:
1601:
1594:
1581:
1577:
1564:
1422:
1391:
1378:
1342:
1329:
1268:
1176:
1120:
1111:
1098:
958:
944:
936:
47:
38:
557:
457:which do no harm to their anuran hosts.
509:
241:), though they are sometimes found in
7:
868:Pellegrin (Percoidei: Cichlidae.)".
889:"Binary fission and encystation of
624:. London: Bale, Sons and Danielson.
408:Asexual phase in adult anuran host.
649:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1955.tb02410.x
526:Nie, 1935 inhabiting the recta of
286:, and they placed the opalines in
25:
887:Hanamura, K.; Endoh, H. (2001).
573:
67:
930:(and references cited therein)
221:are a small group of peculiar
1:
445:Hosts and commensal lifestyle
815:10.1016/0020-7519(75)90032-6
497:In vitro culture of opalines
366:from the recta of the frogs
326:Purkinje and Valentin 1835,
768:Canadian Journal of Zoology
718:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.009
2551:
491:Protoopalina symphysodonis
302:. In the 1980s, detailed
29:
2379:
2204:
2131:
1765:
1580:
1563:
1377:
1328:
1097:
981:
866:Symphysodon aequifasciata
532:Pelophylax nigromaculatus
487:Symphysodon aequifasciata
375:Pelophylax nigromaculatus
174:
169:
64:Scientific classification
62:
55:
46:
41:
550:10.1051/parasite/2014021
32:Opaline (disambiguation)
838:Systematic Parasitology
664:Journal of Protozoology
637:Journal of Protozoology
259:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1875:Discosporangiophycidae
378:
273:Taxonomy and phylogeny
1839:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
893:sp. in axenic medium"
870:Zoologischer Anzeiger
764:Acanthixalus spinosus
706:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol
362:
2291:Arachnoidiscophytina
2286:Rhizosloleniophytina
2254:Leptocylindrophyceae
2249:Leptocylindrophytina
1811:Pleurochloridellales
1143:Pseudodendromonadida
766:(Amphibia, Anura)".
30:For other uses, see
2530:Heterokont families
2281:Coscinodiscophytina
2048:Schizocladiophyceae
1987:Phaeosiphoniellales
1798:Phaeothamniophyceae
1606:Olisthodiscophyceae
1396:Hyphochytriomycetes
1273:Labyrinthulomycetes
795:Opalina sudafricana
620:Dobell, C. (1932).
369:Sylvirana guentheri
265:position among the
2266:Ellerbeckiophytina
2214:
2210:
2196:Sarcinochrysidales
2173:Rhizochromulinales
2141:
2137:
2021:Phaeosacciophyceae
1718:Pinguiochrysidales
1590:
1586:
1573:
1569:
1414:Peronosporomycetes
1387:
1383:
1338:
1334:
1107:
1103:
912:10.2108/zsj.18.381
900:Zoological Science
850:10.1007/BF00009844
597:Parasitic Protozoa
528:Hylarana guentheri
524:Protoopalina pingi
522:"Redescription of
398:Cepedea couillardi
379:
364:Protoopalina pingi
338:Metcalf 1920, and
57:Protoopalina pingi
2517:
2516:
2403:Taxon identifiers
2394:
2393:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2319:Bacillariophyceae
2314:Biddulphiophyceae
2301:Bacillariophytina
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2015:
2014:
1934:Syringodermatales
1911:Dictyochophycidae
1883:Discosporangiales
1847:Chrysoparadoxales
1821:Chrysomerophyceae
1726:
1725:
1677:Thallochrysidales
1626:Eustigmatophyceae
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1260:Pseudophyllomitus
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
803:Int. J. Parasitol
606:978-0-12-426013-9
292:Sarcomastigophora
215:
214:
165:
16:(Redirected from
2542:
2510:
2509:
2497:
2496:
2484:
2483:
2471:
2470:
2458:
2457:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2398:
2297:
2271:Probosciophytina
2219:
2215:
2206:
2150:Dictyochophyceae
2146:
2142:
2133:
2093:Rhizochloridales
1871:
1778:Aurearenophyceae
1774:
1767:
1735:
1672:Rhizochrysidales
1639:Goniochloridales
1602:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1511:Salilagenidiales
1423:
1419:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1301:Thraustochytrida
1269:
1177:
1121:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1010:
990:
960:
953:
946:
937:
931:
929:
927:
926:
920:
914:. Archived from
897:
884:
878:
877:
860:
854:
853:
844:(3–4): 171–188.
833:
827:
826:
790:
784:
783:
759:
753:
752:
736:
730:
729:
701:
695:
694:
678:
672:
671:
659:
653:
652:
632:
626:
625:
617:
611:
610:
588:
579:
578:
577:
571:
561:
517:
340:Protozelleriella
200:Protozelleriella
163:
72:
71:
51:
39:
21:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2505:
2500:
2492:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2461:
2453:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2405:
2395:
2390:
2375:
2323:
2295:
2276:Melosirophytina
2259:Corethrophyceae
2235:
2209:
2200:
2191:Pelagomonadales
2177:
2158:Florenciellales
2136:
2107:
2069:
2056:Schizocladiales
2042:
2011:
1997:Scytothamniales
1938:
1905:
1893:Ishigeophycidae
1887:
1860:
1833:
1829:Chrysomeridales
1815:
1806:Phaeothamniales
1792:
1761:
1722:
1704:
1700:Chlamydomyxales
1681:
1643:
1620:
1585:
1568:
1547:
1520:
1487:
1459:
1455:Rozellopsidales
1450:Olpidiopsidales
1417:
1416:
1408:
1404:Hyphochytriales
1382:
1373:
1333:
1312:
1307:Stellarchytrium
1291:Oblongichytrida
1267:
1232:
1204:
1166:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1008:
986:
977:
964:
934:
924:
922:
918:
895:
886:
885:
881:
862:
861:
857:
835:
834:
830:
792:
791:
787:
780:10.1139/z96-171
761:
760:
756:
738:
737:
733:
703:
702:
698:
683:Opalina ranarum
680:
679:
675:
661:
660:
656:
634:
633:
629:
619:
618:
614:
607:
590:
589:
582:
572:
519:
518:
511:
507:
499:
447:
402:Opalina proteus
357:
308:Opalina ranarum
304:ultrastructural
275:
162:
66:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2498:
2485:
2472:
2459:
2446:
2431:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2365:Incertae sedis
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2143:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2098:Tribonematales
2095:
2090:
2088:Mischococcales
2085:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2029:Phaeosacciales
2025:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2007:Tilopteridales
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:Desmarestiales
1959:
1957:Asterocladales
1954:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1929:Sphacelariales
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:Chrysoparadoxa
1843:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1780:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:Chattonellales
1743:
1741:
1739:Raphidomonadea
1732:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1710:Pinguiophyceae
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1608:
1599:
1592:
1575:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1535:Diatomophthora
1530:
1528:
1526:incertae sedis
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1516:Saprolegniales
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1493:Saprolegniidae
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1473:Peronosporales
1469:
1467:
1465:Peronosporidae
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1445:Lagenismatales
1442:
1440:Haptoglossales
1437:
1435:Anisolpidiales
1431:
1429:
1420:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1340:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1296:Labyrinthulida
1293:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1218:Proteromonadea
1214:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:Mesomycetozoea
1080:
1075:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1019:Diaphoretickes
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
983:
982:
979:
978:
965:
963:
962:
955:
948:
940:
933:
932:
879:
855:
828:
799:Bufo regularis
785:
774:(8): 1573–84.
754:
731:
696:
687:Protistologica
673:
654:
643:(3): 107–114.
627:
612:
605:
593:"The opalines"
580:
508:
506:
503:
498:
495:
489:infested with
467:
466:
463:
446:
443:
392:species and 1
356:
353:
348:Bezzenbergeria
346:Earl 1971 and
334:Metcalf 1920,
330:Metcalf 1918,
274:
271:
213:
212:
211:
210:
203:
196:
189:
182:
172:
171:
167:
166:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
110:
109:
104:
97:
96:
94:Diaphoretickes
91:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
60:
59:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2547:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2223:Bolidophyceae
2220:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2183:Pelagophyceae
2180:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2075:Xanthophyceae
2072:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:Neodermatales
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1752:Actinophryida
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:Chromulinales
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1649:Chrysophyceae
1646:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1634:Eustigmatales
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1615:Olisthodiscus
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:Stramenopiles
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1009:(major groups
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
989:
985:
984:
980:
976:
975:Stramenopiles
972:
968:
961:
956:
954:
949:
947:
942:
941:
938:
921:on 2017-10-25
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
892:
883:
880:
876:(1–2): 71–85.
875:
871:
867:
859:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
809:(2): 219–24.
808:
804:
800:
797:parasitic in
796:
789:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
758:
755:
751:(6): 315–370.
750:
746:
742:
735:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
700:
697:
693:(4): 413–428.
692:
688:
684:
677:
674:
669:
665:
658:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
628:
623:
616:
613:
608:
602:
598:
594:
587:
585:
581:
576:
569:
565:
560:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
533:
529:
525:
516:
514:
510:
504:
502:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
479:
476:
472:
464:
460:
459:
458:
456:
452:
444:
442:
439:
435:
431:
427:
424:
420:
416:
413:
412:multinucleate
409:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
377:
376:
371:
370:
365:
361:
354:
352:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
272:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
209:
208:
204:
202:
201:
197:
195:
194:
190:
188:
187:
183:
181:
180:
176:
175:
173:
168:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:Stramenopiles
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
70:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2410:
2385:paraphyletic
2370:
2364:
2309:Mediophyceae
2168:Pedinellales
2163:Dictyochales
2103:Vaucheriales
2062:Schizocladia
2060:
2035:Phaeosaccion
2033:
2002:Sporochnales
1977:Laminariales
1967:Ectocarpales
1952:Ascoseirales
1944:Fucophycidae
1866:Phaeophyceae
1851:
1785:
1695:Synchromales
1662:Hibberdiales
1613:
1540:
1533:
1525:
1506:Leptomitales
1364:
1347:Bigyromonada
1305:
1281:Amphitremida
1258:
1228:Blastocystea
1200:Opalomonadea
1159:
1152:
1068:Opisthokonta
923:. Retrieved
916:the original
906:(3): 381–7.
903:
899:
890:
882:
873:
869:
865:
858:
841:
837:
831:
806:
802:
798:
794:
788:
771:
767:
763:
757:
748:
744:
740:
734:
712:(1): 220–4.
709:
705:
699:
690:
686:
682:
676:
670:(Suppl): 26.
667:
663:
657:
640:
636:
630:
621:
615:
596:
541:
537:
531:
527:
523:
500:
490:
486:
480:
468:
448:
425:
418:
417:
407:
406:
401:
397:
394:Protoopalina
393:
389:
385:
380:
373:
367:
363:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:Protoopalina
327:
323:
321:
317:monophyletic
307:
276:
263:phylogenetic
218:
216:
205:
198:
193:Protoopalina
191:
184:
177:
159:
149:
139:
113:
100:
87:
56:
36:
2435:Wikispecies
2372:Platysulcus
2083:Botrydiales
1924:Onslowiales
1919:Dictyotales
1501:Albuginales
1483:Rhipidiales
1418:(Oomycetes)
1385:Pseudofungi
1360:Pirsoniales
1286:Amphifilida
1195:Nanomonadea
1125:Bicosoecida
451:pinocytosis
434:macrogamete
430:microgamete
390:Zelleriella
388:species, 1
344:Hegneriella
336:Zelleriella
312:heterokonts
306:studies of
300:flagellates
294:, with the
223:heterokonts
207:Zelleriella
42:Opalinidae
2535:Placidozoa
2524:Categories
2455:Opalinidae
2441:Opalinidae
2411:Opalinidae
2139:Diatomista
1992:Ralfsiales
1901:Ishigeales
1757:Commatiida
1687:Picophagea
1667:Hydrurales
1571:Ochrophyta
1190:Placididea
1172:Placidozoa
925:2008-11-14
505:References
483:epithelium
475:salamander
455:commensals
355:Life cycle
288:Ciliophora
227:opalescent
164:Claus 1874
160:Opalinidae
2241:Diatomeae
1787:Aurearena
1588:Chrysista
1478:Pythiales
1355:Developea
1246:Sagenista
1210:Opalinata
1133:Bicoecida
1063:Amoebozoa
1041:Alveolata
1029:Cryptista
1004:Eukaryota
967:Eukaryota
534:in China"
150:Opalinida
81:Eukaryota
2420:Wikidata
2231:Parmales
2212:Khakista
1542:Miracula
1366:Pirsonia
1223:Opalinea
1181:Wobblata
1148:Borokida
1138:Anoecida
1116:Opalozoa
1058:Amorphea
1036:Rhizaria
1024:Hacrobia
1014:Excavata
999:Bacteria
726:15324850
568:25208482
538:Parasite
279:protists
267:protists
251:molluscs
247:reptiles
219:opalines
156:Family:
140:Opalinea
126:Phylum:
77:Domain:
2494:7452643
2468:2863939
2426:Q432184
1972:Fucales
1427:Eogamia
1336:Gyrista
1254:Eogyrea
1161:Cantina
1073:Animals
994:Archaea
891:Opalina
741:Opalina
559:4160848
471:reptile
438:diploid
426:gametes
423:haploid
386:Opalina
332:Cepedea
324:Opalina
296:amoebae
255:insects
231:anurans
186:Opalina
179:Cepedea
170:Genera
146:Order:
136:Class:
18:Opaline
2481:1OPALF
2387:groups
1154:Rictus
1105:Bigyra
1051:Plants
988:Domain
823:803935
821:
724:
603:
566:
556:
544:: 46.
130:Bigyra
2507:94701
1078:Fungi
919:(PDF)
896:(PDF)
432:or a
284:cilia
239:toads
235:frogs
114:Clade
101:Clade
88:Clade
2502:NCBI
2489:GBIF
2476:EPPO
819:PMID
722:PMID
601:ISBN
564:PMID
530:and
372:and
298:and
253:and
243:fish
237:and
217:The
2463:EoL
2450:AFD
1598:SII
971:SAR
908:doi
874:202
846:doi
811:doi
801:".
776:doi
743:".
714:doi
645:doi
554:PMC
546:doi
485:of
473:or
107:SAR
2526::
2504::
2491::
2478::
2465::
2452::
2437::
2422::
1770:PX
1731:SI
973::
969::
904:18
902:.
898:.
872:.
840:.
817:.
805:.
772:74
770:.
749:61
747:.
720:.
710:33
708:.
691:21
689:.
668:10
666:.
639:.
583:^
562:.
552:.
542:21
540:.
536:.
512:^
269:.
249:,
245:,
116::
103::
90::
2383:*
1183:*
1085:)
959:e
952:t
945:v
928:.
910::
852:.
848::
842:1
825:.
813::
807:5
782:.
778::
728:.
716::
651:.
647::
641:2
609:.
570:.
548::
233:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
