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loess accumulated from the airfall of wind-silt from suspension. In addition, the ubiquitous homogenization of the loess by innumerable plant roots and insect burrows as it accumulated further supports the conclusion drawn from numerous thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence dates that individual layers of loess accumulated over an extended period of time in terms of thousands of years. Finally, the calcrete horizons are paleosols that represent the periodic cessation of loess accumulation for periods of thousands of years during which they formed within the surface of a loess layer.
462:
47:
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979:(Morgan, pers. comm.); but there is little historical record to solve the mystery. European-American settlers used fire to clear land for settlement and grazing until the 1930s. Since then, forest fires have become less common. One result has been increasing tree density on forested lands and encroachment of shrubs and trees into previously open areas. Consequently, when fires occur in the forest, they are more likely to result in mixed severity or stand replacing events.
872:, this process was so efficient that by 1900 farming was possible where it had been too wet previously (Victor 1935). Replacement of perennial grasses with annual crops resulted in more overland flow and less infiltration, which translates at a watershed level to higher peak flows that subside more quickly than in the past. Once perennial prairie streams are now often dry by mid-summer. This has undoubtedly influenced the amphibious and aquatic species.
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451:. As with the combines, the first steam engine and gasoline-powered tractors were too heavy and awkward for use on the steep Palouse hills. The smaller, general use tractors introduced in the 1920s were only marginally used. As a result, by 1930, only 20% of Palouse farmers used tractors. Today, the Palouse region is the most important
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episodically between about 77,000 and 16,000 years ago. Regional trends in the distribution, thickness, texture, and overall composition of the
Palouse Loess indicate that it largely consists of the wind-blown sediments eroded from fine-grained deposits of the Hanford formation that were periodically deposited by repeated
575:
or erosion of interbedded layers of loess and calcrete that characterize dunes formed by moving currents. Instead, these hills consist of alternating layers of loess and calcrete that are more or less concordant with the modern surface of these hills. This layering demonstrates that the
Palouse hills
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are generally less frequent today than in the past, primarily due to fire suppression, construction of roads (which serve as barriers to fire spread) and conversion of grass and forests to cropland (Morgan et al. 1996). Historians recount lightning-ignited fires burning in the pine fringes bordering
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Intensification of agriculture has affected both water quantity and quality. Agriculture has changed the hydrology, increasing peak runoff flows and shortening the length of runoff. The result is more intense erosion and loss of perennial prairie streams. As early as the 1930s soil scientists were
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rivers and their tributaries with their much shallower soils, steep topography, and hotter, drier climate, were largely unsuitable for crop production and were consequently used for a much longer period by grazing domestic animals (Tisdale 1986). There, intense grazing and other disturbances have
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of wheat was first proved viable in the region in the 1860s. During the 1870s, the Walla Walla region was rapidly converted to farmland, while the initial experiments in growing wheat began in the
Palouse region, which previously had been the domain of cattle and sheep ranching. When those trials
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Since 1900, 94% of the grasslands and 97% of the wetlands in the
Palouse ecoregion have been converted to crop, hay, or pasture lands. Approximately 63% of the lands in forest cover in 1900 are still forested, 9% are grass, and 7% are regenerating forestlands or shrublands. The remaining 21% of
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demonstrates that the older layers of loess accumulated between 2 and 1 million years ago. Detailed optically stimulated luminescence dating has shown that the uppermost layer of
Palouse Loess accumulated between 15,000 years ago and modern times and the layer of loess underlying it accumulated
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proved more than successful, a minor land rush quickly filled the
Palouse region with farmers during the 1880s. The simultaneous proliferation of railroads only increased the rapid settlement of the Palouse. By 1890 nearly all the Palouse lands had been taken up and converted to wheat farming.
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areas offer breeding habitat for a greater diversity of birds than any other habitat in the U.S. (Ratti and Scott 1991). Loss of trees and shrubs along stream corridors means fewer birds and eventually fewer species. The majority of riparian areas have been lost across the bioregion.
436:
had been invented and was in use, but few farmers had enough horses to pull such a machine, which required a crew of 40 horses and six men to operate on level ground. Because of this, use of combines on the
Palouse lagged behind use in other farming communities in the United States.
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wildlife professor J. Ratti documented changes in bird community composition over a 10-year period as he converted a wheat field into a suburban wildlife refuge. As of 1991, his 15-acre (61,000 m) yard attracted 86 species of birds, an increase from 18 (Ratti and Scott 1991).
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Morgan, P., S.C. Bunting, A.E. Black, T. Merrill, and S. Barrett. 1996. Fire regimes in the
Interior Columbia River Basin: past and present. Final Report, RJVA-INT-94913. Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Missoula,
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of the loess indicate that each calcrete layer represents a period of thousands to tens of thousands of years of nondeposition, weathering, and soil development that occurred between episodic periods of loess deposition. A consistent sequence of
829:. The native prairie is one of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States (Noss et al. 1995), as only a little over one percent of the original prairie still exists. The only large preserved patches of this ecosystem left are found in
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was extremely labor-intensive and relied heavily on human and horse-power. An organized harvesting/threshing team in the 1920s required 120 men and 320 mules and horses. Teams moved from farm to farm as the crops ripened. By this point, the
310:
While this definition of the
Palouse remains common today, the term is sometimes used to refer to the entire wheat-growing region, including Walla Walla County, the Camas Prairie of Idaho, the Big Bend region of the central
276:, meaning "land with short and thick grass" or "lawn." Over time, the spelling changed to Palouse. Another theory is that the region's name came from the French word and was later applied to its indigenous inhabitants.
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By 1910, although local terms like
Palouse, Walla Walla Country, Big Bend, Umatilla Country, and Camas Prairie continued to be common, many people of the region began to regard themselves as living in the
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Tisdale, E.W. 1986. Canyon grasslands and associated shrublands of west-central Idaho and adjacent areas. Bulletin No. 40. Forestry, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow.
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Noss, R.F., E.T. LaRoe III, and J.M. Scott. 1995. Endangered ecosystems of the United States: a preliminary assessment of loss and degradation. U.S. National Biological Service. Biological Report 28.
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of regional rivers (Victor 1935) and expansion of channel width. Higher faster runoff caused streams to downcut quickly, effectively lowering the water table in immediately adjacent meadows. On the
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The impacts of domestic grazers on the grasslands of the Palouse and Camas Prairies was transitory because much of the areas were rapidly converted to agriculture. However, the canyonlands of the
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McDonald, Eric V.; Busacca, Alan J. (1990). "Interaction between aggrading geomorphic surfaces and the formation of a late pleistocene paleosol in the palouse loess of eastern Washington state".
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Williams, K.R. 1991. Hills of gold: a history of wheat production technologies in the Palouse region of Washington and Idaho. Ph.D. dissertation, Washington State University, Pullman.
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407:, including all the wheat-producing regions, the local mining districts, and lumber-producing forests. Spokane also served as the region's main railroad and transportation hub.
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As population grew, towns and cities appeared changing the complexion of the area. By 1910, there were 22,000 people scattered in 30 communities across the Palouse Prairie.
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303:. This region underwent a settlement and wheat-growing boom during the 1880s, part of a larger process of growing wheat in southeast Washington, originally pioneered in
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911:. The highly competitive plants of both of these genera evolved under similar climatic regimes in Eurasia and were introduced to the U.S. in the late 19th century.
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in southeastern Washington, western Idaho, and northeastern Oregon. The Palouse Loess forms a fine-grained mantle of variable thickness that lies upon either the
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Although superficially resembling sand or other types of dunes, the loess hills of the Palouse are of far different origin. Internally, they lack any evidence of
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388:. These four centers, along with at least ten lesser ones, resulted in a diffuse pattern of rural centers, relative to the centralized Walla Walla Country
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the prairies in late autumn, but the extent to which forest fires spread into the prairie or the converse is not known. Some fire ecologists believe the
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At its thickest, the Palouse Loess is up to 75 meters (246 ft) thick. It consists of multiple layers of loess separated by multiple well-defined
1422:
Ratti, J.T., and J.M. Scott. 1991. Agricultural impacts on wildlife: problem review and restoration needs. The Environmental Professional 13:263-274.
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In Quaternary Geology of the United States, INQUA 2003 Field Guide Volume. DJ Easterbrook, ed., pp. 123-134. Reno, Nevada: Desert Research Institute.
46:
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began to manufacture a smaller machine that combine harvesting became feasible. By 1930, 90% of all Palouse wheat was harvested using combines.
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Victor, E. 1935. Some effects of cultivation upon stream history and upon the topography of the Palouse region. Northwest Science 9(3):18-19.
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Sweeney, Mark R.; Gaylord, David R.; Busacca, Alan J. (2007). "Evolution of Eureka Flat: A dust-producing engine of the Palouse loess, USA".
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Nevertheless, the traditional definition of the Palouse region is distinct from the older Walla Walla region south of the Snake River, where
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Lately, conversion of agricultural lands to suburban homesites on large plots invites a new suite of biodiversity onto the Palouse Prairie.
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1397:. U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Biological Science Report USGS/BRD/BSR 1998-0003 (Revised September 1999)..
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Regional sedimentation of late Quaternary loess on the Columbia plateau: sediment source areas and loess distribution patterns.
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Chapter 10: Additional Figures - Biodiversity and Land-use History of the Palouse Bioregion: Pre-European to Present
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While there is some debate over how frequently the Palouse prairie burned historically, there is consensus that
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403:, the region's major urban hub. So dominant was Spokane's position that it became known as the capital of the
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Perspectives on the land-use history of North America: a context for understanding our changing environment
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2002:
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Long Quaternary record in eastern Washington, U.S.A., interpreted from multiple buried paleosols in loess.
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resulted in irreversible changes with the native grasses largely replaced by annual grasses of the genus
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1977:
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825:), today virtually all of the Palouse Prairie has been plowed or overrun by non-native species such as
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of the Palouse Loess that covers the surface of over 50,000 km (19,000 sq mi) on the
372:, the Palouse region saw the rise of at least four centers, all within several miles of each other:
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tribe (spelled in early accounts variously as Palus, Palloatpallah, Pelusha, etc.) was converted by
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2012:
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The Palouse boasts a large number of animal species. Some animals in the region include both
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Cities along the borders of the Palouse, and by some definitions included within it, include
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Eureka Flat: How glacial outburst floods started the dust engine of the Pacific Northwest
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Geographic region of Northwestern United States dominated by wheat-based agriculture
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The origin of the name "Palouse" is unclear. One theory is that the name of the
194:
1201:
The Palouse loess and the Channeled Scabland: A paired Ice-Age geologic system.
918:
practices in the Palouse region in the early 2000s, the negative environmental
232:. Just eight miles (13 km) apart, both schools opened in the early 1890s.
3101:
2227:
876:
334:
1483:
1144:"National Origins: Washington-Idaho Border; America's Golden Land Of Lentils"
891:
previously forested lands have been converted to agriculture or urban areas.
115:
102:
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Crop production increased dramatically (200–400%) after the introduction of
328:
1512:
550:. The degree of development of individual layers of calcrete together with
1478:
368:
Unlike the Walla Walla Country, which was solidly anchored on the city of
976:
840:
543:
540:
517:
502:
501:
hills which characterize the Palouse Prairie are underlain by wind-blown
1189:
Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Bulletin. 80:181-190.
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806:
520:
510:
448:
428:
280:
279:
Traditionally, the Palouse region was defined as the fertile hills and
3070:
1311:
323:, Oregon. This larger definition is used by organizations such as the
2423:
2413:
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2231:
943:
939:
904:
747:
452:
202:
190:
37:
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498:
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295:, extending north along the Washington and Idaho border, south of
256:
239:
198:
1518:
1249:
Linear Topography in the Southwestern Palouse, Washington-Oregon.
209:, the region experienced rapid growth in the late 19th century.
1251:
Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 50(2):98-111.
967:
3074:
2200:
1522:
287:, which separated it from Walla Walla County, and north of the
19:
This article is about the geographic region. For the city, see
1402:
The Great Columbia Plains: A Historical Geography, 1805-1910.
975:
burned the Palouse and Camas Prairies to encourage growth of
155:
146:
419:, or simply Eastern Washington, Oregon, or North Idaho.
399:, serving the eastern edge of the Big Bend Country; and
447:
The next step in mechanization was development of the
205:. Situated about 160 miles (260 km) north of the
1439:
Palouse grasslands images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
1404:
University of Seattle Press, Seattle (Revised 1995).
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1210:
167:
158:
152:
143:
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772:
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721:
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708:
700:
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642:
630:
625:
586:
315:, and other smaller agricultural districts such as
149:
28:
1046:
809:composed of mid-length perennial grasses such as
1460:, The Columbia Gazetteer of North America. 2000.
440:It was only when the Idaho Harvester Company in
1515:The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
1198:Gaylord, DR, AJ Busacca, and MR Sweeney (2003)
907:and noxious weeds, particularly from the genus
189:, and, by some definitions, parts of northeast
4089:Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1128:
1126:
1124:
649:Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
617:Palouse grasslands ecoregion according to the
395:, Idaho, serving the Camas Prairie farmlands;
3086:
2212:
1534:
270:fur traders to the more familiar French word
8:
1469:Photograph America: The Palouse, Washington
535:sediments that are known informally as the
3654:
3523:
3284:
3093:
3079:
3071:
2458:
2219:
2205:
2197:
1541:
1527:
1519:
1496:"Palouse grasslands (World Wildlife Fund)"
1453:Palouse Prairie Foundation bibliographies.
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
598:Preserved patch of perennial grassland in
25:
1513:Textbook - Key Concepts in Geomorphology.
561:normal-reverse-normal polarity signatures
174:) is a distinct geographic region of the
556:optically stimulated luminescence dating
1336:"Palouse grasslands | Ecoregions | WWF"
1037:
835:Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area
725:46,879 km (18,100 sq mi)
664:
457:
58:
43:
1330:
1328:
583:
4114:Natural history of Washington (state)
3370:Archaeology and Historic Preservation
1360:"No Till : the Quiet Revolution"
831:Hells Canyon National Recreation Area
600:Hells Canyon National Recreation Area
353:, about 7 miles (11 km) west of
7:
1183:Busacca, AJ, and EV McDonald (1994)
327:, who define the Palouse Grasslands
1479:A photographic guide to the Palouse
1474:The Luminous Landscape: The Palouse
1304:"The Atlas of Global Conservation"
1053:. University of Washington Press.
14:
672:Cascade Mountains leeward forests
4060:
4046:
3052:
3038:
2180:
1451:, Compiled by David M. Skinner,
1142:St. George, Donna (1997-09-24).
994:Spokane-Coeur d'Alene-Paloos War
611:
592:
476:
460:
139:
71:
64:
45:
4099:Grasslands of the United States
4094:Ecoregions of the United States
1012:- college football rivalry game
833:and in the southern portion of
72:
3820:Greater Portland and Vancouver
568:within the Eureka Flats area.
291:, which separated it from the
1:
4124:Regions of Washington (state)
4053:Washington (state) portal
692:South Central Rockies forests
677:North Central Rockies forests
497:The peculiar and picturesque
4067:Pacific Northwest portal
3810:Tri-Cities metropolitan area
3505:Utilities and Transportation
3460:Public Disclosure Commission
3059:Pacific Northwest portal
1393:- Sisk, T.D., editor. 1998.
1283:10.1016/0169-555X(90)90016-J
1235:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.10.034
1049:Washington State Place Names
455:-growing region in the USA.
349:, Washington, is located in
3815:Wenatchee metropolitan area
3495:Student Achievement Council
3455:Institute for Public Policy
1045:Phillips, James W. (1971).
687:Snake-Columbia shrub steppe
514:Columbia River Basalt Group
244:Palouse hills south of the
226:Washington State University
212:The Palouse is home to two
4150:
3485:Social and Health Services
325:World Wide Fund for Nature
307:south of the Snake River.
197:area, primarily producing
176:northwestern United States
18:
4109:Natural history of Oregon
4040:
3657:
3435:Liquor and Cannabis Board
3337:Congressional delegations
3112:
3032:
2238:
2176:
1557:
856:Ecological transformation
610:
591:
384:, and on the Idaho side,
96:
59:
44:
35:
4104:Natural history of Idaho
3465:Public Stadium Authority
3149:Census-designated places
1486:Documentary produced by
1219:Quaternary International
879:following World War II.
178:, encompassing parts of
3342:Congressional districts
1715:Boise metropolitan area
1489:Idaho Public Television
922:has visibly decreased.
886:Farmland on the Palouse
214:land-grant universities
3480:Services for the Blind
3405:Financial Institutions
1730:Columbia River Plateau
1502:. World Wildlife Fund.
1500:Terrestrial Ecoregions
1449:A Palouse Bibliography
1090:. World Wildlife Fund.
1088:Terrestrial Ecoregions
952:yellow-bellied marmots
887:
667:Blue Mountains forests
415:, the Wheat Belt, the
342:
313:Columbia River Plateau
271:
259:
3317:Legislative districts
2593:Trout Creek Mountains
1174:Geoderma. 45:105-122.
1168:Busacca, A.J., 1989.
1010:Battle of the Palouse
920:impact of agriculture
914:With the adoption of
885:
337:
243:
236:Geography and history
4129:Ecoregions of Oregon
3541:Long Beach Peninsula
3425:Labor and Industries
3420:Information Services
1464:The Appaloosa Museum
1084:"Palouse grasslands"
811:bluebunch wheatgrass
783:Critical/Endangered
682:Okanagan dry forests
483:Palouse fields from
467:Palouse fields from
4134:Nearctic ecoregions
3400:Enterprise Services
3395:Employment Security
3206:Tourist attractions
3159:Indian reservations
2588:Mount Hood Corridor
1755:North Central Idaho
1631:Tourist attractions
1400:Meinig, D.W. 1968.
1340:World Wildlife Fund
1275:1990Geomo...3..449M
1227:2007QuInt.162...76S
989:Palouse, Washington
870:South Palouse River
864:noting significant
849:University of Idaho
779:Conservation status
218:University of Idaho
180:north central Idaho
112: /
51:Palouse hills near
21:Palouse, Washington
4119:Geography of Idaho
3583:Central Washington
3470:Retirement Systems
1775:Southwestern Idaho
1484:A Palouse Paradise
1443:slow modem version
1221:. 162–163: 76–96.
1149:The New York Times
888:
823:Festuca idahoensis
815:Agropyron spicatum
805:Once an extensive
587:Palouse grasslands
552:thermoluminescence
537:Hanford formation.
343:
319:, Washington, and
305:Walla Walla County
299:, centered on the
260:
4076:
4075:
3828:
3827:
3642:
3641:
3546:Olympic Peninsula
3513:
3512:
3445:Natural Resources
3410:Fish and Wildlife
3068:
3067:
3045:Oregon portal
2601:
2600:
2491:Willamette Valley
2194:
2193:
1790:Wood River Valley
1247:Lewis, PF (1960)
1060:978-0-295-95158-4
948:California quails
936:white-tailed deer
803:
802:
525:Ringold Formation
523:sediments of the
345:The community of
131:
130:
4141:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4051:
4050:
4049:
3655:
3598:Okanogan Country
3588:Columbia Plateau
3556:San Juan Islands
3536:Kitsap Peninsula
3524:
3347:City governments
3285:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3072:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3043:
3042:
3041:
2615:Albany–Corvallis
2578:Columbia Plateau
2471:Northwest Oregon
2459:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2187:Idaho portal
2185:
2184:
2183:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1520:
1503:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1310:. Archived from
1300:
1287:
1286:
1269:(3–4): 449–469.
1258:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1181:
1175:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1119:
1118:Meinig, pg. 406.
1116:
1110:
1109:Meinig, pg. 333.
1107:
1101:
1100:Meinig, pg. 510.
1098:
1092:
1091:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1052:
1042:
956:red-tailed hawks
615:
596:
584:
507:Columbia Plateau
480:
464:
289:Clearwater River
193:. It is a major
171:
165:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
127:
126:
124:
123:
122:
117:
116:46.73°N 117.16°W
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
85:Location in the
75:
74:
68:
49:
26:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4061:
4059:
4047:
4045:
4036:
3824:
3805:Greater Spokane
3800:Greater Seattle
3792:
3786:
3649:
3638:
3612:
3565:
3509:
3351:
3332:Ballot measures
3276:
3210:
3120:
3108:
3099:
3069:
3064:
3053:
3051:
3039:
3037:
3028:
2835:
2652:
2620:Bend–Prineville
2597:
2551:
2533:
2524:Treasure Valley
2495:
2486:Tualatin Valley
2448:
2387:
2317:ballot measures
2246:
2234:
2225:
2195:
2190:
2181:
2179:
2172:
1939:
1886:
1879:
1806:
1799:
1780:Treasure Valley
1760:Idaho Panhandle
1701:
1635:
1565:
1553:
1547:
1494:
1435:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1302:
1301:
1290:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1197:
1193:
1182:
1178:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1152:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1073:Meinig, p. 467.
1072:
1068:
1061:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1016:Okanagan Desert
985:
964:
928:
916:no-till farming
858:
696:
663:
662:
621:
606:
582:
566:Missoula Floods
495:
488:
481:
472:
465:
425:
362:dryland farming
321:Umatilla County
268:French-Canadian
238:
169:
142:
138:
120:
118:
114:
111:
106:
103:
101:
99:
98:
92:
91:
90:
89:
83:
82:
81:
80:
76:
55:
40:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4147:
4145:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4081:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4056:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3702:Spokane Valley
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3634:Columbia River
3631:
3629:Columbia Gorge
3626:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3500:Transportation
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3385:Early Learning
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3357:State agencies
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3146:
3144:Municipalities
3141:
3139:Climate change
3136:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3048:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2658:Largest cities
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2573:Columbia River
2570:
2568:Columbia Gorge
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2529:Central Oregon
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:Portland Metro
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
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2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1770:Southern Idaho
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1652:Climate change
1649:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1446:
1434:
1433:External links
1431:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1398:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
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1191:
1176:
1161:
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1120:
1111:
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1036:
1035:
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991:
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981:
963:
960:
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854:
801:
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793:
792:
789:
785:
784:
781:
775:
774:
770:
769:
762:Cold semi-arid
759:
755:
754:
741:
737:
736:
731:
727:
726:
723:
719:
718:
714:
713:
710:
709:Mammal species
706:
705:
702:
698:
697:
695:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
660:
659:
658:
656:
652:
651:
646:
640:
639:
634:
628:
627:
623:
622:
616:
608:
607:
597:
589:
588:
581:
578:
548:unconformities
546:and erosional
533:outburst flood
516:, non-glacial
494:
491:
490:
489:
482:
475:
473:
471:, early summer
466:
459:
424:
421:
417:Columbia Basin
376:(the oldest),
351:Whitman County
340:Whitman County
237:
234:
129:
128:
121:46.73; -117.16
94:
93:
84:
78:
77:
70:
69:
63:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
50:
42:
41:
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32:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4115:
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4090:
4087:
4086:
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4042:
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4033:
4030:
4028:
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4023:
4020:
4018:
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4010:
4008:
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4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
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3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
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3808:
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3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
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3705:
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3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
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3678:
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3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:Cascade Range
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3608:Yakima Valley
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:Methow Valley
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3561:Skagit Valley
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
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3478:
3476:
3473:
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3441:
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3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
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3398:
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3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
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3378:
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3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
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3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
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1410:0-295-97485-0
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1314:on 2012-03-05
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1263:Geomorphology
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1026:Palouse Falls
1024:
1022:
1021:Steptoe Butte
1019:
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996:(Palouse War)
995:
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734:United States
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573:cross-bedding
569:
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413:Inland Empire
408:
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405:Inland Empire
402:
398:
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371:
366:
363:
358:
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348:
341:
336:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:Asotin County
314:
308:
306:
302:
301:Palouse River
298:
294:
293:Camas Prairie
290:
286:
283:north of the
282:
277:
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269:
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258:
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177:
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136:
125:
97:Coordinates:
95:
88:
87:United States
67:
54:
53:Steptoe Butte
48:
39:
34:
27:
22:
4058:
4044:
3967:Pend Oreille
3907:Grays Harbor
3791:Metropolitan
3602:
3490:State Patrol
3302:Constitution
3262:Homelessness
3242:Demographics
3114:
3050:
3036:
2811:Happy Valley
2771:Forest Grove
2648:Salem–Keizer
2563:The Cascades
2547:Rogue Valley
2518:
2509:Harney Basin
2476:Oregon Coast
2414:Demographics
2351:Oregon Trail
2346:bibliography
2307:constitution
2240:
2178:
1764:
1750:Magic Valley
1720:Cache Valley
1667:Demographics
1609:Bibliography
1559:
1506:
1499:
1487:
1401:
1394:
1370:. Retrieved
1367:Ars.usda.gov
1366:
1354:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:
1316:. Retrieved
1312:the original
1308:maps.tnc.org
1307:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1248:
1243:
1218:
1200:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1170:
1164:
1153:. Retrieved
1147:
1137:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1048:
1040:
1000:Palus people
965:
929:
913:
893:
889:
874:
862:
859:
846:
839:
822:
819:Idaho fescue
814:
804:
788:Habitat loss
773:Conservation
765:
758:Climate type
701:Bird species
570:
536:
496:
485:Kamiak Butte
469:Kamiak Butte
446:
439:
426:
409:
390:
367:
359:
344:
309:
278:
261:
211:
207:Oregon Trail
195:agricultural
184:southeastern
134:
132:
4017:Walla Walla
3707:Federal Way
3551:Puget Sound
3380:Corrections
3365:Agriculture
3312:Legislature
3267:LGBT rights
3171:Earthquakes
2781:Wilsonville
2746:McMinnville
2741:Oregon City
2736:Grants Pass
2726:Lake Oswego
2706:Springfield
2629:Springfield
2607:Metro areas
2583:Great Basin
2514:High Desert
2434:LGBT rights
2312:delegations
1925:Garden City
1830:Idaho Falls
1795:Yellowstone
1740:Great Basin
1692:LGBT rights
1594:Delegations
866:downcutting
580:Environment
529:Pleistocene
370:Walla Walla
285:Snake River
119: /
4083:Categories
3747:Marysville
3722:Bellingham
3289:Government
3106:Washington
3014:Washington
2914:Hood River
2378:State Fair
2302:Government
2168:Washington
2158:Twin Falls
2038:Clearwater
1998:Bonneville
1860:Post Falls
1850:Twin Falls
1589:Government
1385:References
1345:2020-11-13
1318:2020-11-12
1155:2009-08-17
1032:References
900:Clearwater
877:fertilizer
827:cheatgrass
752:Washington
187:Washington
4012:Wahkiakum
3992:Snohomish
3937:Klickitat
3917:Jefferson
3767:Shoreline
3752:Sammamish
3732:Kennewick
3677:Vancouver
3430:Licensing
3307:Governors
3252:Education
3166:Geography
3119:(capital)
2989:Tillamook
2974:Multnomah
2929:Josephine
2924:Jefferson
2889:Deschutes
2859:Clackamas
2831:Pendleton
2826:Hermiston
2801:Milwaukie
2761:West Linn
2711:Corvallis
2691:Beaverton
2686:Hillsboro
2424:Education
2322:elections
2275:Geography
2245:(capital)
2123:Nez Perce
2078:Jefferson
1968:Bear Lake
1920:Blackfoot
1835:Pocatello
1682:Elections
1677:Education
1599:Governors
1584:Geography
1564:(capital)
1549:State of
1372:2 January
1005:Appaloosa
973:Nez Perce
909:Centaurea
796:Protected
730:Countries
717:Geography
544:paleosols
503:sediments
397:Ritzville
357:, Idaho.
331:broadly.
329:ecoregion
249:Arboretum
4007:Thurston
3987:Skamania
3977:San Juan
3957:Okanogan
3932:Kittitas
3897:Garfield
3892:Franklin
3872:Columbia
3834:Counties
3762:Richland
3757:Lakewood
3717:Kirkland
3682:Bellevue
3440:Military
3375:Commerce
3281:Politics
3272:Politics
3257:Gun laws
3227:Cannabis
3222:Abortion
3181:Highways
2994:Umatilla
2869:Columbia
2841:Counties
2806:Sherwood
2786:Roseburg
2766:Woodburn
2756:Tualatin
2666:Portland
2643:Portland
2539:Southern
2444:Politics
2439:Gambling
2429:Gun laws
2399:Abortion
2373:Pioneers
2356:timeline
2329:Governor
2148:Shoshone
2118:Minidoka
2088:Kootenai
2053:Franklin
2003:Boundary
1945:Counties
1905:Chubbuck
1855:Lewiston
1840:Caldwell
1825:Meridian
1697:Politics
1687:Gun laws
1647:Abortion
983:See also
841:Riparian
637:Nearctic
541:calcrete
531:glacial
518:Pliocene
393:Lewiston
355:Potlatch
338:Farm in
281:prairies
107:117°10′W
4027:Whitman
4022:Whatcom
4002:Stevens
3997:Spokane
3962:Pacific
3947:Lincoln
3882:Douglas
3877:Cowlitz
3862:Clallam
3772:Olympia
3742:Redmond
3692:Everett
3667:Spokane
3662:Seattle
3648:Largest
3603:Palouse
3571:Eastern
3528:Western
3519:Regions
3475:Revenue
3390:Ecology
3247:Economy
3237:Culture
3215:Society
3201:Symbols
3176:History
3134:Outline
3116:Olympia
3024:Yamhill
3019:Wheeler
3004:Wallowa
2984:Sherman
2959:Malheur
2949:Lincoln
2934:Klamath
2919:Jackson
2899:Gilliam
2894:Douglas
2864:Clatsop
2796:Ashland
2776:Newberg
2751:Redmond
2701:Medford
2681:Gresham
2638:Ashland
2634:Medford
2519:Palouse
2501:Eastern
2463:Western
2454:Regions
2419:Economy
2404:Culture
2392:Society
2383:Symbols
2341:History
2285:beaches
2270:Climate
2265:Outline
2138:Payette
2113:Madison
2108:Lincoln
2068:Gooding
2058:Fremont
2023:Caribou
1978:Bingham
1973:Benewah
1963:Bannock
1885:Smaller
1865:Rexburg
1765:Palouse
1707:Regions
1672:Economy
1662:Culture
1640:Society
1626:Symbols
1604:History
1271:Bibcode
1223:Bibcode
944:bobcats
940:coyotes
807:prairie
655:Borders
626:Ecology
521:fluvial
511:Miocene
493:Geology
449:tractor
434:combine
429:farming
423:Farming
401:Spokane
382:Pullman
378:Palouse
347:Palouse
297:Spokane
273:pelouse
230:Pullman
203:legumes
135:Palouse
104:46°44′N
79:Palouse
30:Palouse
4032:Yakima
3982:Skagit
3972:Pierce
3927:Kitsap
3912:Island
3857:Chelan
3852:Benton
3847:Asotin
3782:Burien
3727:Auburn
3712:Yakima
3697:Renton
3672:Tacoma
3650:cities
3617:Shared
3575:Inland
3415:Health
3327:Senate
3196:People
3126:Topics
2969:Morrow
2964:Marion
2909:Harney
2854:Benton
2731:Keizer
2721:Tigard
2716:Albany
2676:Eugene
2625:Eugene
2556:Shared
2368:People
2295:rivers
2252:Topics
2232:Oregon
2163:Valley
2133:Owyhee
2128:Oneida
2083:Jerome
2048:Elmore
2043:Custer
2028:Cassia
2018:Canyon
1993:Bonner
1983:Blaine
1935:Burley
1930:Jerome
1915:Hayden
1887:cities
1870:Moscow
1807:cities
1805:Larger
1621:People
1616:Images
1571:Topics
1408:
1057:
954:, and
905:Bromus
817:) and
748:Oregon
487:, fall
453:lentil
442:Moscow
427:Early
386:Moscow
374:Colfax
253:Moscow
222:Moscow
216:: the
191:Oregon
38:Region
3952:Mason
3942:Lewis
3902:Grant
3887:Ferry
3867:Clark
3842:Adams
3793:areas
3777:Lacey
3737:Pasco
3450:Parks
3322:House
3232:Crime
3191:Parks
3186:Music
3102:State
3009:Wasco
2999:Union
2904:Grant
2884:Curry
2879:Crook
2849:Baker
2821:Canby
2671:Salem
2409:Crime
2363:Parks
2290:lakes
2280:fauna
2260:Index
2242:Salem
2228:State
2153:Teton
2143:Power
2103:Lewis
2098:Lemhi
2093:Latah
2073:Idaho
2033:Clark
2013:Camas
2008:Butte
1988:Boise
1958:Adams
1900:Ammon
1875:Eagle
1820:Nampa
1815:Boise
1657:Crime
1579:Index
1561:Boise
1551:Idaho
1416:Mont.
1363:(PDF)
977:Camas
968:fires
962:Fires
926:Fauna
896:Snake
799:9.89%
791:26.3%
744:Idaho
740:State
644:Biome
632:Realm
604:Idaho
527:, or
499:loess
264:Palus
257:Idaho
199:wheat
170:LOOSS
3922:King
3687:Kent
2979:Polk
2954:Linn
2944:Lane
2939:Lake
2874:Coos
2696:Bend
2334:list
1895:Kuna
1406:ISBN
1374:2017
1055:ISBN
934:and
932:mule
898:and
722:Area
704:199
661:List
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3297:Law
3104:of
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1953:Ada
1279:doi
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