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and Thomas
Halliday, studied the evolution of mammaliaforms during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras (between 299 million to 12,000 years ago). Additionally, they uncovered and studied the morphological disparity and rapid evolutionary rates of living organisms near the end and in the aftermath of the
1974:(University of Chicago Press; 2012) 432 pages; A history since the mid-19th century, with a focus on the "revolutionary" era of the 1970s and early 1980s and the work of Stephen Jay Gould and David Raup.
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989:. He proposed the term in 1904 so as to initiate "a broad new science" joining "traditional paleontology with the evidence and insights of geology and isotopic chemistry."
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1666:. An investigation by a paleobiologist into the many theories as to what happened during the catastrophic Permian-Triassic transition.
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Walcott's contributions are described by J. William Schopf (1999) on pages 23 to 31. Another good source is E. L. Yochelson (1997),
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978:(1877 to 1933), a Hungarian scientist trained at the University of Vienna. He initially termed the discipline "paleophysiology".
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Introduction to
Paleobiology and the Fossil Record – 22 April 2020 by Michael J. Benton (Author), David A. T. Harper (Author)
1422:"Eutherians experienced elevated evolutionary rates in the immediate aftermath of the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction"
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The Rise and Reign of the
Mammals: A New History, from the Shadow of the Dinosaurs to Us written by Steve Brusatte
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1627:. Cambridge Studies in Biology and Evolutionary Anthropology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
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animal fossils, in 1883 this
American curator found the "first Precambrian fossil cells known to science" – a
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The paleobiologic discoveries of Tyler, Barghoorn and Schopf are related on pages 35 to 70 of Schopf (1999).
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1037:. Lastly, in 1914, Walcott reported "minute cells and chains of cell-like bodies" belonging to Precambrian
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Paleobiology website of the
National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian) in Washington, D.C.
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The Rise and Reign of the
Mammals: A New History, from the Shadow of the Dinosaurs to Us
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Rereading the Fossil Record: The Growth of
Paleobiology as an Evolutionary Discipline
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reported finely-preserved
Precambrian microflora at their Bitter Springs site of the
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Amniote
Paleobiology: Perspectives on the Evolution of Mammals, Birds and Reptiles
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The Apex chert microflora is related by Schopf (1999) himself on pages 71 to 100.
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Matthew T. Carrano, Timothy Gaudin, Richard Blob, and John Wible, eds. (2006).
1115:. So paleobiologists were at last homing in on the origins of the Precambrian "
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1389:"Eutherian morphological disparity across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction"
1338:"Testing the inhibitory cascade model in Mesozoic and Cenozoic mammaliaforms"
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Later 20th-century paleobiologists have also figured prominently in finding
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left by ancient organisms in order to gain insight into their behavior and
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examines the evolutionary history of viruses on paleobiological timescales.
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Books written for the general public on this topic include the following:
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aspects of the modes and trajectories of growth and development in the
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1788:. An acclaimed book for the novice fossil-hunter and young adults.
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Extinction: How Life on Earth Nearly Ended 250 Million Years Ago.
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Cretaceous mass extinction (145 million to 66 million years ago).
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paleobiology". Although best known as the discoverer of the mid-
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During the early part of the 21st-century, two paleobiologists
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uses the methods and principles of paleobiology to understand
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650:
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847:) of an individual organism in order to gain insight on the
1918:
Cradle of Life: The Discovery of Earth's Earliest Fossils
1874:. A much-cited, seminal classic in the field discussing
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Bringing Fossils to Life: An Introduction to Paleobiology
1273:
Cradle of Life: The Discovery of Earth's Earliest Fossils
974:
The founder or "father" of modern paleobiology was Baron
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that combines the methods and findings found in both the
1608:. This new book describes paleobiological research into
1889:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2107:
1814:. An anthology of analytical studies in paleobiology.
1543:. The second edition of an acclaimed British textbook.
684:
applies the principles and methods of paleobiology to
1553:. Cambridge Paleobiology Series. Cambridge, England:
594:, which focuses more on the interactions between the
1573:. Applies paleobiology to the adaptive radiation of
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Otherlands: A Journey Through Earth's Extinct Worlds
1197:
Otherlands: A Journey Through Earth's Extinct Worlds
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millions of years old to answer questions about the
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1707:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 492 pages.
1669:Brian Keith Hall and Wendy M. Olson, eds. (2003).
645:are typically analyzed. However, the 21st-century
1164:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1940:to analyze microfossils of bacteria and archaea.
752:applies paleobiologic principles and methods to
1080:fossil site. Eleven years later, Barghoorn and
2036:Shuhai Xiao and Alan J. Kaufman, eds. (2006).
1848:on land during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.
1551:Patterns and Processes of Vertebrate Evolution
1473:(1st ed.). United States: Mariner Books.
1000:adventurer, has been cited as the "founder of
2128:
2052:. This new book describes research into the
1671:Keywords and Concepts in Evolutionary Biology
1498:(1st ed.). United States: Random House.
1249:Taxonomy of commonly fossilised invertebrates
533:
8:
668:An investigator in this field is known as a
2091:. A classic, British introductory textbook.
1643:. This book connects paleoanthropology and
2135:
2121:
2113:
2038:Neoproterozoic Geobiology and Paleobiology
1947:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1820:, David Eberth, and Tony Fiorillo (2007).
1798:Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
590:. Paleobiology is not to be confused with
540:
526:
25:
1824:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1445:
1404:
1393:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1363:
1353:
1302:Charles Doolittle Walcott: Paleontologist
657:samples offers much promise, as does the
19:For the journal with the same name, see
16:Study of organic evolution using fossils
2071:Bernard Ziegler and R. O. Muir (1983).
1264:
923:Evolutionary developmental paleobiology
33:
1963:. A recent analysis and discussion of
1731:Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics
1254:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
981:However, credit for coining the word
899:changes, as well as the (short-term)
7:
1519:and Peter R. Crowther, eds. (2003).
1239:History of invertebrate paleozoology
2199:Formamide-based prebiotic chemistry
2075:. Chichester, England: E. Horwood.
1943:Paul Selden and John Nudds (2005).
1858:. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper.
1387:Halliday, Thomas (March 28, 2016).
795:uses the methods and principles of
1426:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1420:Halliday, Thomas (June 29, 2016).
1336:Halliday, Thomas (April 8, 2013).
1271:Schuchert is cited on page 170 of
1022:. In 1899 he discovered the first
14:
2204:Alternative abiogenesis scenarios
1979:Paleobiology of the Invertebrates
1185:Paleobiology in the general press
1213:
843:history (for example, decay and
41:
2042:Springer Science+Business Media
1064:described 2.1 billion-year-old
103:List of human evolution fossils
2280:Last universal common ancestor
2058:earliest multicellular animals
1945:Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems
1111:, in the northwestern part of
985:itself should go to Professor
1:
2073:Introduction to Palaeobiology
1905:. A later book by the noted
1673:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1647:to the field of paleobiology.
1138:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
567:limestone, southern Minnesota
1840:. A new book regarding the
1723:. A fine American textbook.
1099:at his 3.5 billion-year-old
1091:In 1993, Schopf discovered O
1026:fossil cells, a Precambrian
627:evolutionary history of life
98:List of transitional fossils
1885:Thomas J.M. Schopf (1980).
1764:Donald R. Prothero (2004).
1623:Robert B. Eckhardt (2000).
1590:University of Chicago Press
1306:Kent State University Press
829:so as to better comprehend
214:Mammalian auditory ossicles
2354:
1922:Princeton University Press
1916:J. William Schopf (2001).
1656:Princeton University Press
1555:Cambridge University Press
1277:Princeton University Press
1199:written by Thomas Halliday
905:organismal characteristics
893:Stratigraphic paleobiology
18:
2338:Subfields of paleontology
2275:Earliest known life forms
2108:The Paleobiology Database
1938:ultramicroscopic analysis
1729:and Sudhir Kumar (2000).
1705:Evolutionary Paleobiology
1650:Douglas H. Erwin (2006).
1523:. Malden, Massachusetts:
1494:Halliday, Thomas (2022).
1342:BMC Ecology and Evolution
994:Charles Doolittle Walcott
907:and behaviors. See also
881:, impressions, and other
740:invertebrate paleontology
692:, but also including the
411:Invertebrate paleontology
360:Biological classification
340:Introduction to evolution
241:Evolution of various taxa
2104:(archived 11 March 2007)
2068:invertebrates and algae.
1699:, Douglas H. Erwin, and
1675:Harvard University Press
1469:Brusatte, Steve (2022).
801:molecular-level evidence
676:Important research areas
395:Branches of paleontology
383:Timeline of paleontology
1735:Oxford University Press
1355:10.1186/1471-2148-13-79
1234:History of paleontology
580:interdisciplinary field
501:Vertebrate paleontology
378:History of paleontology
372:History of paleontology
93:Lagerstätte fossil beds
2194:Miller–Urey experiment
2166:Spontaneous generation
1911:ancient marine ecology
1909:. This text discusses
1856:Models in Paleobiology
1842:fossils of vertebrates
1438:10.1098/rspb.2015.3026
1244:Molecular paleontology
1171:Paleobiology (journal)
1131:Paleobiologic journals
803:of ancient life, both
799:to detect and analyze
568:
421:Molecular paleontology
21:Paleobiology (journal)
2328:Developmental biology
1983:John Wiley & Sons
1880:quantitative analysis
1757:to the evolutionary "
1088:, Central Australia.
959:developmental biology
555:
161:Timeline of evolution
2333:Evolutionary biology
2005:to the evolution of
1525:Blackwell Publishing
955:evolutionary biology
178:Organs and processes
88:List of fossil sites
2237:Primordial sandwich
2182:Prebiotic synthesis
2152:History of research
1977:Paul Tasch (1980).
1852:Thomas J. M. Schopf
1733:. Oxford, England:
1221:Paleontology portal
1144:Biology and Geology
1097:blue-green bacteria
1015:reef then known as
992:On the other hand,
917:geologic time scale
901:bed-by-bed sequence
623:molecular evolution
512:Paleontology Portal
166:Transitional fossil
136:Geologic time scale
29:Part of a series on
2268:Earliest organisms
2254:Quasispecies model
2222:GADV-protein world
1761:" in paleobiology.
1753:. This text links
1625:Human Paleobiology
1229:History of biology
1150:Historical Biology
1117:Oxygen catastrophe
947:adaptive radiation
663:phylogenetic trees
569:
73:Fossil preparation
2310:
2309:
2249:Peptide-RNA world
2232:Iron–sulfur world
2189:Pseudo-panspermia
2089:978-0-470-27552-8
2064:, especially the
2050:978-1-4020-5201-9
1999:978-0-471-05272-2
1953:978-0-226-74641-8
1903:978-0-674-65215-6
1872:978-0-87735-325-6
1838:978-0-226-72370-9
1812:978-1-4051-0345-9
1786:978-0-07-366170-4
1751:978-0-19-513585-5
1691:978-0-674-00904-2
1664:978-0-691-00524-9
1641:978-0-521-45160-4
1606:978-0-226-09478-6
1563:978-0-521-47809-0
1547:Robert L. Carroll
1517:Derek E.G. Briggs
1406:10.1111/bij.12731
1281:J. William Schopf
1113:Western Australia
1082:J. William Schopf
1062:Elso S. Barghoorn
987:Charles Schuchert
963:phylogenetic tree
931:evolution of life
913:sedimentary rocks
897:long-term secular
797:organic chemistry
793:Paleobiochemistry
750:Micropaleontology
744:paleoanthropology
690:green land plants
550:
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476:Paleotempestology
461:Paleoneurobiology
416:Micropaleontology
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2168:(4th century BC)
2162:(5th century BC)
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2130:
2123:
2114:
2066:Ediacaran period
1970:David Sepkoski.
1887:Paleoceanography
1755:DNA/RNA analysis
1610:land vertebrates
1521:Palaeobiology II
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1178:Paleoceanography
1058:Stanley A. Tyler
903:of changes, in
831:prehistoric life
714:dendrochronology
661:construction of
609:uses biological
605:Paleobiological
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491:Sclerochronology
219:Mosaic evolution
156:Paleoclimatology
126:Extinction event
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2172:Primordial soup
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1697:David Jablonski
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970:Paleobiologists
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401:Biostratigraphy
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224:Nervous systems
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146:History of life
141:Geologic record
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115:Natural history
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83:List of fossils
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2144:Origin of life
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2096:External links
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1932:. The use of
1920:. Princeton:
1914:
1907:paleobiologist
1883:
1854:, ed. (1972).
1849:
1818:Raymond Rogers
1815:
1794:, ed. (2004).
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1078:Gunflint Chert
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909:stratification
890:
867:Paleoichnology
864:
834:
817:examines past
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670:paleobiologist
611:field research
600:physical Earth
584:earth sciences
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2298:
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2294:
2292:
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2278:
2276:
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2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
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2247:
2245:
2242:
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2205:
2202:
2200:
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2195:
2192:
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2186:
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2167:
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2161:
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2124:
2119:
2118:
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2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:0-470-27552-9
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:0-471-05272-8
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:0-226-74641-0
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:0-691-08864-0
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:0-674-65215-0
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:0-87735-325-5
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:, especially
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:0-226-72370-4
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:0-19-926794-4
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:0-07-366170-8
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:0-19-513585-7
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:Masatoshi Nei
1725:
1722:
1721:0-226-38913-8
1718:
1714:
1713:0-226-38911-1
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:Jere H. Lipps
1698:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1683:0-674-00904-5
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:0-521-45160-4
1630:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1598:0-226-09478-2
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:0-521-47809-X
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:0-632-05149-3
1538:
1534:
1533:0-632-05147-7
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1448:
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1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1347:
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1332:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:(Kent, Ohio:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:0-691-00230-4
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
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1180:
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1159:
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1154:
1152:
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1130:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1086:Amadeus Basin
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:cyanobacteria
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:phytoplankton
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:Burgess shale
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
979:
977:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
925:examines the
924:
921:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
891:
888:
884:
883:trace fossils
880:
876:
872:
869:analyzes the
868:
865:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
845:decomposition
842:
839:analyzes the
838:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
813:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
791:
788:
787:Paleovirology
785:
782:
778:
774:
770:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
748:
745:
742:, as well as
741:
737:
733:
732:invertebrates
729:
725:
721:
718:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
688:, especially
687:
683:
680:
679:
675:
673:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:trace fossils
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
588:life sciences
585:
581:
577:
576:palaeobiology
573:
566:
562:
558:
554:
543:
538:
536:
531:
529:
524:
523:
521:
520:
517:
513:
510:
509:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
471:Paleopedology
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
456:Paleomycology
454:
452:
449:
447:
446:Paleogenetics
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
392:
391:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
369:
368:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
331:
330:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
238:
237:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
175:
174:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
131:Geochronology
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
112:
111:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
58:Fossilization
56:
55:
49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
2323:Paleobiology
2302:Paleobiology
2301:
2297:Astrobiology
2072:
2040:. New York:
2037:
1981:. New York:
1978:
1971:
1965:paleoecology
1944:
1917:
1886:
1855:
1821:
1795:
1768:. New York:
1765:
1759:tree of life
1730:
1704:
1670:
1651:
1624:
1588:. Chicago:
1585:
1550:
1520:
1495:
1489:
1470:
1464:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1301:
1296:
1275:(Princeton:
1272:
1267:
1188:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1121:
1090:
1054:microfossils
1043:
1034:
1016:
1013:stromatolite
991:
983:paleobiology
982:
980:
976:Franz Nopcsa
973:
927:evolutionary
815:Paleoecology
777:microfossils
775:. See also
734:. See also
720:Paleozoology
704:). See also
669:
667:
649:analysis of
639:microfossils
635:macrofossils
604:
575:
572:Paleobiology
571:
570:
481:Paleozoology
441:Paleoecology
431:Paleobiology
430:
184:Avian flight
121:Biogeography
78:Index fossil
63:Trace fossil
35:Paleontology
2019:brachiopods
1934:biochemical
1876:methodology
1792:Mark Ridley
1770:McGraw Hill
1654:Princeton:
1095:-producing
1056:: In 1954,
1050:Proterozoic
1002:Precambrian
998:Smithsonian
945:. See also
857:environment
841:post-mortem
827:geographies
809:macroscopic
805:microscopic
766:microscopic
728:vertebrates
682:Paleobotany
647:biochemical
613:of current
557:Brachiopods
436:Paleobotany
257:Cephalopods
252:Butterflies
68:Microfossil
2317:Categories
2214:Protocells
2160:Panspermia
2031:arthropods
2011:cnidarians
2003:statistics
2001:. Applies
1796:Evolution.
1645:archeology
1579:quadrupeds
1348:(79): 79.
1109:Marble Bar
1101:Apex Chert
1074:microflora
1017:Cryptozoon
951:cladistics
877:, trails,
861:fossilized
819:ecosystems
781:palynology
736:vertebrate
631:scientific
629:. In this
592:geobiology
565:Ordovician
486:Palynology
355:Cladistics
194:Multicells
2259:RNA world
2244:PAH world
1846:tetrapods
1260:Footnotes
1076:at their
1033:he named
1024:acritarch
863:organism.
837:Taphonomy
710:phycology
659:biometric
596:biosphere
561:bryozoans
496:Taphonomy
406:Ichnology
350:Phylogeny
334:Evolution
322:Tetrapods
267:Dinosaurs
262:Cetaceans
2290:Research
2027:mollusks
1703:(1996).
1618:Cenozoic
1614:Mesozoic
1549:(1998).
1456:27358361
1432:(1833).
1374:23565593
1283:(1999).
1207:See also
1103:site in
1046:Archaean
1006:Cambrian
915:and the
895:studies
849:behavior
823:climates
762:protists
758:bacteria
706:mycology
698:seaweeds
625:and the
607:research
598:and the
586:and the
578:) is an
516:Category
312:Sea cows
307:Reptiles
297:Molluscs
204:Flagella
2056:of the
2054:fossils
2023:bryozoa
2007:sponges
1612:of the
1447:4936024
1365:3626779
1157:PALAIOS
1035:Chuaria
939:extinct
887:ecology
879:burrows
875:borings
859:of the
754:archaea
726:, both
633:quest,
619:fossils
617:and of
317:Spiders
292:Mammals
287:Insects
52:Fossils
2282:(LUCA)
2087:
2079:
2062:plants
2048:
2029:, and
1997:
1989:
1959:
1951:
1928:
1901:
1893:
1870:
1862:
1836:
1828:
1810:
1802:
1784:
1776:
1749:
1741:
1719:
1711:
1689:
1681:
1662:
1639:
1631:
1604:
1596:
1575:fishes
1569:
1561:
1539:
1531:
1502:
1477:
1454:
1444:
1372:
1362:
1287:
1072:-like
943:extant
935:clades
871:tracks
825:, and
773:spores
769:pollen
563:in an
302:Plants
282:Humans
272:Fishes
2015:worms
1620:eras.
1279:) by
1070:fungi
1028:algal
1020:algae
937:both
853:death
724:fauna
702:algae
694:fungi
686:flora
615:biota
277:Fungi
247:Birds
189:Cells
2085:ISBN
2083:and
2077:ISBN
2060:and
2046:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1993:and
1987:ISBN
1957:ISBN
1955:and
1949:ISBN
1936:and
1926:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1897:and
1891:ISBN
1878:and
1868:ISBN
1866:and
1860:ISBN
1834:ISBN
1832:and
1826:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1806:and
1800:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1780:and
1774:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1745:and
1739:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1715:and
1709:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1685:and
1679:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1635:and
1629:ISBN
1616:and
1602:ISBN
1600:and
1594:ISBN
1577:and
1567:ISBN
1565:and
1559:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1535:and
1529:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1452:PMID
1370:PMID
1285:ISBN
1068:and
1060:and
1052:eon
1048:and
996:, a
961:and
941:and
855:and
807:and
779:and
764:and
738:and
730:and
712:and
696:and
653:and
641:and
574:(or
559:and
209:Hair
199:Eyes
2044:.
1677:.
1442:PMC
1434:doi
1430:283
1401:doi
1397:118
1360:PMC
1350:doi
1119:".
655:RNA
651:DNA
229:Sex
2319::
2025:,
2021:,
2017:,
2013:,
2009:,
1985:.
1924:.
1772:.
1737:.
1658:.
1592:.
1557:.
1527:.
1450:.
1440:.
1428:.
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1391:.
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1358:.
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1344:.
1340:.
1308:).
1107:,
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957:,
953:,
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672:.
665:.
637:,
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2033:.
1967:.
1913:.
1882:.
1693:.
1581:.
1508:.
1483:.
1458:.
1436::
1409:.
1403::
1376:.
1352::
1291:.
1093:2
965:.
919:.
889:.
833:.
811:.
783:.
771:/
746:.
716:.
700:(
541:e
534:t
527:v
23:.
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