71:
2963:
2952:
897:. That continental collisions suddenly led to mountain building at large scale is interpreted as having resulted from increased biomass and carbon burial during and after the Great Oxidation Event: Subducted carbonaceous sediments are hypothesized to have lubricated compressive deformation and led to crustal thickening.
813:
Many crown node eukaryotes (from which the modern-day eukaryotic lineages would have arisen) have been approximately dated to around the time of the
Paleoproterozoic Era. While there is some debate as to the exact time at which eukaryotes evolved, current understanding places it somewhere in this
2225:
Schilling, Manuel
Enrique; Carlson, Richard Walter; Tassara, Andrés; Conceição, Rommulo Viveira; Berotto, Gustavo Walter; Vásquez, Manuel; Muñoz, Daniel; Jalowitzki, Tiago; Gervasoni, Fernanda; Morata, Diego (2017). "The origin of Patagonia revealed by Re-Os systematics of mantle xenoliths".
1599:
Mänd, Kaarel; Planavsky, Noah J.; Porter, Susannah M.; Robbins, Leslie J.; Wang, Changle; Kraitsmann, Timmu; Paiste, Kärt; Paiste, Päärn; Romashkin, Alexander E.; Deines, Yulia E.; Kirsimäe, Kalle; Lepland, Aivo; Konhauser, Kurt O. (15 April 2022).
1370:
Ossa Ossa, Frantz; Spangenberg, Jorge E.; Bekker, Andrey; König, Stephan; Stüeken, Eva E.; Hofmann, Axel; Poulton, Simon W.; Yierpan, Aierken; Varas-Reus, Maria I.; Eickmann, Benjamin; Andersen, Morten B.; Schoenberg, Ronny (15 September 2022).
1422:
2300:
834:
During this era, the earliest global-scale continent-continent collision belts developed. The associated continent and mountain building events are represented by the 2.1–2.0 Ga Trans-Amazonian and
582:
Paleontological evidence suggests that the Earth's rotational rate ~1.8 billion years ago equated to 20-hour days, implying a total of ~450 days per year. It was during this era that the
2332:
1511:
Hodgskiss, Malcolm S.W.; Dagnaud, Olivia M.J.; Frost, Jamie L.; Halverson, Galen P.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Swanson-Hysell, Nicholas L.; Sperling, Erik A. (15 August 2019).
1311:
Trainer, Melissa G.; Pavlov, Alexander A.; DeWitt, H. Langley; Jimenez, Jose L.; McKay, Christopher P.; Toon, Owen B.; Tolbert, Margaret A. (2006-11-28).
2103:
Zhao, Guochun; Cawood, Peter A; Wilde, Simon A; Sun, Min (2002). "Review of global 2.1–1.8 Ga orogens: implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent".
2057:"New record of organic-walled, morphologically distinct microfossils from the late Paleoproterozoic Changcheng Group in the Yanshan Range, North China"
2325:
443:
2281:
2209:
2318:
2276:
810:, are known. By 1.75 Ga, thylakoid-bearing cyanobacteria had evolved, as evidenced by fossils from the McDermott Formation of Australia.
1606:
1517:
1513:"New insights on the Orosirian carbon cycle, early Cyanobacteria, and the assembly of Laurentia from the Paleoproterozoic Belcher Group"
1377:
918:
2284:
New
Scientist, #2746, 5 February 2010 by Nick Lane. Posits an earlier much longer snowball period, c2.4 - c2.0 Gya, triggered by the
1495:
1240:
878:
in
Siberia; the ~1.95 Ga Khondalite Belt; the ~1.85 Ga Trans-North China Orogen in North China; and the 1.8-1.6 Ga
1097:
922:
751:
were devastated as free oxygen is highly reactive and biologically toxic to cellular structures. This was compounded by a 300-
1268:
1042:
2197:
1835:
Stechmann, Alexandra; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2002-07-05). "Rooting the eukaryote tree by using a derived gene fusion".
599:
1021:
2341:
545:
432:
1485:
1416:
Hodgskiss, Malcolm S. W.; Crockford, Peter W.; Peng, Yongbo; Wing, Boswell A.; Horner, Tristan J. (27 August 2019).
952:
1650:
Hedges, S Blair; Chen, Hsiong; Kumar, Sudhir; Wang, Daniel YC; Thompson, Amanda S; Watanabe, Hidemi (2001-09-12).
70:
2986:
890:
740:
1266:
Pannella, Giorgio (1972). "Paleontological evidence on the Earth's rotational history since early precambrian".
2991:
2012:"The Paleoproterozoic fossil record: Implications for the evolution of the biosphere during Earth's middle-age"
1963:"Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla and the origin of plants, animals and fungi"
2614:
2609:
2285:
1053:
1032:
867:
641:
603:
2056:
1601:
2180:
2016:
894:
859:
692:
688:
1551:
Demoulin, Catherine F.; Lara, Yannick J.; Lambion, Alexandre; Javaux, Emmanuelle J. (18 January 2024).
637:
609:
2237:
2228:
2151:
2112:
2061:
1907:
1844:
1781:
1431:
1277:
871:
847:
728:
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595:
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946:
908:
792:
780:
760:
680:
613:
2078:
1876:
1512:
1293:
911:
720:
2962:
874:, Volhyn-Central Russian, and Pachelma orogens in Baltica (Eastern Europe); the 1.9–1.8 Ga
798:
The
Palaeoproterozoic represents the era from which the oldest cyanobacterial fossils, those of
2184:
2743:
2707:
2205:
1992:
1943:
1925:
1868:
1860:
1817:
1799:
1750:
1732:
1691:
1673:
1574:
1491:
1459:
1352:
1334:
863:
819:
961: – Third largest verified astrobleme on earth, remains of an Paleoproterozoic Era impact
889:
That pattern of collision belts supports the formation of a
Proterozoic supercontinent named
2712:
2681:
2478:
2253:
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2159:
2120:
2070:
2035:
2025:
1982:
1974:
1933:
1915:
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1807:
1789:
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1681:
1663:
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1615:
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1449:
1439:
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1103:
1001:
883:
851:
836:
2806:
2702:
2640:
2535:
2504:
2473:
1076:
1006:
989:
904:
879:
803:
768:
560:
296:
1711:"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life"
1071:
826:
provide evidence that eukaryotic life was already diverse by the late
Palaeoproterozoic.
2241:
2155:
2116:
1911:
1848:
1785:
1435:
2956:
2775:
2645:
2540:
2509:
2292:
1987:
1962:
1454:
1417:
1373:"Moderate levels of oxygenation during the late stage of Earth's Great Oxidation Event"
1347:
1312:
934:
875:
764:
756:
736:
629:
2124:
1812:
1769:
1745:
1710:
967: – Fourth era of the Archean Eon, which immediately preceded the Paleoproterozoic
2980:
2676:
2666:
2635:
2598:
2530:
2499:
2296:
2082:
1938:
1895:
1686:
1651:
1552:
1477:
1297:
958:
855:
752:
748:
704:
645:
541:
534:
467:
76:
2249:
2178:
Increased biomass and carbon burial 2 billion years ago triggered mountain building.
2163:
2074:
2030:
2011:
1880:
695:, which brought atmospheric oxygen from near none to up to 10% of the modern level.
2967:
2951:
2898:
2748:
2671:
2055:
Miao, Lanyun; Moczydłowska, Małgorzata; Zhu, Shixing; Zhu, Maoyan (February 2019).
1770:"A methodological bias toward overestimation of molecular evolutionary time scales"
1481:
843:
788:
672:
668:
2305:
1896:"Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates"
940:
2893:
2762:
2738:
2583:
2378:
823:
776:
717:
684:
649:
538:
200:
43:
36:
2139:
1900:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1774:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1709:
Hedges, S Blair; Blair, Jaime E; Venturi, Maria L; Shoe, Jason L (2004-01-28).
1619:
1570:
1530:
1423:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1391:
1372:
1057:
2888:
2848:
2791:
2691:
2588:
2462:
2362:
2310:
2040:
1768:
Rodríguez-Trelles, Francisco; Tarrío, Rosa; Ayala, Francisco J. (2002-06-11).
964:
767:— resulted in what is widely considered one of the first and most significant
724:
576:
326:
242:
1929:
1864:
1803:
1736:
1677:
1578:
1553:"Oldest thylakoids in fossil cells directly evidence oxygenic photosynthesis"
1338:
955: – Largest verified impact structure on Earth, about 2 billion years old
2903:
2853:
2827:
2786:
2733:
2578:
2554:
2435:
2425:
2414:
1856:
1444:
1329:
784:
732:
660:
653:
633:
583:
572:
319:
1996:
1978:
1894:
Ayala, Francisco José; Rzhetsky, Andrey; Ayala, Francisco J. (1998-01-20).
1872:
1821:
1794:
1754:
1695:
1463:
1356:
1036:
550:
2291:
The information on eukaryotic lineage diversification was gathered from a
1947:
1920:
1727:
1668:
1602:"Chromium evidence for protracted oxygenation during the Paleoproterozoic"
763:— at least partly due to the depletion of atmospheric methane, a powerful
2863:
2858:
2822:
2722:
2655:
2624:
2519:
2488:
2449:
2399:
2373:
2349:
687:
levels soared permanently during the Siderian and Rhyacian periods in an
656:
617:
568:
564:
312:
305:
2877:
2817:
2567:
2404:
2388:
2258:
1628:
1401:
1289:
839:
815:
807:
744:
710:
625:
621:
477:
230:
50:
2140:"A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth and breakup"
943: – Lake and claimed impact structure in Karelia, northwest Russia
771:
on Earth. The organisms that thrived after the extinction were mainly
2913:
2796:
2430:
1253:-ik, PAY-, -PROT-, -ər-oh-, -trə-, -troh-
1047:
1026:
903:
volcanism in what is now northern Sweden led to the formation of the
900:
787:
alongside aerobes in hybrid colonies, which enabled the evolution of
772:
676:
57:
671:
and the atmosphere. Eventually all surface reductants (particularly
949: – Possible Palaeoproterozoic multicellular fossils from Gabon
664:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2204:(in Swedish). Sveriges geologiska undersökning. pp. 24–27.
556:
30:
2314:
1205:
1139:
90:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1181:
1178:
1169:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1121:
1118:
2138:
Zhao, Guochun; Sun, M.; Wilde, Simon A.; Li, S.Z. (2004).
1196:
1154:
1112:
1418:"A productivity collapse to end Earth's Great Oxidation"
341:
An approximate timescale of key Paleoproterozoic events.
1967:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2282:
First breath: Earth's billion-year struggle for oxygen
1487:
Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Microbial Evolution
1241:
1187:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1124:
1106:
743:. After the Great Oxygenation Event, the then mainly
2010:
Javaux, Emmanuelle J.; Lepot, Kevin (January 2018).
1229:
1226:
1217:
1214:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1175:
1166:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1115:
1109:
2912:
2876:
2836:
2805:
2774:
2761:
2721:
2690:
2654:
2623:
2597:
2566:
2553:
2518:
2487:
2461:
2448:
2413:
2387:
2361:
2348:
1145:
937: – Earth history, 1.8 to 0.8 billion years ago
842:in South America and West Africa; the ~2.0 Ga
515:
507:
499:
491:
483:
473:
463:
458:
450:
438:
428:
423:
415:
407:
402:
369:
354:
83:
21:
1652:"A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes"
870:in Greenland; the 1.9–1.8 Ga Kola–Karelia,
1961:Wang, D Y; Kumar, S; Hedges, S B (1999-01-22).
1317:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
783:, and surviving anaerobes were forced to live
2326:
8:
2306:Paleoproterozoic (chronostratigraphy scale)
1313:"Organic haze on Titan and the early Earth"
983:
981:
533:) is the first of the three sub-divisions (
2771:
2563:
2458:
2358:
2333:
2319:
2311:
544:, and also the longest era of the Earth's
2257:
2039:
2029:
1986:
1937:
1919:
1811:
1793:
1744:
1726:
1685:
1667:
1627:
1453:
1443:
1400:
1390:
1346:
1328:
1005:
846:in southern Africa; the 1.9–1.8 Ga
713:eon, almost all existing lifeforms were
2202:Porfyr i Sverige: En geologisk översikt
977:
383:Jatulian/Eukaryian Period, 2250–2060 Ma
1090:There are several ways of pronouncing
866:in North America, the 1.9–1.8 Ga
683:) were exhausted, and the atmospheric
559:). It is further subdivided into four
18:
886:orogenies in southern North America.
7:
1540:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
802:from the Kasegalik Formation in the
2932:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1607:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1518:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1378:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2936:= megaannum (millions years ago);
1490:. University of California Press.
709:At the beginning of the preceding
343:Axis scale: millions of years ago.
14:
2940:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
731:that did not require oxygen, and
2961:
2950:
1102:
69:
16:First era of the Proterozoic Eon
2250:10.1016/j.precamres.2017.03.008
2183:Earth & Environment, 2021,
2164:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.02.003
2075:10.1016/j.precamres.2018.11.019
2031:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.10.001
1007:10.18814/epiiugs/1991/v14i2/005
2185:doi:10.1038/s43247-021-00313-5
1269:Astrophysics and Space Science
1077:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
391:Columbian Period, 2060–1780 Ma
374:Oxygenian Period, 2420–2250 Ma
1:
2379:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
2277:EssayWeb Paleoproterozoic Era
2176:John Parnell, Connor Brolly:
2125:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00073-9
988:Plumb, K. A. (June 1, 1991).
990:"New Precambrian time scale"
600:Geological history of oxygen
2342:Geological history of Earth
800:Eoentophysalis belcherensis
652:, the increasing amount of
3008:
2615:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
2610:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
2374:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1620:10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117501
1571:10.1038/s41586-023-06896-7
1531:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.05.023
1392:10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117716
953:Vredefort impact structure
941:Suavjärvi impact structure
702:
593:
2927:
2899:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
2749:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
923:Patagonia's oldest blocks
741:anoxygenic photosynthesis
636:, in total comparable to
508:Upper boundary definition
492:Lower boundary definition
339:
88:
68:
26:
2894:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
2739:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
2584:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
2436:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
2426:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
1715:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1656:BMC Evolutionary Biology
612:was originally a weakly
551:2,500 to 1,600
511:Defined Chronometrically
495:Defined Chronometrically
355:Proposed redefinition(s)
186:−1600 —
176:−1700 —
166:−1800 —
156:−1900 —
146:−2000 —
136:−2100 —
126:−2200 —
116:−2300 —
106:−2400 —
96:−2500 —
2889:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
2854:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
2849:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
2792:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
2682:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
2589:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
2400:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
2286:Great Oxygenation Event
1857:10.1126/science.1071196
1445:10.1073/pnas.1900325116
1330:10.1073/pnas.0608561103
1282:1972Ap&SS..16..212P
1054:Oxford University Press
1033:Oxford University Press
727:was based on a form of
642:oxygenic photosynthesis
604:Great Oxygenation Event
2859:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
2828:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
2787:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
2734:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
2579:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
2405:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
1979:10.1098/rspb.1999.0617
1795:10.1073/pnas.122231299
868:Nagssugtoqidian Orogen
777:bioactive antioxidants
616:consisting largely of
396:Gradstein et al., 2012
387:Gradstein et al., 2012
379:Gradstein et al., 2012
363:Gradstein et al., 2012
2864:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
2823:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
2744:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
2431:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
2299:. See the text here:
2181:Nature Communications
2144:Earth-Science Reviews
2105:Earth-Science Reviews
2017:Earth-Science Reviews
1921:10.1073/pnas.95.2.606
1728:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2
1669:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4
1050:UK English Dictionary
1029:UK English Dictionary
747:-dominated anaerobic
703:Further information:
693:Great Oxidation Event
659:began to deplete the
416:Alternate spelling(s)
370:Proposed subdivisions
2904:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
2797:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
2677:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
2667:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
2229:Precambrian Research
2062:Precambrian Research
793:eukaryotic organisms
729:cellular respiration
596:Prebiotic atmosphere
527:Paleoproterozoic Era
2959: •
2948: •
2946:Geologic time scale
2708:Middle (458–470 Ma)
2672:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
2641:Middle (383–393 Ma)
2536:Middle (237–247 Ma)
2505:Middle (164–174 Ma)
2242:2017PreR..294...15S
2156:2004ESRv...67...91Z
2117:2002ESRv...59..125Z
1912:1998PNAS...95..606J
1849:2002Sci...297...89S
1786:2002PNAS...99.8112R
1436:2019PNAS..11617207H
1430:(35): 17207–17212.
1323:(48): 18035–18042.
947:Francevillian biota
919:lithospheric mantle
781:aerobic respiration
761:Huronian glaciation
759:event known as the
721:anaerobic organisms
681:atmospheric methane
614:reducing atmosphere
516:Upper GSSA ratified
500:Lower GSSA ratified
484:Time span formality
2957:Geology portal
2818:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
2713:Early (470–485 Ma)
2646:Early (393–419 Ma)
2541:Early (247–252 Ma)
2510:Early (174–201 Ma)
2479:Early (100–145 Ma)
2474:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
2041:20.500.12210/62416
1290:10.1007/BF00642735
1080:. Merriam-Webster.
854:, Taltson–Thelon,
638:Titan's atmosphere
610:Earth's atmosphere
586:first stabilized.
546:geological history
474:Stratigraphic unit
464:Chronological unit
451:Time scale(s) used
2974:
2973:
2872:
2871:
2838:Paleoproterozoic
2757:
2756:
2703:Late (444–458 Ma)
2636:Late (359–383 Ma)
2549:
2548:
2531:Late (201–237 Ma)
2500:Late (145–164 Ma)
2444:
2443:
2365:(present–2.58 Ma)
2353:(present–66.0 Ma)
2211:978-91-7158-960-6
2198:Lundqvist, Thomas
1973:(1415): 163–171.
1780:(12): 8112–8115.
1565:(7995): 529–534.
830:Geological events
691:event called the
553:million years ago
531:Palaeoproterozoic
523:
522:
424:Usage information
419:Palaeoproterozoic
349:
348:
75:Paleoproterozoic
2999:
2987:Paleoproterozoic
2968:World portal
2966:
2965:
2955:
2954:
2917:
2881:
2841:
2810:
2807:Mesoproterozoic
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2328:
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2312:
2295:opinion blog by
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2222:
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2174:
2168:
2167:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2111:(1–4): 125–162.
2100:
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2007:
2001:
2000:
1990:
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1941:
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1165:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1101:
1092:Paleoproterozoic
1088:
1082:
1081:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1056:. Archived from
1040:
1035:. Archived from
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
985:
820:Changcheng Group
814:era. Statherian
769:mass extinctions
561:geologic periods
554:
548:, spanning from
397:
388:
380:
364:
300:
289:
246:
233:
224:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
91:
73:
64:
60:
53:
46:
39:
33:
22:Paleoproterozoic
19:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2992:Geological eras
2977:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2960:
2949:
2941:
2923:
2915:
2908:
2879:
2868:
2839:
2832:
2808:
2801:
2777:
2776:Neoproterozoic
2766:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
2765:
2764:
2763:Proterozoic Eon
2753:
2724:
2717:
2693:
2686:
2657:
2650:
2626:
2619:
2600:
2593:
2569:
2557:
2556:
2545:
2521:
2514:
2490:
2483:
2464:
2452:
2451:
2440:
2416:
2409:
2390:
2383:
2364:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2175:
2171:
2150:(1–2): 91–123.
2137:
2136:
2132:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1843:(5578): 89–91.
1834:
1833:
1829:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1225:
1213:
1204:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1041:
1020:
1019:
1015:
987:
986:
979:
974:
931:
864:Torngat orogens
832:
804:Belcher Islands
779:and eventually
757:global icehouse
739:or relied upon
707:
701:
606:
594:Main articles:
592:
549:
398:
395:
393:
389:
386:
385:
381:
378:
376:
365:
362:
361:
350:
345:
344:
342:
335:
334:
330:
329:
323:
322:
316:
315:
309:
308:
302:
301:
297:Mesoproterozoic
294:
291:
290:
285:
283:
281:
279:
277:
275:
273:
271:
269:
267:
265:
263:
261:
259:
257:
255:
251:
248:
247:
240:
237:
236:
231:
226:
225:
220:
218:
216:
214:
212:
210:
208:
206:
204:
202:
198:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
79:
63:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
37:
28:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3005:
3003:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2769:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2599:Carboniferous
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2561:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2456:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2417:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2391:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2293:New York Times
2289:
2279:
2272:
2271:External links
2269:
2266:
2265:
2217:
2210:
2189:
2187:(Open Access).
2169:
2130:
2095:
2047:
2002:
1953:
1906:(2): 606–611.
1886:
1827:
1760:
1701:
1642:
1591:
1543:
1503:
1496:
1484:(1997-05-29).
1478:Margulis, Lynn
1469:
1408:
1362:
1303:
1258:
1083:
1063:
1060:on 2020-06-17.
1039:on 2020-06-18.
1013:
1000:(2): 139–140.
976:
975:
973:
970:
969:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
935:Boring Billion
930:
927:
876:Akitkan Orogen
831:
828:
765:greenhouse gas
749:microbial mats
737:chemosynthetic
700:
697:
630:carbon dioxide
591:
588:
555:(2.5–1.6
529:(also spelled
521:
520:
517:
513:
512:
509:
505:
504:
501:
497:
496:
493:
489:
488:
485:
481:
480:
475:
471:
470:
465:
461:
460:
456:
455:
454:ICS Time Scale
452:
448:
447:
440:
439:Regional usage
436:
435:
430:
429:Celestial body
426:
425:
421:
420:
417:
413:
412:
409:
408:Name formality
405:
404:
400:
399:
371:
367:
366:
356:
352:
351:
347:
346:
340:
337:
336:
332:
331:
325:
324:
318:
317:
311:
310:
304:
303:
293:
292:
250:
249:
239:
238:
228:
227:
197:
196:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
86:
85:
81:
80:
74:
66:
65:
56:
49:
42:
35:
34:
29:2500 – 1600
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3004:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2875:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
2773:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2555:Paleozoic Era
2552:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:(66.0–145 Ma)
2460:
2457:
2455:
2453:(66.0–252 Ma)
2447:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2297:Olivia Judson
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2096:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1595:
1592:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1497:9780520210646
1493:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1482:Sagan, Dorion
1479:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1237:
1099:
1094:, including
1093:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:"Proterozoic"
1067:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1043:"Proterozoic"
1038:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
982:
978:
971:
966:
963:
960:
959:Sudbury Basin
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
932:
928:
926:
924:
920:
915:
913:
910:
906:
902:
898:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
838:
829:
827:
825:
821:
817:
811:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
785:symbiotically
782:
778:
775:that evolved
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:
716:
712:
706:
705:Symbiogenesis
698:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
655:
651:
647:
646:cyanobacteria
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
605:
601:
597:
589:
587:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
563:, namely the
562:
558:
552:
547:
543:
540:
536:
532:
528:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:
476:
472:
469:
466:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
431:
427:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
394:
392:
384:
375:
372:
368:
360:
357:
353:
338:
328:
321:
314:
307:
299:
298:
288:
287:
245:
244:
235:
234:
223:
222:
195:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
77:stromatolites
72:
67:
61:
54:
47:
40:
32:
25:
20:
2942:
2878:Archean Eon
2840:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
2837:
2725:(485–539 Ma)
2694:(444–485 Ma)
2658:(419–444 Ma)
2627:(359–419 Ma)
2601:(299–359 Ma)
2570:(252–299 Ma)
2558:(252–539 Ma)
2522:(201–252 Ma)
2491:(145–201 Ma)
2450:Mesozoic Era
2350:Cenozoic Era
2233:
2227:
2220:
2201:
2192:
2177:
2172:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2066:
2060:
2050:
2021:
2015:
2005:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1611:
1605:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1562:
1556:
1546:
1534:. Retrieved
1522:
1516:
1506:
1486:
1472:
1427:
1421:
1411:
1382:
1376:
1365:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1091:
1086:
1075:
1066:
1058:the original
1046:
1037:the original
1025:
1016:
997:
993:
916:
899:
888:
872:Svecofennian
848:Trans-Hudson
844:Limpopo Belt
833:
812:
799:
797:
789:mitochondria
753:million-year
735:were either
708:
689:aerochemical
673:ferrous iron
669:land surface
607:
581:
530:
526:
524:
390:
382:
377:
373:
359:2420–1780 Ma
358:
295:
253:
252:
241:
229:
199:
2914:Hadean Eon
2692:Ordovician
2463:Cretaceous
2363:Quaternary
2259:11336/19304
2088:29 December
2069:: 172–198.
1635:15 December
1629:10037/24808
1525:: 141–152.
1402:10481/78482
824:North China
718:prokaryotic
715:single-cell
685:free oxygen
650:Mesoarchean
648:during the
644:evolved in
634:inert gases
539:Proterozoic
45:Proterozoic
2981:Categories
2916:(4–4.6 Ga)
2880:(2.5–4 Ga)
2809:(1–1.6 Ga)
2415:Paleogene
1614:: 117501.
1385:: 117716.
1276:(2): 212.
972:References
965:Neoarchean
912:porphyries
909:Arvidsjaur
733:autotrophs
725:metabolism
661:reductants
590:Atmosphere
584:continents
577:Statherian
459:Definition
327:Statherian
243:Neoarchean
84:Chronology
2943:See also:
2723:Cambrian
2656:Silurian
2625:Devonian
2520:Triassic
2489:Jurassic
2236:: 15–32.
2083:134362289
2024:: 68–86.
1930:0027-8424
1865:1095-9203
1804:0027-8424
1737:1471-2148
1678:1471-2148
1579:0028-0836
1339:0027-8424
1298:122908383
1022:"palaeo-"
818:from the
654:byproduct
573:Orosirian
537:) of the
403:Etymology
320:Orosirian
2568:Permian
2389:Neogene
2200:(2009).
1997:10097391
1881:21064445
1873:12098695
1822:12060757
1755:15005799
1696:11580860
1464:31405980
1357:17101962
994:Episodes
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