Paranormal - Knowledge (XXG)

720:. What sets the paranormal apart from other pseudosciences is a reliance on explanations for alleged phenomena that are well outside the bounds of established science. Thus, paranormal phenomena include extrasensory perception (ESP), telekinesis, ghosts, poltergeists, life after death, reincarnation, faith healing, human auras, and so forth. The explanations for these allied phenomena are phrased in vague terms of "psychic forces", "human energy fields", and so on. This is in contrast to many pseudoscientific explanations for other nonparanormal phenomena, which, although very bad science, are still couched in acceptable scientific terms. 1431: 3352:

administering the test. Subjects could see the backs of cards that were later discovered to be so cheaply printed that a faint outline of the symbol could be seen. Furthermore, in face-to-face tests, subjects could see card faces reflected in the tester's eyeglasses or cornea. They were even able to (consciously or unconsciously) pick up clues from the tester's facial expression and voice inflection. In addition, an observant subject could identify the cards by certain irregularities like warped edges, spots on the backs, or design imperfections.

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or stupid. The deprivation hypothesis proposes that these beliefs exist to provide a way to cope in the face of psychological uncertainties and physical stressors. The deficiency hypothesis asserts that such beliefs arise because people are mentally defective in some way, ranging from low intelligence or poor critical thinking ability to a full-blown psychosis' (Radin). The deficiency hypothesis gets some support from the fact that the belief in the paranormal is an aspect of a schizotypical personality (Pizzagalli, Lehman and Brugger, 2001).

1336:. While he recognizes that approximately 15% of people believe they have experienced an encounter with a ghost, he reports that only 1% report seeing a full-fledged ghost while the rest report strange sensory stimuli, such as seeing fleeting shadows or wisps of smoke, or the sensation of hearing footsteps or feeling a presence. Wiseman makes the claim that, rather than experiencing paranormal activity, it is activity within our own brains that creates these strange sensations. 1681:. 2000) data demonstrated that "subjects differing in their declared belief in and experience with paranormal phenomena as well as in their schizotypal ideation, as determined by a standardized instrument, displayed differential brain electric activity during resting periods." Another study (Schulter and Papousek, 2008) wrote that paranormal belief can be explained by patterns of functional hemispheric asymmetry that may be related to perturbations during 2383:, who claimed that in his presence spirits would speak through a trumpet that floated around a darkened room. For the test, Valiantine was placed in a room, the lights were extinguished, but unbeknownst to him his chair had been rigged to light a signal in an adjoining room if he ever left his seat. Because the light signals were tripped during his performance, Valiantine did not collect the award. The last to be examined by Scientific American was 6581: 782:(1890), souls were seen as the 'creature within' which animated the body. Although the human soul was sometimes symbolically or literally depicted in ancient cultures as a bird or other animal, it was widely held that the soul was an exact reproduction of the body in every feature, even down to the clothing worn by the person. This is depicted in artwork from various ancient cultures, including such works as the 1735: 1706:"In regard to the many talk shows that constantly deal with paranormal topics, the skeptical viewpoint is rarely heard; and when it is permitted to be expressed, it is usually sandbagged by the host or other guests." Kurtz described the popularity of public belief in the paranormal as a "quasi-religious phenomenon", a manifestation of a transcendental temptation, a tendency for people to seek a 957:. Therefore, a phenomenon cannot be confirmed as paranormal using the scientific method because, if it could be, it would no longer fit the definition. (However, confirmation would result in the phenomenon being reclassified as part of science.) Despite this problem, studies on the paranormal are periodically conducted by researchers from various disciplines. Some researchers simply study the 982: 1296: 3721:

himself. Sometimes Geller would prepare a spoon or key beforehand by bending it back and forth several times to the point where it was nearly ready to break. Later, by merely stroking it gently, he could cause it to double over. On other occasions Geller, or his accomplices, would use sleight-of-hand maneuvers to substitute bent objects in the place of straight ones.

6593: 1223: 2402:, which has chapters in Hollywood; Atlanta; Denver; Washington, D.C.; Alberta, B.C.; and San Francisco. The IIG offers a $ 100,000 prize and a $ 5,000 finders fee if a claimant can prove a paranormal claim under 2 scientifically controlled tests. Founded in 2000 no claimant has passed the first (and lower odds) of the test. 1321:(CSI), formerly the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), is an organization that aims to publicize the scientific, skeptical approach. It carries out investigations aimed at understanding paranormal reports in terms of scientific understanding, and publishes its results in the 3720:

In fact Geller was just a clever trickster who duped his audiences. Geller's trickery was exposed in large measure by the magician James Randi. After watching videotapes of Geller's performances, Randi discovered how Geller performed his tricks, and in no time he was able to perform every one of them

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Many observers refer to the field as a 'pseudoscience'. When mainstream scientists say that the field of parapsychology is not scientific, they mean that no satisfying naturalistic cause-and-effect explanation for these supposed effects has yet been proposed and that the field's experiments cannot be

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in which he suggested that something more than mere guess work was involved in his experiments. He was right! It is now known that the experiments conducted in his laboratory contained serious methodological flaws. Tests often took place with minimal or no screening between the subject and the person

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and dissociative symptoms. Research has also suggested that people who perceive themselves as having little control over their lives may develop paranormal beliefs to help provide an enhanced sense of control. The similarities between paranormal events and descriptions of trauma have also been noted.

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In his article 'Creative or Defective' Radin (2005) asserts that many academics explain the belief in the paranormal by using one of the three following hypotheses: Ignorance, deprivation or deficiency. 'The ignorance hypothesis asserts that people believe in the paranormal because they're uneducated

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proposed that ghostly experiences could be explained by stimulating the brain with weak magnetic fields. Swedish psychologist Pehr Granqvist and his team, attempting to replicate Persinger's research, determined that the paranormal sensations experienced by Persinger's subjects were merely the result

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Participant observation suggests that by immersing oneself in the subject that is being studied, a researcher is presumed to gain understanding of the subject. Criticisms of participant observation as a data-gathering technique are similar to criticisms of other approaches to the paranormal, but also

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The essential problem is that a large portion of the scientific community, including most research psychologists, regards parapsychology as a pseudoscience, due largely to its failure to move beyond null results in the way science usually does. Ordinarily, when experimental evidence fails repeatedly

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By the 2000s, the status of paranormal research in the United States had greatly declined from its height in the 1970s, with the majority of work being privately funded and only a small amount of research being carried out in university laboratories. In 2007, Britain had a number of privately funded

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It was through the diligent efforts of conjurer James ('The Amazing') Randi that Geller was finally, at least in most people's eyes, exposed. Randi demonstrated that he could by ordinary conjuring means duplicate Geller's feats. His perseverance in investigating and unveiling the circumstances of

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of phenomena that people claim to have experienced and the effects these experiences have had on their lives. The study was conducted as an online survey with over 2,000 respondents from around the world participating. The results revealed that around 70% of the respondents believe to have had an

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offered a prize of a million dollars to a person who could prove that they had supernatural or paranormal abilities under appropriate test conditions. Several other skeptic groups also offer a monied prize for proof of the paranormal, including the largest group of paranormal investigators, the

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has written that on a personal level, paranormal claims could be considered a form of consumer fraud as people are "being induced through false claims to spend their money—often large sums—on paranormal claims that do not deliver what they promise" and uncritical acceptance of paranormal belief

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for promoting paranormal claims. In a report by Singer and Benassi in 1981, they wrote that the media may account for much of the near universality of paranormal belief, as the public are constantly exposed to films, newspapers, documentaries and books endorsing paranormal claims while critical

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Investigating Rhine's methods, we find that his mathematical methods are wrong and that the effect of this error would in some cases be negligible and in others very marked. We find that many of his experiments were set up in a manner which would tend to increase, instead of to diminish, the

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once existed (55%). Next was that places can be haunted by spirits (52%), aliens have visited Earth in our ancient past (35%), aliens have come to Earth in modern times (26%), some people can move objects with their minds (25%), fortune tellers and psychics can survey the future (19%), and

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of people in regards to paranormal phenomena. These opinions, while not constituting scientific evidence for or against, may give an indication of the mindset of a certain portion of the population (at least among those who answered the polls). The number of people worldwide who believe in

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advocate critical investigation of claims of paranormal phenomena: applying the scientific method to reach a rational, scientific explanation of the phenomena to account for the paranormal claims, taking into account that alleged paranormal abilities and occurrences are sometimes hoaxes or

1206:. Eventually, more mainstream scientists became critical of parapsychology as an endeavor, and statements by the National Academies of Science and the National Science Foundation cast a pall on the claims of evidence for parapsychology. Today, many cite parapsychology as an example of a 3363:

Hines, Terence (2003). p. 122. "The procedural errors in the Rhine experiments have been extremely damaging to his claims to have demonstrated the existence of ESP. Equally damaging has been the fact that the results have not replicated when the experiments have been conducted in other

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Oxford University Justin Barrett has theorized that "agency"—being able to figure out why people do what they do—is so important in everyday life, that it is natural for our brains to work too hard at it, thereby detecting human or ghost-like behavior in everyday meaningless stimuli.

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than skeptical individuals". There was also a reasoning bias which was limited to people who reported a belief in, rather than experience of, paranormal phenomena. The results suggested that reasoning abnormalities may have a causal role in the formation of paranormal belief.

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to support a hypothesis, that hypothesis is abandoned. Within parapsychology, however, more than a century of experimentation has failed even to conclusively demonstrate the mere existence of paranormal phenomenon, yet parapsychologists continue to pursue that elusive goal.

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laboratories in university psychology departments. Publication remained limited to a small number of niche journals, and to date there have been no experimental results that have gained wide acceptance in the scientific community as valid evidence of the paranormal.

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Approaching the paranormal from a research perspective is often difficult because of the lack of acceptable physical evidence from most of the purported phenomena. By definition, the paranormal (or supernatural) does not conform to conventional expectations of

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French, C. C., & Kerman, M. K. (1996). "Childhood trauma, fantasy proneness and belief in the paranormal". Paper presented to the 1996 London Conference of the British Psychological Society, Institute of Education, University of London, 17–18 December

1423:, hidden causes, and fraud. According to studies some people tend to hold paranormal beliefs because they possess psychological traits that make them more likely to misattribute paranormal causation to normal experiences. Research has also discovered that 1653:

A 2013 study that utilized a biological motion perception task discovered a "relation between illusory pattern perception and supernatural and paranormal beliefs and suggest that paranormal beliefs are strongly related to agency detection biases".

1143:. The anecdotal approach is not a scientific approach to the paranormal because it leaves verification dependent on the credibility of the party presenting the evidence. Nevertheless, it is a common approach to investigating paranormal phenomena. 855:

Early in the history of UFO culture, believers divided themselves into two camps. The first held a rather conservative view of the phenomena, interpreting them as unexplained occurrences that merited serious study. They began calling themselves

1584:, violent and unsettled home environments have reported to have higher levels of paranormal belief. A study of a random sample of 502 adults revealed paranormal experiences were common in the population which were linked to a history of 3423:

Stenger, Victor J. (1990). p. 192. "Today, parapsychology is widely regarded as a pseudoscience.... Over a century it has been tainted by fraud, incompetence, and a general unwillingness to accept the verdict of conventional scientific

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many of Geller's more spectacular performances (including the discovery of confederates who aided Geller when necessary) made it very difficult for anyone with any degree of critical thought to continue to accept Geller's claims.

5420:, April 2006, p. 52-56; the unusual thing found by Farha and Steward was that belief in the supernatural increased with education level, contrary to many other surveys. However, that aspect of their study is not being used here. 5151:

Raz, Amir; Hines, T. M.; Fossella, John; Castro, Daniella (September 2008). "Paranormal experience and the COMT dopaminergic gene: A preliminary attempt to associate phenotype with genotype using an underlying brain theory".

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unexplained paranormal event that changed their life, mostly in a positive way. About 70% also claimed to have seen, heard, or been touched by an animal or person that they knew was not there; 80% have reported having a

1197: 613:, and other non-scientific bodies of knowledge, whose existence within these contexts is described as being beyond the scope of normal scientific understanding. Notable paranormal beliefs include those that pertain to 4811:

Lawrence, Tony; Edwards, Claire; Barraclough, Nicholas; Church, Sarah; Hetherington, Francesca (August 1995). "Modelling childhood causes of paranormal belief and experience: Childhood trauma and childhood fantasy".

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It was also realized that people with higher dopamine levels have the ability to find patterns and meanings where there are not any. This is why scientists have connected high dopamine levels with paranormal belief.

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Pizzagalli, Diego; Lehmann, Dietrich; et al. (22 December 2000). "Brain electric correlates of strong belief in paranormal phenomena: intracerebral EEG source and regional Omega complexity analyses".

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Hines, Terence (2003). p. 144. "It is important to realize that, in one hundred years of parapsychological investigations, there has never been a single adequate demonstration of the reality of any psi

1210:. Parapsychology has been criticized for continuing investigation despite being unable to provide convincing evidence for the existence of any psychic phenomena after more than a century of research. 1108:, the abbreviation for "out of place" artifacts: strange items found in unlikely locations. He is perhaps the first person to explain strange human appearances and disappearances by the hypothesis of 1006:, though there were no doubt many more. These notes came from what he called "the orthodox conventionality of Science", which were odd events originally reported in magazines and newspapers such as 4523:

Roig, Miguel; Bridges, K. Robert; Renner, Catherine H.; Jackson, Cheryl R. (February 1998). "Belief in the paranormal and its association with irrational thinking controlled for context effects".

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Singer, Barry; Benassi, Victor A. (January–February 1981). "Occult Beliefs: Media distortions, social uncertainty, and deficiencies of human reasoning seem to be at the basis of occult beliefs".

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were higher for believers in the paranormal. Another study involving 100 students had revealed a positive correlation between paranormal belief and proneness to dissociation. A study (Williams

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Since then, many individuals and groups have offered similar monetary awards for proof of the paranormal in an observed setting. These prizes have a combined value of over $ 2.4 million.

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and highly educated participants involved in surveys have proven to have less paranormal belief. Tobacyk (1984) and Messer and Griggs (1989) discovered that college students with better

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The second camp held a view that coupled ideas of extraterrestrial visitation with beliefs from existing quasi-religious movements. Typically, these individuals were enthusiasts of

656:. In contrast, those who argue for the existence of the paranormal explicitly do not base their arguments on empirical evidence but rather on anecdote, testimony and suspicion. The 5114:

Shiah, YJ; Wu, YZ; Chen, YH; Chiang, SK (April 2014). "Schizophrenia and the paranormal: More psi belief and superstition, and less déjà vu in medicated schizophrenic patients".

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of a person. Alternative theories expand on that idea and include belief in the ghosts of deceased animals. Sometimes the term "ghost" is used synonymously with any spirit or

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In fact, the paranormal is often discussed as essentially something that resides within the human psyche, inherently contingent on its time and place; Ármann Jakobsson,

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have the highest belief in the paranormal and while the findings are not uniform the "general trend is for whites to show lesser belief in most paranormal subjects".

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Holden, K. J.; French, C. C. (2002). "Alien abduction experiences: Clues from neuropsychology and neuropsychiatry". In Spence, Sean A.; Halligan, Peter W. (eds.).

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Tobacyk, Jerome; Milford, Gary (1983). "Belief in paranormal phenomena: Assessment instrument development and implications for personality functioning".

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measurement, and possible observer effects (i.e. observation may distort the observed behavior). Specific data-gathering methods, such as recording EMF (

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in the paranormal regardless of whether the phenomena are considered to objectively exist. This section deals with various approaches to the paranormal:

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Messer, Wayne S.; Griggs, Richard A. (1 December 1989). "Student belief and involvement in the paranormal and performance in introductory psychology".

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task. As predicted, the study showed that "individuals who reported a strong belief in the paranormal made more errors and displayed more delusional

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Survey of American Fears asked about seven paranormal beliefs and found that "the most common belief is that ancient advanced civilizations such as

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Willard, Aiyana K.; Norenzayan, Ara (November 2013). "Cognitive biases explain religious belief, paranormal belief, and belief in life's purpose".

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Gow, Kathryn M.; Lang, Tracey; Chant, David (2004). "Fantasy proneness, paranormal beliefs and personality features in out-of-body experiences".

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Rattet, Shelley L.; Bursik, Krisanne (August 2001). "Investigating the personality correlates of paranormal belief and precognitive experience".

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power or event, under test conditions agreed to by both parties. Despite many declarations of supernatural ability, the prize was never claimed.

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Findings have shown in specific cases that paranormal belief acts as a psychodynamic coping function and serves as a mechanism for coping with

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factors which have sometimes given the impression of paranormal activity to some people, in fact, where there have been none. The psychologist

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popularized the now famous methodology of using card-guessing and dice-rolling experiments in a laboratory in the hopes of finding evidence of

1002:(1874–1932) is perhaps the best-known collector of paranormal anecdotes. Fort is said to have compiled as many as 40,000 notes on unexplained 6856: 5908: 5820: 5801: 5782: 5763: 5675: 5656: 5633: 5480: 5342: 5285: 5072: 4939: 4073: 3886: 3758: 3713: 3684: 3605: 3577: 3489: 3450: 3383: 3340: 3247: 3220: 3136: 3106: 3013: 2824: 660:

give the explanation that what appears to be paranormal phenomena is usually a misinterpretation, misunderstanding or anomalous variation of

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and 30% thought that "some of the unidentified flying objects that have been reported are really space vehicles from other civilizations."

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Smith, Matthew D.; Foster, Christa L.; Stovin, Gordon (March 1998). "Intelligence and paranormal belief: Examining the role of context".

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French, C. C.; Wilson, K. (2007). "Chapter 1: Cognitive factors underlying paranormal beliefs and experiences". In Sala, S. Della (ed.).

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Perkins, Stefanie L.; Allen, Rhiannon (May 2006). "Childhood Physical Abuse and Differential Development of Paranormal Belief Systems".

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Gender differences in surveys on paranormal belief have reported women scoring higher than men overall and men having greater belief in

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approaches to the paranormal. Participant-observer methodologies have overlaps with other essentially qualitative approaches, including

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Bainbridge (1978) and Wuthnow (1976) found that the most susceptible people to paranormal belief are those who are poorly educated,

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In an experiment Wierzbicki (1985) reported a significant correlation between paranormal belief and the number of errors made on a

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While the existence of paranormal phenomena is controversial and debated passionately by both proponents of the paranormal and by

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Tobacyk, Jerome; Nagot, Ed; Miller, Mark (June 1988). "Paranormal Beliefs and Locus of Control: A Multidimensional Examination".

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Schulter, Günter; Papousek, Ilona (August 2008). "Believing in paranormal phenomena: Relations to asymmetry of body and brain".

2319:, and 31% thought it was somewhat scientific. About 32% of Americans surveyed stated that some numbers were lucky, while 46% of 1274:) readings at haunted locations, have their own criticisms beyond those attributed to the participant-observer approach itself. 7736: 7678: 7394: 6873: 2284:

A 1996 Gallup poll estimated that 71% of the people in the U.S. believed that the government was covering up information about

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is not, in itself, a paranormal subject. Many scientists are actively engaged in the search for unicellular life within the

5950:(2006). "The relationship between susceptibility to false memories, dissociativity, and paranormal belief and experience". 3400: 7531: 6495: 6355: 6204: 4201:

Blum, Stuart H.; Blum, Lucille H. (1 August 1974). "Do's and Dont's: An Informal Study of some Prevailing Superstitions".

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is fundamental to individual differences in paranormal belief, while paranormal belief is independent of extraversion and

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Jahoda, Gustav (June 1970). "Supernatural Beliefs and Changing Cognitive Structures among Ghanaian University Students".

7743: 6998: 6516: 6391: 6350: 6340: 6159: 6045: 2444: 4891:(November 1985). "Belief in the paranormal: probability judgements, illusory control and the 'chance baseline shift'". 898:. The transitory events surrounding many UFO sightings preclude any opportunity for the repeat testing required by the 798:), which shows deceased people in the afterlife appearing much as they did before death, including the style of dress. 7354: 7071: 6624: 6129: 3834: 3030: 2308: 1534: 1113: 261: 141: 28: 7764: 3832:

van Elk, Michiel (September 2013). "Paranormal believers are more prone to illusory agency detection than skeptics".

2281:, found that more than two thirds of the United States population reported having at least one mystical experience. 743:. Typically, a ghost-hunting team will attempt to collect evidence supporting the existence of paranormal activity. 7750: 7481: 7424: 6948: 6457: 6411: 6330: 5859: 2793: 1593: 1558: 1404: 1251: 1097: 849: 1277:

Participant observation, as an approach to the paranormal, has gained increased visibility and popularity through

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Paranormal America: Ghost Encounters, UFO Sightings, Bigfoot Hunts, and Other Curiosities in Religion and Culture

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Paranormal America: Ghost Encounters, UFO Sightings, Bigfoot Hunts, and Other Curiosities in Religion and Culture

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and spiritual believers describe UFOs as having abilities beyond what are considered possible according to known

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French, Chris. The Science of Weird Shit: Why Our Minds Conjure the Paranormal. United States, MIT Press, 2024.

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Rice, Tom W. (March 2003). "Believe It Or Not: Religious and Other Paranormal Beliefs in the United States".

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Killen, Pat; Wildman, Robert W.; Wildman, Robert W. II (1 June 1974). "Superstitiousness and Intelligence".

2930: 1898: 1495: 1247: 1182: 1089: 872: 614: 471: 413: 151: 5481:"Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding – Public Knowledge About S&T; Chapter 7 of 3126: 7811: 7801: 7561: 7429: 7342: 7317: 7307: 7165: 6868: 6735: 6617: 6179: 6124: 5519:"Chapman Survey 2017: Advanced Ancient Civilizations, Spirits, Alien Visits Remain Top Paranormal Beliefs" 5489: 4347: 3993: 3793: 2434: 1581: 1577: 1390: 1185:. However, it was revealed that Rhine's experiments contained methodological flaws and procedural errors. 1085: 1036: 622: 496: 438: 266: 136: 106: 1710:

reality that cannot be known by using the methods of science. Kurtz compared this to a primitive form of

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Lange, R.; Houran, J. (October 1998). "Delusions of the paranormal: A haunting question of perception".

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Fort is considered by many as the father of modern paranormalism, which is the study of the paranormal.

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draws attention to possible alternative explanations for perceived paranormal activity in his article,

5725:(January 1992). "Factors underlying belief in the paranormal: Do sheep and goats think differently?". 5034:

Otis, Laura P.; Kuo, Eddie C. (1984). "Extraordinary beliefs among students in Singapore and Canada".

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French, C. C.; Santomauro, Julia; Hamilton, Victoria; Fox, Rachel; Thalbourne, M. A. (November 2008).

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students to differ in their paranormal beliefs, with the Chinese students showing greater skepticism.

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of suggestion, and that brain stimulation with magnetic fields did not result in ghostly experiences.

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Cryptozoology is a pseudoscience and subculture that aims to prove the existence of entities from the

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Bell, V.; Halligan, P. W. (2013). "The Neural Basis of Abnormal Personal Belief". In Krueger, Frank;

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was formed as the preeminent society for parapsychologists. In 1969, they became affiliated with the

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Ross, Christopher A.; Joshi, Smita (June 1992). "Paranormal Experiences in the General Population".

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possibility of systematic clerical errors; and lastly, that the ESP cards can be read from the back.

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Lawrence, Emma; Peters, Emmanuelle R. (November 2004). "Reasoning in believers in the paranormal".

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misinterpretations of natural phenomena. A way of summarizing this method is by the application of

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that offered a prize of US$ 1,000,000 to anyone who could demonstrate evidence of any paranormal,

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This article is about unexplained phenomena. For phenomena not subject to the laws of nature, see

7722: 7621: 7596: 7434: 7384: 7259: 7093: 7041: 6928: 6908: 6663: 6109: 5967: 5925:(February 1995). "Paranormal belief, manic-depressiveness, and magical ideation: A replication". 5918: 5887: 5524: 5312: 5266: 5223: 5177: 4866: 4783: 4723: 4671: 4604: 4476: 4434: 4364: 4327: 4292: 4257: 4220: 4133: 4095: 3929: 3859: 3653: 3405: 3309: 2868: 2600: 2364: 2331: 2068: 1966: 1278: 1202: 1178: 1013: 993: 251: 201: 1494:

In a case study (Gow, 2004) involving 167 participants the findings revealed that psychological

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In "anomalistic psychology", paranormal phenomena have naturalistic explanations resulting from

5701:(March 1992). "Population stereotypes and belief in the paranormal: Is there a relationship?". 2343:

is a real creature. Only one-fourth of respondents didn't hold at least one of these beliefs."

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Polls show that about fifty percent of the United States population believe in the paranormal.

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or speculations extrapolated from scientific evidence because scientific ideas are grounded in

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Wolfradt, Uwe (July 1997). "Dissociative experiences, trait anxiety and paranormal beliefs".

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continues Charles Fort's approach, regularly reporting anecdotal accounts of the paranormal.

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Roe, Chris A.; Morgan, Claire L. (1 April 2002). "Narcissism and Belief in the Paranormal".

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evidence of the paranormal in laboratories, a great number of people immerse themselves in

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of how life developed on Earth allow for the possibility that life also developed on other

7816: 7642: 7610: 7496: 7471: 7160: 7125: 7120: 7036: 6968: 6888: 6861: 6851: 6846: 6781: 6269: 6234: 6229: 6119: 5979: 5495: 4884: 3974: 3774: 2895: 2798: 1446: 1329: 1231: 1132: 1109: 762:; however, in popular usage the term typically refers to the spirit of a deceased person. 661: 606: 423: 226: 161: 101: 3732: 3333:

Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends... and Pseudoscience Begins

2417: 4624:"The roots of paranormal belief: Divergent associations or real paranormal experiences?" 4310:

Tobacyk, Jerome (1 February 1984). "Paranormal Belief and College Grade Point Average".

3978: 3533: 1748:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Irwin, Harvey J. (1 December 1994). "Paranormal Belief and Proneness to Dissociation".

3625: 3565: 3438: 3090: 2976: 2954: 2788: 2769: 2620: 2423: 1674: 1647: 1424: 1174: 1152: 1093: 895: 770: 769:, an ancient belief that attributed souls to everything in nature. As the 19th-century 511: 506: 443: 401: 246: 241: 111: 5211: 4536: 4050: 3960: 848:. The paranormal aspect of extraterrestrial life centers largely around the belief in 7780: 7705: 7501: 7332: 7276: 7155: 7103: 7051: 6898: 6836: 6831: 6693: 6678: 6640: 6274: 6249: 5983: 5971: 5938: 5843: 5751: 4854: 4825: 4368: 4331: 4296: 4261: 4224: 3778: 3313: 3212:

The Lure of the Edge: Scientific Passions, Religious Beliefs, and the Pursuit of UFOs

3184: 3001: 2925: 2610: 2372: 2242: 1932: 1864: 1717: 1658: 1629: 1625: 1570: 1515: 1358: 1227: 1207: 1124: 1073: 937: 919: 783: 730: 717: 705: 634: 630: 626: 536: 448: 291: 236: 216: 166: 121: 24: 5891: 5270: 5129: 4870: 4787: 4675: 4608: 4480: 4438: 3933: 3917: 3863: 2988: 2872: 2764: 1569:

have higher levels of absorption, dissociativity, fantasy proneness and tendency to

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can easily be duplicated by trained stage magicians. He was also the founder of the

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Otis, Laura P.; Alcock, James E. (1982). "Factors affecting extraordinary belief".

3779:"Belief in psychic ability and the misattribution hypothesis: A qualitative review" 3746: 3672: 2899: 2630: 2590: 2466: 2384: 2102: 1787: 1617: 1609: 1605: 1597: 1511: 1484: 1457: 1434: 1412: 1374: 1267: 1081: 999: 985: 891: 868: 817: 688:. The definition implies that the scientific explanation of the world around us is 610: 561: 551: 531: 526: 466: 343: 276: 211: 191: 96: 20: 5049: 4565: 4166: 5254: 5165: 4711: 3847: 3152: 1677:

processes underlying the formation of paranormal beliefs. In a study (Pizzagalli

7476: 7237: 6963: 6953: 6821: 6771: 6304: 6284: 6244: 6209: 4509: 4288: 2367:

made under test conditions, and (2) for the first psychic to produce a "visible

2323:

agreed with that claim. About 60% of all people polled believed in some form of

1820: 1802: 1621: 1507: 1449:

variables correlating with paranormal belief. Some studies have also shown that

1442: 1420: 1350: 1299: 1101: 1077: 981: 840:

activity that would show evidence of intelligent life outside the Solar System.

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The belief in ghosts as souls of the departed is closely tied to the concept of

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and extraterrestrials. Surveys have also investigated the relationship between

1295: 7716: 7546: 7526: 7521: 7409: 7404: 7379: 7374: 7264: 7199: 7130: 7098: 7005: 6973: 6913: 6299: 6164: 6099: 5714: 4931: 4631:

Proceedings of the 49th Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association

4592: 4472: 4323: 4216: 2739: 2659: 2615: 2376: 2316: 2208: 2140: 1703: 1698: 1613: 1566: 1530: 1396: 1362: 988:, 1920. Fort is perhaps the most widely known collector of paranormal stories. 966: 933: 887: 649: 645: 516: 336: 271: 176: 131: 86: 4550:

Wierzbicki, Michael (1985). "Reasoning errors and belief in the paranormal".

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events; falls of frogs, fishes, and inorganic materials of an amazing range;

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An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural

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and paranormal belief. In a sample of American university students (Tobacyk

1526: 1522: 1472: 1166: 1136: 1042: 1008: 962: 879:

doctrines. In contemporary times, many of these beliefs have coalesced into

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in 2006. They found fairly consistent results compared to the results of a

6021: 5883: 5851: 4862: 4430: 2864: 7359: 6918: 6893: 6841: 6801: 6720: 3060: 2455: 2439: 2335: 2106: 1766: 1200:(now called the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) and its periodical, the 1003: 925: 521: 428: 353: 156: 146: 3179: 1196:. Criticisms of the field were focused in the creation (in 1976) of the 7606: 7506: 7439: 7349: 7302: 7269: 6219: 5875: 4955:

Clarke, Dave (1991). "Belief in the paranormal: a New Zealand survey".

4137: 2856: 2774: 2680: 2368: 2340: 1860: 1774:

parapsychological powers has been estimated to be 3 to 4 billion.

1620:. Otis and Kuo (1984) surveyed Singapore university students and found 1465: 1400: 1314:, which suggests that the simpler solution is usually the correct one. 1222: 1034:. From this research Fort wrote seven books, though only four survive: 958: 929: 880: 857: 825: 807: 766: 638: 501: 296: 221: 181: 16:

Purported phenomena beyond the scope of normal scientific understanding

5796:(First ed.). Hatfield, Herts: University Of Hertfordshire Press. 4920:"A Troll Did It?: Trauma as a Paranormal State in the Íslendingasögur" 1468:

is said to encourage them to appeal to paranormal or magical beliefs.

1198:

Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal

681: 7414: 6025: 5813:

An Introduction to the Psychology of Paranormal Belief and Experience

4452:

Williams, Emyr; Francis, Leslie J.; Robbins, Mandy (15 August 2007).

2320: 1461: 1378: 954: 845: 418: 186: 91: 5624:

Bader, Christopher D.; Mencken, F. Carson; Baker, Joseph O. (2017).

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says a lot of people believe in it because they "want it to be so".

1157: 4395: 3305: 2843:

Marks, D. F. (April 1988). "The Psychology of Paranormal Beliefs".

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Experimental investigation of the paranormal has been conducted by

992:

An anecdotal approach to the paranormal involves the collection of

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Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem

2301: 2000: 1429: 1294: 1221: 1156: 980: 837: 829: 759: 750:, and fiction featuring ghosts, a ghost is a manifestation of the 740: 196: 6030: 5063:

Bader, Christopher D.; Mencken, F. Carson; Baker, Joseph (2011).

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Tall Tales About the Mind and Brain: Separating Fact From Fiction

6609: 5543: 2293: 1234:, which proponents claim may be connected to paranormal activity 907: 833: 821: 755: 358: 6613: 6034: 5738:

Hatton, K. (2001). "Developmental origins of magical beliefs".

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The Troll Inside You: Paranormal Activity in the Medieval North

1616:

while belief in extraterrestrial life forms was stronger among

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of the researcher, unsystematic gathering of data, reliance on

4454:"Personality and paranormal belief: a study among adolescents" 2285: 1728: 1533:

and paranormal belief was discovered in a study involving the

1514:". A correlation has been found between paranormal belief and 1464:

values. The alienation of these people due to their status in

1048: 3677:

Parapsychology-Science Or Magic?: A Psychological Perspective

3153:"NASA Scientists To Discuss Search For Extraterrestrial Life" 1525:

task, suggesting that believers in the paranormal have lower

5794:

The Psychology of Paranormal Belief: A Researcher's Handbook

4066:

The Psychology of Paranormal Belief: A Researcher's Handbook

3979:"Belief in the paranormal and suggestion in the seance room" 2296:

reported that 56% thought UFOs were real craft and 48% that

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Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena

2924:

Schmaltz, Rodney M.; Lilienfeld, Scott O. (17 April 2014).

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A survey conducted in 2006 by researchers from Australia's

704:

On the classification of paranormal subjects, psychologist

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and anything that is above, beyond, or contrary to that is

4114:

Wuthnow, Robert (June 1976). "Astrology and Marginality".

3598:

Problems of Inference and Proof in Participant Observation

2363:

offered two US$ 2,500 offers: (1) for the first authentic

852:(UFOs) and the phenomena said to be associated with them. 3290:(January 1938). "Extra-Sensory Perception: What Is It?". 5628:(Second ed.). New York: New York University Press. 3751:

Anomalistic Psychology (Palgrave Insights in Psychology)

34:"Paranormal activity" redirects here. For the film, see 5903:(Illustrated ed.). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. 5758:(2nd Revised ed.). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. 4691:"Psychological aspects of the alien contact experience" 3600:(Bobbs Merrill Reprint ed.). New York: Irvington. 3035:

Glossary of key words frequently used in parapsychology

2375:

was a member of the investigating committee. The first

1790:, and almost 50% stated they recalled a previous life. 5862:(April 1988). "The psychology of paranormal beliefs". 3745:

Holt, Nicola; Simmonds-Moore, Christine; Luke, David;

3101:(4th ed.). Gale Research & Cengage Learning. 1565:

Research has shown that people reporting contact with

652:

observations and experimental data gained through the

644:

Proposals regarding the paranormal are different from

23:. For unexplained but presumed natural phenomena, see 2277:

A survey by Jeffrey S. Levin, associate professor at

716:

The paranormal can best be thought of as a subset of

680:

since at least 1920. The word consists of two parts:

5685:

Crawley, S. E. (2001). "Psychic or fantasy-prone?".

3708:(11th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing. p. 626. 3239:

Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Communication

1553:

completed a delusional ideation questionnaire and a

1437:

founder of the Anomalistic Psychology Research Unit.

1407:

wrote that paranormal phenomena can be explained by

7671: 7635: 7462: 7295: 7225: 7029: 6764: 6751: 6656: 6466: 6445: 6432:

Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory

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Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten (2013). p. 155.

3401:"Summing Up Thirty Years of the Skeptical Inquirer" 2683:

through "power of the human mind to heal the body".

1549:A psychological study involving 174 members of the 1471:Research has associated paranormal belief with low 1302:

was a well-known investigator of paranormal claims.

1194:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

867:and the paranormal. Many had backgrounds as active 5815:(Illustrated ed.). Jefferson, NC: Mcfarland. 5670:(Hardcover ed.). New York: Hippocrene Books. 5517: 1076:(a term Fort is generally credited with coining); 6538:Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives 4068:. University Of Hertfordshire Press. p. 89. 1254:research that seeks largely to describe subjects 6346:International Association for Near-Death Studies 5374: 5372: 4622:de Boer, Rémi; Bierman, Dick J. (January 2006). 3215:. University of California Press. pp. 67–. 1635:According to American surveys analysed by Bader 5437:"Three in Four Americans Believe in Paranormal" 3131:. Herts: Wordsworth Editions Ltd. p. 178. 3128:The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion 1542: 714: 6407:International Institute for Psychical Research 5286:"Paranormal beliefs linked to brain chemistry" 3509: 3507: 3505: 3204: 3202: 3099:Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2311:survey found that 9% of people polled thought 1453:correlates positively with paranormal belief. 969:, and participant-observer approaches and the 940:. Cryptozoologists refer to these entities as 6650:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 6625: 6437:Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures 6046: 4958:Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 3827: 3825: 3085: 3083: 3081: 2353:List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal 583: 8: 6545:Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind 4979:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 4497:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4117:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 3445:. University Of Chicago Press. p. 158. 3374:Irwin, Harvey J.; Watt, Caroline A. (2007). 2838: 2836: 605:events are purported phenomena described in 4647:The Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease 2817:The Paranormal: An Illustrated Encyclopedia 2714:"Belief in the Paranormal or Pseudoscience" 2069:Extraterrestrials visited Earth in the past 1673:Some scientists have investigated possible 902:. Acceptance of UFO theories by the larger 6761: 6632: 6618: 6610: 6053: 6039: 6031: 5777:(First ed.). Hove: Psychology Press. 5651:(First ed.). Hove: Psychology Press. 4924:Paranormal Encounters in Iceland 1150–1400 3881:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–22. 1807: 1427:is a factor underlying paranormal belief. 1165:which proponents say may show evidence of 1072:Reported events that he collected include 836:are conducting an astronomical search for 590: 576: 44: 7758:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 7699:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 6422:National Laboratory of Psychical Research 5416:"Smart People See Ghosts", Brad Steiger, 5334:Skepticism and Humanism: The New Paradigm 4842:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 4759:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 3997: 3977:; Greening, Emma; Smith, Matthew (2003). 3797: 3541: 3349:Extrasensory Perception After Sixty Years 2953: 2943: 1702:coverage is largely absent. According to 1066:, but it was abandoned and absorbed into 906:is further hindered by the many possible 820:, carrying out studies on the surface of 6559:Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation 5649:The Neural Basis of Human Belief Systems 5544:"Randi $ 1,000,000 paranormal challenge" 5430: 5428: 5426: 4089:Bainbridge, William Sims (Winter 1978). 3516:"The lab that asked the wrong questions" 3378:(5th ed.). McFarland. p. 249. 3268:. Earth, Milky Way: Punctum Books, 2017. 2692:Some may have taken this metaphorically. 1769:, surveys are useful in determining the 1131:Such anecdotal collections, lacking the 7663:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 6321:American Society for Psychical Research 5483:Science and Engineering Indicators 2004 5412: 5410: 5408: 5379:ABC Science Online (17 November 2006). 3649:"Three Skeptics' Debate Tools Examined" 3331:Wynn, Charles; Wiggins, Arthur (2001). 2705: 2672: 2645:Center for Inquiry Investigations Group 1793:Polls were conducted by Bryan Farha at 1441:Many studies have found a link between 1353:, an investigator with a background in 1084:; unaccountable noises and explosions; 56: 5952:Personality and Individual Differences 5927:Personality and Individual Differences 5449:from the original on 19 September 2017 5337:. Transaction Publishers. p. 63. 4814:Personality and Individual Differences 4525:Personality and Individual Differences 4039:Personality and Individual Differences 3949:Personality and Individual Differences 3647:Caso, Alvaro (January–February 2002). 3399:Kurtz, Paul (September–October 2006). 735:Ghost hunting is the investigation of 5832:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 5393:from the original on 24 November 2006 1058:(1932); one book was written between 737:locations that are reportedly haunted 374:Prizes for evidence of the paranormal 7: 6592: 6336:Institut Métapsychique International 4241:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 3679:. Pergamon Press. pp. 139–140. 3242:. SAGE Publications. pp. 918–. 1721:systems can be damaging to society. 1697:Some scientists have criticized the 1491:have less belief in the paranormal. 5775:Pathologies of Body, Self and Space 5381:"'Spooky survey' gets big response" 5088:Chang, Kenneth (11 November 2003). 3735:. James Randi Education Foundation. 3482:Popular Psychology: An Encyclopedia 3335:. Joseph Henry Press. p. 156. 3277:Hines, Terence (2003). pp. 119–120. 1809:Percentage of U.S. citizens polled 1262:include an increased threat to the 944:, a term coined by the subculture. 7712:James Randi Educational Foundation 6397:British College of Psychic Science 5901:The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal 5567:"Get Rich Quick or Save the World" 4905:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1985.tb01969.x 4772:10.1097/01.nmd.0000217832.85665.c5 4660:10.1097/01.nmd.0000144691.22135.d0 3624:. Ghostvillage.com. Archived from 3347:In 1940, Rhine coauthored a book, 2395:James Randi Educational Foundation 1460:or have roles that rank low among 1367:James Randi Educational Foundation 1291:Skeptical scientific investigation 1112:and was an early proponent of the 1096:(a term explicitly used by Fort); 364:James Randi Educational Foundation 14: 6566:Varieties of Anomalous Experience 6510:Journal of Scientific Exploration 5199:Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 5008:Journal of Personality Assessment 3376:An Introduction to Parapsychology 3178:Freudenrich, Craig (8 May 2001). 2462:Category:Paranormal investigators 1608:have a higher level of belief in 1238:While parapsychologists look for 7109:Strauss–Howe generational theory 7087:Moon landing conspiracy theories 6884:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity 6591: 6580: 6579: 5844:10.1097/00005053-199810000-00008 5756:Pseudoscience and the Paranormal 5593:Independent Investigations Group 5569:. Skeptic Report. Archived from 5565:Larsen, Claus (September 2003). 5435:Moore, David W. (16 June 2005). 5090:"Do Paranormal Phenomena exist?" 4855:10.1097/00005053-199206000-00004 4553:The Journal of Social Psychology 4154:The Journal of Social Psychology 3484:. Greenwood Press. p. 182. 3008:. Prometheus Books. p. 20. 3006:Pseudoscience and the Paranormal 2400:Independent Investigations Group 1733: 710:Pseudoscience and the Paranormal 7737:The Natural History of Quackery 7679:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 5668:The Encyclopedia of the Strange 5130:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.11.003 3918:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.07.016 3706:A Concise Introduction to Logic 3029:Parapsychological Association. 2279:Eastern Virginia Medical School 1319:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 1258:, rather than to explain them. 776:explained in his classic work, 349:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 6427:Oxford Phasmatological Society 6417:Metropolitan Psychical Society 6371:Society for Psychical Research 6195:Parapsychology research at SRI 5532:(1): 5. January–February 2018. 3733:"The Million Dollar Challenge" 3572:. Routledge Kegan Paul Books. 3514:Oling-Smee, L (1 March 2007). 2450:List of reported UFO sightings 1799:University of Central Oklahoma 1551:Society for Psychical Research 1104:). He offered many reports of 1: 6496:Journal of Near-Death Studies 6356:Parapsychological Association 6205:Plant perception (paranormal) 5988:British Journal of Psychology 5492:(National Science Foundation) 5357:Hines, Terence (2003). p. 38. 5212:10.1016/S0925-4927(00)00070-6 5067:. NYU Press. pp. 57–58. 5050:10.1080/00223980.1984.9923639 4893:British Journal of Psychology 4566:10.1080/00224545.1985.9713529 4537:10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00162-1 4167:10.1080/00224545.1982.9924420 4051:10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00043-3 3986:British Journal of Psychology 3961:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00148-3 3786:British Journal of Psychology 3293:American Journal of Sociology 1661:patients have more belief in 1657:A 2014 study discovered that 1218:Participant-observer approach 1190:Parapsychological Association 910:associated with UFO culture. 875:, or were followers of other 792: 303:Reportedly haunted locations: 7744:The Psychology of the Occult 6999:Traditional Chinese medicine 6874:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills 6731:Superseded scientific theory 6392:American Psychical Institute 6351:Koestler Parapsychology Unit 6341:Institute of Noetic Sciences 5939:10.1016/0191-8869(94)00146-J 5255:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.08.022 5166:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.07.011 4826:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00034-4 4712:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.11.011 3848:10.1016/j.concog.2013.07.004 2679:Also includes the effect of 2445:List of paranormal magazines 7355:Electronic voice phenomenon 7212:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 7072:Chemtrail conspiracy theory 6130:Electronic voice phenomenon 4510:10.1037/0022-3514.44.5.1029 4289:10.2466/pr0.1974.34.3c.1158 3835:Consciousness and Cognition 3704:Hurley, Patrick J. (2010). 3236:Priest, Susanna H. (2010). 2655:Prizes for paranormal proof 2309:National Science Foundation 1540:De Boer and Bierman wrote: 1535:Australian Sheep-Goat Scale 1114:extraterrestrial hypothesis 1098:unidentified flying objects 996:told about the paranormal. 850:unidentified flying objects 142:Electronic voice phenomenon 29:Paranormal (disambiguation) 7833: 7751:The Ragged Edge of Science 7482:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff 7425:Pseudoscientific metrology 6949:Miracle Mineral Supplement 6458:Skeptics of parapsychology 6412:London Dialectical Society 6331:College of Psychic Studies 5964:10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.008 5546:. The Skeptic's Dictionary 5021:10.1207/s15327752jpa5202_5 4423:10.2466/pr0.1994.75.3.1344 4361:10.1207/s15328023top1604_4 4254:10.1177/002202217000100202 4091:"Chariots of the gullible" 4008:10.1348/000712603767876235 3097:, eds. (1996). "Animism". 2794:Merriam-Webster Dictionary 2350: 1618:people of European descent 1604:. 1988) it was found that 1388: 1150: 917: 805: 728: 658:standard scientific models 33: 18: 7365:Facilitated communication 6647: 6575: 6503:Journal of Parapsychology 6453:List of parapsychologists 6361:Parapsychology Foundation 6068: 5792:Irwin, Harvey J. (2009). 5715:10.1080/00050069208257576 5037:The Journal of Psychology 4932:10.1515/9781501513862-006 4593:10.2466/pr0.2002.90.2.405 4473:10.1007/s11089-007-0094-x 4324:10.2466/pr0.1984.54.1.217 4217:10.2466/pr0.1974.35.1.567 4183:Journal of Parapsychology 4064:Irwin, Harvey J. (2009). 3777:; Watt, Caroline (2006). 2716:. Nsf.gov. Archived from 1825: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1742:This article needs to be 1606:people of African descent 1529:. A relationship between 1506:. 2007) discovered that " 7765:The Skeptic's Dictionary 7323:Biological transmutation 7243:Faster-than-light travel 7217:Enneagram of Personality 7183:Recovered-memory therapy 7067:9/11 conspiracy theories 6552:The Roots of Coincidence 6115:Dermo-optical perception 5117:Comprehensive Psychiatry 4918:Poilvez, Marion (2020). 3480:Cordón, Luis A. (2005). 3458:consistently replicated. 3209:Denzler, Brenda (2001). 2945:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00336 2596:Bruce Barrymore Halpenny 2325:Extra-sensory perception 1797:and Gary Steward of the 1795:Oklahoma City University 1781:sought to determine the 1531:narcissistic personality 1371:million dollar challenge 1141:scientific investigation 414:Apparitional experiences 7730:The Demon-Haunted World 7648:Bourgeois pseudoscience 7082:COVID-19 misinformation 7021:Young blood transfusion 6792:Anthroposophic medicine 6482:Extrasensory Perception 6475:An Experiment with Time 6402:Cambridge Ghost Society 6135:Extrasensory perception 6085:Apparitional experience 6000:10.1348/000712605X72523 5703:Australian Psychologist 4992:10.1111/1468-5906.00163 3808:10.1348/000712605X72523 2931:Frontiers in Psychology 2565:Plymouth, Massachusetts 2292:poll conducted for the 1256:as they are experienced 1183:extrasensory perception 971:skeptical investigation 615:extrasensory perception 472:Argument from ignorance 439:Out-of-body experiences 152:Extrasensory perception 7562:Corentin Louis Kervran 7430:Rapid prompting method 7318:Biodynamic agriculture 7308:Aquatic ape hypothesis 7166:Historical negationism 6869:Doctrine of signatures 6736:True-believer syndrome 6180:Out-of-body experience 5948:French, Christopher C. 5923:French, Christopher C. 5919:Thalbourne, Michael A. 5899:Stein, Gordon (1996). 5723:French, Christopher C. 5699:French, Christopher C. 5666:Cohen, Daniel (1989). 5490:National Science Board 4348:Teaching of Psychology 3753:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3747:French, Christopher C. 3570:Logical Investigations 2548:San Francisco Bay Area 2435:Out-of-body experience 1582:childhood sexual abuse 1547: 1438: 1391:Anomalistic psychology 1303: 1264:scientific objectivity 1235: 1170: 1139:, are not amenable to 1037:The Book of the Damned 1004:paranormal experiences 989: 722: 497:Communal reinforcement 27:. For other uses, see 7567:The Light (newspaper) 7552:William Donald Kelley 7445:Voice stress analysis 7077:Climate change denial 7016:Wind turbine syndrome 7011:Vertebral subluxation 6904:Germ theory denialism 6385:Defunct organizations 6366:Rhine Research Center 6170:Near-death experience 4581:Psychological Reports 4411:Psychological Reports 4384:Contemporary Hypnosis 4312:Psychological Reports 4277:Psychological Reports 4204:Psychological Reports 2347:Paranormal challenges 1817:Farha-Steward (2006) 1665:than healthy adults. 1523:syllogistic reasoning 1433: 1417:subjective validation 1361:abilities of psychic 1298: 1272:electromagnetic field 1225: 1160: 984: 883:spiritual movements. 814:extraterrestrial life 646:scientific hypotheses 477:Argumentum ad populum 409:Anomalous experiences 389:Scientific skepticism 207:Paranormal television 7557:Robert F. Kennedy Jr 7517:Ignatius L. Donnelly 7188:Past life regression 7047:Arabian Judah theory 6994:Traditional medicine 6787:Alternative medicine 6716:Pathological science 6314:Active organizations 6200:Past life regression 5811:Jinks, Tony (2011). 5331:Kurtz, Paul (2001). 4737:on 26 September 2020 4417:(3, Pt 1): 1344–46. 3288:Gulliksen, Harold O. 3123:Frazer, James George 2991:. In Dictionary.com. 2819:. Trafalgar Square. 1248:participant-observer 1244:qualitative research 904:scientific community 828:that have fallen to 492:Cognitive dissonance 487:Begging the question 434:Ideomotor phenomenon 7653:Demarcation problem 7487:Brigitte Boisselier 7116:Hollow Earth theory 7099:Generational theory 6797:Applied kinesiology 6150:Kirlian photography 6140:Ganzfeld experiment 5980:Wiseman, Richard J. 4461:Pastoral Psychology 4211:(1, Pt 2): 567–71. 3622:"Paranormal Groups" 3534:2007Natur.446...10O 3065:The Free Dictionary 2900:"The Haunted Brain" 2744:The Free Dictionary 2360:Scientific American 1810: 1555:deductive reasoning 1516:irrational thinking 1307:Scientific skeptics 1163:Ganzfeld experiment 1019:Scientific American 1014:scientific journals 948:Paranormal research 842:Scientific theories 832:. Projects such as 812:The possibility of 700:Paranormal subjects 676:has existed in the 542:Scientific evidence 384:Scientific literacy 37:Paranormal Activity 7723:Skeptical Inquirer 7622:Paul Joseph Watson 7597:Hans Alfred Nieper 7435:Statement analysis 7385:Intelligent design 7260:Reactionless drive 7094:Conversion therapy 7042:Ancient astronauts 6929:Leaky gut syndrome 6909:HIV/AIDS denialism 6664:Cargo cult science 6110:Deathbed phenomena 5876:10.1007/BF01961272 5525:Skeptical Inquirer 5313:American Scientist 5094:The New York Times 4096:Skeptical Inquirer 3654:Skeptical Inquirer 3435:Pigliucci, Massimo 3406:Skeptical Inquirer 3159:. 11 December 2003 3091:Shepard, Leslie A. 3041:on 11 January 2011 2857:10.1007/BF01961272 2720:on 4 February 2012 2601:Bernard Heuvelmans 2332:Chapman University 1967:Demonic possession 1808: 1439: 1323:Skeptical Inquirer 1304: 1279:reality television 1236: 1203:Skeptical Inquirer 1171: 1137:empirical evidence 990: 977:Anecdotal approach 252:Spirit photography 202:Paranormal fiction 127:Demonic possession 7774: 7773: 7685:Cults of Unreason 7658:Scientific method 7587:Ministry of Ayush 7532:Nicholas Gonzalez 7458: 7457: 7395:Law of attraction 7375:Flat Earth theory 7255:Quantum mysticism 7195:Scientific racism 7151:Pseudoarchaeology 7057:Conspiracy theory 6755:characterized as 6699:Pseudomathematics 6689:Pseudoarchaeology 6607: 6606: 6225:Psychic detective 6185:Pam Reynolds case 6090:Astral projection 5984:Watt, Caroline A. 5910:978-1-57392-021-6 5822:978-0-7864-6544-6 5803:978-1-902806-93-8 5784:978-1-84169-933-2 5765:978-1-57392-979-0 5677:978-0-88029-451-5 5658:978-1-84169-881-6 5635:978-1-4798-1965-2 5498:on 18 August 2015 5470:, 12 January 1994 5344:978-0-7658-0051-0 5284:Phillips, Helen. 5074:978-0-8147-9135-6 4941:978-1-5015-1386-2 4706:(10): 1387–1395. 4283:(3, Pt 2): 1158. 4075:978-1-902806-93-8 3888:978-0-19-856877-3 3760:978-0-230-30150-4 3715:978-0-8400-3416-8 3686:978-0-08-025773-0 3628:on 2 January 2007 3607:978-0-8290-3493-6 3594:Becker, Howard S. 3579:978-0-7100-6618-3 3491:978-0-313-32457-4 3452:978-0-226-05196-3 3385:978-0-7864-3059-8 3342:978-0-309-07309-7 3249:978-1-4129-5920-9 3222:978-0-520-22432-2 3138:978-1-85326-310-1 3108:978-0-8103-5487-6 3095:Melton, J. Gordon 3015:978-1-57392-979-0 2826:978-0-7472-3603-0 2650:Critical thinking 2381:George Valiantine 2379:to be tested was 2365:spirit photograph 2275: 2274: 1865:Spiritual healing 1779:Monash University 1763: 1762: 1683:fetal development 1641:African Americans 1580:. Survivors from 1527:cognitive ability 1481:science education 1473:cognitive ability 1451:fantasy proneness 1340:Michael Persinger 1334:The Haunted Brain 1175:parapsychologists 1161:Participant of a 1086:spontaneous fires 900:scientific method 708:said in his book 662:natural phenomena 654:scientific method 600: 599: 547:Scientific method 257:Spirit possession 72:Astral projection 7824: 7792:1920s neologisms 7627:Andrew Wakefield 7328:Creation science 7287:Water-fueled car 7249:Perpetual motion 7171:Holocaust denial 7141:Nibiru cataclysm 7136:Nazi archaeology 6939:Macrobiotic diet 6762: 6634: 6627: 6620: 6611: 6595: 6594: 6583: 6582: 6524:Life Before Life 6489:Irreducible Mind 6055: 6048: 6041: 6032: 6011: 5975: 5958:(8): 1493–1502. 5946:Wilson, Krissy; 5942: 5914: 5895: 5855: 5826: 5807: 5788: 5769: 5747: 5734: 5727:The Psychologist 5718: 5694: 5681: 5662: 5639: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5597:"Investigations" 5589: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5573:on 23 March 2007 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5521: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5494:. 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Clarke 2371:manifestation". 2300:had visited the 1811: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1737: 1736: 1729: 1712:magical thinking 1586:childhood trauma 1409:magical thinking 1252:phenomenological 928:record, such as 894:constraints and 797: 794: 788:Book of the Dead 784:ancient Egyptian 779:The Golden Bough 678:English language 592: 585: 578: 482:Bandwagon effect 379:Pseudoskepticism 369:Magical thinking 45: 7832: 7831: 7827: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7777: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7667: 7643:Bogdanov affair 7631: 7611:Claude Vorilhon 7497:Robert Charroux 7472:Sucharit Bhakdi 7464: 7454: 7291: 7221: 7161:Genocide denial 7126:Japhetic theory 7121:Indigo children 7037:2012 phenomenon 7025: 6969:Patent medicine 6889:Energy medicine 6862:Colon cleansing 6847:Crystal healing 6782:Adrenal fatigue 6756: 6754: 6747: 6652: 6643: 6638: 6608: 6603: 6571: 6517:Life After Life 6462: 6441: 6380: 6309: 6270:Sensory leakage 6235:Psychic surgery 6230:Psychic reading 6160:Materialization 6120:Dream telepathy 6073: 6064: 6059: 6018: 5978: 5945: 5917: 5911: 5898: 5860:Marks, David F. 5858: 5838:(10): 637–645. 5829: 5823: 5810: 5804: 5791: 5785: 5772: 5766: 5750: 5737: 5721: 5697: 5684: 5678: 5665: 5659: 5645:Grafman, Jordan 5642: 5636: 5623: 5617: 5615:Further reading 5612: 5611: 5601: 5599: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5549: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5499: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5434: 5433: 5424: 5415: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5378: 5377: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5249:(10): 1326–35. 5240: 5239: 5235: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5160:(10): 1336–41. 5150: 5149: 5145: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4965:(823): 412–425. 4954: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4654:(11): 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227:Psychic reading 162:Fortune-telling 102:Close encounter 67: 41: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7830: 7828: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7807:Parapsychology 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7779: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7733: 7726: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7681: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7639: 7637: 7636:Related topics 7633: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7617:Randolph Stone 7614: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7592:Theodor Morell 7589: 7584: 7582:Joseph Mercola 7579: 7577:Jenny McCarthy 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7542:Graham Hancock 7539: 7537:Goop (company) 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7512:Vernon Coleman 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7468: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7279: 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3766: 3759: 3737: 3725: 3714: 3696: 3685: 3664: 3639: 3613: 3606: 3585: 3578: 3557: 3528:(7131): 10–1. 3501: 3490: 3472: 3462: 3451: 3426: 3416: 3391: 3384: 3366: 3364:laboratories." 3356: 3341: 3323: 3306:10.1086/217775 3300:(4): 623–634. 3279: 3270: 3255: 3248: 3228: 3221: 3198: 3170: 3157:SpaceDaily.com 3144: 3137: 3114: 3107: 3077: 3052: 3021: 3014: 3002:Hines, Terence 2993: 2981: 2969: 2916: 2904:www.csicop.org 2878: 2832: 2825: 2813:Gordon, Stuart 2804: 2801:. August 2023. 2780: 2770:Dictionary.com 2756: 2731: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2685: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2621:Ivan Sanderson 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2570:Washington, DC 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2526:United Kingdom 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2424:Ghost Stations 2420: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2351:Main article: 2348: 2345: 2294:Sci Fi channel 2273: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1933:Haunted houses 1929: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1826:Gallup (2005) 1824: 1818: 1815: 1761: 1760: 1741: 1739: 1732: 1726: 1723: 1708:transcendental 1694: 1691: 1675:neurocognitive 1670: 1667: 1648:Robert L. Park 1479:and a lack of 1425:cognitive bias 1413:mental imagery 1389:Main article: 1386: 1383: 1292: 1289: 1281:programs like 1219: 1216: 1153:Parapsychology 1151:Main article: 1148: 1147:Parapsychology 1145: 1094:ball lightning 978: 975: 949: 946: 918:Main article: 915: 912: 824:and examining 806:Main article: 803: 800: 771:anthropologist 729:Main article: 726: 723: 701: 698: 669: 666: 627:pseudosciences 617:(for example, 598: 597: 595: 594: 587: 580: 572: 569: 568: 565: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 512:Fringe science 509: 507:Falsifiability 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 463: 460: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 446: 444:Parapsychology 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 405: 402:Parapsychology 400: 399: 396: 395: 392: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 340: 335: 334: 331: 330: 327: 326: 321: 316: 314:United Kingdom 311: 300: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 247:Retrocognition 244: 242:Remote viewing 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 112:Crystal gazing 109: 104: 99: 94: 92:Breatharianism 89: 84: 79: 74: 68: 65: 64: 61: 60: 54: 53: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7829: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7812:Pseudoscience 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7802:Fringe theory 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7767: 7766: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7755: 7753: 7752: 7748: 7746: 7745: 7741: 7739: 7738: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7727: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7706:Fortean Times 7703: 7701: 7700: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7689: 7687: 7686: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7634: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7502:Deepak Chopra 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7465:pseudoscience 7461: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7333:Cryptozoology 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7233:Anti-gravity‎ 7231: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7156:Pseudohistory 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7104:Generationism 7102: 7101: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7062:5G conspiracy 7060: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7052:Catastrophism 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6899:FasciaBlaster 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6837:Correactology 6835: 6833: 6832:Chromotherapy 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6757:pseudoscience 6750: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6694:Pseudohistory 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6679:Fringe theory 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6646: 6642: 6641:Pseudoscience 6635: 6630: 6628: 6623: 6621: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6600: 6599: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6275:Spoon bending 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6250:Reincarnation 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6051: 6049: 6044: 6042: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5902: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5558: 5545: 5539: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5520: 5513: 5510: 5497: 5493: 5491: 5486: 5484: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5464: 5461: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5418:Fate Magazine 5413: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5360: 5354: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5327: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5306: 5303: 5291: 5290:New Scientist 5287: 5280: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5191: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5110: 5107: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5030: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5001: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4986:(1): 95–106. 4985: 4981: 4980: 4972: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4951: 4948: 4943: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4835: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4804: 4797: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4752: 4749: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4692: 4685: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4640: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4546: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4490: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4341: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4234: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4176: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4147: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4110: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4085: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3912:(2): 379–91. 3911: 3907: 3906: 3898: 3895: 3890: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3792:(3): 323–38. 3791: 3787: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3643: 3640: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3473: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3420: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3395: 3392: 3387: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3259: 3256: 3251: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3232: 3229: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3187: 3186: 3185:HowStuffWorks 3181: 3174: 3171: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3022: 3017: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2920: 2917: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2706: 2699: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2666: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2611:Robert Ripley 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2538:United States 2536: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2373:Harry Houdini 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2354: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2243:Reincarnation 2241: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1812: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1757: 1754:November 2021 1745: 1740: 1731: 1730: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1718:Terence Hines 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1659:schizophrenic 1655: 1651: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610:superstitions 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1546: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397:psychological 1392: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1359:spoon bending 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1312:Occam's razor 1308: 1301: 1297: 1290: 1288: 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