Mimicry - Knowledge (XXG)

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tends to avoid anything that looks like it for a long time, and does not re-sample soon to see whether the initial experience was a false negative. However, if mimics become more abundant than models, then the probability of a young predator having a first experience with a mimic increases. Batesian systems are therefore most likely to be stable where the model is more abundant than the mimic.

1664:), which is recognized by other fishes as a cleaner. The false cleanerfish resembles the cleaner, and mimics the cleaner's "dance". Once it is allowed close to the client, it attacks, biting off a piece of its fin before fleeing. Fish wounded in this fashion soon learn to distinguish mimic from model, but because the similarity is close they also become much more cautious of the model. 2022: 431:. Mimicry systems have three basic roles: a mimic, a model, and a dupe. When these correspond to three separate species, the system is called disjunct; when the roles are taken by just two species, the system is called bipolar. Mimicry evolves if a dupe (such as a predator) perceives a mimic (such as a palatable prey) as a model (the organism it resembles), and 29: 299:(translated and presented by Ralph Meldola). He described a situation where different species were each unpalatable to predators, and shared similar, genuine, warning signals. Bates found it hard to explain why this should be so, asking why they should need to mimic each other if both were harmful and could warn off predators on their own. Müller put forward 1472:

species of varying toxicity. These species store toxins from its host plant, which are maintained even in the adult. As levels of toxin vary depending on diet, some individuals are more toxic than the rest, which profit from the toxicity of those individuals, just as hoverflies benefit from mimicking

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with respect to the mimic (e.g., avoiding harm). Some cases may belong to more than one class, e.g., automimicry and aggressive mimicry are not mutually exclusive, as one describes the species relationship between model and mimic, while the other describes the function for the mimic (obtaining food).

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applies in most forms of mimicry. Specifically, Batesian mimicry can only be maintained if the harm caused to the predator by eating a model outweighs the benefit of eating a mimic. The nature of learning is weighted in favor of the mimics, for a predator that has a bad first experience with a model

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action of a dupe. Birds, for example, use sight to identify palatable insects, whilst avoiding noxious ones. Over time, palatable insects may evolve to resemble noxious ones, making them mimics and the noxious ones models. Models do not have to be more abundant than mimics. In the case of mutualism,

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When a man comes by chance upon a young brood , and tries to catch them, the hen-bird rolls in front of the hunter, pretending to be lame: the man every moment thinks he is on the point of catching her, and so she draws him on and on, until every one of her brood has had time to escape; hereupon she

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to recognize the snake's warning signals. There would then be no advantage for an extremely deadly snake in being aposematic: any predator that attacked it would be killed before it could learn to avoid the deadly prey, so the snake would be better off being camouflaged to avoid attacks. But if the

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has another strategy to reach its host's intestine. They are brightly coloured and move in a pulsating fashion. A sporocyst-sac pulsates in the snail's eye stalks, coming to resemble an irresistible meal for a songbird. In this way, it can bridge the gap between hosts, allowing it to complete its

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of females. Beta males mimic females and manage to enter the harem of females without being detected by the alpha males allowing them to mate. Gamma males are the smallest males and mimic juveniles. This also allows them to mate with the females without the alpha males detecting them. Similarly,

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The resemblance of the genera named is the more worthy of notice since it occurs between insects both belonging to the group of butterflies which are protected by distastefulness. The explanation which applies in ordinary cases of mimicry—and no other has, so far as I know, been offered—cannot

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butterflies; when perching on a twig or flower, they commonly do so upside down and shift their rear wings repeatedly, causing antenna-like movements of the "tails" on their wings. Studies of rear-wing damage support the hypothesis that this strategy is effective in deflecting attacks from the

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One form of automimicry is where one part of an organism's body resembles another part. For example, the tails of some snakes resemble their heads; they move backwards when threatened and present the predator with the tail, improving their chances of escape without fatal harm. Some fishes have

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bear "false eyes" on the back of the head, misleading predators into reacting as though they were the subject of an aggressive stare. Many insects have filamentous "tails" at the ends of their wings and patterns of markings on the wings themselves. These combine to create a "false head". This

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Gilbertian mimicry is bipolar, involving only two species. The potential host (or prey) drives away its parasite (or predator) by mimicking it, the reverse of host-parasite aggressive mimicry. It was coined by Pasteur as a phrase for such rare mimicry systems, and is named after the American

80:, is harmful, and is avoided by the dupe, such as an insect-eating bird. Birds hunt by sight, so the mimicry in that case is visual, but in other cases mimicry may make use of any of the senses. Most types of mimicry, including Batesian, are deceptive, as the mimics are not harmful, but 323: 515:

effects, creating an increasingly close resemblance. This model is supported by empirical evidence that suggests that a few single point mutations cause large phenotypic effects, while numerous others produce smaller effects. Some regulatory elements collaborate to form a

275:. The term "Batesian mimicry" has since been used in his honour, its usage becoming restricted to the situation in which a harmless mimic gains protection from its predators by resembling a distasteful model. Among the observations in Bates's 1862 paper is the statement: 461:

rings of co-mimics. In the evolution of wasp-like appearance, it has been argued that insects evolve to masquerade wasps since predatory wasps do not attack each other, and that this mimetic resemblance has had the useful side-effect of deterring vertebrate predators.

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Emsleyan or Mertensian mimicry describes the unusual case where a deadly prey mimics a less dangerous species. It was first proposed by M. G. Emsley in 1966 as a possible explanation for how a predator can learn to avoid a very dangerous aposematic animal, such as a

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to the mimic's selective advantage. The resemblances can be via any sensory modality, including any combination of visual, acoustic, chemical, tactile, or electric. Mimicry may be to the advantage of both organisms that share a resemblance, in which case it is

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fields and looks similar to rice; its seeds are often mixed in rice and have become difficult to separate through Vavilovian mimicry. Vavilovian mimics may eventually be domesticated themselves, as in the case of rye in wheat; Vavilov called these weed-crops

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however argued that although natural selection might stabilize a "mimic" form, it would not be necessary to create it. The most widely accepted model used to explain the evolution of mimicry in butterflies is the two-step hypothesis. The first step involves

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Sinervo, B.; Miles, D. B.; Frankino, W. A.; Klukowski, M.; Denardo, D. F. (2000). "Testosterone, Endurance, and Darwinian Fitness: Natural and Sexual Selection on the Physiological Bases of Alternative Male Behaviors in Side-Blotched Lizards".

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than of distinct 'mimic' and 'model' species, as their warning signals tend to converge. Also, the mimetic species may exist on a continuum from harmless to highly noxious, so Batesian mimicry grades smoothly into Müllerian convergence.

592:, which are hypothesized to resemble the eyes of larger animals. They may not resemble any specific organism's eyes, and whether or not animals respond to them as eyes is also unclear. The model is usually another species, except in 1186:. The signal receiver also benefits by this system, despite being deceived about species identity, as it is able to generalize the pattern to potentially harmful encounters. The distinction between mimic and model that is clear in 481:

butterflies. Models tend to be relatively closely related to their mimics, but mimicry can be of vastly different species, for example when spiders mimic ants. Most known mimics are insects, though many other examples including

1434:, so those that lay on vacant leaves provide their offspring with a greater chance of survival. The stipules thus appear to have evolved as Gilbertian mimics of butterfly eggs, under selection pressure from these caterpillars. 1924: 108:, an orchid flower is the mimic, resembling a female bee, its model; the dupe is the male bee of the same species, which tries to copulate with the flower, enabling it to transfer pollen, so the mimicry is again bipolar. In 1881: 379: 537:

Some mimicry is imperfect. Natural selection drives mimicry only far enough to deceive predators. For example, when predators avoid a mimic that imperfectly resembles a coral snake, the mimic is sufficiently protected.

1456:; where the model belongs to the same species as the mimic. This is the analogue of Batesian mimicry within a single species, and occurs when there is a palatability spectrum within a population. Examples include the 1683:

Parasites can be aggressive mimics, though the situation is somewhat different from those outlined previously. They can mimic their hosts' natural prey, allowing themselves to be eaten as a pathway into their host.

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In Batesian mimicry, the mimic resembles the model, but does not have the attribute that makes it unprofitable to predators (e.g., unpalatability, or the ability to sting). In other words, a Batesian mimic is a

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is also blurred. Where one species is scarce and another abundant, the rare species can be said to be the mimic. When both are present in similar numbers, however, it makes more sense to speak of each as a

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for this phenomenon: if a common predator confuses the two species, individuals in both those species are more likely to survive, as fewer individuals of either species are killed by the predator. The term

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resemblance between an organism and another object, often an organism of another species. Mimicry may evolve between different species, or between individuals of the same species. Often, mimicry functions

7635: 2118:, some males mimic the yellow throat coloration and even mating rejection behaviour of the other sex to sneak matings with guarded females. These males look and behave like unreceptive females. This 1781:

mimic male flowers of their own species, cheating pollinators out of a reward. This reproductive mimicry may not be readily apparent as members of the same species may still exhibit some degree of

1287: 1307: 1796:, the model belongs to a different species than the mimic. By resembling the model, a flower can lure its pollinators without offering nectar. The mechanism occurs in several orchids, including 1260:) all have a red background color with black and white/yellow rings. In this system, both the milk snakes and the deadly coral snakes are mimics, while the false coral snakes are the model. 1675:. It flies amongst the vultures, effectively camouflaged as a vulture which poses no threat to the hawk's prey. It hunts by suddenly breaking from the formation and ambushing its prey. 609:

The terminology used has been debated, as classifications have differed or overlapped; attempts to clarify definitions have led to the partial replacement of old terms with new ones.

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of that species to try to copulate with the flower. This is much like aggressive mimicry in fireflies, but with a more benign outcome for the pollinator. The mechanism is named after

1231:. The scenario is unlike Müllerian mimicry, where the most harmful species is the model. But if a predator dies on its first encounter with a deadly snake, it has no occasion to 604:

Many types of mimicry have been described. An overview of each follows, highlighting the similarities and differences between the various forms. Classification is often based on

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Shuster, Stephen (May 1987). "Alternative Reproductive Behaviors: Three Discrete Male Morphs in Paracerceis sculpta, an Intertidal Isopod from the Northern Gulf of California".

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and another object, often an organism of another species. Mimicry may evolve between different species, or between individuals of the same species. In the simplest case, as in

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Robbins, Robert K. The "False Head" Hypothesis: Predation and Wing Pattern Variation of Lycaenid Butterflies. The American Naturalist Vol. 118, No. 5 (Nov., 1981), pp. 770-775

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Inter-sexual mimicry (a type of automimicry, as it is within a single species) occurs when individuals of one sex in a species mimic members of the opposite sex to facilitate

7620: 1115:), a rare species which lives in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, has a similar red crest, black back, and barred underside to two larger woodpeckers: 1875:

by releasing chemicals that fool the worker ants to believe that the caterpillar larvae are ant larvae. This enables the larvae to be brought directly into the ant's nest.

1747:. This is common in plants with deceptive flowers that do not provide the reward they seem to offer and it may occur in Papua New Guinea fireflies, in which the signal of 295:

also spent many years studying butterflies in the Amazon rainforest. He first published a journal article on mimicry in German in 1878, followed in 1879 by a paper to the

596:, where members of the species mimic other members, or other parts of their own bodies, and in inter-sexual mimicry, where members of one sex mimic members of the other. 4735: 3804:

Rowland, Hannah M.; Ihalainen, Eira; Lindström, Leena; Mappes, Johanna; Speed, Michael P. (2007). "Co-mimics have a mutualistic relationship despite unequal defences".

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butterflies. This type of mimicry is unique in several respects. Firstly, both the mimic and the model benefit from the interaction, which could thus be classified as

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Huheey, James E. (1976). "Studies in warning coloration and mimicry VII — Evolutionary consequences of a Batesian–Müllerian spectrum: A model for Müllerian mimicry".

2067:. Weeders do not want to select weeds and their seeds that look increasingly like cultivated plants, yet there is no other option. For example, early barnyard grass, 1576:) employ prominent patterns in the middle of their webs, such as zigzags. These may reflect ultraviolet light, and mimic the pattern seen in many flowers known as 1563:, though no conscious deceptive intent is involved. The mimic may resemble the prey or host itself, or another organism that does not threaten the prey or host. 1611:", and are captured and eaten. Each female has a repertoire of signals matching the delay and duration of the flashes of the female of the corresponding species. 1266: 469:

if mimicry negatively affects the model, in which case the model can evolve a different appearance from the mimic. Mimics may have different models for different

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Kunte, K.; Zhang, W.; Tenger-Trolander, A.; Palmer, D. H.; Martin, A.; Reed, R. D.; Mullen, S. P.; Kronforst, M. R. (2014). "doublesex is a mimicry supergene".

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eat parasites and dead skin from client fish. Some allow the cleaner to venture inside their body to hunt these parasites. However, the sabre-toothed blenny or

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butterflies have tail patterns and appendages of various degrees of sophistication that promote attacks at the rear rather than at the head. Several species of

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warning coloration. More complex types may be bipolar, involving only two species, such as when the model and the dupe are the same; this occurs for example in

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predator first learnt to avoid a less deadly warning-coloured snake, the deadly species could profit by mimicking the less dangerous snake. Some harmless

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Dalziell, Anastasia H.; Welbergen, Justin A.; Igic, Branislav; Magrath, Robert D. (30 July 2014). "Avian vocal mimicry: a unified conceptual framework".

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Gilbert, Lawrence E. (1975). "Ecological consequences of a coevolved mutualism between butterflies and plants". In L. E. Gilbert; P. H. Raven (eds.).

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that regulate a complex cluster of linked genes that cause large changes in morphology. The second step consists of selections on genes with smaller

7133: 2257: 235:, used the term "mimicry" informally to depict the way that the structure and coloration of some insects resembled objects in their environments: 7661: 4711:

Sourakov, Andrei (2013): Two heads are better than one: false head allows Calycopis cecrops (Lycaenidae) to escape predation by a Jumping Spider,

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Mimicry is defensive or protective when organisms are able to avoid harmful encounters by deceiving enemies into treating them as something else.

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is an alternative explanation for why coral reef fish have come to resemble each other; the same applies to benthic marine invertebrates such as

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1976. "Mistake" pollination as a reproductive system, with special reference to the Caricaceae. Pp 161–169 in J. Burley and B. T. Styles, eds.

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is effective against "usurper" males with orange throats, but ineffective against blue throated "guarder" males, which chase them away. Female

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are a canonical example; the female cuckoo has its offspring raised by a bird of a different species, cutting down the biological mother's

8492: 7984: 7486: 3651:; Stubbins, Claire L.; Hardman, Chloe J. (30 May 2008). "The anti-predator function of 'eyespots' on camouflaged and conspicuous prey". 2425: 1905: 271: 8050: 7100: 7027: 1621: 6426: 6193: 6171: 6028: 5980: 5941: 5891: 2920: 8530: 8199: 7308: 6974: 5216: 4686: 2059:. Selection against the weed may occur either by manually killing the weed, or by separating its seeds from those of the crop by 1316: 120:

on their wings that mimic their own heads, misdirecting predator dupes to strike harmlessly. Many other types of mimicry exist.

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Moran, Jonathan A. (1996). "Pitcher dimorphism, prey composition and the mechanisms of prey attraction in the pitcher plant

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Vavilov, N. I. (1951). "The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants (translation by K. S. Chester)".

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Barber, Jesse R.; Plotkin, David; Rubin, Juliette J.; Homziak, Nicholas T.; Leavell, Brian C.; et al. (21 June 2022).

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Wiklund, Christer; Tullberg, Birgitta S. (September 2004). "Seasonal polyphenism and leaf mimicry in the comma butterfly".

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from the species they imitated, although they belong to a family totally different in structure and metamorphosis from the

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near their tails, and when mildly alarmed swim slowly backwards, presenting the tail as a head. Some insects such as some

156: 8472: 8117: 8002: 2297: 200: 152: 72:, a mimic resembles a model, so as to deceive a dupe, all three being of different species. A Batesian mimic, such as a 8576: 8192: 8062: 7996: 7841: 7829: 6836: 5131:

Kelley, Laura A.; Coe, Rebecca L.; Madden, Joah R.; Healy, Susan D. (1 September 2008). "Vocal mimicry in songbirds".

3027: 2115: 2097: 1713: 1217:, when the predator is very likely to die, making learning unlikely. The theory was developed by the German biologist 240: 4135: 2983:

Roy, B. A. (1994). "The effects of pathogen-induced pseudoflowers and buttercups on each other's insect visitation".

2444:(1878). "Ueber die Vortheile der Mimicry bei Schmetterlingen" [On the Advantages of Mimicry in Butterflies]. 1560: 453:

each model is also a mimic; all such species can be called "co-mimics". Many harmless species such as hoverflies are

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Sinervo, B.; C. M. Lively (1996). "The rock–paper–scissors game and the evolution of alternative male strategies".

4786: 4609:(1970). "Plant poisons in a terrestrial food chain and implications for mimicry theory". In Chambers, K. L. (ed.). 3648: 3596: 3561: 3552: 3490: 2003:

of the next flower the male tries to inseminate, resulting in pollination. The mimicry is a combination of visual,

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that share some of the characteristics of a harmless species, allowing them to avoid detection by their prey or

1037:. Mimics are less likely to be found out (for example by predators) when in low proportion to their model. Such 7511: 7251: 7176: 6581: 4555: 2119: 1580:. Spiders change their web day to day, which can be explained by the ability of bees to remember web patterns. 428: 8306: 3962:

Barber, Jesse R.; Chadwell, Brad A.; Garrett, Nick; Schmidt-French, Barbara; Conner, William E. (July 2009).

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involving seeds, vocal mimicry in birds, and aggressive and Batesian mimicry in brood parasite-host systems.

7901: 7811: 7454: 7150: 6060: 6020: 5009: 3033: 2832: 2579: 1732: 1719: 7955: 7871: 7446: 7440: 7330: 7093: 6662: 6513: 6309: 6304: 6269: 6254: 2337: 483: 474: 466: 20: 3690:(August 2013). "Defensive posture and eyespots deter avian predators from attacking caterpillar models". 2197: 8068: 8038: 8020: 7817: 7417: 7303: 7037: 6996: 6991: 6969: 6672: 6419: 6279: 2069: 1934: 1810: 1489: 1431: 520:

for the development of butterfly color patterns. The model is supported by computational simulations of

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Lloyd, J. E. (1975). "Aggressive Mimicry in Photuris Fireflies: Signal Repertoires by Femmes Fatales".

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to form aggregations to attract females. Other forms of mimicry have a reproductive component, such as

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Bawa, K. S. (1980). "Mimicry of male by female flowers and intrasexual competition for pollinators in

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Jackson, R. R. (1995). "Eight-legged tricksters: Spiders that specialize at catching other spiders".

4640: 4089: 4078:"Tempo and mode of antibat ultrasound production and sonar jamming in the diverse hawkmoth radiation" 4030: 3916: 3398: 3339: 3292: 3194: 3139: 2992: 2862: 2751: 2670: 2526: 2045: 1991:, who first described the phenomenon. It is most common in orchids, which mimic females of the order 1896: 1798: 1144: 839: 634: 541: 458: 432: 364: 305: 300: 224: 81: 57: 49: 3095: 1363: 215: 8540: 8500: 8284: 7774: 7605: 7600: 7585: 7313: 7244: 7201: 7145: 6615: 6461: 6299: 6220: 5900: 5670: 5276: 2105: 1840: 1735:(rear part) is held raised. This presumably increases the chances of the ant being eaten by birds. 1392: 1183: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1069: 1057: 644: 521: 437: 186: 8478: 8378: 8215: 8161: 7865: 7730: 7671: 7566: 7410: 7196: 7155: 7140: 6964: 6637: 6565: 6555: 6518: 6451: 6383: 6119: 6074:

Wiens, D. (1978). "Mimicry in Plants". In Max K. Hecht; William C. Steere; Bruce Wallace (eds.).

6004: 5858: 5809: 5765: 5722: 5402: 5355: 5293: 5148: 5113: 5055: 4975: 4940: 4894: 4847: 4766: 4504: 4458: 4390: 4340: 4297: 3999: 3787: 3707: 3687: 3668: 3578: 3507: 3308: 3265: 3163: 3076: 3008: 2957: 2824: 2767: 2638: 2510: 2421: 2387: 2332: 2274: 2064: 2016: 1958: 1948: 1911: 1756: 1584: 1548: 1538: 1465: 1358: 1338: 1075: 954: 946: 918: 889: 867: 820: 780: 605: 330: 258: 177: 105: 93: 3559:(November 2007). "Field Experiments on the effectiveness of 'eyespots' as predator deterrents". 1426:

eggs near the point of hatching. The butterflies avoid laying eggs near existing ones, reducing

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style resembles its prey, allowing it to hunt undetected. Mimicry is not limited to animals; in

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Lloyd, J. E. (1965) Aggressive Mimicry in Photuris: Firefly Femmes Fatales Science 149:653–654.

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Endler, John A. (August 1981). "An Overview of the Relationships Between Mimicry and Crypsis".

2583: 1712:, and must then find a suitable bird to mature in. Since the host birds do not eat snails, the 8505: 8405: 8400: 8341: 8331: 8269: 7889: 7805: 7615: 7481: 7325: 7293: 7171: 7086: 7067: 7062: 7022: 6981: 6929: 6667: 6610: 6550: 6545: 6537: 6498: 6476: 6206: 6189: 6167: 6107: 6087: 6064: 6024: 5976: 5937: 5887: 5850: 5801: 5628: 5532: 5443: 5363: 5301: 5222: 5197: 5105: 5047: 4839: 4668: 4624: 4606: 4588: 4559: 4549: 4398: 4348: 4305: 4262: 4209: 4117: 4058: 3991: 3983: 3944: 3846: 3823: 3630: 3431: 3426:

Pawlik, J.R. (2012). "12". In Fattorusso, E.; Gerwick, W.H.; Taglialatela-Scafati, O. (eds.).

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Howse, P. E.; Allen, J. A. (1994). "Satyric Mimicry: The Evolution of Apparent Imperfection".

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Kikuchi, D.; Pfenning, D. (2010). "Predator Cognition Permits Imperfect Coral Snake Mimicry".

3222: 3155: 3037: 2965: 2916: 2888: 2686: 2630: 2587: 2552: 2159: 2149: 1793: 1782: 1768: 1709: 1649: 1615: 1599: 1572: 1508: 1485: 1461: 1457: 1449: 1123: 732: 589: 581: 565: 449: 262: 117: 3964:"Naïve bats discriminate arctiid moth warning sounds but generalize their aposematic meaning" 3183:"Ecological and Evolutionary Processes Drive the Origin and Maintenance of Imperfect Mimicry" 1402:

who described it in 1975. The classical instance of Gilbertian mimicry is in the plant genus

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Dalziell, Anastasia H.; Welbergen, Justin A. (27 April 2016). "Mimicry for all modalities".

2622: 2571: 2542: 2534: 2403: 2266: 2144: 2004: 1963: 1930: 1871: 1865: 1856: 1848: 1832: 1827: 1774: 1668: 1593: 1218: 1207: 1187: 1085:). Several palatable moths produce ultrasonic click calls to mimic unpalatable tiger moths. 1010: 831: 754: 710: 688: 499: 454: 391: 334: 69: 41: 8316: 8279: 8166: 7724: 7683: 7630: 7530: 7345: 6831: 6767: 6757: 6131: 3868:"Palatability and escaping ability in Neotropical butterflies: tests with wild kingbirds ( 3059: 2661: 2110: 2056: 2000: 1968: 1686: 1081: 812: 495: 5338:

Boyden, T. C. (1980). "Floral mimicry by Epidendrurn ibaguense (Orchidaceae) in Panama".

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Benson, W. W. (1977). "On the Supposed Spectrum Between Batesian and Mullerian Mimicry".

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

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caterpillars resemble twigs, bark, leaves, bird droppings or flowers. Many animals bear

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of strongly defended species such as wasps, while many such well-defended species form

133: 8512:

How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension

5828: 5691: 5232: 4690: 4663: 4628: 4441:

Hecht, M. K.; Marien, D. (1956). "The coral snake mimic problem: a reinterpretation".

3555:; Hopkins, Elinor; Hinde, William; Adcock, Amabel; Connolly, Yvonne; Troscianko, Tom; 1847:. The adaptation to different hosts is inherited through the female line in so-called 560:

In its broadest definition, mimicry can include non-living models. The specific terms

159:

in 1823. Originally used to describe people, "mimetic" was used in zoology from 1851.

8555: 8457: 8452: 8123: 7847: 7742: 7736: 7561: 7390: 6944: 6863: 6841: 6816: 6777: 6739: 6334: 5769: 5117: 4522: 4019:"Anti-bat ultrasound production in moths is globally and phylogenetically widespread" 3556: 3473: 3456: 3328:"Who resembles whom? Mimetic and coincidental look-alikes among tropical reef fishes" 2820: 2720: 2572: 2164: 2154: 2127: 2123: 1892: 1855:

brood parasitism, where a female lays in a conspecific's nest, as illustrated by the

1743:

Reproductive mimicry occurs when the actions of the dupe directly aid in the mimic's

1409: 1225: 1094: 1051: 853: 585: 573: 508: 415: 85: 6215: 5862: 5421: 5420:

Barbero, Francesca; Thomas, J.A.; Bonelli, S.; Balletto, E.; Schonrogge, K. (2009).

5406: 5152: 5059: 4944: 4851: 4462: 3711: 3672: 3582: 3511: 3312: 3269: 3080: 2771: 2642: 8368: 8291: 8274: 8171: 7931: 7823: 7754: 7707: 7701: 7689: 7516: 7181: 6875: 6821: 6657: 6274: 5927: 5813: 4233: 4003: 3167: 2470: 2352: 1835:

or Kirbyan mimicry is a two species system where a brood parasite mimics its host.

1744: 1645: 1577: 1251: 926: 577: 284: 149: 5144: 3768: 3703: 3574: 3503: 2829:

Avoiding Attack: the Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis, Warning Signals, and Mimicry

2792:(January 2017). "Cheats and Deceits: How Animals and Plants Exploit and Mislead". 2356: 1953: 1452:

and Jane Van Zandt Brower who first described it in 1967, is a postulated form of

1373:

flower species use Gilbertian mimicry, defending against being eaten by larvae of

968:

or parasite resembles and attacks prey or host; parasite may get itself swallowed

5470:"A parasite in wolf's clothing: hawk mimicry reduces mobbing of cuckoos by hosts" 4835: 4247: 3352: 3207: 2392:"Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidae" 2305: 308:, named in his honour, has since been used for this mutualistic form of mimicry. 265:. Returning home, he described multiple forms of mimicry in an 1862 paper at the 8486: 8444: 8363: 8259: 8254: 7883: 7835: 7695: 7551: 7473: 7225: 7186: 7052: 6934: 6853: 6782: 6747: 6605: 6591: 6466: 6456: 6289: 6083: 4958:

Willis, E. O. (1963). "Is the Zone-Tailed Hawk a Mimic of the Turkey Vulture?".

3725: 1999:

is attached to the head or abdomen of the male. This is then transferred to the

1992: 1815: 1501: 1443: 1346: 1332: 1214: 1169: 1046: 1020: 859: 666: 593: 445: 348: 109: 89: 37: 6139:

Vane-Wright, R. I. (1976). "A unified classification of mimetic resemblances".

5613: 4633:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4023:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

1933:: cuckoo eggs (larger) mimic many species of host birds' eggs, in this case of 568:

are sometimes used when the models are inanimate, and the mimicry's purpose is

253:) go still further in this mimicry, representing a small branch with its spray. 8433: 8428: 8346: 8249: 8096: 7913: 7780: 7283: 7267: 7215: 7042: 6939: 6787: 6596: 6390: 6349: 6314: 5905: 4204: 4187: 3664: 3411: 3386: 2608: 2538: 2139: 2053: 1844: 1786: 1521: 1512: 1414: 1404: 1375: 1369: 1237: 1178: 1098: 1063: 973: 801: 549: 478: 441: 369: 339: 280: 113: 4592: 3987: 3827: 1618:

may be able to increase their rate of capturing insect prey through mimicry.

661:

Brooding bird mimics itself with broken wing, luring predator away from nest

8535: 8438: 7907: 7748: 7057: 6890: 6846: 6826: 6377: 6362: 6356: 5916: 5486: 5469: 4454: 4102: 4043: 3963: 3929: 3782: 2327: 2169: 2060: 2021: 1996: 1587:

female. The model in this situation is the same species as the dupe. Female

1525: 1516: 1389: 1342: 1135:

adapts its leaf shape and colour to match that of the plant it is climbing.

1086: 965: 805: 530: 517: 512: 344: 182: 172: 97: 6111: 5854: 5805: 5797: 5632: 5536: 5518: 5447: 5367: 5305: 5201: 5109: 5051: 5024: 4936: 4843: 4402: 4352: 4309: 4266: 4213: 4121: 4062: 3995: 3948: 3634: 3616: 3428:

Antipredatory defensive roles of natural products from marine invertebrates

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resembles less deadly species, predators get chance to learn to avoid them

4672: 4653: 4139: 3072: 129: 28: 8264: 8229: 7990: 7556: 6924: 5381:

Andersson, M.; Eriksson, M. O. G. (1982). "Nest parasitism in Goldeneyes

3387:"Coincidental resemblances among coral reef fishes from different oceans" 2049: 1888: 1704: 1695: 1691: 1641: 1597:

emit light signals that mimic the mating signals of females of the genus

1570:

use aggressive mimicry to lure prey. Species such as the silver argiope (

1552: 1469: 1419: 1256: 1232: 1154: 504: 494:

It is widely accepted that mimicry evolves as a positive adaptation. The

73: 65: 33: 5319:

Dodson, C. H.; Frymire, G. P. (1961). "Natural pollination of orchids".

3819: 3728:(1981). "An overview of the relationships between mimicry and crypsis". 3151: 3057:

Alexander, Victoria N. (2002). "Nabokov, Teleology and Insect Mimicry".

884:

Plant mimic resembles female bee, deceives male, gets itself pollinated

8390: 8385: 8373: 8336: 8244: 8129: 8101: 8026: 7380: 7210: 7078: 6959: 6600: 6258: 6251: 6035:

Pasteur, Georges (1982). "A classificatory review of mimicry systems".

6008: 5972: 5726: 5438: 5359: 5297: 4979: 4898: 4770: 4527:

Kritisches Verzeichniss der myrmecophilin und termitophilen Arthropoden

4394: 4344: 4301: 3979: 3012: 2961: 2278: 1588: 1380: 1222: 1132: 1102: 569: 423: 5101: 2874: 2682: 683:

Multiple forms, e.g. one sex mimics the other, tail mimics head, etc.

477:, with different individuals imitating different models, as occurs in 8184: 8008: 7980: 7949: 7937: 7859: 5761: 2763: 2101: 1980: 1976: 1915: 1836: 1778: 1699: 1567: 911: 545: 249: 244: 227:

to explain why distasteful species should evolve similar appearances.

112:, another bipolar system, model and mimic are the same, as when blue 6702: 6000: 5718: 5351: 5289: 5183: 4971: 4890: 4762: 4508: 4386: 4336: 4293: 3004: 2953: 2391: 5846: 5398: 5043: 3799: 3797: 3253: 2626: 414:

Batesian vs Müllerian mimicry: the former is deceptive, the latter

148:, "to imitate". "Mimicry" was first used in zoology by the English 8423: 7012: 5595:

Pramanik, Dewi; Dorst, Nemi; Meesters, Niels; et al. (2020).

2323: 2321: 2255:

Pasteur, G. (1982). "A Classificatory Review of Mimicry Systems".

2029: 2020: 1952: 1620: 1604: 1496:) mimic its own eyes, deflecting attacks from the vulnerable head. 1480: 1362: 1168:

In Müllerian mimicry, two or more species have similar warning or

1148: 1014: 772: 409: 214: 27: 5077:. Research Signpost; Trivandrum, Kerala, India. pp. 229–242. 4500: 1723:) changes the colour of the abdomen of workers of the canopy ant 1583:

Another case is where males are lured towards what seems to be a

1153:

Comparison of Batesian and Müllerian mimicry, illustrated with a

8301: 8239: 8234: 5578:

Bulletin de la Société d'histoire naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord

5023:

Yanoviak, S. P.; Kaspari, M.; Dudley, R.; Poinar, G. Jr (2008).

2074: 2041: 2037: 1984: 1158: 907: 207:

The behaviour is recognised as a form of mimicry by biologists.

77: 45: 8188: 7240: 7082: 6706: 6408: 6224: 2849:; Vane-Wright, Richard I.; Wickler, Wolfgang (1 January 2017). 448:. The evolutionary convergence between groups is driven by the 8014: 6808: 6188:. Creative Education. Mankato, Minnesota, USA, Great Britain. 6057:

Cheats and deceits: how animals and plants exploit and mislead

5075:

Bioluminescence in Focus - a collection of illuminating essays

4531:

Critical Inventory of Myrmecophile and Termitophile Arthropods

3755:

Allen, J. A.; Cooper, J. M. (2010). "Crypsis and masquerade".

2025: 1843:. The ability to lay eggs that mimic the host eggs is the key 1162: 1025: 938: 373:

butterflies. Plate LXII from Müller's collected writings, 1881

7236: 4715:(Salticidae), Journal of Natural History, 47:15-16, 1047-1054 4188:"Leaf Mimicry in a Climbing Plant Protects against Herbivory" 2740:(1965). "Mimicry and the Evolution of Animal Communication". 5073:

Ohba, N.; Shimoyama, Ayu (2009). Meyer-Rochow, V. B. (ed.).

4613:. Corvallis, Oregon, USA: Oregon State Univ. pp. 69–82. 1667:

A mechanism that does not involve any luring is seen in the

5987:

Evans, M. A. (1965). "Mimicry and the Darwinian Heritage".

5422:"Acoustical mimicry in a predatory social parasite of ants" 3181:

Wilson, J.; Jahner, J.; Williams, K.; Forister, M. (2013).

1176:

attributes (e.g. being unpalatable), as first described in

834:

adult or egg mimics host which raises the young as its own

749:

Palatable butterfly resembles toxic member of same species

727:

Palatable mimic resembles distasteful model, deceives dupe

6404: 5947:

Dafni, A. (1984). "Mimicry and Deception in Pollination".

1640:

A different aggressive strategy is to mimic a mutualistic

1131:. Batesian mimicry occurs in the plant kingdom, where the 88:, as when species of wasps and of bees all have genuinely 84:, where different harmful species resemble each other, is 5025:"Parasite-induced fruit mimicry in a tropical canopy ant" 4419:(1956). "Das Problem der Mimikry bei Korallenschlangen". 705:

Female flower resembles male flower, cheating pollinator

4162:"Deceptive Woodpecker Uses Mimicry to Avoid Competition" 2570:

King, R. C.; Stansfield, W. D.; Mulligan, P. K. (2006).

2028:

is a secondary crop, originally being a mimetic weed of

5258:

Variation, breeding, and conservation of tropical trees

3605:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2851:"A hypothesis to explain accuracy of wasp resemblances" 2609:"Imperfect Mimicry and the Limits of Natural Selection" 1899:, alarming small birds enough to give time to lay eggs. 1814:, and is pollinated by monarch butterflies and perhaps 1731:. It also changes the behaviour of the ant so that the 990:

Mimic resembles background (plant parts, or inanimate)

5969:

Defence in Animals: a survey of anti-predator defences

4136:"Mimic Octopus, Thaumoctopus mimicus at MarineBio.org" 3845:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 464. 6166:(translated from the German), McGraw-Hill, New York. 5168:"Evolutionary origins of vocal mimicry in songbirds" 4076:

Kawahara, Akito Y.; Barber, Jesse R. (19 May 2015).

2486:

Proclamations of the Entomological Society of London

189:

to lure predators away from their flightless young:

8523: 8416: 8324: 8222: 8147: 8110: 8089: 8082: 7971: 7796: 7767: 7717: 7660: 7653: 7644: 7621:

List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing

7593: 7584: 7544: 7472: 7433: 7426: 7368: 7274: 7164: 7116: 7005: 6917: 6889: 6807: 6738: 6574: 6536: 6442: 4369:Emsley, M. G. (1966). "The mimetic significance of 2292: 2290: 2288: 2100:. An example is the three male forms of the marine 5468:Welbergen, Justin A.; Davies, Nicholas B. (2011). 5166:Goller, Maria; Shizuka, Daizaburo (22 June 2018). 2719: 2347: 2345: 1863:), do not involve mimicry The parasitic butterfly 1024:, a harmless bush cricket, mimics a well-defended 440:; or it can be to the detriment of one, making it 316:obtain for this imitation among protected species. 247:of the oak on which I took it. The spectre tribe ( 239:A jumping bug, very similar to the one figured by 4736:Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities 3905:"Acoustic mimicry in a predator–prey interaction" 3026:Johnson, Steven D.; Schiestl, Florian P. (2016). 1698:, their eggs then passing out of the bird in the 1345:in a nest or colony. Most of the models here are 613:Some kinds of mimicry classified by Pasteur 1982 2654: 2652: 1708:, a terrestrial snail. The eggs develop in this 4627:; Van Brower, J. V. Z.; Corvino, J. M. (1967). 4082:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2915:(4th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. Chapter 50. 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2063:. Vavilovian mimicry illustrates unintentional 1383:(not shown) that resemble the butterfly's eggs. 313: 287:, without examining them closely after capture. 277: 261:worked for several years on butterflies in the 237: 191: 5552:Un curieux cas de mimetisme chez les Ophrydées 4687:"Northern Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium californicum)" 2479:; a remarkable case of mimicry in butterflies" 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 8200: 7252: 7094: 6718: 6420: 6236: 2461: 2459: 194:returns to the nest and calls the young back. 8: 5572:Pouyanne, M.-A. (1917). "La fécondation des 5550: 2382: 2380: 2378: 1244:), the moderately toxic false coral snakes ( 1079:imitate the poisonous pipevine swallowtail ( 343:species (top and third row) and distasteful 19:"Mimic" redirects here. For other uses, see 7461:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom 5898:(a supplement of volume 131 of the journal 5503:"Cuckoo–hawk mimicry? An experimental test" 4733:Begon, M.; Townsend, C.; Harper, J. (1996) 4629:"Plant poisons in a terrestrial food chain" 4474: 4472: 2906: 2904: 2902: 858:Distasteful co-mimics resemble each other, 395:, showing a beetle (below) mimicking a wasp 8207: 8193: 8185: 8086: 7657: 7650: 7626:Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate 7611:Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago 7590: 7430: 7259: 7245: 7237: 7101: 7087: 7079: 6725: 6711: 6703: 6427: 6413: 6405: 6243: 6229: 6221: 5644: 5642: 3841:Stearns, S. C.; Hoekstra, Rolf F. (2000). 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2191: 2189: 2109:. Alpha males are the largest and guard a 2040:that come to share characteristics with a 1727:to make it appear like the ripe fruits of 1418:butterflies. The host plants have evolved 611: 76:, is harmless, while its model, such as a 7842:Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip) 7124:Coloration evidence for natural selection 6621:Coloration evidence for natural selection 6101: 5668:Barrett, S. (1983). "Mimicry in Plants". 5622: 5612: 5526: 5485: 5437: 5191: 4739:(third edition) Blackwell Science, London 4662: 4652: 4364: 4362: 4256: 4246: 4203: 4111: 4101: 4052: 4042: 3938: 3928: 3887: 3876:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3730:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3624: 3527:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3472: 3461:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3457:"The Evolution and Ecology of Masquerade" 3410: 3361: 3351: 3216: 3206: 3114: 3103:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2936:Boyden, T. C. (1980). "Floral mimicry by 2882: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2546: 1975:In Pouyannian mimicry, a flower mimics a 231:In 1823, Kirby and Spence, in their book 6037:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5949:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5886:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 5501:Davies, N. B.; Welbergen, J. A. (2008). 4689:. Owl Research Institute. Archived from 4436: 4434: 3094:Holmgren, N. M. A.; Enquist, M. (1999). 2258:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1777:, is a form of automimicry where female 1603:. Male fireflies from several different 4784:Craig, C. L. (1995). "Webs of Deceit". 4533:] (in German). Berlin: Felix Dames. 2607:Kikuchi, D. W.; Pfennig, D. W. (2013). 2185: 1877: 1520:misdirects predators such as birds and 1262: 319: 301:the first mathematical model of mimicry 6127: 6117: 4915:(1966). "Mimicry in Tropical Fishes". 2312:Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown 1341:, the mimic resembles a model that it 1039:negative frequency-dependent selection 6909:Evolution of color vision in primates 5006:Parasites and the behavior of animals 3903:Barber, J. R.; Conner, W. E. (2007). 1694:, matures in the digestive system of 1430:between caterpillars, which are also 1301:(the model for both types of mimicry) 1045:There are many Batesian mimics among 269:in London, and then in his 1863 book 64:is an evolved resemblance between an 7: 5884:Mimicry and the evolutionary process 5827:Muller, M. N.; Wrangham, R. (2002). 3451:Skelhorn, John; Rowland, Hannah M.; 2515:"The Evolution of Müllerian Mimicry" 1524:. Spectacular examples occur in the 279:I was never able to distinguish the 8493:The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis 7985:Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform 6443: 6049:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125 5961:10.1146/annurev.es.15.110184.001355 4371:Erythrolamprus aesculapii ocellatus 3968:The Journal of Experimental Biology 3653:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2492:. Translated by R. Meldola: 20–29. 2427:The naturalist on the river Amazons 2396:Transactions of the Linnean Society 2271:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125 433:is deceived to change its behaviour 272:The Naturalist on the River Amazons 225:first mathematical model of mimicry 132:dates to 1637. It derives from the 6561:Pouyannian (with pseudocopulation) 6153:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1976.tb00240.x 6078:. Vol. 11. pp. 365–403. 5507:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5321:Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin 5274:(D. Smith) Woodson (Caricaceae)". 3889:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01471.x 3742:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb01840.x 3539:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb01840.x 3285:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 3116:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01880.x 2499:from the original on 2 March 2024. 2408:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1860.tb00146.x 1792:In Dodsonian mimicry, named after 1785:. It is common in many species of 1127:. This mimicry reduces attacks on 14: 7376:As evidence for natural selection 6216:Camouflage and Mimicry in Fossils 5692:10.1038/scientificamerican0987-76 4581:Coevolution of Animals and Plants 2363:from the original on 30 June 2024 1822:Kirbyan mimicry, brood parasitism 639:Description (mimic, model, dupe) 8315: 7487:Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola 7359: 7309:Coincident disruptive coloration 6798: 6687: 6686: 6527: 6462:Aristotelian/Distraction display 5549:Correvon H., Pouyanne M. (1916) 3474:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01347.x 2130:that make them look like males. 1923: 1904: 1880: 1317:Lampropeltis triangulum annulata 1313:The harmless Mexican milk snake, 1306: 1286: 1265: 378: 356: 322: 5989:Journal of the History of Ideas 5834:The Quarterly Review of Biology 5426:Journal of Experimental Biology 4229:"Repeating Patterns of Mimicry" 3866:Pinheiro, Carlos E. G. (1996). 3757:Journal of Biological Education 3096:"Dynamics of mimicry evolution" 2614:The Quarterly Review of Biology 2036:Vavilovian mimicry is found in 1448:Browerian mimicry, named after 1281:(the Emsleyan/Mertensian mimic) 1172:signals and both share genuine 572:. For example, animals such as 297:Entomological Society of London 8057:Operational Camouflage Pattern 7523:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 6642: 5971:. Harlow, Essex and New York, 5933:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 5385:: some evolutionary aspects". 5260:. Academic Press, London, U.K. 3430:. Springer. pp. 677–710. 2310:. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). 1773:Bakerian mimicry, named after 1: 7854:Australian Disruptive Pattern 6653:Frequency-dependent selection 6164:Mimicry in Plants and Animals 5707:Journal of Crustacean Biology 5145:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.04.012 4485:Mimicry in plants and animals 3769:10.1080/00219266.1985.9654747 3704:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.05.029 3575:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.01.031 3504:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.12.008 2722:Mimicry in plants and animals 2307:An Introduction to Entomology 2198:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 1272:The deadly Texas coral snake, 937:Mimic resembles and deceives 233:An Introduction to Entomology 8118:Diffused lighting camouflage 8003:Universal Camouflage Pattern 7636:USN WWII camouflage measures 4836:10.1126/science.187.4175.452 4248:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341 3353:10.1371/journal.pone.0054939 3208:10.1371/journal.pone.0061610 2116:common side-blotched lizards 2048:. It is named after Russian 1966:with a flower of the orchid 1869:parasitizes the ant species 1702:. They are then taken up by 556:Living and non-living models 140:, "imitative", in turn from 116:butterflies have 'tails' or 8063:Netherlands Fractal Pattern 7997:Tactical Assault Camouflage 7830:Disruptive Pattern Material 6837:Simple eye in invertebrates 6084:10.1007/978-1-4615-6956-5_6 3385:Robertson, D. Ross (2015). 3326:Robertson, D. Ross (2013). 1559:; the strategy resembles a 1477:Misdirection by automimicry 1349:insects, principally ants. 800:/prey mimics and so repels 486:, plants, and fungi exist. 333:'s 1862 paper illustrating 8595: 7033:Infrared sensing in snakes 6320:Behavior-altering parasite 6207:Warning colour and mimicry 5936:. Methuen and Co, London, 5829:"Sexual Mimicry in Hyenas" 5614:10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z 5218:Cuckoo: Cheating by Nature 3843:Evolution: An Introduction 2940:(Orchidaceae) in Panama". 2089: 2014: 1989:Maurice-Alexandre Pouyanne 1946: 1914:resembles a predator, the 1825: 1766: 1536: 1499: 1441: 1356: 1330: 1205: 1142: 1008: 524:. The Batesian mimicry in 243:, also much resembles the 144:, the verbal adjective of 18: 8473:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson 8313: 7926:Camouflage Central-Europe 7920:Desert Camouflage Pattern 7357: 7336:Multi-spectral camouflage 6904:Evolution of color vision 6796: 6681: 6525: 6330:Host–parasite coevolution 6265: 6211:University College London 4585:University of Texas Press 4489:Journal of Animal Ecology 4205:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.010 4186:Gianoli, Ernesto (2014). 3665:10.1007/s00265-008-0607-3 3412:10.1007/s00338-015-1309-8 2539:10.1007/s00114-008-0403-y 1658:bluestreak cleaner wrasse 1627:bluestreak cleaner wrasse 1551:is found in predators or 1428:intraspecific competition 1408:, which is grazed by the 1297:Erythrolamprus aesculapii 1247:Erythrolamprus aesculapii 490:Evolutionary explanations 465:Mimicry can result in an 429:to protect from predators 351:, second and bottom row). 201:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson 199:Aristotle, translated by 7512:Johann Georg Otto Schick 7177:Anti-predator adaptation 6582:Anti-predator adaptation 5557:J. Soc. Nat. Hortic. Fr. 4556:Harvard University Press 2911:Campbell, N. A. (1996). 2574:A dictionary of genetics 1802:which mimics flowers of 1717:life cycle. A nematode ( 1607:are attracted to these " 1561:wolf in sheep's clothing 1035:sheep in wolf's clothing 102:wolf-in-sheep's-clothing 7902:Desert Night Camouflage 7455:Abbott Handerson Thayer 7151:Paradox of the plankton 6255:biological interactions 6209:• Lecture outline from 6061:Oxford University Press 6021:Oxford University Press 5032:The American Naturalist 5010:Oxford University Press 4611:Biochemical Coevolution 4455:10.1002/jmor.1050980207 4103:10.1073/pnas.1416679112 4044:10.1073/pnas.2117485119 3930:10.1073/pnas.0703627104 3242:The American Naturalist 3034:Oxford University Press 2833:Oxford University Press 2827:; Speed, M. P. (2004). 2580:Oxford University Press 2519:Die Naturwissenschaften 1729:Hyeronima alchorneoides 1720:Myrmeconema neotropicum 1242:Lampropeltis triangulum 1221:who named it after the 473:stages, or they may be 257:The English naturalist 32:Many insects including 8567:Polymorphism (biology) 7447:The Colours of Animals 7441:Edward Bagnall Poulton 7331:Multi-scale camouflage 6186:Mimicry and Camouflage 6017:Camouflage and Mimicry 5798:10.1006/hbeh.2000.1622 5551: 5519:10.1098/rspb.2008.0331 4937:10.1098/rstb.1966.0036 4713:Phidippus pulcherrimus 4487:by Wolfgang Wickler". 3870:Tyrannus melancholicus 3617:10.1098/rspb.2007.0220 3305:10.1098/rspb.1994.0102 2357:"Fritz Müller in 1891" 2033: 1983:species, inducing the 1972: 1964:attempting to copulate 1763:Bakerian and Dodsonian 1671:, which resembles the 1637: 1497: 1384: 1379:butterflies with leaf 1165: 1029: 862:warning off predators 467:evolutionary arms race 419: 318: 291:The German naturalist 289: 255: 228: 205: 53: 21:Mimic (disambiguation) 8572:Camouflage mechanisms 8307:Widmanstätten pattern 8039:Multi-Terrain Pattern 8021:Airman Battle Uniform 7818:Rhodesian Brushstroke 7418:Underwater camouflage 7304:Disruptive coloration 7117:Patterns of evolution 7038:Monocular deprivation 6997:Underwater camouflage 6992:Structural coloration 6970:Disruptive coloration 6673:Underwater camouflage 6452:Aggressive/Wicklerian 5913:Carpenter, G. D. Hale 5786:Hormones and Behavior 5487:10.1093/beheco/arr008 5215:Davies, Nick (2015). 4993:See here for a photo. 4867:Nepenthes rafflesiana 4654:10.1073/pnas.57.4.893 4443:Journal of Morphology 4373:Peters from Tobago". 3686:Hossie, Thomas John; 3073:10.1353/nab.2010.0004 2855:Ecology and Evolution 2446:Zoologischer Anzeiger 2070:Echinochloa oryzoides 2024: 1956: 1811:Asclepias curassavica 1624: 1500:Further information: 1494:Chaetodon capistratus 1490:foureye butterflyfish 1484: 1473:well-defended wasps. 1366: 1331:Further information: 1152: 1105:. In the Amazon, the 1047:butterflies and moths 1018: 528:is controlled by the 413: 387:Alfred Russel Wallace 218: 31: 16:Evolutionary strategy 8156:Dazzled and Deceived 7321:Distractive markings 7299:Counter-illumination 7129:Convergent evolution 7110:Evolutionary ecology 7018:Blindness in animals 6950:Counter-illumination 6899:Evolution of the eye 6648:Evolutionary ecology 6633:Deception in animals 6627:Dazzled and Deceived 6587:Animal communication 6345:Parasitic castration 6285:Deception in animals 6076:Evolutionary Biology 6055:Stevens, M. (2016). 5432:(Pt 24): 4084–4090. 5272:Jacaratia dolichaula 4587:. pp. 210–240. 4558:. pp. 511–514. 3974:(Pt 14): 2141–2148. 3791:, book 9, chapter 9. 2938:Epidendrum ibaguense 2086:Inter-sexual mimicry 2046:artificial selection 1799:Epidendrum ibaguense 1662:Labroides dimidiatus 1654:Aspidontus taeniatus 1321:(the Batesian mimic) 1293:The moderately toxic 1124:Campephilus robustus 1067:butterflies such as 1061:imitate unpalatable 941:, lives in ant nest 542:Convergent evolution 58:evolutionary biology 8541:Mathematics and art 8531:Pattern recognition 8501:Aristid Lindenmayer 8045:Australian Multicam 7848:U.S. "M81" Woodland 7606:Aircraft camouflage 7601:Military camouflage 7314:Disruptive eye mask 7202:Distraction display 7146:Divergent evolution 6494:Emsleyan/Mertensian 6184:Hoff, M. K. (2003) 5901:American Naturalist 5754:1996Natur.380..240S 5684:1987SciAm.257c..76B 5671:Scientific American 5576:par les insectes". 5562:: 29–31, 41–42, 84. 5513:(1644): 1817–1822. 5387:American Naturalist 5235:on 28 February 2021 4929:1966RSPTB.251..473W 4883:1996JEcol..84..515M 4828:1975Sci...187..452L 4693:on 28 December 2015 4645:1967PNAS...57..893B 4483:(1969). "Review of 4094:2015PNAS..112.6407K 4035:2022PNAS..11917485B 4029:(25): e2117485119. 3921:2007PNAS..104.9331B 3820:10.1038/nature05899 3688:Sherratt, Thomas N. 3611:(1617): 1457–1464. 3403:2015CorRe..34..977R 3344:2013PLoSO...854939R 3297:1994RSPSB.257..111H 3199:2013PLoSO...861610W 3152:10.1038/nature13112 3144:2014Natur.507..229K 2997:1994Ecol...75..352R 2867:2017EcoEv...7...73B 2825:Sherratt, Thomas N. 2756:1965Natur.208..519W 2675:2016EcolL..19..609D 2531:2008NW.....95..681S 2106:Paracerceis sculpta 1887:Mimicry in a brood 1841:parental investment 1749:Pteroptyx effulgens 1464:from the subfamily 1393:Lawrence E. Gilbert 1202:Emsleyan/Mertensian 1107:helmeted woodpecker 614: 522:population genetics 406:Evolved resemblance 187:distraction display 8577:Warning coloration 8479:On Growth and Form 8379:Logarithmic spiral 8216:Patterns in nature 8162:Stealth technology 7672:Splittertarnmuster 7567:Thomas N. Sherratt 7197:Deimatic behaviour 7156:Predator satiation 7141:Parallel evolution 6965:Deimatic behaviour 6638:Deimatic behaviour 6384:Cleaning symbiosis 6141:Biol. J. Linn. Soc 5967:Edmunds, M. 1974. 5923:. London: Methuen. 5474:Behavioral Ecology 5439:10.1242/jeb.032912 5383:Bucephala clangula 5090:Biological Reviews 5004:Moore, J. (2002). 4871:Journal of Ecology 4625:Brower, Lincoln P. 4607:Brower, Lincoln P. 4544:Hölldobler, Bert; 4227:Meyer, A. (2006). 3980:10.1242/jeb.029991 3788:History of Animals 2794:Skeptical Inquirer 2338:book 9, chapter 8. 2333:History of Animals 2042:domesticated plant 2034: 2017:Vavilovian mimicry 1973: 1962:, a scoliid wasp, 1959:Dasyscolia ciliata 1949:Pouyannian mimicry 1912:Common hawk-cuckoo 1861:Bucephala clangula 1851:(gens, singular). 1757:Vavilovian mimicry 1725:Cephalotes atratus 1638: 1635:Epinephelus tukula 1616:carnivorous plants 1585:sexually receptive 1549:Aggressive mimicry 1539:Aggressive mimicry 1498: 1422:that mimic mature 1385: 1359:Gilbertian mimicry 1339:Wasmannian mimicry 1250:), and the deadly 1166: 1118:Dryocopus lineatus 1112:Dryocopus galeatus 1076:Limenitis arthemis 1030: 612: 420: 331:Henry Walter Bates 311:Müller wrote that 259:Henry Walter Bates 229: 178:History of Animals 106:Pouyannian mimicry 94:aggressive mimicry 54: 48:(A, B), which are 36:(C, D, E) and the 8549: 8548: 8506:Benoît Mandelbrot 8406:Self-organization 8342:Natural selection 8332:Pattern formation 8182: 8181: 8143: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8078: 8077: 7890:Camouflage Daguet 7763: 7762: 7616:Dazzle camouflage 7580: 7579: 7482:Mary Taylor Brush 7326:Motion camouflage 7294:Active camouflage 7234: 7233: 7172:Signalling theory 7076: 7075: 7068:Visual perception 7063:Underwater vision 7028:Feature detection 7023:Eyespot apparatus 6982:Eyespot (mimicry) 6930:Animal coloration 6733:Vision in animals 6700: 6699: 6668:Signalling theory 6643:Mimicry#Evolution 6616:Community ecology 6611:Animal coloration 6457:Ant/Myrmecomorphy 6402: 6401: 6093:978-1-4615-6958-9 6069:978-0-19-870789-9 5748:(6571): 240–243. 5651:Chronica Botanica 5254:Baker, Herbert G. 5228:978-1-4088-5656-7 5172:Evolution Letters 5102:10.1111/brv.12129 4822:(4175): 452–453. 4565:978-0-674-04075-5 4546:Wilson, Edward O. 4481:Wickler, Wolfgang 4479:Sheppard, P. M.; 4421:Zool. Jahrb. Syst 4088:(20): 6407–6412. 3915:(22): 9331–9334. 3852:978-0-19-854968-0 3659:(11): 1787–1793. 3557:Cuthill, Innes C. 3453:Ruxton, Graeme D. 3437:978-90-481-3833-3 3291:(1349): 111–114. 3138:(7491): 229–232. 3043:978-0-19-104723-7 2875:10.1002/ece3.2586 2821:Ruxton, Graeme D. 2790:Frazier, Kendrick 2786:Radford, Benjamin 2738:Wickler, Wolfgang 2716:Wickler, Wolfgang 2683:10.1111/ele.12602 2593:978-0-19-530762-7 2196:Harper, Douglas. 2160:Molecular mimicry 2150:Locomotor mimicry 1794:Calaway H. Dodson 1783:sexual dimorphism 1769:Mimicry in plants 1710:intermediate host 1650:false cleanerfish 1573:Argiope argentata 1450:Lincoln P. Brower 1145:Müllerian mimicry 994: 993: 459:Müllerian mimicry 365:Müllerian mimicry 337:between harmless 306:Müllerian mimicry 263:Amazon rainforest 82:Müllerian mimicry 8584: 8357:Sexual selection 8319: 8209: 8202: 8195: 8186: 8087: 7658: 7651: 7591: 7497:Norman Wilkinson 7492:John Graham Kerr 7431: 7363: 7351:Urban camouflage 7261: 7254: 7247: 7238: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7080: 7048:Palpebral (bone) 6881:Schizochroal eye 6802: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6704: 6692:Category mimicry 6690: 6689: 6531: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6406: 6393: 6386: 6372: 6365: 6340:Kleptoparasitism 6325:Brood parasitism 6245: 6238: 6231: 6222: 6156: 6135: 6129: 6125: 6123: 6115: 6105: 6052: 6015:Owen, D. (1980) 6012: 5964: 5924: 5897: 5867: 5866: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5762:10.1038/380240a0 5737: 5731: 5730: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5646: 5637: 5636: 5626: 5616: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5569: 5563: 5554: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5530: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5441: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5267: 5261: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5231:. Archived from 5212: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5133:Animal Behaviour 5128: 5122: 5121: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5029: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5001: 4995: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4923:(772): 473–474. 4909: 4903: 4902: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4746: 4740: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4716: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4666: 4656: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4366: 4357: 4356: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4260: 4250: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4207: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4138:. Archived from 4132: 4126: 4125: 4115: 4105: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4056: 4046: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3942: 3932: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3801: 3792: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3692:Animal Behaviour 3683: 3677: 3676: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3628: 3599:(22 June 2007). 3593: 3587: 3586: 3569:(5): 1215–1227. 3562:Animal Behaviour 3549: 3543: 3542: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3491:Animal Behaviour 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3365: 3355: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3220: 3210: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3100: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3023: 3017: 3016: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2908: 2897: 2896: 2886: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2817: 2802: 2801: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2764:10.1038/208519a0 2750:(5010): 519–21. 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2712: 2695: 2694: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2578:(7th ed.). 2577: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2550: 2511:Sherratt, Thomas 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2483: 2463: 2454: 2453: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2384: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2349: 2340: 2325: 2316: 2315: 2294: 2283: 2282: 2252: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2193: 2145:Chemical mimicry 2065:selection by man 2007:, and by touch. 1927: 1908: 1884: 1872:Myrmica schencki 1866:Phengaris rebeli 1833:Brood parasitism 1828:Brood parasitism 1775:Herbert G. Baker 1669:zone-tailed hawk 1468:, which feed on 1401: 1343:lives along with 1310: 1290: 1269: 1219:Wolfgang Wickler 1208:Emsleyan mimicry 1188:Batesian mimicry 1011:Batesian mimicry 906:Mimic resembles 615: 500:Vladimir Nabokov 382: 360: 335:Batesian mimicry 326: 203: 185:use a deceptive 128:Use of the word 70:Batesian mimicry 50:Müllerian mimics 8594: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8582: 8581: 8552: 8551: 8550: 8545: 8519: 8412: 8320: 8311: 8218: 8213: 8183: 8178: 8167:Cloaking device 8135: 8106: 8074: 7973: 7967: 7878:Type 87 (China) 7798: 7792: 7759: 7733:(1917 aircraft) 7725:Camouflage tree 7713: 7684:Rauchtarnmuster 7663: 7640: 7631:Ship camouflage 7576: 7540: 7536:Timothy O'Neill 7531:Geoffrey Barkas 7468: 7422: 7364: 7355: 7346:Snow camouflage 7341:Self-decoration 7270: 7265: 7235: 7230: 7160: 7112: 7107: 7077: 7072: 7001: 6913: 6885: 6803: 6794: 6734: 6731: 6701: 6696: 6677: 6570: 6532: 6523: 6438: 6433: 6403: 6398: 6389: 6382: 6368: 6361: 6261: 6249: 6203: 6181: 6178: 6138: 6126: 6116: 6094: 6073: 6034: 6001:10.2307/2708228 5986: 5946: 5911: 5894: 5878: 5875: 5873:Further reading 5870: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5719:10.2307/1548612 5704: 5703: 5699: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5648: 5647: 5640: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5548: 5544: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5352:10.2307/2408322 5337: 5336: 5332: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5290:10.2307/2408216 5269: 5268: 5264: 5252: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5229: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5184:10.1002/evl3.62 5165: 5164: 5160: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5027: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4987: 4972:10.2307/1365357 4957: 4956: 4952: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4891:10.2307/2261474 4864: 4863: 4859: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4787:Natural History 4783: 4782: 4778: 4763:10.2307/1311924 4748: 4747: 4743: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4478: 4477: 4470: 4440: 4439: 4432: 4417:Mertens, Robert 4415: 4414: 4410: 4387:10.2307/2406599 4368: 4367: 4360: 4337:10.2307/2407770 4322: 4321: 4317: 4294:10.2307/2407675 4279: 4278: 4274: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4142:on 18 July 2017 4134: 4133: 4129: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4016: 4015: 4011: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3814:(7149): 64–67. 3803: 3802: 3795: 3780: 3776: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3726:Endler, John A. 3724: 3723: 3719: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3649:Stevens, Martin 3647: 3646: 3642: 3597:Stevens, Martin 3595: 3594: 3590: 3553:Stevens, Martin 3551: 3550: 3546: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3098: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3060:Nabokov Studies 3056: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3005:10.2307/1939539 2982: 2981: 2977: 2954:10.2307/2408322 2935: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2910: 2909: 2900: 2847:Boppré, Michael 2845: 2844: 2840: 2819: 2818: 2805: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2714: 2713: 2698: 2662:Ecology Letters 2658: 2657: 2650: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2481: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2422:Bates, Henry W. 2420: 2419: 2415: 2388:Bates, Henry W. 2386: 2385: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2351: 2350: 2343: 2326: 2319: 2302:Spence, William 2296: 2295: 2286: 2254: 2253: 2212: 2202: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2136: 2094: 2088: 2080:secondary crops 2073:, is a weed in 2057:Nikolai Vavilov 2019: 2013: 1969:Ophrys speculum 1951: 1945: 1938: 1928: 1919: 1909: 1900: 1885: 1830: 1824: 1771: 1765: 1741: 1687:Leucochloridium 1681: 1546: 1541: 1535: 1529:insect's head. 1522:jumping spiders 1504: 1479: 1446: 1440: 1412:larvae of some 1395: 1361: 1355: 1335: 1329: 1322: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1302: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1282: 1280: 1273: 1270: 1210: 1204: 1147: 1141: 1082:Battus philenor 1013: 1007: 999: 630: 622: 602: 574:flower mantises 558: 526:Papilio polytes 492: 455:Batesian mimics 408: 403: 396: 383: 374: 367:in distasteful 361: 352: 327: 267:Linnean Society 213: 204: 198: 170: 165: 126: 42:Batesian mimics 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8592: 8591: 8588: 8580: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8554: 8553: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8503: 8498: 8497: 8496: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8470: 8468:Wilson Bentley 8465: 8463:Joseph Plateau 8460: 8455: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8420: 8418: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8403: 8401:Plateau's laws 8398: 8396:Fluid dynamics 8393: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8361: 8360: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8334: 8328: 8326: 8322: 8321: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8219: 8214: 8212: 8211: 8204: 8197: 8189: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8169: 8159: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8114: 8112: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8099: 8093: 8091: 8084: 8080: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8024: 8018: 8012: 8006: 8000: 7994: 7988: 7977: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7944:wz. 93 Pantera 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7802: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7678:Platanenmuster 7675: 7668: 7666: 7655: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7597: 7595: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7574: 7572:Martin Stevens 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7514: 7509: 7507:Leon Underwood 7504: 7502:Everett Warner 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7478: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7464: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7437: 7435: 7428: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7415: 7414: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7393: 7388: 7386:Decorator crab 7383: 7378: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7289:Countershading 7286: 7280: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7256: 7249: 7241: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7192:Apparent death 7189: 7184: 7174: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7126: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7083: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7009: 7007: 7006:Related topics 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6955:Countershading 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6895: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6871:Holochroal eye 6868: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6813: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6744: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6707: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6578: 6576: 6575:Related topics 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6542: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6514:In vertebrates 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6448: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6387: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6366: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6250: 6248: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6202: 6201:External links 6199: 6198: 6197: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6157: 6136: 6128:|journal= 6092: 6071: 6053: 6032: 6013: 5995:(2): 211–220. 5984: 5965: 5944: 5925: 5909: 5892: 5882:, ed. (1988). 5874: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5847:10.1086/339199 5819: 5792:(4): 222–233. 5775: 5732: 5713:(2): 318–327. 5697: 5660: 5638: 5587: 5564: 5542: 5493: 5480:(3): 574–579. 5460: 5412: 5399:10.1086/283965 5373: 5330: 5311: 5262: 5246: 5227: 5221:. Bloomsbury. 5207: 5178:(4): 417–426. 5158: 5139:(3): 521–528. 5123: 5096:(2): 643–668. 5080: 5065: 5044:10.1086/528968 5015: 4996: 4985: 4966:(4): 313–317. 4950: 4904: 4877:(4): 515–525. 4857: 4806: 4797: 4776: 4741: 4726: 4717: 4704: 4678: 4616: 4598: 4571: 4564: 4536: 4523:Wasmann, Erich 4514: 4468: 4449:(2): 335–365. 4430: 4408: 4358: 4331:(2): 454–455. 4315: 4272: 4219: 4198:(9): 984–987. 4178: 4153: 4127: 4068: 4009: 3954: 3895: 3882:(4): 351–365. 3872:, Tyrannidae)" 3858: 3851: 3833: 3793: 3781:Pasteur cites 3774: 3747: 3717: 3698:(2): 383–389. 3678: 3640: 3588: 3544: 3517: 3498:(3): 621–627. 3480: 3443: 3436: 3418: 3377: 3318: 3275: 3254:10.1086/657041 3248:(6): 830–834. 3232: 3173: 3122: 3109:(2): 145–158. 3086: 3049: 3042: 3029:Floral Mimicry 3018: 2991:(2): 352–358. 2975: 2948:(1): 135–136. 2928: 2921: 2898: 2838: 2803: 2777: 2729: 2726:. McGraw-Hill. 2696: 2669:(6): 609–619. 2648: 2627:10.1086/673758 2621:(4): 297–315. 2599: 2592: 2562: 2525:(8): 681–695. 2502: 2455: 2433: 2413: 2402:(3): 495–566. 2374: 2341: 2317: 2314:. p. 405. 2298:Kirby, William 2284: 2210: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2135: 2132: 2128:pseudo-penises 2124:spotted hyenas 2092:Sexual mimicry 2090:Main article: 2087: 2084: 2015:Main article: 2012: 2009: 1947:Main article: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1929: 1922: 1920: 1910: 1903: 1901: 1886: 1879: 1826:Main article: 1823: 1820: 1805:Lantana camara 1767:Main article: 1764: 1761: 1740: 1737: 1680: 1677: 1673:turkey vulture 1631:potato grouper 1609:femmes fatales 1545: 1542: 1537:Main article: 1534: 1531: 1478: 1475: 1442:Main article: 1439: 1436: 1357:Main article: 1354: 1351: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1312: 1305: 1303: 1292: 1285: 1283: 1276:Micrurus tener 1271: 1264: 1229:Robert Mertens 1206:Main article: 1203: 1200: 1174:anti-predation 1143:Main article: 1140: 1137: 1133:chameleon vine 1009:Main article: 1006: 1003: 998: 995: 992: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 976: 970: 969: 963: 960: 957: 952: 949: 943: 942: 935: 932: 929: 924: 921: 915: 914: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 886: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 864: 863: 860:aposematically 856: 851: 848: 845: 842: 836: 835: 832:Brood parasite 829: 826: 823: 818: 815: 809: 808: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 777: 776: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 751: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 729: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 707: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 685: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 663: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 647: 641: 640: 637: 632: 627: 624: 619: 601: 598: 557: 554: 509:modifier genes 491: 488: 422:Mimicry is an 407: 404: 402: 399: 398: 397: 384: 377: 375: 362: 355: 353: 328: 321: 212: 209: 196: 169: 166: 164: 161: 157:William Spence 125: 122: 52:of each other. 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8590: 8589: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8522: 8514: 8513: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8495: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8481: 8480: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8458:Ernst Haeckel 8456: 8454: 8453:Adolf Zeising 8451: 8447: 8446: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8384: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8365: 8362: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8323: 8318: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8297:Vortex street 8295: 8293: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8275:Quasicrystals 8273: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8210: 8205: 8203: 8198: 8196: 8191: 8190: 8187: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8157: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8131: 8128: 8125: 8124:Yehudi lights 8122: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8109: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8088: 8085: 8081: 8070: 8067: 8064: 8061: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8034: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8022: 8019: 8016: 8013: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8001: 7998: 7995: 7992: 7989: 7986: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7970: 7963: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7888: 7885: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7873: 7870: 7867: 7864: 7861: 7858: 7855: 7852: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7810: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7795: 7788: 7785: 7782: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7756: 7753: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7743:Denison smock 7741: 7738: 7737:Telo mimetico 7735: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7676: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7583: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7562:Innes Cuthill 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7463: 7462: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7449: 7448: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7425: 7419: 7416: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7391:Flower mantis 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7362: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7262: 7257: 7255: 7250: 7248: 7243: 7242: 7239: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7104: 7099: 7097: 7092: 7090: 7085: 7084: 7081: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7013:Animal senses 7011: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6945:Chromatophore 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6842:Mammalian eye 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6817:Arthropod eye 6815: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6728: 6723: 6721: 6716: 6714: 6709: 6708: 6705: 6693: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6530: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6425: 6423: 6418: 6416: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6335:Hyperparasite 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6252:Inter-species 6246: 6241: 6239: 6234: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6194:1-58341-237-9 6191: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6173: 6172:0-07-070100-8 6169: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6133: 6121: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6030: 6029:0-19-217683-8 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5982: 5981:0-582-44132-3 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5943: 5942:0-416-30050-2 5939: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5907: 5904:dedicated to 5903: 5902: 5895: 5893:0-226-07608-3 5889: 5885: 5881: 5880:Brower, L. P. 5877: 5876: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5823: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5779: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5664: 5661: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5553: 5546: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5494: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5461: 5449: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5346:(1): 135–36. 5345: 5341: 5334: 5331: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5284:(3): 467–74. 5283: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5247: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5211: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5159: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5081: 5076: 5069: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5038:(4): 536–44. 5037: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4989: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4780: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4757:(8): 590–98. 4756: 4752: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4639:(4): 893–98. 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4572: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4540: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4423:(in German). 4422: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4381:(4): 663–64. 4380: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4223: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4179: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3871: 3862: 3859: 3854: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 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2414: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2353:Mallet, James 2348: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2199: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2165:Preadaptation 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2155:Mimic octopus 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1979:of a certain 1978: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1942: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853:Intraspecific 1850: 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8510: 8491: 8477: 8443: 8369:Chaos theory 8351: 8292:Tessellation 8172:Invisibility 8154: 7932:Soldier 2000 7812:Tiger stripe 7755:Ghillie suit 7708:Leibermuster 7702:Erbsenmuster 7690:Palmenmuster 7521: 7459: 7445: 7395: 7220: 7182:Alarm signal 6986: 6876:Parietal eye 6822:Compound eye 6663:Polymorphism 6658:Phagomimicry 6625: 6606:Co-evolution 6435: 6294: 6275:Commensalism 6185: 6163: 6144: 6140: 6075: 6056: 6040: 6036: 6016: 5992: 5988: 5968: 5952: 5948: 5931: 5920: 5899: 5883: 5838: 5832: 5822: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5678:(3): 76–83. 5675: 5669: 5663: 5654: 5650: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5559: 5556: 5545: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5453:28 September 5451:. 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Retrieved 2104: 2098:sneak mating 2095: 2079: 2068: 2035: 2005:by olfaction 1974: 1967: 1957: 1935:reed warbler 1870: 1864: 1860: 1852: 1831: 1816:hummingbirds 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1772: 1752: 1748: 1745:reproduction 1742: 1739:Reproductive 1728: 1724: 1718: 1703: 1685: 1682: 1666: 1661: 1653: 1646:Cleaner fish 1639: 1634: 1613: 1598: 1592: 1582: 1571: 1565: 1547: 1505: 1493: 1453: 1447: 1423: 1413: 1403: 1386: 1374: 1368: 1336: 1315: 1295: 1274: 1255: 1252:coral snakes 1245: 1241: 1211: 1198: 1192: 1177: 1167: 1128: 1122: 1117: 1110: 1091:Thaumoctopus 1090: 1080: 1074: 1068: 1062: 1056: 1050: 1044: 1031: 1019: 1000: 927:Commensalist 897:Reproductive 875:Reproductive 696:Reproductive 645:Aristotelian 603: 578:planthoppers 561: 559: 540: 536: 529: 525: 493: 464: 421: 390: 368: 338: 314: 310: 293:Fritz Müller 290: 278: 270: 256: 248: 241:Schellenberg 238: 232: 230: 223:created the 221:Fritz Müller 211:19th century 206: 192: 176: 171: 145: 141: 137: 127: 61: 55: 44:of stinging 25: 8487:Alan Turing 8445:Liber Abaci 8364:Mathematics 8270:in crystals 8260:Soap bubble 8255:Phyllotaxis 7884:wz. 89 Puma 7836:wz. 68 Moro 7739:(1929 tent) 7696:Sumpfmuster 7552:Roy Behrens 7545:Researchers 7474:Camoufleurs 7226:Unkenreflex 7187:Aposematism 7053:Pseudopupil 6935:Aposematism 6854:Mollusc eye 6592:Aposematism 6467:Automimicry 6310:Synnecrosis 6290:Inquilinism 6280:Competition 6160:Wickler, W. 6043:: 169–199. 5955:: 259–278. 5928:Cott, H. B. 5917:Ford, E. B. 5841:(1): 3–16. 4913:Wickler, W. 4794:(3): 32–35. 3391:Coral Reefs 3067:: 177–213. 2367:18 November 2265:: 169–199. 2203:23 February 1993:Hymenoptera 1931:Egg mimicry 1897:sparrowhawk 1753:P. tarsalis 1751:is used by 1629:cleaning a 1502:Automimicry 1454:automimicry 1444:Automimicry 1396: [ 1333:Ant mimicry 1215:coral snake 1129:D. galeatus 1070:H. ismenius 1021:Macroxiphus 910:, deceives 667:Automimicry 594:automimicry 550:nudibranchs 484:vertebrates 475:polymorphic 446:competitive 438:mutualistic 349:Nymphalidae 329:Plate from 285:Heliconidae 110:automimicry 38:wasp beetle 8556:Categories 8434:Empedocles 8429:Pythagoras 8347:Camouflage 8285:in biology 8280:in flowers 8250:Parastichy 8111:Prototypes 8097:Berberys-R 8083:Technology 7914:Tropentarn 7781:Strichtarn 7654:Up to WWII 7411:Aggressive 7284:Camouflage 7268:Camouflage 7216:Camouflage 7043:Ommatidium 6975:coincident 6940:Camouflage 6918:Coloration 6859:cephalopod 6753:Chameleons 6597:Camouflage 6566:Vavilovian 6556:Gilbertian 6519:Wasmannian 6444:In animals 6391:Mycorrhiza 6370:Intraguild 6350:Parasitoid 6315:Parasitism 6305:Neutralism 6270:Amensalism 6179:Children's 5906:E. B. Ford 5239:8 November 4960:The Condor 4751:BioScience 4495:(1): 243. 3763:(4): 268. 3397:(3): 977. 2582:. p. 2181:References 2140:Biomimicry 2054:geneticist 2011:Vavilovian 1943:Pouyannian 1845:adaptation 1787:Caricaceae 1533:Aggressive 1526:hairstreak 1424:Heliconius 1415:Heliconius 1405:Passiflora 1376:Heliconius 1370:Passiflora 1353:Gilbertian 1327:Wasmannian 1238:milk snake 1179:Heliconius 1170:aposematic 1099:sea snakes 1064:Heliconius 981:Protective 974:Camouflage 955:Aggressive 947:Wicklerian 919:Wasmannian 890:Vavilovian 868:Pouyannian 850:Forbidding 847:Protective 821:Aggressive 791:Forbidding 788:Protective 781:Gilbertian 765:Forbidding 762:Protective 743:Forbidding 740:Protective 721:Forbidding 718:Protective 699:Forbidding 674:Protective 652:Protective 629:Dupe finds 562:masquerade 513:phenotypic 479:Heliconius 471:life cycle 385:Page from 370:Heliconius 340:Dismorphia 281:Leptalides 183:partridges 146:mimeisthai 96:, where a 90:aposematic 34:hoverflies 8536:Emergence 8439:Fibonacci 7908:Flecktarn 7797:Late 20th 7749:Frog Skin 7517:Hugh Cott 7406:Müllerian 7369:In nature 7058:Rhopalium 6891:Evolution 6864:gastropod 6832:Eye shine 6827:Eagle eye 6758:Dinosaurs 6551:Dodsonian 6538:In plants 6504:Müllerian 6477:Locomotor 6378:Symbiosis 6363:Carnivore 6357:Predation 6300:Mutualism 6147:: 25–56. 6130:ignored ( 6120:cite book 5770:205026253 5607:(1): 16. 5340:Evolution 5327:: 133–39. 5277:Evolution 5118:207101926 4697:23 August 4593:636384400 4427:: 541–76. 4375:Evolution 4325:Evolution 4282:Evolution 4171:12 August 3988:0022-0949 3828:0028-0836 3783:Aristotle 3736:: 25–31. 2942:Evolution 2430:. Murray. 2328:Aristotle 2170:Semiotics 2061:winnowing 1997:pollinium 1857:goldeneye 1714:sporocyst 1696:songbirds 1679:Parasites 1589:fireflies 1553:parasites 1544:Predators 1517:pygmy owl 1438:Browerian 1390:ecologist 1184:mutualism 1139:Müllerian 1087:Octopuses 997:Defensive 987:Deceptive 962:Deceptive 959:Agreeable 934:Deceptive 931:Agreeable 903:Deceptive 900:Agreeable 881:Deceptive 878:Agreeable 844:3 or more 840:Müllerian 828:Deceptive 825:Agreeable 794:Deceptive 768:Deceptive 746:Deceptive 733:Browerian 724:Deceptive 702:Deceptive 680:Deceptive 677:Agreeable 658:Deceptive 655:Agreeable 635:Deception 531:doublesex 518:supergene 450:selective 442:parasitic 392:Darwinism 345:Ithomiini 219:In 1879, 173:Aristotle 138:mimetikos 124:Etymology 8265:Symmetry 8223:Patterns 8090:Deployed 8069:Xingkong 7991:MultiCam 7983:(2001) ( 7768:Post-war 7692:(c 1941) 7646:Patterns 7586:Military 7557:Tim Caro 7401:Batesian 7134:examples 6925:Albinism 6546:Bakerian 6489:Chemical 6472:Batesian 6112:22182416 5919:(1933). 5863:43440407 5855:11963460 5806:11104640 5657:: 1–366. 5633:32793330 5537:18467298 5448:19946088 5407:86699716 5393:: 1–16. 5368:28563205 5306:28568703 5202:30283692 5153:53192695 5110:25079896 5060:23857167 5052:18279076 4945:83609965 4852:26761854 4844:17835312 4551:The Ants 4548:(1990). 4525:(1894). 4463:83825414 4403:28562911 4353:28563231 4310:28565050 4267:17048984 4214:24768053 4122:25941377 4063:35704762 3996:19561203 3949:17517637 3712:53263767 3673:28288920 3635:17426012 3583:53186893 3512:54270418 3455:(2010). 3372:23372795 3332:PLOS ONE 3313:84458742 3270:35411437 3262:20950143 3227:23593490 3187:PLOS ONE 3160:24598547 3081:42675699 2970:28563205 2893:28070276 2800:(1): 60. 2772:37649827 2718:(1968). 2691:27117779 2643:11436992 2635:24552099 2557:18542902 2513:(2008). 2494:Archived 2477:Thyridia 2469:(1879). 2452:: 54–55. 2424:(1863). 2390:(1862). 2361:Archived 2304:(1823). 2134:See also 2120:strategy 2050:botanist 2044:through 1889:parasite 1705:Succinea 1692:flatworm 1642:symbiont 1600:Photinus 1594:Photuris 1566:Several 1513:lycaenid 1509:eyespots 1486:Eyespots 1470:milkweed 1466:Danainae 1460:and the 1420:stipules 1381:stipules 1347:eusocial 1257:Micrurus 1193:co-mimic 1155:hoverfly 1103:lionfish 1005:Batesian 966:Predator 806:predator 802:parasite 755:Emsleyan 711:Batesian 689:Bakerian 626:Function 606:function 590:eyespots 505:mutation 401:Overview 197:— 118:eyespots 114:lycaenid 98:predator 74:hoverfly 66:organism 40:(F) are 8562:Mimicry 8524:Related 8391:Crystal 8386:Physics 8374:Fractal 8352:Mimicry 8337:Biology 8245:Meander 8148:Related 8130:Adaptiv 8102:Nakidka 8027:Type 07 7987:(2002)) 7974:century 7799:century 7731:Lozenge 7396:Mimicry 7381:Crypsis 7276:Methods 7221:Mimicry 7211:Crypsis 7165:Signals 6987:Mimicry 6960:Crypsis 6773:Mammals 6601:Crypsis 6499:Eyespot 6436:Mimicry 6295:Mimicry 6259:ecology 6162:(1968) 6103:3282713 6009:2708228 5973:Longman 5930:(1940) 5921:Mimicry 5814:5759575 5750:Bibcode 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