Pardon - Knowledge (XXG)

2050:

part of some privilege or other granted to them by the king of Spain. The scope of this privilege depends on the royal charter received by the organisation when their right to concede pardons was granted, though it usually holds only for minor offenses in very especial conditions; this right is implicitly acknowledged by the public offices nowadays, though it is not exercised but following the usual procedure for royal pardons. Traditionally, they will propose some petty criminal about to end his sentence for pardon being granted to him, and he/she will be released following the tradition to which the pardon holds, usually during the Holy Week. This type of pardons are distinguished from the usual ones in that they only release the prisoner from jail, halting the sentence, but do not pardon the offense itself.

2034:(article 62.i: "Functions of the King"). Spanish law defines it as a renunciation on the state's part of its own punitive power on behalf of an individual, founded on reasons of equity or public interest. The Constitution subjects royal pardons to the law and forbids general pardons, so they have to be granted individually. Theoretically, a royal pardon can be granted for a general offense or accessory offenses alone; if it is granted for a general offense, the accessory ones it implies are also pardoned, with the exception of punishments involving political rights (i.e., removal of the right to run for a public office as a result of a sentence), which have to be explicitly mentioned in the pardon decree if they are going to be pardoned. 1321:

discussed by the constitution but is the practical truth. Further, the constitution does not provide for any mechanism to question the legality of decisions of the president or governors exercising mercy jurisdiction. Nonetheless, the SC in the Epuru Sudhakar case has given a small window for judicial review of the pardon powers of the president and governors for the purpose of ruling out any arbitrariness. The court has earlier held that court has retained the power of judicial review even on a matter which has been vested by the Constitution solely in the executive.

1490:', but has some other fault, such as an archaic law, a law being misapplied by a rogue judge, a reduction in the harshness of a sentence or a substitution of a sentence, without having to go through the procedure above, gone through appeals, or presented new facts. It also allows the minister to waive the procedure in a case of miscarriage of justice if the specific case warrants it. It may also allow prospective pardons as it allows the minister to pardon someone who has not been convicted yet, which the other procedure requires. 2211:, a pardon might well arrive too late. Perhaps as a form of temporary punishment, to give solace, to avoid public disorder, to consult or obtain further evidence, or to maximise the public approval of the King's mercy, judges often did not grant their pardons until their departures; the convict often hoped until his last moments that the sentence of death would not actually be executed, and it was generally popular for a reprieve to arrive at the scaffold at the very moment of the execution. 2673:, in exchange for testimony or production of other evidence. The prosecutor (conditionally) agrees not to prosecute a crime that the witness might have committed in exchange for said evidence. For example, a car thief who witnesses a murder might be granted immunity for his crime as an inducement to identify, and perhaps to truthfully testify against the murderer. Some criminals who testify for the prosecution may be offered immunity from prosecution for their own crimes. 2686: 403: 2445: 977:; in this capacity, the president has the discretionary power to grant particular pardons and is not obliged to seek opinion or approval from other authorities, although, the granting of pardons is limited by the norms of Law No. 18.050 (1981), and its Regulations (Decree No. 1542 of 1981 on particular pardons), which forbid particular pardons for those convicted of a crime of terrorism. 2355: 2119:, article 104. According to the article, the president can "remit, on grounds of chronic illness, disability, or old age, all or part of the sentences imposed on certain individuals". After the convict's or his or her proxy's application, if the Council of Forensic Medicine determines that the convict suffers from chronic illness, disability, or old age, the 2599:. Weapon amnesties are often granted so that people can hand in weapons to the police without any legal questions being asked as to where they obtained them, why they had them, etc. After a civil war a mass amnesty may be granted to absolve all participants of guilt and "move on". Amnesties are typically applied in advance of any prosecution for the crime. 567:. The prerogative of mercy is a broad discretionary power that may be exercised by a state governor who is acting on the advice of the state executive council and the state attorney general. Courts in Australia may also exercise their traditional power to exercise mercy when the circumstances of the defendant or offense warrant relief. 965:(article 93, Nº 4º), which deals with the extinction of criminal liability. A pardon "only grants the remission or the commutation of the sentence; it does not remove the condition of having been condemned". The pardon may be either general, when it is granted to all those covered by a specific law passed by qualified quorum in 2179:

any general form of criminal appeal, a judge might grant a pardon either by way of clemency, because he felt in his opinion that the law was unduly harsh (for example, in the case of convictions of minors), that the verdict was dubious, to seek public approval, or it was otherwise in the public interest.

2316:. This was intended as a reward for their information given to the authorities, but there were speculations as to the motives of the Home Secretary. In 2008 they were sentenced to imprisonment for 20 and 22 years, respectively, after subsequent discovery that the information they gave was unreliable. 2284:

is responsible for military cases. It is the standard policy of the government to only grant pardons to those who are considered "morally" innocent of the offence, as opposed to those who may have been wrongly convicted by a misapplication of the law. Pardons are generally no longer issued prior to a

1457:

In the first procedure, aimed at miscarriages of justice, the minister for justice may recommend to the Government that they formally advise the president to grant a pardon, and any conditions along with it. The 1993 Criminal Procedure Act provides the method by which a person convicted of an offence

2037:

The procedure and requirements for the grant of the pardon are given by the Law of 18 June 1870, modified by Law 1/1988 of 14 January. The application for royal pardon has to be carried out by the convicted person himself, his relatives or any other person in his name. The convicting court will then

2178:

Until the nineteenth century, for many crimes the sentence was mandatory and was formally pronounced in court immediately upon conviction, but judges and ministers were given powers to exercise the royal prerogative of mercy out of court, in order to mitigate the rigour of the law. Before there was

1324:

However, it is important to note that India has a unitary legal system and there is no separate body of state law. All crimes are crimes against the Union of India. Therefore, a convention has developed that the governor's powers are exercised for only minor offenses, while requests for pardons and

535:

Pardons are sometimes seen as a mechanism for combating corruption, allowing a particular authority to circumvent a flawed judicial process to free someone who is seen as wrongly convicted. Pardons can also be a source of controversy. In extreme cases, some pardons may be seen as acts of corruption

2148:

is known as the royal prerogative of mercy. It was traditionally in the absolute power of the monarch to pardon an individual for a crime, whether or not he or she had been convicted, and thereby commute any penalty; the power was then delegated both to the judiciary and the sovereign's ministers.

2049:

Pardons are not commonly conceded in Spain but for offenders convicted for minor crimes who are about to complete their sentence and have shown good behaviour and repentance. Dating back to medieval times, several organisations and religious brotherhoods still hold the right of granting pardons as

1268:

The Constitution of India vests sovereign power in the president and governors. The governance in the centre and states is carried out in the name of the president and governor respectively. The president is empowered with the power to pardon under Article 72 of the Indian Constitution, which says

2402:

has interpreted this language to include the power to grant many different forms of clemency (generally less sweeping than a full pardon), including not only pardons, but also conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, remissions of fines, forfeitures and

1320:

The question is whether this power to grant a pardon is absolute or this power of pardon shall be exercised by the president on the advice of the Council of Ministers. The pardoning power of the president is not absolute. It is governed by the advice of the Council of Ministers. This has not been

1316:

Similarly, as per article 161, the governor of a state has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the state

1473:

Then they can apply in writing to the minister for justice for a pardon. The minister may then "make or cause to be made such inquiries as they consider necessary" and may refuse to grant the pardon on his/her own initiative, or if they think the person should be pardoned, bring such argument to

2465:

have the power to grant pardons, reprieves and other forms of clemency for offenses under state criminal law. In other states, that power is committed to an appointed agency or board, or to a board and the governor in some hybrid arrangement (in some states the agency is merged with that of the

1888:

The pardon, as an individual, shall not be confused with amnesty or generic forgiveness, both of a general and abstract nature. Amnesty has retroactive effects, affecting not only the penalty applied but the past criminal act itself, which is forgotten, considered as not practiced (retroactive

1877:

and subsequently submitted to the president for consideration. The pardon is granted by presidential decree; if the pardon is denied, the president decides by order. Traditionally pardons are granted during the Christmas period. The pardon can be revoked by the president of the republic.

1533:

The minister for justice or defence may also, in their absolute discretion, pay compensation, determined by them alone, to any person given a pardon, if this compensation is applied for. If they think the compensation is too low they may challenge for a higher figure in the High Court.

1660:

According to article 79 of the Italian Constitution the Parliament may grant amnesty (article 151 c.p.) and pardon (article 174 c.p.) by law deliberated a majority of two-thirds of the components. The last general pardon, discounting three years from sentences, was approved in 2006.

2607:: Substituting the imposed penalty for a crime with a lesser penalty, whilst still remaining guilty of the original crime (e.g., someone who is guilty of murder may have their sentence commuted to life imprisonment rather than death, or the term of imprisonment may be reduced). 1656:

The pardon may remove the punishment altogether or change its form. Unless the decree of pardon states otherwise, the pardon does not remove any incidental effects of a criminal conviction, such as a mention in a certificate of conduct (174 c.p.) or the loss of civil rights.

1468:

Allege a new fact (previously known and believed to be significant, but which he has a reasonable excuse for not having mentioned) or newly discovered fact (including a fact previously known which was not believed to be significant) showing a miscarriage of justice has taken

1101:

was in force in France, all capital sentences resulted in a presidential review for a possible clemency. Executions were carried out if and only if the president rejected clemency, by signing a document on which it was written: "decides to let justice take its course".

2429:

Almost all pardon petitions are addressed to the president, who grants or denies the request. In some cases, the president will, of their own accord, issue a pardon. Typically, applications for pardons are referred for review and non-binding recommendation by the

2156:, the power of ministers to overrule the judiciary by commuting criminal sanctions imposed resolves different and sometimes conflicting public interests. In civil matters, only the legislative branch, and not ministers, have the power to override the judiciary. 1053:, who, ultimately, is the sole judge of the propriety of the measure. It is a prerogative of the president which is directly inherited from that of the kings of France. The convicted person sends a request for pardon to the president of the republic. The 519:

Pardons can be granted in many countries when individuals are deemed to have demonstrated that they have "paid their debt to society", or are otherwise considered to be deserving of them. In some jurisdictions of some nations, accepting a pardon may

2042:, who will present the pardon issue to the Cabinet of Ministers. If the Cabinet decides a pardon should be granted, then the minister of justice will recommend as such to the king. Pardons are issued by royal decree and have to be published in the 1512:

This special committee may look to any material it sees fit to make its decision, even if it was not, or would not be, available to a jury or trial judge in a normal court. The government do not have to be bound by the committee recommendations.

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The later three constitutions promulgated in 1975, 1978, and 1982 all removed provision amnesty and only kept pardons. In China, pardons are decided by the National Standing Committee of the People's Congress and issued by the president.

1426:

The right of pardon and the power to commute or remit punishment imposed by any court exercising criminal jurisdiction are hereby vested in the President, but such power of commutation or remission may also be conferred by law on other

1282:

Reprieve: a delay allowed in the execution of a sentence, usually a death sentence, for a guilty person to allow him some time to apply for a presidential pardon or any other legal remedy to prove his innocence or allow for successful

1269:

that the president shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence. The meaning of these terms is as follows:

2005:

For many serious offences (for example if the relevant court viewed the offence in such a serious light that direct imprisonment was imposed) pardon will not be granted even if more than ten years have elapsed since the conviction.

2311:

One recent case was that of two drug smugglers, John Haase and Paul Bennett. They were pardoned in July 1996 from their sentences of imprisonment both of 18 years, having served some ten months, on the advice of Home Secretary

1439:(cabinet), so in practice the clemency decisions are made by the government of the day and the president has no discretion in the matter. The responsibility can also be delegated to people or bodies other than the president. 2070:

can grant a pardon, respite or substitute a less severe form of punishment for any punishment imposed to any offender convicted of any offence in any court within the Republic of Sri Lanka. It is generally referred to as a

1147:

are tried on behalf of the federal government by the highest state courts. Accordingly, the category of persons eligible for a federal pardon is rather narrow. The right to grant a federal pardon lies in the office of the

4067: 3741:Указ Президента РФ от 28 декабря 2001 г. № 1500 «О комиссиях по вопросам помилования на территориях субъектов Российской Федерации»; «Положение о порядке рассмотрения ходатайств о помиловании в Российской Федерации» 1085:

The decree may spare the applicant from serving the balance of his or her sentence, or commute the sentence to a lesser one. It does not suppress the right for the victim of the crime to obtain compensation for the

2613:: Complete or partial cancellation of the penalty, whilst still being considered guilty of said crime (i.e., reduced penalty). (This should not be confused with what is known in the United States as remission of 2522: 1174:. In some states it is granted by the respective cabinet, but in most states the state constitution vests the authority in the state prime minister. As on the federal level, the authority may be transferred. 1923:

The Regulation on the Procedure for Considering Requests for Pardon in the Russian Federation, which was approved by Executive Order No.787, states that a pardon may be granted to the following individuals:

1237:. "The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall exercise the following powers and functions ... to pardon persons convicted of criminal offences or commute their penalties". 666:

privileges to another country. Before travelling to another country, individuals must still contact the authorities of the country in question to find out what the requirements are to enter that country.

2770: 1976:. According to the Constitution of Rwanda, "The President of the Republic has authority to exercise the prerogative of mercy in accordance with the procedure determined by law and after consulting the 645:

A pardon does not, however, erase the fact that an individual was convicted of a crime. The criminal record is not erased, but it is kept separate and apart from other (non-pardoned) criminal records.

1920:

A pardon can be requested at any time, although a one-year waiting period is required between requests. This right is granted to citizens of the Russian Federation by Article 50 of the constitution.

1309:(2) Nothing in sub- clause (a) of clause (1) shall alter the power conferred by law on any officer of the Armed Forces of the Union to suspend, remit or commute a sentence passed by a Court Martial. 3779: 2191:

left the town, so there was a limited window of time to apply to a judge or directly to the Crown for a pardon. Especially for assizes that were far away from the then capital and major cities of

1999:

To pardon a person is to forgive a person for his/her deeds. The pardon process is therefore not available to persons who maintain their innocence and is not an advanced form of appeal procedure.

1312:(3) Nothing in sub-clause (c) of clause (1) shall affect the power to suspend remit or commute a sentence of death exercisable by the Governor of a State under any law for the time being in force. 1328:

Both the president and governor are bound by the advice of their respective Councils of Ministers and hence the exercise of this power is of an executive character. It is therefore subject to

528:

rather than by pardon; however, a pardon is sometimes offered when innocence is undisputed in order to avoid the costs that are associated with a retrial. Clemency plays a critical role when

1297:(1) The President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remission of punishment or to suspend remit or commute the sentence of any persons convicted of any offence- 990: 2038:

issue a report of the case, which shall be considered along with the public comments of the prosecutor and the victims of the crime if there were any. All of this is gathered by the

2149:

Since the creation of legal rights of appeal, the royal prerogative of mercy is no longer exercised by the person of the sovereign, or by the judiciary, but only by the government.

1869:. This is the exclusive and discretionary competence of the president and is not subject to any conditions beyond the prior hearing of the Government, generally represented by the 659:

If an individual in receipt of a pardon is convicted of a new offence, the information may lead to a reactivation of the criminal record for which the pardon was received in CPIC.

570:

In addition to the prerogative of mercy, Australia has passed legislation that creates additional avenues to seek a pardon, exoneration, reduced sentence, or conditional release.

2297: 2099:, cantonal law designates the authority competent to grant pardons (if any). In most cantons, the cantonal parliament may pardon felonies, and the cantonal government may pardon 2725: 1956:, the group's founder, offered thousands of inmates clemency in exchange for fighting in the most dangerous theaters of the war. The program is no longer in effect as of 2024. 487: 2635:: The delay of an ordered sentence, or the act of temporarily imposing a lesser sentence upon the convicted, whilst further investigation, action, or appeals can be conducted. 1272:

The pardoning powers of the Indian president are elucidated in Art 72 of the Indian Constitution. There are five different types of pardoning which are mandated by law.

986: 3626: 1078: 616:, which changed many elements of the criminal justice system. The Act replaced the term "pardon" with "record suspension", and the pardon system was similarly changed. 903:

Individuals can apply for a pardon by filling out the application forms available from the Parole Board and by paying a $ 50 pardon/record suspension application fee.

1889:

abolition of crime). Generic forgiveness focuses only on the penalties determined by the sentencing decision and for the future. It is the reserved competence of the

1498:

The government itself may assemble a committee to study the case in more detail on their behalf. This may consist of anyone, and any number, but the chair must be:

1226:: from 1965 to 1993 (when the death penalty was formally abolished) death sentences were automatically commuted to life imprisonment under the royal prerogative. 1001: 2657:: The process by which the record of a criminal conviction is destroyed or sealed from the official repository, thus removing any traces of guilt or conviction. 2391: 2778: 2327:, used the royal prerogative of mercy to free David Cooper and Michael McMahon from their imprisonment, both having been convicted of murder on poor evidence. 1286:

Respite: reducing the quantum or degree of the punishment to a criminal in view of some special circumstances, like pregnancy, mental condition to name a few.

820:

convictions for sexual crimes against children and criminals receiving more than two years of imprisonment time for "serious personal injury offence" such as

3845:'s pardon for the Royalist rebel William Wake whom he had himself sentenced to death; Wake had taken a beating for him when they were schoolboys together at 3753: 1289:

Remission: changing the quantum of the punishment without changing its nature, for example reducing twenty years worth of rigorous imprisonment to ten years.

594: 1303:(b) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends; 3868: 1854:– have always enjoyed the prerogative of grace, being able to grant pardons, commuting or extinguishing sentences in the context of requests for clemency. 1119:) is sometimes pejoratively applied to some acts of parliament traditionally voted upon after a presidential election, granting amnesty for minor crimes. 4413: 3280: 2494: 2423: 1139:

level. Federal jurisdiction in matters of criminal law is mostly restricted to appeals against decisions of state courts. Only "political" crimes like

2290: 2993: 1685:(royal decree) No. 1-57-387 of 6 February 1958. Requests for pardon are required to go through an examination process by a commission comprising the 2826: 2180: 480: 4460: 3093: 2277: 994: 693: 2645:

is the provisional early release of a prisoner who agrees to abide by imposed behavioral conditions, generally including periodic check-ins with

1279:

Commutation: changing the type of punishment given to the guilty into a less harsh one, for example, a death penalty commuted to a life sentence.

524:

constitute an admission of guilt; the offer is refused in some cases. Cases of wrongful conviction are in recent times more often dealt with by

3045: 1973: 1906: 1743: 681:

Individuals can apply for a pardon if they were convicted as an adult of a criminal offense in Canada, or of an offense under a federal act or

299: 293: 3677: 3467: 3306: 1917:

is much more hesitant; he granted five pardons in 2014 and two in 2015. In 2021, Vladimir Putin officially pardoned six convicted offenders.

2754: 2617:, in which a case is sent back to a lower court from which it was appealed, with instructions as to what further proceedings should be held.) 2583:

is a general concept of amelioration of penalties, especially by action of executive officials; the forms it may take include the following:

2092: 3018: 2394:

which states that the president "shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of

2371: 1909:. The chain of pardon committees manage lists of people eligible for pardon and directs them to the president for signing. While President 843: 768: 1317:

extends. The president can grant a pardon to a person awarded death sentence; however, the governor of a state does not enjoy this power.

1276:

Pardon: completely absolving the person of the crime and letting him go free. The pardoned criminal will be treated like a normal citizen.

4445: 2435: 1902: 1890: 1739: 473: 900:

Applicants for a record suspension must be able to show that they have completed their sentences in full and provide proof of payment.

853:, if fined $ 2,000 or less, detained or imprisoned six months or less, or subjected to various lesser punishments for a service offence 780:, if fined $ 2,000 or less, detained or imprisoned six months or less, or subjected to various lesser punishments for a service offence 4255: 2399: 1382:

and that it cannot be dispensed as a privilege or act of grace". The court made these observation while quashing the decision of then

896:"Not Eligible" for criminals with more than three offences prosecuted by indictment, each with a prison sentence of two or more years. 635: 2966: 1931:

Individuals convicted by foreign courts and serving their sentences in Russian territory (in accordance with international treaties).

4313: 4193: 3369: 3254: 2335: 2188: 2127: 1638: 3493: 2530: 2471: 2286: 1996:

is responsible for pardoning or reprieving offenders. This power of the president is only exercised in highly exceptional cases.

1751: 612: 4755: 4170: 2230: 1949: 1223: 4215:

Ruckman, P. S. (2013). "Federal Executive Clemency in the Administration of Barack Obama (2009–2013): A Pardon Power Report".

4087: 2308:

stressed that he could only make the decision for a pardon if he was "convinced of innocence", which at the time he was not.

4398: 3821: 2387: 2281: 1874: 1870: 1522: 1483: 753:

Prior to 2012, following completion of all of their sentences, individuals must have completed a waiting period, as follows:

349: 4248:

Black's law dictionary : definitions of the terms and phrases of American and English jurisprudence, ancient and modern

3780:"Putin has reportedly stopped pardoning prisoner recruits, and Russia's criminals-in-arms will now serve until the war ends" 2623:: Temporary postponement of a punishment, usually so that the accused can mount an appeal (especially if he or she has been 3652: 3228: 3444: 2431: 2043: 1686: 1646: 1132: 739: 631: 564: 2922: 3841:

In a 1655 case during the Commonwealth, a Roundhead judge rode from Cornwall to London and returned with Lord Protector

2120: 2027: 1989: 1230: 1195: 1098: 1073: 459: 242: 2800: 1645:. Like other acts of the president, the pardon requires the countersignature of the competent government minister. The 42: 4012:

Ruckman, P. S. Jr. (1997). "Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900–1993)".

3931:"This man is one of Britain's most dangerous drug lords. Why did Michael Howard let him out of jail after ten months?" 3439: 2039: 1847: 1650: 1258: 430: 422: 3890: 3191: 3168: 1366: 5407: 5262: 4780: 4568: 3521: 2506: 2273: 2160: 2139: 1712: 1603: 1383: 1211: 1194:(Art. 47, § 1). The president can pardon, commute or remit punishment imposed by any court, on the proposal of the 1113:. This is a different concept and procedure from that described above, although the phrase "presidential amnesty" ( 1058: 966: 920: 912: 579: 556: 550: 372: 4496: 3876: 2661: 2624: 2415: 2002:

Pardon is only granted for minor offences after a period of ten years has elapsed since the relevant conviction.

1993: 1787: 1155:

In early 2007, there was a widespread public discussion about the granting of pardons in Germany after convicted

1152:, but the president can transfer this power to other persons, such as the chancellor or the minister of justice. 639: 334: 38: 4380: 1338: 697:. Non-Canadian citizens are not eligible for a Canadian pardon unless they were convicted of a crime in Canada. 5279: 4847: 4455: 3694: 3666: 3600: 3120:"National Parole Board Welcome Page | Commission nationale des libérations conditionnelles Page d'accueil" 2614: 2568:

in 2022 – have commuted all death sentences in their respective states prior to leaving office.

2458: 1858: 1690: 1598:

has the power to pardon criminals or commute their sentences. The president's pardon powers are set out in the

1398: 1352: 1069: 700:

To be eligible for a pardon or record suspension, individuals must have completed all of their sentences and a

687: 98: 1723: 4286: 2285:

conviction, but only after the conviction. The royal prerogative of mercy is now rarely used, given that the

5189: 2063: 1977: 1882: 1813: 1678: 1419: 1325:

reprieves for major offenses and offenses committed in the union territories are deferred to the president.

1254: 685:

of Canada, or if they were convicted of a crime in another country and were transferred to Canada under the

260: 31: 3705: 3386: 5082: 4927: 4713: 4618: 4336: 3706:Не милосердие, а политическая игра: Владимир Путин ежегодно отпускает из тюрем всего пару человек. Почему? 2699: 2541: 2343: 2331: 2116: 2096: 2088: 2067: 1969: 1866: 1747: 1719: 1487: 1402: 1375: 1361: 1347: 1333: 1234: 1187: 924: 838: 763: 590: 319: 4117: 3071: 1167:

ultimately denied his request. Following a court decision, Klar was released on parole in December 2008.

1163:, who was serving six consecutive sentences of life imprisonment, filed a petition for pardon. President 4862: 4306: 3145: 2258: 2238: 2168: 1873:. Requests or proposals for pardons are instructed by the Criminal Execution Court by referral from the 1862: 1851: 1436: 1246: 1207: 560: 344: 203: 73: 4042: 3526: 3498: 2994:"Canada stiffens policy on sealing of criminal records – but it still looks pretty liberal from here" 2557: 2549: 2490: 2242: 2215: 1701: 1642: 1599: 1432: 1149: 1144: 1106: 1076:, and possibly other ministers involved in the consideration of the case. It is not published in the 1020: 879: 806: 776: 653: 607: 599: 198: 178: 3049: 1170:

For all other (and therefore the vast majority of) convicts, pardons are in the jurisdiction of the

638:(CPIC). Federal agencies cannot give out information about the conviction without approval from the 508:

decision to allow a person to be relieved of some or all of the legal consequences resulting from a

4917: 4857: 4718: 4450: 4353: 4271: 4072: 3471: 2112: 1965: 1761: 1746:. Whether the president may grant relief prior to (final) conviction remains controversial, as the 1595: 1386: 1191: 1050: 916: 649: 509: 339: 634:

removes all information about the conviction for which an individual received the pardon from the

4882: 4511: 4418: 4347: 4021: 3846: 3391: 3119: 2953: 2565: 2264:

Today the sovereign only grants pardons upon the advice of his ministers: currently they are the

1576: 1262: 1250: 970: 890: 884: 857: 817: 811: 784: 675: 529: 438: 229: 221: 216: 193: 188: 183: 108: 53: 3949: 3723: 2553: 4144: 1696:

The right to pardon was traditionally recognized as a common practice among the sultans of the

5417: 5223: 5217: 5146: 4975: 4968: 4837: 4678: 4536: 4251: 4228: 3365: 3346: 2750: 2603: 2339: 2269: 2164: 1953: 1800: 1774: 1233:

now exercises the power to grant pardons and commute penalties under section 12 of article 48

1171: 1136: 1024: 936: 928: 314: 265: 255: 234: 103: 3332: 3022: 2948: 2296:

Therefore, the grant of pardons is now very rare occurrence indeed, and the vast majority of

5412: 4983: 4877: 4730: 4430: 4403: 4393: 4299: 4220: 2324: 1542:

The power is used very infrequently compared to, for example, pardons in the United States.

1371: 1357: 1343: 1215: 1156: 864:

or other federal act or regulation and summary convictions of sexual crimes against children

791:

or other federal act or regulation and summary convictions of sexual crimes against children

451: 304: 158: 93: 3803: 943:

from a prohibition, e.g., to allow someone to drive who has been prohibited from driving).

648:

A pardon removes disqualifications caused by a criminal conviction, such as the ability to

5402: 5344: 5057: 4991: 4912: 4341: 3825: 2265: 2254: 2200: 1674: 1379: 1329: 1091: 833: 758: 735: 678:. If the Parole Board proposes to deny the application, it can take 24 months to process. 671: 663: 624: 367: 113: 3986: 3575: 2123:

presents the situation to the president, and the president can choose to grant a pardon.

1928:

Individuals convicted by Russian courts and serving their sentences on Russian territory.

1164: 4068:"Trump issues pardon to 'Scooter' Libby, former chief of staff to Vice President Cheney" 1944:

As of 2023, Russia had pardoned over 5,000 convicts after they completed contracts with

1940:

Individuals who have served their sentences but maintain official convictions on record.

1521:

Under Section 7(5) of the act, the same powers of the minister for justice apply to the

5103: 4481: 4424: 2646: 2518: 2320: 2313: 2301: 2145: 1914: 1682: 1610: 1572: 1219: 1198:

and after receiving the opinion (not the consent necessarily) of the Pardon Committee.

1160: 1057:

of the court that pronounced the verdict reports on the case, and the case goes to the

810:, if you were fined more than $ 2,000, detained or imprisoned more than six months, or 712: 701: 382: 168: 5230: 5154: 794:

Five years for all convictions by a Canadian offender transferred to Canada under the

627:, and gives law-abiding citizens an opportunity to reintegrate into Canadian society. 5396: 5288: 4902: 4887: 4867: 4668: 4653: 4638: 4551: 4546: 4440: 4363: 3968: 2878: 2631: 2596: 2419: 2404: 2383: 2338:

by Parliament, but a pardon may commute any penalties imposed for the conviction. In

2031: 1910: 1697: 1566: 1560: 1222:. This was used and cited the most often in cases of convicts who had been given the 1032: 1028: 974: 962: 932: 867:

Ten years for all convictions by a Canadian offender transferred to Canada under the

670:

Processing of pardons by the Parole Board of Canada generally takes six months for a

4095: 2444: 5124: 4960: 4922: 4872: 4842: 4810: 4800: 4795: 4708: 4688: 4608: 4408: 4387: 4358: 2705: 2592: 2478: 2467: 2305: 1945: 1826: 1711:). This prerogative is currently used several times per year by the monarch during 1614: 1547: 821: 377: 250: 83: 3818: 707:

Individuals are considered to have completed all of their sentences if they have:

3549: 3413: 2744: 2649:. Failure to comply with the terms of early release may result in reincarcertion. 2378:

List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States

1913:

frequently used his power of pardon (1998 – 7,000 to 8,000 cases), his successor

1442:

Amnesty and immunity, on the other hand, are usually dealt with by an Act of the

989:

made provision for amnesties and pardons, both of which were to be powers of the

4942: 4832: 4750: 4673: 4623: 4526: 3754:"Russia pardons over 5,000 convicts after fighting in Ukraine with Wagner Group" 3442:[Judgement for Conflict of Attribution Between the Power of the State]. 2685: 2653: 2545: 2537: 2486: 2395: 2358: 2153: 2100: 2084: 1556: 724: 720: 402: 309: 208: 37:"Clemency" and "King's Pardon" redirect here. For other uses of "clemency", see 2726:"President Trump Can Preemptively Pardon His Advisers And Family, But Will He?" 2354: 2261:), following a long-running controversy about the justice of their executions. 828:

Effective 13 March 2012, the eligibility criteria and waiting periods changed:

5255: 5064: 5032: 4897: 4822: 4790: 4770: 4643: 4633: 4593: 4573: 4531: 2691: 2681: 2666: 2561: 2462: 2234: 1622: 1443: 1054: 1004: 997: 883:, if fined more than $ 2,000, detained or imprisoned more than six months, or 682: 620: 505: 407: 329: 153: 143: 88: 4232: 2904: 2591:: A pardon applied to a group of people rather than an individual. President 893:

convictions for sexual crimes against children (Schedule 1 Offence under CRA)

536:

by officials in the form of granting effective immunity as political favors.

5303: 5049: 5040: 4892: 4725: 4703: 4693: 4648: 4628: 4598: 4588: 4563: 4486: 4435: 3911: 2502: 2386:, the pardon power for offenses against the United States is granted to the 2250: 2219: 2214:

Conditional pardons were granted to many in the 18th century, in return for

2204: 2059: 1431:

The power of clemency is nominally exercised by the president. However, the

746: 288: 148: 78: 5175: 3930: 3387:"Hanged After a Trial He Couldn't Understand, and Pardoned 136 Years Later" 3213:

Politoff L., Sergio; Matus, Jean Pierre; Ramírez G., María Cecilia (2004).

2163:

1660 was a general pardon for everyone who had committed crimes during the

1937:

Probationers and individuals serving suspended sentences by Russian courts.

1641:

may "grant pardons, or commute punishments" according to article 87 of the

1525:

in the case of military officers and enlisted convicted by courts martial.

2115:

is granted the right of pardon under certain circumstances defined in the

1964:

The prerogative of mercy is a form of pardon that can be exercised by the

1726:, a Spanish convicted child rapist, was revoked following public outrage. 1446:

rather than by a general form of pardon or a slate of individual pardons.

1405:

has the power to pardon and offer clemency under Article 110, § 1, §§ 11.

1061:'s directorate of criminal affairs and pardons for further consideration. 603:(CRA). Under the CRA, the PBC can issue, grant, deny, and revoke pardons. 5375: 5296: 5237: 5117: 5025: 4907: 4827: 4785: 4760: 4735: 4683: 4613: 4558: 4521: 4516: 4506: 4501: 4491: 4224: 3842: 3417: 3229:"Dialogue – Issue 34: 1959 Special Pardon Encouraged Prisoners to Reform" 3169:"Ley N.º 18050 Fija normas generales para conceder indultos particulares" 2510: 2246: 2172: 1618: 1300:(a) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a court martial; 4025: 3468:"Dahir n° 1-57-387 du 16 rejeb 1377 (6 février 1958) relatif aux grâces" 3072:"Criminal pardon application fee to drop from $ 658 to $ 50 in new year" 5351: 5337: 5270: 5210: 5203: 5168: 5131: 5096: 4852: 4775: 4745: 4698: 4658: 4583: 4541: 3895: 3678:"Presidente da República concede dois indultos 'por razões humanitárias 2670: 2587: 2482: 2408: 2293:

are now avenues to statutory remedies against miscarriages of justice.

2184: 1968:. The prerogative is one of the powers of the president defined by the 1670: 1175: 1140: 1128: 1110: 1087: 728: 133: 17: 3494:"Revolution of the King and the People: Royal Pardon for 653 Convicts" 1865:

has the power to pardon and commute sentences, on the proposal of the

1486:

to seek or receive a pardon request from someone whose case is not a '

5319: 5311: 5182: 5161: 5110: 5089: 5047: 5038: 5015: 4932: 4663: 4322: 2641: 2514: 2208: 2192: 1735: 1591: 1065: 940: 525: 283: 123: 4287:

International Center for Transitional Justice, Criminal Justice page

2414:

The pardon power of the president applies only to convictions under

1257:

the sentence of a convicted person, particularly in cases involving

824:

or other designated offence under section 752 of the Criminal Code.

5196: 5138: 5017: 5009: 4805: 4765: 4603: 4465: 3740: 2576:

These terms differ subtly from country to country, but generally:

2498: 2443: 2353: 1634: 952: 931:

of a sentence, or the remission of all or part of the sentence, a

513: 2852: 2342:

no person may be pardoned for an offence under Section 11 of the

2187:

were generally executed when the assize was concluded and as the

1538:

List of people who have received a presidential pardon since 1938

5367: 5359: 4817: 4740: 4578: 3281:"Vorzeitiges Haftende: Ex-RAF-Terrorist Christian Klar ist frei" 2526: 2196: 118: 4295: 3440:"Giudizio per Conflitto di Attribuzione Tra Poteri Dello Stato" 1458:

may apply for a pardon. Under this procedure, the person must:

993:. The amnesty or pardon would then be issued by the president. 4937: 2346:(unlawfully transporting prisoners out of England and Wales). 716: 4250:(6th ed.). St. Paul, Minn.: West Pub. Co. p. 1302. 3414:"John Twiss: Presidential pardon issued for 1895 Cork murder" 2536:

On at least four occasions, state governors –

1677:

has the right to grant pardons pursuant to Article 58 of the

969:, or particular, when it is granted by Supreme Decree of the 512:. A pardon may be granted before or after conviction for the 4194:"Oregon governor commutes all 17 of state's death sentences" 2481:

that exclusively grant all state pardons. These states are:

1389:

in commuting the sentence of a convicted Congress activist.

1306:(c) in all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death. 3550:"Spanish paedophile Daniel Galvan Vina remanded in custody" 2319:

In 1980, after the courts had dismissed their appeals, the

2257:

were given a statutory pardon by an Act of Parliament (the

1127:

Similar to the United States, the right to grant pardon in

41:. For the pardons issued by George I in 1717 and 1718, see 4291: 2911:. National Judicial College of Australia. 31 January 2013. 1090:

it suffered, and does not erase the condemnation from the

3869:"Pardoned: the 306 soldiers shot at dawn for 'cowardice'" 3192:"Decreto N.º 1542 Reglamento sobre indultos particulares" 2859:. National Judicial College of Australia. 31 January 2013 4171:"O'Malley commutes Maryland's last four death sentences" 1625:. This unusual act was the first of its kind in Israel. 1602:. The pardon is given following a recommendation by the 3194:(in Spanish). Library of the National Congress of Chile 3171:(in Spanish). Library of the National Congress of Chile 3148:(in Spanish). Library of the National Congress of Chile 2392:

Article II, Section 2 of the United States Constitution

973:. In Chile's presidential regime, the president is the 5144: 4981: 4958: 3217:. Santiago: Editorial Jurídica de Chile. p. 572. 2801:"Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act, Sec. 61" 1742:

is granted the right of pardon by Article 139 of the

1449:

There are two methods by which a pardon may proceed:

555:

In Australia, the pardon power is referred to as the

3048:. Public Safety Canada. 11 July 2002. Archived from 2771:"Royal Prerogative of Mercy and statutory referrals" 1905:

is granted the right of pardon by Article 89 of the

991:

Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

5329: 5247: 5074: 5001: 4951: 4474: 4372: 4329: 2923:"Crimes Act of 1914, Sec. 19AP. Release on licence" 2152:In constitutional terms, under the doctrine of the 1367:

Epuru Sudhakar & Anr vs Govt. Of A.P. & Ors

2749:. Vol. 6. Nova Science Pub Inc. p. 328. 1700:, and were only codified into the constitution by 597:responsible for making pardon decisions under the 3364:(3rd ed.). Topaz Publications. p. 566. 3215:Lecciones de Derecho Penal Chileno. Parte General 3144:Ministry of Justice of Chile (12 November 1874). 1023:issued a pardon freeing 100 activists, including 3255:"Al Jazeera journalists freed from Egypt prison" 3190:Ministry of Justice of Chile (6 November 1981). 3167:Ministry of Justice of Chile (6 November 1981). 2144:The power to grant pardons and reprieves in the 1581:2021 – John Twiss, granted by Michael D. Higgins 652:with the federal government, or eligibility for 1718:On one occasion, a pardon which was granted by 1424: 1295: 4037: 4035: 2418:. Additionally, the power extends to military 2334:, a pardon cannot prevent a person from being 927:, as in pardons, but clemency may involve the 5373: 5357: 4307: 3830:Legal and Constitutional Commission of Rwanda 3627:"Postanowienie TK z 2 czerwca 2023, Kpt 1/17" 2021: 2015: 1972:, which came into effect in 2003 following a 956: 516:, depending on the laws of the jurisdiction. 481: 8: 3576:"The Constitution of the Republic of Poland" 3522:"Eid Al Fitr: Royal Pardon for 2,097 People" 2300:were decided upon by the courts. During the 1552:1943 – Walter Brady, granted by Douglas Hyde 1505:A barrister of at least 10 years standing or 1261:. A similar and parallel power vests in the 1114: 1044: 5309: 5286: 5277: 5268: 2216:transportation to British colonies overseas 2130:has the power to announce general amnesty. 1378:, it was held that "clemency is subject to 559:, an executive power that is vested in the 551:Royal prerogative of mercy § Australia 4948: 4414:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues 4314: 4300: 4292: 4274:", Gabriel Falcon, CNN, February 16, 2013. 2424:Superior Court of the District of Columbia 2233:was issued during the celebrations at the 1893:to approve generic amnesties and pardons. 1508:A solicitor of at least 10 years standing. 1068:of pardon is signed by the president, the 488: 474: 49: 2885:. Australian Government. 22 November 2018 2777:. Government of Australia. Archived from 2291:Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission 3601:"Wyrok SN z 6 czerwca 2023, II KK 96/23" 3074:. Government of Canada. 21 December 2021 3021:. Parole Board of Canada. Archived from 2929:. Australian Legal Information Institute 2807:. Australian Legal Information Institute 1007:released the first-time pardon in 1959. 580:Royal prerogative of mercy § Canada 27:Forgiveness of a crime by the government 4461:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths 2998:Collateral Consequences Resource Center 2716: 2278:Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 1617:issued a pardon to four members of the 873:International Transfer of Offenders Act 846:, except sexual crimes against children 800:International Transfer of Offenders Act 771:, except sexual crimes against children 742:, including parole or statutory release 694:International Transfer of Offenders Act 391: 358: 274: 167: 132: 64: 52: 3347:"Electronic Irish Statute Book (EISB)" 3333:"Electronic Irish Statute Book (EISB)" 2477:Nine states in the United States have 1907:Constitution of the Russian Federation 1744:Constitution of the Republic of Poland 911:In Canada, clemency is granted by the 619:A pardon keeps the police record of a 4272:Inside the witness protection program 4047:Office of the Pardon Attorney (USDOJ) 4043:"Pardon Information and Instructions" 3912:"How a Home Secretary was hoodwinked" 3857:No. 313. Thursday, February 28, 1712. 3718: 3716: 3714: 3653:"Pięć lat prezydentury Andrzeja Dudy" 3046:"Limiting Pardons for Serious Crimes" 2523:Board of Probation, Parole and Pardon 2501:(Commission of Pardons and Paroles), 1867:Government of the Portuguese Republic 1210:in 1997, the power of pardon was the 662:A pardon does not guarantee entry or 7: 3987:"Habeas Corpus Act 1679, Section XI" 3969:"Dead men finally cleared of murder" 2422:cases as well as convictions in the 2403:other criminal financial penalties, 2372:Federal pardons in the United States 2298:acknowledged miscarriages of justice 2218:for life in lieu, especially to the 1863:president of the Portuguese Republic 1178:can be granted only by federal law. 923:. Applications are also made to the 4446:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers 4192:Selsky, Andrew (14 December 2022). 3910:Summers, Chris (19 November 2008). 3693:Article 161.º, paragraph f) of the 2992:Love, Margaret (23 November 2014). 2827:"Royal Prerogative of Mercy review" 2436:United States Department of Justice 1903:president of the Russian Federation 1653:is obliged to sign acts of pardon. 1350:. It was subsequently confirmed by 4092:Criminal Justice Policy Foundation 3665:Article 134.º, paragraph f of the 2702: – Pardons for acts of piracy 2595:offered amnesty to anyone who had 2026:("pardon") is acknowledged by the 1846:In Portugal, the heads of state – 1190:grants the power of pardon to the 636:Canadian Police Information Centre 25: 3362:Murdoch's Dictionary of Irish Law 2669:may grant immunity, usually to a 2517:(Board of Pardon Commissioners), 1948:, a mercenary group, to fight in 1565:1999 – William Geary, granted by 3967:Woffinden, Bob (1 August 2003). 3929:Cohen, Nick (14 February 2005). 3631:Constitutional Tribunal (Poland) 2949:Safe Streets and Communities Act 2909:Commonwealth Sentencing Database 2857:Commonwealth Sentencing Database 2684: 2531:Utah Board of Pardons and Parole 2489:(Board of Pardons and Paroles), 2485:(Board of Pardons and Paroles), 2472:Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board 2448:A 1966 U.S. Clemency Certificate 2287:Criminal Cases Review Commission 2087:, pardons may be granted by the 1546:1940 – Thomas Quinn, granted by 1482:Section six of the act allows a 1435:must act "on the advice" of the 1019:On 23 September 2015, President 919:(the federal cabinet) under the 613:Safe Streets and Communities Act 401: 3948:Woffinden, Bob (24 June 2003). 3896:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2883:Federal Register of Legislation 1934:Individuals released on parole. 1706: 1693:prior to approval by the king. 60:Criminal trials and convictions 4399:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues 4246:Black, Henry Campbell (1990). 4014:Presidential Studies Quarterly 3867:Fenton, Ben (16 August 2006). 3385:Fortin, Jacey (6 April 2018). 2967:"What is a Record Suspension?" 2927:Commonwealth Consolidated Acts 2905:"Release on Parole or Licence" 2805:Commonwealth Consolidated Acts 2746:White House Studies Compendium 2724:Jacob Frenkel (21 July 2017). 2388:president of the United States 2282:Secretary of State for Defence 1992:, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996), the 1988:Under section 84(2)(j) of the 1422:states (in Article 13.6) that 1043:Pardons and acts of clemency ( 623:separate and apart from other 350:Sexually violent predator laws 1: 4118:"Anaya Takes 5 Off Death Row" 3445:Constitutional Court of Italy 3307:"Court Can Review Pardon: SC" 2775:Attorney General's Department 2479:boards of pardons and paroles 2432:Office of the Pardon Attorney 2361:asks pardon for his sketches. 2091:for crimes prosecuted by the 1795:Declined (both terms) — 2,639 1792:Approved (both terms) — 4,302 1647:Constitutional Court of Italy 1353:Kehar Singh v. Union of India 955:, the institution of pardon ( 632:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 5048: 5039: 5016: 2833:. New South Wales Government 2495:Board of Pardons and Paroles 2028:Spanish Constitution of 1978 1990:Constitution of South Africa 1950:Russia's invasion of Ukraine 1462:Have already been convicted. 1231:chief executive of Hong Kong 563:and may be exercised by the 243:Cruel and unusual punishment 5145: 4982: 4959: 1689:and representatives of the 1465:Have used up their appeals. 5434: 3950:"It never feels a triumph" 3035:Retrieved on June 30, 2016 2375: 2369: 2274:First Minister of Scotland 2161:Indemnity and Oblivion Act 2140:Royal prerogative of mercy 2137: 2044:Boletín Oficial del Estado 1517:Pardons under military law 1502:A judge or former judge or 1384:Governor of Andhra Pradesh 1339:Maru Ram v. Union of India 1212:royal prerogative of mercy 987:1954 Constitution of China 921:royal prerogative of mercy 913:governor general of Canada 577: 557:royal prerogative of mercy 548: 532:exists in a jurisdiction. 445: English/Welsh courts 36: 29: 4217:SSRN Working Paper Series 3448:(in Italian). 24 May 2006 3094:"Record Suspension Guide" 2743:Glenn P. Hastedt (2007). 2662:Immunity from prosecution 2171:with some exceptions for 1994:president of South Africa 1639:president of the republic 1192:president of the republic 971:president of the republic 935:from the sentence (for a 869:Transfer of Offenders Act 844:federal act or regulation 796:Transfer of Offenders Act 769:federal act or regulation 736:sentences of imprisonment 688:Transfer of Offenders Act 674:and twelve months for an 640:minister of public safety 39:Clemency (disambiguation) 3807:U.S. Department of State 3695:Constitution of Portugal 3667:Constitution of Portugal 1829:(prior to 15 June 2020) 1399:Islamic Republic of Iran 1372:[2006] INSC 638 1358:[1988] INSC 370 1344:[1980] INSC 213 1229:Since the transfer, the 99:Presumption of innocence 4173:. CNN. 31 December 2014 3993:. The National Archives 3891:"Bombing (Court Cases)" 3360:Murdoch, Henry (2000). 2103:and minor infractions. 2064:Sri Lankan Constitution 1883:Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa 1859:Portuguese Constitution 1752:Constitutional Tribunal 1679:Constitution of Morocco 1263:governors of each state 1131:is divided between the 1116:amnistie présidentielle 1109:, on occasions, grants 261:Indefinite imprisonment 43:1717–1718 Acts of Grace 32:Pardon (disambiguation) 5374: 5358: 5310: 5287: 5278: 5269: 4088:"State Clemency Guide" 3819:Constitution of Rwanda 3708:Meduza.io, 2016.05.31. 3605:Supreme Court (Poland) 3098:Parole Board of Canada 2700:Acts of grace (piracy) 2449: 2362: 2344:Habeas Corpus Act 1679 2332:Act of Settlement 1701 2241:in 1327. In 2006, all 2089:Swiss Federal Assembly 2030:as a privilege of the 2022: 2020:("right of grace") or 2016: 1970:Constitution of Rwanda 1788:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 1488:miscarriage of justice 1429: 1334:Supreme Court of India 1314: 1253:can grant a pardon or 1235:Basic Law of Hong Kong 1188:Constitution of Greece 1115: 1045: 961:) is regulated in the 957: 885:dismissed from service 860:convictions under the 836:convictions under the 812:dismissed from service 787:convictions under the 774:Three years under the 761:convictions under the 591:Parole Board of Canada 320:Miscarriage of justice 4863:Righteous indignation 4151:. Berkeley University 3849:twenty years before. 3832:(accessed 2008-10-20) 3809:(accessed 2008-10-20) 3724:"Presidential Pardon" 2447: 2434:, an official of the 2357: 2304:case, Home Secretary 2259:Armed Forces Act 2006 2231:post-Conquest England 2097:cantonal jurisdiction 1891:Portuguese Parliament 1885:granted two pardons. 1754:have opposing views. 1247:Constitution of India 1208:handover of Hong Kong 1049:) are granted by the 925:National Parole Board 849:Five years under the 804:Five years under the 740:conditional sentences 345:Sex offender registry 65:Rights of the accused 4381:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā 4225:10.2139/ssrn.2234261 4098:on 28 September 2011 3879:on 21 December 2006. 3527:Maghreb Arabe Presse 3499:Maghreb Arabe Presse 3019:"Record Suspensions" 2971:Government of Canada 2879:"Crimes Act of 1914" 2513:(Board of Pardons), 2243:British Armed Forces 2175:and serious crimes. 2128:parliament of Turkey 2046:("Public Journal"). 1814:Bronisław Komorowski 1643:Italian Constitution 1621:prior to them being 1600:Basic Laws of Israel 1523:minister for defence 1494:Committee of Inquiry 1484:minister for justice 1433:president of Ireland 1414:Constitutional basis 1346:, 1981 (1) SCC 107, 1150:president of Germany 1107:Parliament of France 1021:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi 880:National Defence Act 877:Ten years under the 851:National Defence Act 807:National Defence Act 777:National Defence Act 654:Canadian citizenship 608:Parliament of Canada 600:Criminal Records Act 431:English/Welsh courts 359:Related areas of law 30:For other uses, see 4451:Theological virtues 4354:Positive psychology 4145:"A Change of Heart" 4073:The Washington Post 3873:The Daily Telegraph 3728:President of Russia 3474:on 3 September 2009 3261:. 23 September 2015 2407:and reprieves, and 2220:Australian colonies 2121:Ministry of Justice 2113:president of Turkey 2095:. For crimes under 2093:federal authorities 2073:presidential pardon 2040:minister of justice 1974:national referendum 1966:president of Rwanda 1881:In 2019, president 1875:Ministry of Justice 1871:minister of justice 1762:Wojciech Jaruzelski 1687:minister of justice 1651:minister of justice 1649:has ruled that the 1604:minister of justice 1387:Sushil Kumar Shinde 1360:, 1989(1) SCC 204, 1265:under Article 161. 1196:minister of justice 1074:minister of justice 1059:Ministry of Justice 1051:president of France 917:Governor in Council 889:"Not Eligible" for 510:criminal conviction 340:Restorative justice 4883:Self-transcendence 4475:Individual virtues 4419:Nine Noble Virtues 4348:Nicomachean Ethics 4196:. Associated Press 4124:. 26 November 1986 3991:legislation.gov.uk 3899:. 20 January 1987. 3847:Westminster School 3824:2009-03-25 at the 3684:, 24 February 2020 3420:. 16 December 2021 3392:The New York Times 2625:sentenced to death 2450: 2400:U.S. Supreme Court 2363: 2245:soldiers who were 2126:Additionally, the 1577:Michael D. Higgins 1420:Irish constitution 1293:Article 72 reads: 1259:capital punishment 1251:president of India 1249:(Article 72), the 676:indictable offence 530:capital punishment 230:Capital punishment 222:Dangerous offender 109:Self-incrimination 54:Criminal procedure 5408:Legal terminology 5390: 5389: 5386: 5385: 4537:Conscientiousness 4404:Epistemic virtues 4122:Los Angeles Times 3313:. 12 October 2006 3235:. 29 January 2009 2756:978-1-60021-680-0 2366:U.S. Constitution 2340:England and Wales 2270:England and Wales 2181:Capital sentences 2165:English Civil War 2017:derecho de gracia 1954:Yevgeny Prigozhin 1857:According to the 1364:. In the case of 967:National Congress 937:medical condition 498: 497: 373:Criminal defenses 315:Habitual offender 266:Three-strikes law 256:Life imprisonment 235:Execution warrant 104:Exclusionary rule 16:(Redirected from 5425: 5379: 5363: 5315: 5292: 5283: 5274: 5150: 5053: 5044: 5021: 4987: 4964: 4949: 4878:Self-cultivation 4431:Prussian virtues 4394:Cardinal virtues 4316: 4309: 4302: 4293: 4275: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4094:. Archived from 4084: 4078: 4077: 4076:. 13 April 2018. 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4039: 4030: 4029: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3875:. Archived from 3864: 3858: 3839: 3833: 3816: 3810: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3720: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3502:. 19 August 2023 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3470:. Archived from 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3042: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2963: 2957: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2721: 2694: 2689: 2688: 2597:evaded the draft 2572:Related concepts 2507:Board of Pardons 2325:William Whitelaw 2225:The first known 2025: 2019: 1980:on the matter." 1779:Approved — 3,454 1710: 1709: 1961–1999 1708: 1157:Red Army Faction 1118: 1079:Journal Officiel 1064:If granted, the 1048: 960: 757:Three years for 745:Completed their 625:criminal records 565:governor-general 490: 483: 476: 462: 454: 446: 441: 433: 425: 406: 405: 305:Criminal justice 159:Directed verdict 50: 21: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5382: 5325: 5243: 5070: 4997: 4947: 4470: 4456:Three Treasures 4373:Virtue families 4368: 4342:Moral character 4325: 4320: 4283: 4278: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4041: 4040: 4033: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3840: 3836: 3826:Wayback Machine 3817: 3813: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3760:. 25 March 2023 3752: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3722: 3721: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3580:www.sejm.gov.pl 3574: 3573: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3556:. 6 August 2013 3548: 3547: 3543: 3533: 3531: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3052:on 30 June 2013 3044: 3043: 3039: 3028: 3026: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2690: 2683: 2680: 2647:parole officers 2574: 2554:Martin O'Malley 2455: 2441: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2352: 2266:Lord Chancellor 2255:First World War 2239:King Edward III 2183:imposed by the 2142: 2136: 2109: 2081: 2056: 2012: 1986: 1962: 1899: 1844: 1821:Declined — 1544 1732: 1713:public holidays 1705: 1667: 1631: 1588: 1540: 1531: 1519: 1496: 1480: 1455: 1416: 1411: 1395: 1380:judicial review 1336:in the case of 1332:as held by the 1330:judicial review 1283:rehabilitation. 1243: 1204: 1184: 1125: 1092:criminal record 1041: 1017: 983: 949: 909: 832:Five years for 783:Five years for 672:summary offence 587: 582: 576: 553: 547: 542: 494: 465: 457: 452:Canadian courts 449: 444: 439:Scottish courts 436: 428: 420: 412: 400: 387: 368:Civil procedure 354: 275:Post-sentencing 270: 239: 213: 163: 128: 114:Double jeopardy 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5431: 5429: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5395: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5371: 5364: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5316: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5284: 5275: 5266: 5259: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5234: 5227: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5045: 5036: 5029: 5022: 5013: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4988: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4955: 4953: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4482:Accountability 4478: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4384: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4344: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4282: 4281:External links 4279: 4277: 4276: 4263: 4257:978-0314762719 4256: 4238: 4207: 4184: 4162: 4143:Marsh, Jason. 4135: 4109: 4079: 4059: 4031: 4020:(2): 251–271. 4004: 3978: 3959: 3940: 3921: 3902: 3882: 3859: 3834: 3811: 3796: 3771: 3745: 3733: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3670: 3658: 3644: 3618: 3592: 3567: 3541: 3530:. 9 April 2024 3513: 3485: 3459: 3431: 3405: 3377: 3370: 3352: 3338: 3324: 3311:Economic Times 3298: 3272: 3246: 3220: 3205: 3182: 3159: 3146:"Código penal" 3136: 3111: 3085: 3063: 3037: 3025:on 5 July 2016 3010: 2984: 2958: 2940: 2914: 2896: 2870: 2844: 2818: 2792: 2781:on 30 May 2019 2762: 2755: 2735: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2696: 2695: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2658: 2650: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2628: 2618: 2608: 2600: 2573: 2570: 2519:South Carolina 2454: 2451: 2370:Main article: 2367: 2364: 2351: 2348: 2321:Home Secretary 2314:Michael Howard 2302:Birmingham Six 2227:general pardon 2146:United Kingdom 2138:Main article: 2135: 2134:United Kingdom 2132: 2108: 2105: 2080: 2077: 2055: 2052: 2011: 2008: 1985: 1982: 1961: 1958: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1915:Vladimir Putin 1898: 1895: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1835:Declined — 509 1833: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1818:Approved — 360 1811: 1810: 1809: 1808:Declined — 913 1806: 1805:Approved — 201 1801:Lech Kaczyński 1798: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1782:Declined — 444 1780: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1769:Declined — 119 1767: 1766:Approved — 607 1757:By president: 1731: 1728: 1666: 1663: 1630: 1627: 1611:Kav 300 affair 1587: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1573:Maolra Seoighe 1569: 1563: 1553: 1550: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1527: 1518: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1495: 1492: 1479: 1476: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1454: 1451: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1403:Supreme Leader 1394: 1391: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1242: 1239: 1220:United Kingdom 1203: 1200: 1183: 1180: 1161:Christian Klar 1124: 1121: 1070:prime minister 1040: 1037: 1016: 1013: 982: 979: 948: 945: 908: 905: 898: 897: 894: 887: 875: 865: 856:Ten years for 854: 847: 826: 825: 816:Ten years for 814: 802: 792: 781: 772: 751: 750: 743: 732: 702:waiting period 595:federal agency 586: 583: 575: 572: 546: 543: 541: 538: 496: 495: 493: 492: 485: 478: 470: 467: 466: 464: 463: 455: 447: 442: 434: 426: 417: 414: 413: 411: 410: 408:Law portal 397: 394: 393: 389: 388: 386: 385: 380: 375: 370: 364: 361: 360: 356: 355: 353: 352: 347: 342: 337: 335:Rehabilitation 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 291: 286: 280: 277: 276: 272: 271: 269: 268: 263: 258: 253: 247: 246: 245: 238: 237: 232: 226: 225: 224: 219: 212: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 175: 172: 171: 165: 164: 162: 161: 156: 151: 146: 140: 137: 136: 130: 129: 127: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 70: 67: 66: 62: 61: 57: 56: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5430: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4903:Sportsmanship 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4868:Righteousness 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4781:Nonattachment 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 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4332: 4330:About virtues 4328: 4324: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4305: 4303: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4208: 4195: 4188: 4185: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4136: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4008: 4005: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3935:New Statesman 3932: 3925: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3828:Article 111. 3827: 3823: 3820: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3772: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3529: 3528: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3381: 3378: 3373: 3371:0-9514032-5-7 3367: 3363: 3356: 3353: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3286: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3216: 3209: 3206: 3193: 3186: 3183: 3170: 3163: 3160: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3125: 3124:globalnews.ca 3121: 3115: 3112: 3100:. 31 May 2018 3099: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3011: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2985: 2973:. 6 July 2017 2972: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2560:in 2014, and 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2420:court-martial 2417: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384:United States 2379: 2373: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2350:United States 2349: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2189:circuit judge 2186: 2182: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2150: 2147: 2141: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2033: 2032:king of Spain 2029: 2024: 2018: 2009: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1978:Supreme Court 1975: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1911:Boris Yeltsin 1908: 1904: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1886: 1884: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1841: 1834: 1832:Approved — 93 1831: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1748:Supreme Court 1745: 1741: 1737: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1724:Daniel Galván 1721: 1716: 1714: 1703: 1699: 1698:Alawi dynasty 1694: 1692: 1691:supreme court 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1575:, granted by 1574: 1570: 1568: 1567:Mary McAleese 1564: 1562: 1561:Mary Robinson 1559:, granted by 1558: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1537: 1535: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1516: 1514: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1477: 1475: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376:Supreme Court 1373: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1362:Supreme Court 1359: 1355: 1354: 1349: 1348:Supreme Court 1345: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1224:death penalty 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1206:Prior to the 1201: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1100: 1099:death penalty 1095: 1093: 1089: 1083: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1071: 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