427:
undergo salpingo-oophorectomy have lower all-cause mortality rates than women in the same population who do not undergo this procedure. In addition, RRSO has been shown to decrease mortality specific to breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Women who undergo RRSO are also at a lower risk for developing ovarian cancer and first occurrence breast cancer. Specifically, RRSO provides BRCA1 mutation carriers with no prior breast cancer a 70% reduction of ovarian cancer risk. BRCA1 mutation carriers with prior breast cancer can benefit from an 85% reduction. High-risk women who have not had prior breast cancer can benefit from a 37% (BRCA1 mutation) and 64% (BRCA2 mutation) reduction of breast cancer risk. These benefits are important to highlight, as they are unique to this BRCA1/2 mutation carrier population.
304:, in which the fallopian tubes are blocked but the ovaries remain intact. In many cases, surgical removal of the ovaries is performed concurrently with a hysterectomy. The formal medical name for removal of a woman's entire reproductive system (ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus) is "total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy" (TAH-BSO); the more casual term for such a surgery is "ovariohysterectomy". "Hysterectomy" is removal of the uterus (from the Greek ὑστέρα hystera "womb" and εκτομία ektomia "a cutting out of") without removal of the ovaries or fallopian tubes.
521:. Women who have had an oophorectomy are usually encouraged to take hormone replacement drugs to prevent other conditions often associated with menopause. Women younger than 45 who have had their ovaries removed with prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy face a mortality risk 170% higher than women who have retained their ovaries. Retaining the ovaries when a hysterectomy is performed is associated with better long-term survival. Hormone therapy for women with oophorectomies performed before age 45 improves the long-term outcome and all-cause mortality rates.
545:" (as opposed to normal menopause, which occurs naturally in women as part of the aging process). In natural menopause the ovaries generally continue to produce low levels of hormones, especially androgens, long after menopause, which may explain why surgical menopause is generally accompanied by a more sudden and severe onset of symptoms than natural menopause, symptoms that may continue until the natural age of menopause. These symptoms are commonly addressed through hormone therapy, utilizing various forms of estrogen, testosterone,
696:; however, many physicians and patients feel the benefits outweigh the risks in women who may face serious health and quality-of-life issues as a consequence of early surgical menopause. The ovarian hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are involved in the regulation of hundreds of bodily functions; it is believed by some doctors that hormone therapy programs mitigate surgical menopause side effects such as increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and female sexual dysfunction.
617:
604:
which are associated with a greater sense of sexual desire in women. However, at least one study has shown that psychological factors, such as relationship satisfaction, are still the best predictor of sexual activity following oophorectomy. Sexual intercourse remains possible after oophorectomy and coitus can continue. Reconstructive surgery remains an option for women who have experienced benign and malignant conditions.
426:
The risks and benefits associated with oophorectomy in the BRCA1/2 mutation carrier population are different than those for the general population. Prophylactic risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is an important option for the high-risk population to consider. Women with BRCA1/2 mutations who
513:
The effect is not limited to women who have oophorectomy performed before menopause; an impact on survival is expected even for surgeries performed up to the age of 65. Surgery at age 50-54 reduces the probability of survival until age 80 by 8% (from 62% to 54% survival), surgery at age 55-59 by 4%.
447:
Partial oophorectomy (i.e., ovarian cyst removal not involving total oophorectomy) is often used to treat milder cases of endometriosis when non-surgical hormonal treatments fail to stop cyst formation. Removal of ovarian cysts through partial oophorectomy is also used to treat extreme pelvic pain
241:
is a term sometimes used to describe a variety of surgeries such as ovarian cyst removal, or resection of parts of the ovaries. This kind of surgery is fertility-preserving, although ovarian failure may be relatively frequent. Most of the long-term risks and consequences of oophorectomy are not or
603:
loss, difficulty with sexual arousal, and vaginal dryness than those who had a less invasive procedure (either hysterectomy alone or an alternative procedure), and hormone replacement therapy was not found to improve these symptoms. In addition, oophorectomy greatly reduces testosterone levels,
557:
When the ovaries are removed, a woman is at a seven times greater risk of cardiovascular disease, but the mechanisms are not precisely known. The hormone production of the ovaries currently cannot be sufficiently mimicked by drug therapy. The ovaries produce hormones a woman needs throughout her
379:
Bilateral oophorectomy has been traditionally done in the belief that the benefit of preventing ovarian cancer would outweigh the risks associated with removal of ovaries. However, it is now clear that prophylactic oophorectomy without a reasonable medical indication decreases long-term survival
364:
Most bilateral oophorectomies (63%) are performed without any medical indication, and most (87%) are performed together with a hysterectomy. Conversely, unilateral oophorectomy is commonly performed for a medical indication (73%; cyst, endometriosis, benign tumor, inflammation, etc.) and less
439:
by eliminating the menstrual cycle, which will reduce or eliminate the spread of existing endometriosis as well as reducing pain. Since endometriosis results from an overgrowth of the uterine lining, removal of the ovaries as a treatment for endometriosis is often done in conjunction with a
461:
Oophorectomy is an intra-abdominal surgery and serious complications stemming directly from the surgery are rare. When performed together with hysterectomy, it has influence on choice of surgical technique as the combined surgery is much less likely to be performed by vaginal hysterectomy.
699:
Short-term hormone replacement with estrogen has negligible effect on overall mortality for high-risk BRCA mutation carriers. Based on computer simulations, overall mortality appears to be marginally higher for short-term HRT after oophorectomy or marginally lower for short-term HRT after
418:
mutations, oophorectomy around age 40 has a relatively modest benefit for survival; the positive effect of reduced breast and ovarian cancer risk is nearly balanced by adverse effects. The survival advantage is more substantial when oophorectomy is performed together with prophylactic
488:
Oophorectomy has serious long-term consequences stemming mostly from the hormonal effects of the surgery and extending well beyond menopause. The reported risks and adverse effects include premature death, cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment or dementia,
509:
Oophorectomy is associated with significantly increased all-cause long-term mortality except when performed for cancer prevention in carriers of high-risk BRCA mutations. This effect is particularly pronounced for women who undergo oophorectomy before age 45.
443:
Oophorectomy for endometriosis is used only as last resort, often in conjunction with a hysterectomy, as it has severe side effects for women of reproductive age. However, it has a higher success rate than retaining the ovaries.
269:(removal of the uterus). In the 1890s people believed oophorectomies could cure menstrual cramps, back pain, headaches, and chronic coughing, although no evidence existed that the procedure impacted any of these ailments.
700:
oophorectomy in combination with mastectomy. This result can probably be generalized to other women at high risk in whom short-term (i.e., one- or two-year) treatment with estrogen for hot flashes may be acceptable.
574:
and bone fractures. A potential risk for oophorectomy performed after menopause is not fully elucidated. Reduced levels of testosterone in women is predictive of height loss, which may occur as a result of reduced
2467:
380:
rates substantially and has deleterious long-term effects on health and well-being even in post-menopausal women. The procedure has been postulated as a possible treatment method for female sex offenders.
1696:
196:, but this term is mostly used in reference to non-human animals, e.g. the surgical removal of ovaries from laboratory animals. Removal of the ovaries of females is the biological equivalent of
1090:"Health Outcomes Associated With Having an Oophorectomy Versus Retaining One's Ovaries for Transmasculine and Gender Diverse Individuals Treated With Testosterone Therapy: A Systematic Review"
2212:
Castelo-Branco, C.; Palacios, S.; Combalia, J.; Ferrer, M.; Traveria, G. (2009). "Risk of hypoactive sexual desire disorder and associated factors in a cohort of oophorectomized women".
411:
and provides significant and substantial long-term survival advantage. On average, earlier intervention does not provide any additional benefit but increases risks and adverse effects.
887:
1356:
Barmparas, G.; Branco, B. C.; Schnüriger, B.; Lam, L.; Inaba, K.; Demetriades, D. (2010). "The
Incidence and Risk Factors of Post-Laparotomy Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction".
1985:
Hreshchyshyn MM, Hopkins A, Zylstra S, Anbar M (October 1988). "Effects of natural menopause, hysterectomy, and oophorectomy on lumbar spine and femoral neck bone densities".
2582:
1088:
Kumar, Sahil; Mukherjee, Smita; O'Dwyer, Cormac; Wassersug, Richard; Bertin, Elise; Mehra, Neeraj; Dahl, Marshall; Genoway, Krista; Kavanagh, Alexander G. (2022).
2120:
Antoniucci DM, Sellmeyer DE, Cauley JA, Ensrud KE, Schneider JL, Vesco KK, Cummings SR, Melton LJ 3rd, Study of
Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group (May 2005).
1928:
1724:
332:, 454,000 women in the United States underwent oophorectomy in 2004. The first successful operation of this type, account of which was published in the
2169:
Jassal SK, Barrett-Connor E, Edelstein SL (April 1995). "Low bioavailable testosterone levels predict future height loss in postmenopausal women".
1808:
Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH (April 1987). "Menopause and the risk of coronary heart disease in women".
2575:
1653:
Shoupe, D.; Parker, W. H.; Broder, M. S.; Liu, Z.; Farquhar, C.; Berek, J. S. (2007). "Elective oophorectomy for benign gynecological disorders".
1420:
Parker WH, Broder MS, Liu Z, Shoupe D, Farquhar C, Berek JS (August 2005). "Ovarian conservation at the time of hysterectomy for benign disease".
729:
580:
498:
665:
64:
60:
940:
Melton LJ 3rd, Bergstralh EJ, Malkasian GD, O'Fallon WM (Mar 1991). "Bilateral oophorectomy trends in
Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1950-1987".
1773:
Parish HM, et al. (1967). "Time interval from castration in premenopausal women to development of excessive coronary atherosclerosis".
3010:
2257:"Psychosexual health 5 years after hysterectomy: population-based comparison with endometrial ablation for dysfunctional uterine bleeding"
1474:, Malkasian GD, Melton LJ 3rd (Oct 2006). "Survival patterns after oophorectomy in premenopausal women: a population-based cohort study".
1748:
2420:
1513:, Melton LJ III (Sep 2007). "Increased risk of cognitive impairment or dementia in women who underwent oophorectomy before menopause".
2826:
2568:
2507:"Hormone replacement therapy and life expectancy after prophylactic oophorectomy in women with BRCA1/2 mutations: a decision analysis"
2404:
656:
The side effects of oophorectomy may be alleviated by medicines other than hormonal replacement. Non-hormonal biphosphonates (such as
1027:
Bhattacharya, S. M.; Jha, A. (2010). "A comparison of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) after natural and surgical menopause".
836:
1399:
477:
599:
Oophorectomy substantially impairs sexuality. Substantially more women who had both an oophorectomy and a hysterectomy reported
2424:
1892:
Kelsey JL, Prill MM, Keegan TH, Quesenberry CP, Sidney S (November 2005). "Risk factors for pelvis fracture in older persons".
1062:
3020:
3005:
45:
368:
Special indications include several groups of women with substantially increased risk of ovarian cancer, such as high-risk
1607:, Melton LJ 3rd (Nov–Dec 2008). "Long-term risk of depressive and anxiety symptoms after early bilateral oophorectomy".
1315:
Rizk B, Fischer AS, Lotfy HA, Turki R, Zahed HA, Malik R, Holliday CP, Glass A, Fishel H, Soliman MY, Herrera D (2014).
744:
2979:
2709:
584:
329:
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entire life, in the quantity they are needed, at the time they are needed, in response to and as part of the complex
2592:
1560:, Melton LJ 3rd (Jan 2008). "Increased risk of parkinsonism in women who underwent oophorectomy before menopause".
769:
2946:
749:
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2061:
Masters, W.H., et al. The Uterus, Physiological and
Clinical Considerations Human Sexual Response 1966 p.111-140
2013:
1964:
217:
71:
1400:"Oophorectomy with Transection of Ureter - Medical Illustration, Human Anatomy Drawing, Anatomy Illustration"
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2923:
2714:
1268:"Association of risk-reducing surgery in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers with cancer risk and mortality"
2984:
2601:
2428:
344:. McDowell was dubbed as the "father of ovariotomy". It later became known as Battey's Operation, after
277:
529:
Women who have had bilateral oophorectomy surgeries lose most of their ability to produce the hormones
353:
2770:
2122:"Postmenopausal bilateral oophorectomy is not associated with increased fracture risk in older women"
517:
Removal of ovaries causes hormonal changes and symptoms similar to, but generally more severe than,
3015:
2821:
2704:
2622:
1843:
Rivera CM, Grossardt BR, Rhodes DJ, Brown RD Jr, Roger VL, Melton LJ III, Rocca WA (Jan–Feb 2009).
224:
205:
2348:"Relationship satisfaction predicts sexual activity following risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy"
2071:
Melton, L. J.; Khosla, S.; Malkasian, G. D.; Achenbach, S. J.; Oberg, A. L.; Riggs, B. L. (2003).
2014:"The physiology of sexual arousal in the human female: a recreational and procreational synthesis"
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Domchek SM, Friebel TM, Singer CF, Evans DG, Lynch HT, Isaacs C, et al. (September 2010).
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103:
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that are usually more severe than those experienced by women undergoing natural menopause.
2971:
661:
657:
228:
204:
is only occasionally used in the medical literature to refer to oophorectomy of women. In
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and bone fractures, decline in psychological well-being, and decline in sexual function.
871:
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people. The long term effects of oophorectomy in this population are not well studied.
301:
273:
2322:
2305:
1487:
915:
616:
469:
surgeries are associated with a high rate of adhesive small bowel obstructions (24%).
2999:
2913:
2886:
2645:
2468:"Female hypoactive sexual disorder: case studies of physiologic androgen replacement"
2272:
1786:
1720:
1227:"Weighing Options for Cancer Risk Reduction in Carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations"
1178:"Survival analysis of cancer risk reduction strategies for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers"
1113:
953:
719:
709:
436:
408:
400:
369:
345:
297:
246:
154:
31:
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2737:
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1960:
1636:
724:
689:
685:
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In general, hormone replacement therapy is somewhat controversial due to the known
583:(HRT) is often used to offset the negative effects of sudden hormonal loss such as
576:
571:
546:
538:
534:
494:
490:
466:
404:
384:
373:
320:
or robotic surgery is used in complicated cases or when a malignancy is suspected.
266:
2555:
1129:"Challenging and Complex Decisions in the Management of the BRCA Mutation Carrier"
902:
Thiery, Michel (1998). "Battey's operation: an exercise in surgical frustration".
352:, who championed the procedure for a variety of conditions, most successfully for
2363:
1860:
1666:
1620:
77:
2951:
2876:
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1821:
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2483:
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1369:
673:
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420:
388:
317:
197:
1243:
1226:
1193:
2523:
2506:
2182:
852:
McDowell, Ephraim (1817). "Three cases of extirpation of diseased ovaries".
588:
542:
518:
514:
Most of this effect is due to excess cardiovascular risk and hip fractures.
245:
In humans, oophorectomy is most often performed because of diseases such as
2532:
2491:
2381:
2331:
2290:
2233:
2147:
2098:
2040:
1952:
1913:
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995:
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1998:
1944:
1829:
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1144:
961:
923:
664:) increase bone strength and are available as once-a-week pills. Low-dose
296:) is used. Oophorectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy are not common forms of
223:
The first reported successful human oophorectomy was carried out by (Sir)
17:
2842:
1905:
738:
693:
530:
399:
Oophorectomy can significantly improve survival for women with high-risk
2138:
2121:
904:
European
Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
87:
2853:
1845:"Increased cardiovascular mortality after early bilateral oophorectomy"
980:"Prophylactic oophorectomy in premenopausal women and long-term health"
872:
Ephraim McDowell, Father of
Ovariotomy and Founder of Abdominal Surgery
213:
185:
1603:
Rocca WA, Grossardt BR, Geda YE, Gostout BS, Bower JH, Maraganore DM,
2868:
2805:
2670:
2655:
600:
473:
262:
258:
250:
175:
163:
312:
Oophorectomy for benign causes is most often performed by abdominal
288:). When both ovaries and both fallopian tubes are removed, the term
1929:"Risk factors for osteoporosis related to their outcome: fractures"
2933:
2609:
415:
189:
579:. In women under the age of 50 who have undergone oophorectomy,
2564:
2505:
Armstrong K, Schwartz JS, Randall T, Rubin SC, Weber B (2004).
2255:
McPherson K, Herbert A, Judge A, et al. (September 2005).
827:
Bryson, Bill (2019). "In the
Beginning: Conception and Birth".
676:
alleviate vasomotor menopausal symptoms, i.e., "hot flashes".
611:
2073:"Fracture Risk After Bilateral Oophorectomy in Elderly Women"
1556:
Rocca WA, Bower JH, Maraganore DM, Ahlskog JE, Grossardt BR,
1509:
Rocca WA, Bower JH, Maraganore DM, Ahlskog JE, Grossardt BR,
1063:"Alabama lawmaker proposes castration bill for sex offenders"
831:(1st ed.). New York: Penguin Random House. p. 295.
372:
carriers and women with endometriosis who also have frequent
169:
157:
2399:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 65.
978:
Shuster LT, Gostout BS, Grossardt BR, Rocca WA (Sep 2008).
407:
oophorectomy around age 40 reduces the risk of ovarian and
145:
139:
130:
121:
115:
109:
383:
The procedure is sometimes performed at the same time as
30:"Ovariotomy" redirects here. For the song by Sadist, see
2421:"Menopause Symptoms, Treatments and Stages of Menopause"
440:
hysterectomy to further reduce or eliminate recurrence.
627:
570:
Oophorectomy is associated with an increased risk of
133:
118:
106:
2352:
1736:
Further evidence in favour of HRT in early menopause
541:, and subsequently enter what is known as "surgical
136:
127:
2970:
2932:
2867:
2802:
2779:
2751:
2723:
2678:
2669:
2631:
2608:
2454:"Expert believes early HRT can have heart benefits"
142:
124:
70:
54:
44:
39:
2306:"Androgen deficiency in the oophorectomized woman"
807:"Definition of "ovariotomy" at Collins Dictionary"
647:Managing side effects of prophylactic oophorectomy
537:, and lose about half of their ability to produce
242:only partially present with partial oophorectomy.
435:In rare cases, oophorectomy can be used to treat
365:commonly in conjunction with hysterectomy (61%).
1927:van der Voort DJ, Geusens PP, Dinant GJ (2001).
1317:"Recurrence of endometriosis after hysterectomy"
180:, 'a cutting out of'), historically also called
973:
971:
448:from chronic hormonal-related pelvic problems.
2346:Lorenz, T.; McGregor, B.; Swisher, E. (2014).
1648:
1646:
1415:
1413:
472:An infrequent complication is injuring of the
208:, the removal of ovaries and uterus is called
2576:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1176:Kurian, A.; Sigal, B.; Plevritis, S. (2010).
935:
933:
8:
878:, 1922 (January), Volume 75 (1), p. 125–126.
501:does not always reduce the adverse effects.
257:to reduce the chances of developing ovarian
796:", Australian Dictionary of Biography, 1972
112:
2675:
2583:
2569:
2561:
2466:Warnock JK, Bundren JC, Morris DW (1999).
1749:"Medical Definition of Surgical menopause"
272:The removal of an ovary together with the
2522:
2371:
2321:
2280:
2137:
2088:
1868:
1332:
1291:
1242:
1201:
1152:
1003:
336:(Philadelphia) in 1817, was performed by
854:Eclectic Repertory & Analytic Review
27:Surgical removal of the ovary or ovaries
761:
730:Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)
666:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
192:or ovaries. The surgery is also called
1404:graphicwitness.medicalillustration.com
889:The Biographical Dictionary of America
334:Eclectic Repertory and Analytic Review
36:
1225:Stadler, Z. K.; Kauff, N. D. (2009).
7:
2077:Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
1127:Stan DL, Shuster LT (October 2013).
794:Jones, Sir Philip Sydney (1836–1918)
587:as well as menopausal problems like
2591:Tests and procedures involving the
1358:Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery
83:
1574:10.1212/01.wnl.0000280573.30975.6a
1527:10.1212/01.wnl.0000276984.19542.e6
1434:10.1097/01.AOG.0000167394.38215.56
25:
2456:21 December 2006; Reuters Health
2273:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2005.00338.x
954:10.1097/00001648-199103000-00011
615:
478:suspensory ligament of the ovary
282:unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
102:
1041:10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.03.030
290:bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
1:
2323:10.1016/s0015-0282(02)02970-9
1488:10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70869-5
916:10.1016/s0301-2115(98)00197-3
2431:. 2007-04-26. Archived from
2425:Brigham and Women's Hospital
2364:10.3109/0167482X.2014.899577
1861:10.1097/gme.0b013e31818888f7
1787:10.1016/0002-9378(67)90314-6
1667:10.1097/gme.0b013e31803c56a4
1621:10.1097/gme.0b013e318174f155
1231:Journal of Clinical Oncology
1182:Journal of Clinical Oncology
745:Estrogen deprivation therapy
340:(1771–1830), a surgeon from
176:
164:
3011:Surgical removal procedures
2980:Gynecologic ultrasonography
2710:Uterine artery embolization
1822:10.1056/NEJM198704303161801
1707:(4): 133–7. December 2006.
595:Adverse effect on sexuality
581:hormone replacement therapy
499:Hormone replacement therapy
330:Centers for Disease Control
3037:
2593:female reproductive system
2090:10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.5.900
1713:10.1258/136218006779160472
1106:10.1016/j.sxmr.2022.03.003
170:
158:
29:
2947:Female genital mutilation
2599:
2484:10.1080/00926239908403992
2395:Hoffman, Barbara (2012).
2226:10.3109/13697130903075345
2012:Levin RJ (October 2002).
1370:10.1007/s11605-010-1189-8
1133:Journal of Women's Health
750:List of surgeries by type
452:Risks and adverse effects
414:For women with high-risk
300:in humans; more usual is
265:; or in conjunction with
84:
2551:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
1470:Rocca WA, Grossardt BR,
1244:10.1200/JCO.2009.25.6875
1194:10.1200/JCO.2009.22.7991
585:early-onset osteoporosis
2957:Clitoral hood reduction
2924:Vaginal transplantation
2524:10.1200/JCO.2004.06.090
2310:Fertility and Sterility
2183:10.1002/jbmr.5650100419
2033:10.1023/A:1019836007416
1094:Sexual Medicine Reviews
652:Non-hormonal treatments
387:in transgender men and
1775:Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol
1284:10.1001/jama.2010.1237
996:10.1258/mi.2008.008016
624:This section is empty.
231:, Australia, in 1870.
3021:Veterinary castration
3006:Gynecological surgery
2985:Hysterosalpingography
2602:Gynecological surgery
2429:Boston, Massachusetts
1945:10.1007/s001980170062
1661:(Suppl. 1): 580–585.
1321:Facts Views Vis Obgyn
1145:10.1089/jwh.2013.4407
770:"About - Mayo Clinic"
278:salpingo-oophorectomy
2771:Endometrial ablation
2304:Shifren, JL (2002).
549:, or a combination.
476:at the level of the
235:Partial oophorectomy
168:, 'egg-bearing' and
2822:Cervical conization
2705:Pelvic exenteration
2623:Salpingoophorectomy
2397:Williams gynecology
2261:Health Expectations
2139:10.1359/JBMR.041220
680:Hormonal treatments
608:Effect on fertility
553:Cardiovascular risk
216:) and is a form of
206:veterinary medicine
200:of males; the term
2839:Cervical screening
2794:Uterine myomectomy
2766:Endometrial biopsy
2472:J Sex Marital Ther
2316:(Suppl 4): S60–2.
2171:J. Bone Miner. Res
1906:10.1093/aje/kwi295
870:Lewis S. Pilcher.
774:www.mayoclinic.org
525:Menopausal effects
342:Danville, Kentucky
210:ovariohysterectomy
2993:
2992:
2919:Vaginal wet mount
2863:
2862:
2834:Cervical cerclage
2743:Vacuum aspiration
1364:(10): 1619–1628.
891:, vol. 7, p. 147.
876:Annals of Surgery
644:
643:
484:Long-term effects
395:Cancer prevention
348:, a surgeon from
328:According to the
95:
94:
50:0UB00ZX - 0UB28ZZ
16:(Redirected from
3028:
2810:
2787:
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2160:
2159:
2141:
2126:J Bone Miner Res
2117:
2111:
2110:
2092:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2018:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1963:. Archived from
1924:
1918:
1917:
1894:Am. J. Epidemiol
1889:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1751:. Archived from
1745:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1723:. Archived from
1697:"News and views"
1693:
1687:
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1650:
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817:
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803:
797:
790:
784:
783:
781:
780:
766:
639:
636:
626:You can help by
619:
612:
560:endocrine system
354:ovarian epilepsy
350:Augusta, Georgia
338:Ephraim McDowell
229:Sydney Infirmary
179:
173:
172:
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88:edit on Wikidata
80:
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2972:Medical imaging
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2747:
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2715:Transplantation
2679:
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2633:Fallopian tubes
2627:
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2595:
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2016:
2011:
2010:
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1968:
1926:
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1921:
1891:
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1816:(18): 1105–10.
1810:N. Engl. J. Med
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1690:
1652:
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1521:(11): 1074–83.
1508:
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1457:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1355:
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1314:
1313:
1309:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1139:(10): 825–834.
1126:
1125:
1121:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1026:
1025:
1021:
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901:
900:
896:
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882:
869:
865:
851:
850:
846:
839:
826:
825:
821:
811:
809:
805:
804:
800:
792:John Garrett: "
791:
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682:
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35:
28:
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15:
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5:
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2962:Vestibulectomy
2959:
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2930:
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2897:husband stitch
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2768:
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2727:Uterine cavity
2721:
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2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2661:Tubal reversal
2658:
2653:
2651:Tubal ligation
2648:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
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2559:
2558:
2545:
2544:External links
2542:
2539:
2538:
2517:(6): 1045–54.
2511:J. Clin. Oncol
2497:
2458:
2445:
2412:
2406:978-0071716727
2405:
2387:
2338:
2296:
2247:
2220:(6): 525–532.
2204:
2161:
2112:
2083:(5): 900–905.
2063:
2054:
2021:Arch Sex Behav
2004:
1987:Obstet Gynecol
1977:
1933:Osteoporos Int
1919:
1884:
1835:
1800:
1765:
1740:
1688:
1642:
1595:
1548:
1501:
1455:
1422:Obstet Gynecol
1409:
1391:
1348:
1307:
1258:
1217:
1188:(2): 222–231.
1168:
1119:
1100:(4): 636–647.
1080:
1069:. 7 March 2016
1054:
1035:(4): 431–434.
1019:
967:
929:
910:(2): 243–246.
894:
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785:
760:
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752:
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715:Tubal ligation
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692:properties of
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457:Surgical risks
455:
453:
450:
432:
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401:BRCA mutations
396:
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325:
322:
309:
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302:tubal ligation
274:fallopian tube
188:removal of an
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2914:Hymenorrhaphy
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2887:Culdocentesis
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2657:
2654:
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2649:
2647:
2646:Salpingectomy
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2586:
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2579:
2574:
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2557:
2553:
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2548:
2547:
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2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2478:(3): 175–82.
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2435:on 2006-01-27
2434:
2430:
2426:
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2307:
2300:
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2274:
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2267:(3): 234–43.
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2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
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2192:
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2074:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2027:(5): 405–11.
2026:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1967:on 2001-10-24
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:(9): 879–86.
1899:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:(2): 155–62.
1780:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1755:on 2007-03-11
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1727:on 2011-07-15
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:Menopause Int
1698:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1615:(6): 1050–9.
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:(10): 821–8.
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1428:(2): 219–26.
1427:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1327:(4): 219–27.
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:(9): 967–75.
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1237:(2): 189–91.
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
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1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
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1064:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:Menopause Int
981:
974:
972:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
948:(2): 149–52.
947:
943:
936:
934:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
895:
892:
890:
884:
881:
877:
873:
867:
864:
859:
855:
848:
845:
840:
838:9780385539302
834:
830:
823:
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802:
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762:
755:
751:
748:
746:
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733:
731:
728:
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723:
721:
720:Birth control
718:
716:
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711:
710:Ovarian cysts
708:
707:
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697:
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638:
629:
625:
621:
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607:
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592:
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586:
582:
578:
573:
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552:
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548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
524:
522:
520:
515:
511:
504:
502:
500:
496:
492:
483:
481:
479:
475:
470:
468:
463:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
438:
437:endometriosis
431:Endometriosis
430:
428:
424:
422:
417:
412:
410:
409:breast cancer
406:
402:
394:
392:
390:
386:
381:
377:
375:
374:ovarian cysts
371:
370:BRCA mutation
366:
359:
357:
355:
351:
347:
346:Robert Battey
343:
339:
335:
331:
323:
321:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
299:
298:birth control
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:ovarian cysts
243:
240:
236:
232:
230:
226:
221:
219:
218:sterilization
215:
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195:
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166:
156:
150:
99:
89:
79:
75:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
57:
53:
49:
47:
43:
38:
33:
32:Crust (album)
19:
2909:Colpocleisis
2849:Cervicectomy
2804:
2781:
2753:
2738:Hysteroscopy
2725:
2695:Hysterectomy
2690:Genitoplasty
2680:
2641:Falloposcopy
2618:Oophorectomy
2617:
2556:Hysterectomy
2549:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2448:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:the original
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690:thrombogenic
686:carcinogenic
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572:osteoporosis
569:
566:Osteoporosis
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547:progesterone
539:testosterone
535:progesterone
528:
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495:osteoporosis
491:parkinsonism
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465:Laparotomic
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267:hysterectomy
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238:
234:
233:
225:Sydney Jones
222:
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2952:Labiaplasty
2877:Vaginectomy
2755:Endometrium
2700:Hysterotomy
2358:(2): 62–8.
2214:Climacteric
735:Orchiectomy
589:hot flashes
403:, for whom
314:laparoscopy
255:prophylaxis
194:ovariectomy
3016:Castration
3000:Categories
2942:Vulvectomy
2904:Hymenotomy
2892:Episiotomy
2882:Culdoscopy
2817:Colposcopy
2783:Myometrium
2439:2007-06-05
1971:2009-07-03
1759:2007-01-13
1731:2009-07-03
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756:References
421:mastectomy
389:non-binary
360:Indication
324:Statistics
318:laparotomy
276:is called
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239:ovariotomy
202:castration
198:castration
182:ovariotomy
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18:Ovariotomy
2856:insertion
1849:Menopause
1721:208272164
1655:Menopause
1609:Menopause
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1515:Neurology
1114:250435764
1067:salon.com
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