1617:
1556:
1571:
1757:
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1521:
1536:
1273:
2008:
1586:
1450:
1941:
1983:
1602:
1425:
2108:
2033:
528:
764:
1697:
1962:
633:
1776:
1727:
1108:) which mention Jain ideas and Mahavira cite the four restraints, rather than the five vows of later Jain texts. This has led scholars such as Hermann Jacobi to say that when Mahavira and the Buddha met, the Buddhists knew only about the four restraints of the Parshvanatha tradition. Further scholarship suggests a more complex situation, because some of the earliest Jain literature (such as section 1.8.1 of the Ācārāṅga Sūtra) connects Mahavira with three restraints: non-violence, non-lying, and non-possession.
1469:
1712:
840:
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624:
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52:
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805:
realize that injuring other beings is the greatest sin, and begin practicing the vows". The elephant realized his error, became calm, and bowed at
Aravinda's feet. When Vajraghosha went to a river one day to drink, the serpent Kamath bit him. He died peacefully this time, however, without distressing thoughts.
2193:
state the twelve householder vows to be: (1) do not kill any being, (2) do not lie, (3) do not use another's property without permission, (4) be chaste, (5) limit your possessions, (6) take a perpetual and daily vow to go only certain distances and take only certain directions, (7) avoid useless talk
1111:
The "less than five vows" view of Śvētāmbara texts is not accepted by the
Digambaras, a tradition whose canonical texts have been lost and who do not accept Śvētāmbara texts as canonical. Digambaras have a sizable literature, however, which explains their disagreement with Śvētāmbara interpretations.
1122:
writes that the
Digambaras interpret "fourfold" as referring "not to four specific vows", but to "four modalities" (which were adapted by Mahavira into five vows). Western and some Indian scholarship "has been essentially Śvētāmbara scholarship", and has largely ignored Digambara literature related
813:
Agnivega – Sashiprabha died, and was reborn as Prince
Agnivega ("strength of fire"). After he became king, he met a sage who told him about the impermanence of all things and the significance of a spiritual life. Agnivega realized the importance of religious pursuits, and his worldly life lost its
791:
Marubhuti – Vishwabhuti, King
Aravinda's prime minister, had two sons; the elder one was Kamath and the younger one was Marubhuti (Parshvanatha). Kamath committed adultery with Marubhuti's wife. The king learned about the adultery, and asked Marubhuti how his brother should be punished; Marubhuti
667:
tree near
Benares. His meditation period included asceticism and strict vows. Parshvanatha's practices included careful movement, measured speech, guarded desires, mental restraint and physical activity, essential in Jain tradition to renounce the ego. According to the Jain texts, lions and fawns
1041:
Texts of the two major Jain sects (Digambara and Śvētāmbara) have different views of
Parshvanatha and Mahavira's teachings, which underlie disputes between the sects. Digambaras maintain that no difference exists between the teachings of Parshvanatha and Mahavira. According to the Śvētāmbaras,
804:
King
Aravinda, after the death of his minister's son, renounced his throne and led an ascetic life. When an angry Vajraghosha approached Aravinda, the ascetic saw that the elephant was the reborn Marubhuti. Aravinda asked the elephant to give up "sinful acts, remove his demerits from the past,
1071:
as a disciple of
Mahavira and discusses which doctrine is true: the fourfold restraint or the five great vows. Gautama says that there are outward differences, and these differences are "because the moral and intellectual capabilities of the followers of the ford-makers have differed".
792:
suggested forgiveness. Kamath went into a forest, became an ascetic, and acquired demonic powers to take revenge. Marubhuti went to the forest to invite his brother back home, but Kamath killed
Marubhuti by crushing him with a stone. Marubhuti was one of Parshvanatha's earlier rebirths.
1616:
822:
Agnivega was reborn as a god with a life of "twenty-two oceans of years", and the serpent went to the sixth hell. The soul of Marubhuti-Vajraghosa-Sasiprabha-Agnivega was reborn as Parshvanatha. He saved serpents from torture and death during that life; the serpent god
1055:
According to the Śvētāmbara tradition, Parshvanatha and the ascetic community he founded exercised a fourfold restraint; Mahavira stipulated five great vows for his ascetic initiation. This difference and its reason have often been discussed in Śvētāmbara texts.
578:
Parshvanatha was born with blue-black skin. A strong, handsome boy, he played with the gods of water, hills and trees. At the age of eight, Parshvanatha began practising the twelve basic duties of the adult Jain householder. He lived as a prince and soldier in
1555:
1810:
Parshvanatha is one of the five most devotionally revered Tirthankaras, along with Mahavira, Rishabhanatha, Neminatha and Shantinatha. Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. Mount
410:
Despite the accepted historicity, some historical claims such as the link between him and Mahavira, whether Mahavira renounced in the ascetic tradition of Parshvanatha, and other biographical details have led to different scholarly conclusions.
1756:
881:(chief monks): Śubhadatta, Āryaghoṣa, Vasiṣṭha, Brahmacāri, Soma, Śrīdhara, Vīrabhadra and Yaśas. After his death, the Śvētāmbara believe that Śubhadatta became head of the monastic order and was succeeded by Haridatta, Āryasamudra and
1127:
writes that medieval Jain literature, such as that by the 9th-century Silanka, suggests that the practices of "not using another's property without their explicit permission" and celibacy were interpreted as part of non-possession.
1741:
1310:
and Mahavira. He is believed to have the power to remove obstacles and save devotees. In Shvetambara tradition, there are 108 prominent idols of Parshvanath idols these idols derive their name from a geographical region, such as
2194:
and action, (8) do not think sinful acts, (9) limit diet and enjoyments, (10) worship at fixed times in the morning, noon and evening, (11) fast on some days and (12) give charity by donating knowledge, money and such every day.
443:
Doubts about Parshvanatha's historicity are also supported by the oldest Jain texts, which present Mahavira with sporadic mentions of ancient ascetics and teachers without specific names (such as sections 1.4.1 and 1.6.3 of the
2549:, pp. 82–85, Quote: "Thus the list of twenty-four Tirthankaras was either already evolved or was in the process of being evolved in the age of the Mathura sculptures in the first three centuries of the Christian era.".
1048:(non-violence) and added the fifth monastic vow (celibacy) to the practice of asceticism. Parshvanatha did not require celibacy, and allowed monks to wear simple outer garments. Śvētāmbara texts such as section 2.15 of the
330:) differ on the teachings of Parshvanath and Mahavir, and this is a foundation of the dispute between the two sects. The Digambaras believed that there was no difference between the teachings of Parshvanatha and Mahavira.
795:
Vajraghosha (Thunder), an elephant – He was then reborn as an elephant because of the "violence of the death and distressing thoughts he harbored at the time of his previous death". Vajraghosha lived in the forests of
1982:
1585:
809:
Sasiprabha – Vajraghosha was reborn as Sashiprabha (Lord of the Moon) in the twelfth heaven, surrounded by abundant pleasures. Sashiprabha, however, did not let the pleasures distract him and continued his ascetic
1330:
posture. Statues and paintings show his head shielded by a multi-headed serpent, fanned out like an umbrella. Parshvanatha's snake emblem is carved (or stamped) beneath his legs as an icon identifier. His
1350:
with serpent hoods have been found in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, dating to the 5th to 10th centuries. Earliest images of Parshvanatha having seven snakes over his head date back to first century BCE.
2007:
1570:
1116:
writes that Śvētāmbara texts insist on celibacy for their monks (the fifth vow in Mahavira's teachings), and there must not have been a difference between the teachings of Parshvanatha and Mahavira.
787:
Jain mythology contains legends about Parshvanatha's human and animal rebirths and the maturing of his soul towards inner harmony like legends found in other Indian religions. His rebirths include:
1535:
1449:
1940:
1520:
1079:, Parshvanatha allowed monks to wear clothes; Mahavira recommended nude asceticism, a practice which has been a significant difference between the Digambara and Śvētāmbara traditions.
1851:. According to Jain belief, worshipping these local replication idols allow them to directly worship to the original idol. Parshvanath is prayed to obtain various desires, especially
5928:
266:
who is acknowledged as a historical figure. The Jain sources place him between the 9th and 8th centuries BCE whereas historians consider that he lived in the 8th or 7th century BCE.
2203:
Jain mythology describes a heavenly being attempting to distract (or harm) Parshvanatha, but the serpent god Dharanendra and the goddess Padmavati guard his journey to omniscience.
355:) and added the fifth monastic vow (celibacy). Parshvanatha did not require celibacy and allowed monks to wear simple outer garments. Śvētāmbara texts, such as section 2.15 of the
610:
translated a Jain text that sixteen-year-old Parshvanatha refused to marry when his father told him to do so; he began meditating instead because the "soul is its only friend".
1601:
5721:
818:, reducing his attachment to the outside world. He was bitten by a snake (the reborn Kamath), but the poison did not disturb his inner peace and he calmly accepted his death.
1424:
959:, the prime disciple of Mahavira. Parshvanatha's monastic lineage is said to have begun with his prime disciple Arya Śubhadatta. Later, this lineage came to be known as the
1775:
5469:
1711:
1651:
were built between 1398 and 1536. The largest cross-legged statue of Parshvanatha – 47 feet (14 m) tall and 30 feet (9.1 m) wide – is in one of the caves.
480:, but it lists 20; three, including Parshvanatha, have brief descriptions compared with Mahavira. Early archaeological finds, such as the statues and reliefs near
4796:
1961:
1389:, is a tablet of homage dedicated to Parshvanatha. The table represents Parshvanatha in the center surrounded by a bunches of lotus. Parshvanatha is depicted in
1346:, but with a small difference. Suparshvanatha's serpent hood has five heads, and a seven (or more)-headed serpent is found in Parshvanatha icons. Statues of both
492:
1696:
2135:
1644:
has the tallest statue of Parshvanatha: 61 feet (18.6 m), on a 48-foot (14.6-m) pedestal. The statue, in the kayotsarga position, weighs about 185 tons.
7472:
1726:
7487:
4018:"From the Harvard Art Museums' collections Tirthankara Suparsvanatha in Kayotsarga, or Standing Meditation, Posture and Protected by a Five-Headed Naga"
920:(without bonds) monastic tradition was influential in ancient India, with Mahavira's parents part of it as lay householders who supported the ascetics.
2032:
571:
was about to be born. According to the Jain texts, the thrones of the Indras shook when he was born and the Indras came down to earth to celebrate his
4253:
359:, say that Mahavira's parents were followers of Parshvanatha (linking Mahavira to a preexisting theology as a reformer of Jain mendicant tradition).
6236:
4202:
1052:
say that Mahavira's parents were followers of Parshvanatha, linking Mahavira to a preexisting theology as a reformer of Jain mendicant tradition.
1468:
7388:
5699:
5648:
5612:
5591:
5545:
5477:
5404:
5344:
5312:
5263:
5242:
5217:
5168:
5122:
5097:
5027:
5003:
4971:
4943:
4911:
4843:
4822:
4764:
4732:
4704:
4621:
4592:
4564:
4543:
4515:
4470:
4449:
3476:
3346:
2903:
2433:
2272:
1272:
731:(liberation from the cycle of birth and death) in Jain tradition is celebrated as Moksha Saptami. This day is celebrated on large scale at
7467:
7457:
7393:
1748:
1655:
2107:
5898:
5983:
4025:
299:
basin, an important Jain pilgrimage site. His iconography is notable for the serpent hood over his head, and his worship often includes
1368:, and Digambara art depicts him with serpent hood and Dhranendra. According to Umakant Premanand Shah, Hindu gods (such as Ganesha) as
7462:
1988:
1029:
tradition and that white-clad ascetics were the original followers of Jainism and of Parshvanatha, who preceded naked ascetics of the
414:
Parshvanath's biography with Jain texts says that he preceded Mahavira by 273 years and that he lived 100 years. Mahavira is dated to
2332:
7347:
5566:
5453:
5429:
5288:
5196:
5143:
5072:
5051:
4676:
4648:
4428:
4275:
2078:
1240:(devotion song), compiled by Gangadas in 1690 AD, which narrates life of previous nine births. The medieval forty-four verse hymn
1648:
3466:
2423:
2738:
7482:
7477:
7342:
5234:
4391:
1946:
1682:
1459:
1049:
356:
1500:
1484:
645:(liberation of the soul) at Shikharji on Parasnath, the highest mountain in Jharkhand. A temple tonk is built at the place.
7311:
5445:
2013:
1316:
1025:
and describes the creation of three of the most prominent castes of Jain followers. It also suggests the antiquity of the
7378:
7227:
7093:
6773:
6229:
6009:
2113:
990:
7174:
7133:
5889:
3069:
2046:
659:. He removed his clothes and hair and began fasting strictly. Parshvanatha meditated for 84 days before he attained
7452:
6993:
6360:
5877:
2152:
1608:
1562:
2064:
814:
charms. He renounced it to lead an ascetic life, joining the sage's monastic community. Agnivega meditated in the
7088:
6462:
5364:
5354:
4814:
4668:
1883:
1244:, composed by Digambar kumudachandra, is a praise to Parshvanatha is popular among both Digambar and Śvētāmbara.
695:
6442:
4223:
527:
7027:
6650:
6355:
2144:
1824:
1626:
1312:
1219:
57:
2242:, he also appears in Buddhist and Hindu mythology and is the eighth of twenty-four entities in Jain cosmology.
1105:
5955:
686:
caused continuous rain. Parshvanatha was immersed in water up to his neck and to protect him the serpent god
7447:
7442:
7306:
6926:
6908:
6222:
5976:
5852:
5114:
4535:
4507:
1999:
1577:
1393:
with ankle crossed in lotus position seated on a pedestal with a seven-hooded sesha hood above his head and
1360:. Digambara and Śvētāmbara iconography differs; Śvētāmbara art shows Parshvanatha with a serpent hood and a
861:
763:
4245:
2093:
162:
7005:
6963:
5390:
4857:
2121:
1891:
1875:
1763:
1669:
1546:
1187:
7437:
7432:
7383:
7154:
7022:
6931:
5905:
5519:
5322:
5160:
1919:
1871:
1839:
murtipujaka. The replicas of Parshvanath temples are popular among Śvētāmbara murtipujaka, for example,
1703:
1641:
1430:
1377:
1248:
is a poem composed by Shantikirt Muni in 1730 AD, this poem narrates the seven siddhis of Parshvanatha.
781:
440:
in the 5th century BCE and, based on the 273-year gap, date Parshvanatha to the 8th or 7th century BCE.
436:. According to Dundas, historians outside the Jain tradition date Mahavira as contemporaneous with the
6563:
1855:, is therefore also known as Chintamani (wish fulfilling gem) and a tantric diagram called 'Chintamani
1354:
Archeological sites and medieval Parshvantha iconography found in temples and caves include scenes and
935:
was only 250 years, which is relatively short when compared to the periods between any two consecutive
1177:
632:
563:
in the 13th heaven of Jain cosmology. While Parshvanatha was in his mother's womb, gods performed the
333:
According to the Śvētāmbaras, Mahavir expanded Parshvanatha's first four restraints with his ideas on
7368:
7332:
7118:
7113:
7083:
7068:
7048:
7017:
6988:
6171:
5752:
5561:. The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara.
5188:
4480:
2099:
2038:
1199:
1172:
679:
584:
567:(enlivened the fetus). His mother dreamt 14 auspicious dreams, an indicator in Jain tradition that a
504:
277:. He is popularly seen as a propagator and reviver of Jainism. Parshvanatha is said to have attained
3492:
3293:
7373:
7252:
7215:
7189:
7128:
7078:
6638:
6506:
5691:
5537:
5487:
5421:
4995:
4963:
4935:
4903:
4874:
4409:
3336:
2052:
2024:
1995:
1974:
1953:
1879:
1733:
828:
691:
304:
1836:
1064:
857:
599:
327:
7363:
7337:
7210:
7053:
6983:
6978:
6613:
6608:
6181:
5969:
5933:
5856:
5820:
5778:
5725:
5511:
4953:
1867:
1159:
1112:
Prafulla Modi rejects the theory of differences between Parshvanatha's and Mahavira's teachings.
1068:
1018:
655:(December–January), Parshvanatha renounced the world to become a monk after seeing the image of
4634:
1819:, for example, which is believed to have been a place where 20 out of 24 Tirthankaras achieved
7232:
7123:
7063:
7058:
7043:
7010:
7000:
6814:
6701:
6452:
6377:
6306:
6299:
6276:
6001:
5909:
5733:
5695:
5644:
5608:
5587:
5562:
5541:
5473:
5449:
5425:
5400:
5340:
5336:
5308:
5302:
5284:
5259:
5238:
5213:
5192:
5164:
5139:
5118:
5093:
5068:
5047:
5023:
4999:
4967:
4939:
4907:
4839:
4818:
4790:
4760:
4728:
4700:
4672:
4644:
4617:
4602:
4588:
4560:
4539:
4511:
4466:
4445:
4424:
4017:
3472:
3342:
2429:
1415:
1251:
1211:
898:
896:), Parshvanatha had 10 ganadhars and Svayambhu was their leader. Śvētāmbara texts such as the
623:
580:
552:
450:
448:). The earliest layer of Jain literature on cosmology and universal history pivots around two
311:
223:
5491:
5439:
5415:
5182:
5062:
5037:
7270:
7242:
7149:
7073:
6968:
6955:
6900:
6865:
6708:
6603:
6554:
6544:
6437:
6426:
6411:
6401:
6392:
6350:
6338:
6042:
5812:
5770:
5280:
5178:
4882:
4662:
4374:
1820:
1659:
1338:
Serpent-hood iconography is not unique to Parshvanatha; it is also found above the icons of
1113:
1014:
974:
970:
960:
952:
882:
866:
727:
714:
556:
400:
279:
255:
6526:
1026:
964:
940:
7413:
7264:
7194:
7169:
6875:
6870:
6855:
6835:
6673:
6665:
6591:
6286:
6147:
5761:
5626:
5622:
5583:
5298:
4981:
4921:
4742:
4696:
4640:
3073:
1767:
1679:
A 31-foot (9.4 m) kayotsarga statue was installed in 2011 at the Vahelna Jain Temple.
1119:
1002:
839:
699:
607:
588:
251:
4283:
1226:, hymn dedicated to Shankheshwar Parshvanath, is one of the most performed Jain prayer.
7286:
7184:
7159:
6973:
6890:
6860:
6794:
6728:
6723:
6696:
6683:
6678:
6623:
6596:
6489:
6484:
6343:
6328:
6258:
6077:
6057:
5992:
4853:
4378:
3509:"Jaina Sutras, Part II (SBE45): Uttarâdhyayana: Twenty-Third Lecture. Kêsi and Gautama"
3269:"Jaina Sutras, Part II (SBE45): Uttarâdhyayana: Twenty-Third Lecture. Kêsi and Gautama"
2212:
Some texts call the place Mount Sammeta. It is revered in Jainism because 20 of its 24
2170:
1673:
1511:
1339:
1323:
1255:
1150:
1141:
1006:
944:
916:
852:
464:
404:
392:
384:
1136:
1042:
Mahavira expanded the scope of Parshvanatha's first four restraints with his ideas on
7426:
7327:
7179:
7164:
6830:
6713:
6203:
6186:
6062:
6037:
6027:
5885:
5803:
4775:
4686:
4658:
4630:
4607:
4584:
2070:
1927:
1887:
1542:
1527:
1491:
1455:
1402:
1335:
is usually accompanied by Dharnendra and Padmavati, Jainism's snake god and goddess.
1191:
1076:
956:
797:
744:
455:
209:
166:
5868:
5328:
Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture
3494:
Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research, Vol-19, Issue no.-January-December
3295:
Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research, Vol-19, Issue no.-January-December
2742:
7247:
7237:
6845:
6756:
6751:
6738:
6688:
6655:
6618:
6321:
6311:
6072:
5501:
5089:
4574:
4525:
4497:
2226:
1782:
1676:, contains an 18-foot (5.5 m) black granite kayotsarga statue of Parshvanatha.
1411:
1386:
1260:
1182:
725:
hill at the age of 100 on Shravana Shukla Saptami according to Lunar Calendar. His
707:
675:
671:
660:
508:
507:
containing the image of Parshvanatha. A seventh century CE statue was found in the
499:
dating back to the second century BCE to the first century CE. A first century BCE
496:
383:
provide circumstantial evidence that he lived in ancient India. Historians such as
318:. Renouncing worldly life, he founded an ascetic community. Texts of the two major
4868:
1795:
5659:
5630:
5602:
5577:
5556:
5523:
5505:
5463:
5394:
5358:
5326:
5274:
5253:
5228:
5207:
5154:
5133:
5108:
5083:
4985:
4957:
4925:
4897:
4833:
4808:
4746:
4718:
4690:
4578:
4554:
4529:
4501:
4460:
4439:
4418:
3508:
3268:
7276:
6850:
6718:
6549:
6534:
6516:
6496:
6479:
6333:
6266:
6122:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6067:
6052:
6047:
6018:
5687:
4804:
4714:
2127:
1931:
1832:
1434:
1407:
1332:
1303:
1124:
948:
936:
824:
774:
687:
485:
372:
300:
246:
42:
7408:
4886:
973:(the 4 head of the monastic order in Parshvanatha's monastic lineage) disciple
7281:
7257:
6918:
6880:
6766:
6633:
6628:
6586:
6447:
6367:
6193:
6117:
6032:
5014:
4756:
2148:
1967:
1663:
1327:
1163:
1088:
778:
706:(March–April), Parshvanatha attained omniscience. Heavenly beings built him a
603:
319:
5774:
5737:
4856:(1964). Max Muller (The Sacred Books of the East Series, Volume XXII) (ed.).
4216:"Welcome to official website of District Administration Gwalior (M.P.) India"
7222:
6885:
6840:
6809:
6761:
6746:
6501:
6471:
6294:
6271:
6176:
6132:
6127:
6082:
5640:
5383:
4810:
Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience
4724:
1923:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1863:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1622:
1394:
1382:
1372:
and Indra as serving Parshvanatha, assigned them to a subordinate position.
1307:
1285:
1030:
998:
889:
878:
844:
815:
736:
732:
722:
718:
656:
595:
500:
459:
376:
323:
292:
284:
181:
86:
51:
17:
6427:
5950:
5230:
Puja and Piety: Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist Art from the Indian Subcontinent
4484:
4400:
4382:
3144:, p. 107, Quote: In Paimacariyam, Candraprabha is called Sasiprabha".
3066:
749:
232:
7296:
7291:
6804:
6778:
6511:
6166:
6142:
6112:
2165:
2085:
2017:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1718:
1686:
1195:
1167:
1022:
951:, monks of Parshvanatha's lineage existed during Mahavira's time period.
932:
664:
288:
274:
270:
158:
96:
5860:
5782:
5729:
3441:
6645:
6421:
6416:
6387:
6250:
5840:
5824:
5798:
5756:
5709:
5043:
3389:
3363:
3310:
2056:
1828:
1361:
1082:
According to the Śvētāmbara texts, Parshvanatha's four restraints were
994:
986:
982:
703:
516:
481:
259:
76:
6246:
6214:
5841:"Skandagupta's Bhitari Grant To Visnu-sarngin And Bhitari Excavations"
3738:
3736:
3415:
1284:
stamped (or carved) beneath his feet. At the center of his chest is a
864:(male lay followers), 327,000 śrāvikās (female lay followers), 16,000
710:(preaching hall), so he could share his knowledge with his followers.
7301:
6799:
6539:
6406:
6372:
6005:
5636:
5332:
4783:
4752:
4215:
2141:
2021:
1992:
1971:
1950:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1356:
1298:
1237:
1094:
1044:
978:
873:
769:
652:
548:
512:
437:
335:
296:
5816:
5679:
5184:
Tellings and Texts: Music, Literature and Performance in North India
547:
He was born on the tenth day of the dark half of the Hindu month of
3002:
3000:
1662:
enshrines an 18-foot-tall (5.5 m) statue of Parshvanatha in a
1232:
is a hagiography of Parshvanatha composed by Shridhara in 1132 AD.
371:
who is generally acknowledged as a historical figure. According to
6936:
6913:
6382:
6198:
5533:
4991:
4931:
1844:
1794:
1685:
has approved construction of 100 foot tall statue in Sama pond in
1592:
1507:
1475:
1390:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1135:
1123:
to the controversy about Parshvanatha's and Mahavira's teachings.
1100:
1010:
838:
762:
740:
560:
526:
468:
the first known text. or depth, and the brief descriptions of the
315:
140:
106:
5961:
5710:"The History of Jaina Monachism from Inscriptions and Literature"
5276:
History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE
2827:
2825:
2788:
2786:
2784:
531:
Parshvanatha was born in Varanasi, a historic city on the Ganges.
5470:
Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting
3338:
Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History
651:
At age 30, on the 11th day of the moon's waxing in the month of
6218:
5965:
5067:. Vol. 1 (Second ed.). New Delhi: Cosmo Publication.
4531:
Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History
3548:
3546:
3544:
3212:
3210:
682:, Kamath in an attempt to obstruct Parshvanatha from achieving
491:
Two of the early bronze images of Parshvanatha can be found on
5757:"Candanbala's Tears: Recovering the Emotional Life of Jainism"
4304:
690:
held a canopy of thousand hoods over his head and the goddess
559:. Before his birth, Jain texts state that he ruled as the god
5227:
Pal, Pratapaditya; Huyler, Stephen P.; Cort, John E. (2016).
3311:"Oswal Porwal Aur Shreemal Jatiyo Ka Sachitra Prachin Itihas"
955:, a monk of Parhsvanatha's lineage, is also said to have met
702:. On the 14th day of the moon's waning cycle in the month of
4580:
The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths
4492:. Vol. 20. Allahabad: Superintendent, Government Press.
3125:
3123:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3531:
3529:
2857:
2855:
1717:
47 feet (14 m) Parshvanatha statue in lotus position,
831:
protected him, and are part of Parshvanath's iconography.
4862:. Motilal Banarsidass (Original: Oxford University Press).
4503:
Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India
3765:
3763:
2963:
2961:
2518:
2516:
2514:
914:
text identifies her as Suloka or Sulocana. Parshvanatha's
5255:
Sacred Scriptures of the World Religions: An Introduction
4870:
Kalpa Sutra, Jain Sutras Part I, Sacred Books of the East
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
2622:
2620:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
1672:, built by Boppadeva in 1133 AD during the reign of King
5929:"100-feet Parshwanath idol gets Vadodara civic body nod"
5799:"Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology"
5558:
Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects
5107:
Kenoyer, Jonathan M.; Heuston, Kimberley Burton (2005).
3936:
3934:
3227:
3225:
2842:
2840:
2685:
2683:
2296:
2294:
877:(nuns). According to Śvētāmbara tradition, he had eight
674:
is believed to be the place where Parshvanatha attained
273:. He was the spiritual successor of the 22nd Tirthankar
4748:
Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths
4459:
Chapple, Christopher K (2011). Andrew R. Murphy (ed.).
3364:"Jaino Ka Itihas Darshan Vyavahar Evam Vaignanik Adhar"
2394:
2392:
2390:
1591:
10th-century copper, inlaid with silver and gemstones (
1206:
by Jinsena is a narration of the life of Parshvanatha.
1186:. It was completed by Jinasena's 8th-century disciple,
5039:
Profile in Silence:: Achieving Dreams Against All Odds
4835:
Students' Britannica India, Volume 4: Miraj to Shastri
4420:
Approaches to History: Essays in Indian Historiography
3999:
3997:
1254:
wrote a biography of Parshvanatha in the 17th-century
947:, owing to this short period of time between both the
602:
texts say that he married Prabhavati, the daughter of
2559:
2557:
2555:
387:
have accepted him as a historical figure because his
2229:, for example, describe the Buddha's previous lives.
425:
in the Jain tradition, and Parshvanatha is dated to
7356:
7320:
7203:
7142:
7106:
7036:
6954:
6947:
6899:
6823:
6787:
6737:
6664:
6579:
6525:
6470:
6461:
6285:
6257:
6157:
6016:
5722:
Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute
4636:
Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti
4142:
713:After preaching for 70 years, Parshvanath attained
205:
188:
174:
151:
146:
136:
128:
120:
112:
102:
92:
82:
72:
64:
34:
4664:The Body Adorned: Sacred and Profane in Indian Art
4606:
3030:
3006:
2775:
2410:
739:, part of the Parasnath Range by offering Nirvana
5714:Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute
1862:Important Parshvanatha temple complexes include:
1104:(non-lying). Ancient Buddhist texts (such as the
5604:Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies
4462:The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence
3754:
1214:, 7th century, is an adoration of Parshvanatha.
698:are built to commemorate Parshvanatha attaining
476:is the most ancient known Jain text with the 24
5682:, in Sarao, K. T. S.; Long, Jeffery D. (eds.),
4352:
4082:
3889:
3552:
3390:"Rise and Glory History of Halari Visa Oshwals"
3141:
2792:
2546:
2534:
1162:is an ode to Parshvanatha which was written by
5530:Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion
5360:An English translation of the Satyarth Prakash
4867:Jacobi, Hermann (1884). Müller, F. Max (ed.).
4316:
3607:
1781:16 feet (4.9 m) rock-carved image inside
493:Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya
6230:
5977:
5507:Mahāvīra His Times and His philosophy of life
5444:, Planet Earth & Cultural Understanding,
5304:Nagabharana: Recent Trends in Jainism Studies
4046:
3153:
2831:
1017:is particularly important as it narrates the
8:
4190:
3913:
1414:, bears an inscription that is adoration to
1276:Parshvanatha iconography is identified by a
843:8th-century stone relief of Parshvanatha at
458:) and Mahavira. Stories of Parshvanatha and
5493:Proceeding of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
4130:
4106:
4094:
2493:
2216:are believed to have attained moksha there.
910:of his female followers, but the Digambara
340:
6951:
6467:
6237:
6223:
6215:
5984:
5970:
5962:
5845:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
4795:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4166:
3925:
2469:
2333:"Rude Travel: Down The Sages Vir Sanghavi"
407:'s uncle, was a follower of Parshvanatha.
50:
5064:Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography
5013:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006),
4305:Vahelna & Government of Uttar Pradesh
3535:
3042:
2902:sfn error: no target: CITEREFUP_tourism (
2861:
2713:
2285:
2271:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTandon2002 (
931:The time period between Parshvanatha and
668:played around him during his asceticism.
5525:Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation
5441:Banaras: Making of India's Heritage City
5153:Martin, Nancy M.; Runzo, Joseph (2001).
4384:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum (Revised)
4246:"Shravanabelagola- A Unique Destination"
2873:
1418:and features a carving of Parshvanatha.
1406:, erected in 460 CE during the reign of
551:to King Ashwasena and Queen Vamadevi of
56:The idol of Tirthankara Parshvanatha at
4612:Translated from French by Kenneth Hurry
4154:
3865:
3853:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3715:
3619:
3595:
3165:
2638:
2626:
2345:
2300:
2259:
2182:
1936:
1835:is considered the holiest shrine among
1692:
1420:
5181:; Schofield, Katherine Butler (2015).
4788:
4444:. State University of New York Press.
3964:
3940:
3841:
3781:
3742:
3703:
3643:
3564:
3231:
3201:
3189:
3177:
3129:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3054:
3018:
2991:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2897:
2885:
2846:
2804:
2701:
2689:
2674:
2662:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2522:
2505:
2481:
2448:
2398:
2381:
2319:
2266:
1322:Parshvanatha is usually depicted in a
1190:. "Ādi purāṇa" describes the lives of
472:are largely modelled on Mahavira. The
269:Parshvanath was born 273 years before
262:. Parshvanath is one of the earliest
31:
5532:]. Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.).
5396:Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography
4118:
4058:
3901:
3877:
3829:
3769:
3691:
3679:
3667:
3655:
3631:
3583:
3416:"Oswals and Other Jains of Rajasthan"
3255:
2979:
2763:
2369:
2357:
1001:. Later, Swayamprabhasuri's disciple
462:appear in later Jain texts, with the
7:
5686:, Encyclopedia of Indian Religions,
5658:Suriji, Acharya Kalyanbodhi (2013).
4959:Collected Papers on Buddhist Studies
4774:Ghatage, A.M. (1951), "Jainism", in
4340:
4328:
4226:from the original on 7 December 2016
4003:
3988:
3976:
3952:
3727:
3243:
3216:
2967:
2816:
2741:. jainuniversity.org. Archived from
2725:
2575:
2563:
2425:Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy
1749:Parshvanatha basadi, Shravanabelgola
1218:is hymn to Parshvanatha compiled by
997:and Padmavati region of present-day
598:school, Parshvanatha never married;
587:were built to commemorate place for
307:(Jainism's serpent Devtā and Devī).
4256:from the original on 7 October 2018
4178:
4070:
2650:
295:) popular as Parasnath hill in the
7473:8th-century BC Indian philosophers
4203:Hubli gets magnificent 'jinalaya'.
4028:from the original on 24 March 2017
3442:"Jaina Community, a Social Survey"
1989:Parshavanth temple, Jaisalmer Fort
1067:as a follower of Parshvanatha and
755:(beloved of the people) by Jains.
735:tonk of the mountain, in northern
367:Parshvanatha is the earliest Jain
25:
5132:Mansukhani, Gobind Singh (1993).
4987:Collected Papers On Jaina Studies
4553:Coulter, Charles Russell (2013).
4417:Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (2011).
4375:Bhandarkar, Devadatta Ramakrishna
3076:, Encyclopaedia Britannica (2010)
2428:. Global Vision Pub House. 2005.
1561:6th-7th century bronze statue in
800:. Kamath was reborn as a serpent.
7407:
6245:
5949:
5797:Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2000).
5417:Jainism: The World of Conquerors
5273:Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007).
3335:Cort, John E. (1 January 1998).
2134:
2120:
2106:
2092:
2077:
2063:
2045:
2031:
2006:
1981:
1960:
1939:
1774:
1755:
1740:
1725:
1710:
1702:61 feet (19 m) colossal at
1695:
1649:Gopachal rock cut Jain monuments
1615:
1600:
1584:
1569:
1554:
1534:
1519:
1499:
1483:
1467:
1448:
1423:
1288:, which identifies Jain statues.
860:text), Parshvanatha had 164,000
694:coiled herself around his body.
631:
622:
535:Parshvanatha was the 23rd of 24
4692:Encyclopedia of World Religions
4556:Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities
4486:Jain Stupa and other antiquitie
4441:Ganesh: Studies of an Asian God
2704:, p. 196 with footnote 14.
1762:18 feet (5.5 m) statue at
1747:18 feet (5.5 m) statue at
1732:31 feet (9.4 m) statue at
1474:Eastern India, 2nd century CE (
1224:Shankheshwar Parshvanath Stavan
1013:caste. The monastic lineage of
747:. Parshvanatha has been called
555:. Parshvanatha belonged to the
7343:List of Digambar Jain ascetics
5870:Parshvanatha: Jaina Saint, in
5235:University of California Press
4927:The Jaina Path of Purification
4392:Archaeological Survey of India
4280:Archaeological Survey of India
3955:, pp. 86, 95–98, 132–133.
3021:, p. 271 with footnote 1.
1947:Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho
1866:(Sammet Sikhar) in Jharkhand,
1063:(a Śvētāmbara text) describes
743:(Sugar balls) and reciting of
1:
5839:Vajpeyi, Raghavendra (1983).
5555:Vyas, Dr. R. T., ed. (1995).
5446:Cambridge Scholars Publishing
5156:Ethics in the World Religions
5110:The Ancient South Asian World
4399:Bhattacharya, B. C. (1974) .
1670:Parshvanatha basadi, Halebidu
1438:
906:cite Pushpakula as the chief
426:
415:
399:a Buddhist commentary on the
391:(Four Vows) are mentioned in
7488:People from the Kāsī Kingdom
5601:Williams, Paul, ed. (2005).
4896:Jain, Kailash Chand (1991).
4276:"Parsvanatha Basti, Halebid"
1154:contains biographies of the
678:(omniscience). According to
488:such as lions and serpents.
7468:8th-century BC Indian monks
7458:8th-century BC Indian Jains
6428:
5890:Government of Uttar Pradesh
5678:Clines, Gregory M. (2017),
5372:Schubring, Walther (1964),
5135:Hymns from the Dasam Granth
5036:Kothary, Piyush C. (2015).
4899:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times
4047:Pal, Huyler & Cort 2016
3890:Orsini & Schofield 2015
3745:, p. 283 with note 30.
1823:, along with Parshvanatha.
1158:Parshvanatha and Mahavira.
750:
233:
27:23rd Tirthankara in Jainism
7504:
5576:Wiley, Kristi L. (2009) .
5355:Sarasvati, Swami Dayananda
5206:Pal, Pratapaditya (1995).
4859:Jaina Sutras (Translation)
4205:The Hindu, 6 January 2009.
3608:Kenoyer & Heuston 2005
3471:. Panchshil Publications.
1609:Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum
1563:Asian Civilisations Museum
1292:Parshvanatha is a popular
1280:hood above his head and a
7463:8th-century BC Jain monks
7404:
5999:
5365:Swami Dayananda Sarasvati
5082:Long, Jeffery D. (2009).
4815:New York University Press
4780:The Age of Imperial Unity
4778:; Pusalker, A.D. (eds.),
4669:Columbia University Press
4616:, Inner Traditions/Bear,
4438:Brown, Robert L. (1991).
4022:www.harvardartmuseums.org
2189:According to Zimmer, the
892:tradition (including the
696:Ahichchhatra Jain temples
227:
49:
39:
5872:Encyclopaedia Britannica
5775:10.1163/156852707X184989
5399:. Abhinav Publications.
5307:. Blue Rose Publishers.
5085:Jainism: An Introduction
5016:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
4873:. Vol. 22. Oxford:
4143:The Asiatic Society 1892
3219:, pp. 26, 134, 186.
1825:Shankheshwar Parshvanath
1627:Art Institute of Chicago
1342:, the seventh of the 24
1313:Shankheshwar Parshvanath
1220:Mahopadhyaya Yashovijaya
575:(his auspicious birth).
543:Life before renunciation
310:Parshvanath was born in
7307:Jain terms and concepts
6927:Digambar Jain Mahasabha
5897:Uttar Pradesh Tourism.
5886:"Vahelna – Jain temple"
5878:Encyclopædia Britannica
5853:Indian History Congress
5680:"Pārśvanātha (Jainism)"
5496:. Baptist Misson Press.
5414:Shah, Natubhai (2004),
5391:Shah, Umakant Premanand
5258:. Bloomsbury Academic.
5115:Oxford University Press
5061:Kapoor, Subodh (2002).
5022:, Infobase Publishing,
4536:Oxford University Press
4508:Oxford University Press
3031:Kailash Chand Jain 1991
3007:Kailash Chand Jain 1991
2776:Kailash Chand Jain 1991
2494:Martin & Runzo 2001
2411:Kailash Chand Jain 1991
2384:, p. 182–183, 220.
2191:Tattvarthadhigama Sutra
2000:Hill Forts of Rajasthan
1578:Cleveland Museum of Art
939:. According to ancient
5643:& Kegan Paul Ltd.
5520:von Glasenapp, Helmuth
5465:Jaina Shrines in India
5462:Tandon, O. P. (1986).
5379:Die Religionen Indiens
5323:Sangave, Vilas Adinath
5299:Reddy, Pedarapu Chenna
5209:Ganesh, the Benevolent
4832:Hoiberg, Dale (2000).
4379:Chhabra, Bahadur Chand
3309:Maharaja, Gyansundar.
1968:Pattadakal Jain Temple
1892:Mel Sithamur Jain Math
1876:Panchasara Jain temple
1807:
1547:Honolulu Museum of Art
1490:Parshvanath relief of
1460:Museum of Oriental Art
1317:Panchasara Parshvanath
1302:) with Rishabhanatha,
1289:
1234:Parshvanath bhavaantar
1145:
989:and strongly opposing
977:went on to create the
847:
784:
641:Parshvanatha achieved
606:(king of Kusasthala).
532:
379:such as section 31 of
7483:9th-century BC clergy
7478:8th-century BC clergy
7338:List of Jain ascetics
7143:Dynasties and empires
6932:Vishwa Jain Sangathan
5906:Uttar Pradesh Tourism
5632:Philosophies Of India
5579:The A to Z of Jainism
5212:. Marg Publications.
5161:Oneworld Publications
4838:. Popular Prakashan.
3755:Champat Rai Jain 1939
3536:Jones & Ryan 2006
3072:25 April 2017 at the
2862:Jones & Ryan 2006
2714:Jones & Ryan 2006
2153:UNESCO World Heritage
2151:- tentative list for
1872:Kanakagiri Jain tirth
1798:
1704:Navagraha Jain Temple
1642:Navagraha Jain Temple
1431:Parsvanatha ayagapata
1378:Parsvanatha ayagapata
1275:
1242:Kalyanamandira stotra
1139:
842:
782:Kalugumalai Jain Beds
777:, in the 8th-century
767:Parshvanatha and his
766:
700:Kēvalajñāna kalyāṇaka
530:
244:, was the 23rd of 24
116:9 cubits (13.5 feet)
7333:List of Jain temples
6172:Bharata Chakravartin
5958:at Wikimedia Commons
5684:Buddhism and Jainism
5438:Singh, Rana (2009),
5252:Price, Joan (2010).
5189:Open Book Publishers
4610:L'Histoire de l'Inde
4402:The Jain Iconography
4353:Umakant P. Shah 1987
4083:Umakant P. Shah 1987
3553:Umakant P. Shah 1987
3142:Umakant P. Shah 1987
2793:Umakant P. Shah 1987
2547:Umakant P. Shah 1987
2535:Umakant P. Shah 1987
2335:. 13 September 2013.
2100:Lodhurva Jain temple
2039:Calcutta Jain Temple
1246:Parshvanatha charite
1005:preached Jainism in
985:castes by preaching
945:Uttaradhyayana Sutra
680:Vividha Tirtha Kalpa
505:State Museum Lucknow
7414:Religion portal
7348:Topics List (index)
6639:Mahamastakabhisheka
5753:Kelting, M. Whitney
5708:Deo, S. B. (1954).
5692:Springer Publishing
5661:Sankhesvara Stotram
5538:Motilal Banarsidass
5488:The Asiatic Society
5422:Motilal Banarsidass
4996:Motilal Banarsidass
4982:Jaini, Padmanabh S.
4964:Motilal Banarsidass
4954:Jaini, Padmanabh S.
4936:Motilal Banarsidass
4922:Jaini, Padmanabh S.
4904:Motilal Banarsidass
4888:The Change of Heart
4875:The Clarendon Press
4723:(Second ed.).
4410:Motilal Banarsidass
4331:, pp. 143–144.
4317:Times of India 2019
4286:on 18 November 2017
4252:. 22 October 2016.
4085:, pp. 220–221.
4061:, pp. 105–106.
3991:, pp. 278–279.
3598:, pp. 263–267.
3192:, pp. 190–191.
3156:, pp. 127–130.
3132:, pp. 189–190.
3105:, pp. 186–187.
3093:, pp. 867–872.
2970:, pp. 130–133.
2943:, pp. 203–204.
2931:, pp. 202–203.
2888:, pp. 201–203.
2807:, pp. 199–200.
2677:, pp. 194–196.
2665:, pp. 183–184.
2496:, pp. 200–201.
2084:Samovsaran Mandir,
2053:Antwerp Jain Temple
2025:World Heritage Site
2014:Parshvanatha basadi
1996:World Heritage Site
1975:World Heritage Site
1954:World Heritage Site
1880:Humcha Jain temples
1859:' is also worship.
1831:, along with Mount
1764:Parshvanatha temple
1734:Vahelna Jain temple
1656:Parshvanatha basadi
1216:Sankhesvara Stotram
1098:(non-stealing) and
1061:Uttardhyayana Sutra
870:(monks) and 38,000
585:temples in Bhelupur
539:in Jain tradition.
68:Pārśva, Pārasanātha
58:Shankheshwar temple
7312:Sexual differences
6182:Indrabhuti Gautama
5934:The Times of India
5512:Bharatiya Jnanpith
5502:Upadhye, Dr. A. N.
4990:(First ed.).
3967:, pp. 33, 40.
3757:, p. 102–103.
3362:Jain, Chagganlal.
3154:Paul Williams 2005
3057:, p. 187–188.
2832:von Glasenapp 1999
2745:on 22 October 2012
1868:Mirpur Jain Temple
1808:
1783:Ellora Jain temple
1296:who is worshiped (
1290:
1160:Uvasagharam Stotra
1146:
1106:Samaññaphala Sutta
1092:(non-possession),
1069:Indrabhuti Gautama
1019:history of Jainism
848:
785:
533:
7453:Indian Jain monks
7420:
7419:
7102:
7101:
6881:Hampa Nagarajaiah
6774:Auspicious dreams
6702:Bhaktamara Stotra
6575:
6574:
6212:
6211:
5954:Media related to
5701:978-94-024-0851-5
5664:. Multy Graphics.
5650:978-81-208-0739-6
5614:978-0-415-33226-2
5593:978-0-8108-6337-8
5547:978-81-208-1376-2
5479:978-81-230-2454-7
5406:978-81-7017-208-6
5346:978-81-7154-839-2
5337:Popular Prakashan
5314:978-93-56114-46-3
5265:978-0-8264-2354-2
5244:978-0-520-28847-8
5219:978-81-85026-31-2
5179:Orsini, Francesca
5170:978-1-85168-247-8
5138:. Hemkunt Press.
5124:978-0-19-522243-2
5099:978-1-84511-625-5
5029:978-0-8160-7564-5
5005:978-81-208-1691-6
4973:978-81-208-1776-0
4945:978-81-208-1578-0
4913:978-81-208-0805-8
4883:Jain, Champat Rai
4845:978-0-85229-760-5
4824:978-0-8147-3650-0
4766:978-1-86064-148-0
4734:978-0-415-26605-5
4706:978-0-87779-044-0
4623:978-0-89281-923-2
4594:978-0-14-341517-6
4566:978-1-135-96390-3
4545:978-0-19-538502-1
4517:978-0-19-803037-9
4481:Smith, Vincent A.
4472:978-1-4443-9573-0
4451:978-0-7914-0656-4
4191:Bhattacharya 1974
3914:Bhattacharya 2011
3772:, pp. 28–29.
3730:, pp. 62–67.
3706:, pp. 31–32.
3670:, pp. 13–18.
3646:, pp. 30–32.
3634:, pp. 90–91.
3610:, pp. 96–98.
3586:, pp. 27–28.
3567:, pp. 31–33.
3478:978-81-923730-2-7
3468:History of Oswals
3348:978-0-7914-3785-8
3033:, pp. 12–13.
2834:, pp. 24–28.
2578:, pp. 67–68.
2525:, pp. 39–40.
2451:, pp. 30–33.
2435:978-81-8220-113-2
2322:, pp. 30–31.
1847:has a replica in
1252:Guru Gobind Singh
1212:Acharya Manatunga
953:Keśiśramanācharya
894:Avasyaka niryukti
850:According to the
594:According to the
591:of Parshvanatha.
389:Chaturyama Dharma
215:
214:
198:Vāmādevī (mother)
195:Aśvasena (father)
16:(Redirected from
7495:
7412:
7411:
7374:Monks & nuns
7271:Statue of Ahimsa
7228:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
6952:
6866:Champat Rai Jain
6709:Tattvartha Sutra
6468:
6431:
6249:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6216:
6043:Abhinandananatha
6010:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
5986:
5979:
5972:
5963:
5953:
5938:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5914:
5908:. Archived from
5903:
5893:
5881:
5864:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5704:
5665:
5654:
5627:Campbell, Joseph
5623:Zimmer, Heinrich
5618:
5597:
5582:. Vol. 38.
5572:
5551:
5515:
5497:
5483:
5458:
5434:
5410:
5386:
5368:
5350:
5318:
5294:
5281:Brill Publishers
5269:
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5223:
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4794:
4786:
4770:
4743:Fisher, Mary Pat
4738:
4710:
4682:
4654:
4626:
4615:
4598:
4570:
4549:
4521:
4493:
4491:
4476:
4455:
4434:
4423:. Primus Books.
4413:
4408:(2nd ed.).
4407:
4395:
4389:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4282:. Archived from
4272:
4266:
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4261:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
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4212:
4206:
4200:
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4188:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4131:Quintanilla 2000
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4107:Quintanilla 2007
4104:
4098:
4095:Quintanilla 2007
4092:
4086:
4080:
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3617:
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3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3539:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3513:sacred-texts.com
3505:
3499:
3498:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3437:
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3326:
3325:
3323:
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3306:
3300:
3299:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3273:sacred-texts.com
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3220:
3214:
3205:
3199:
3193:
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3175:
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3145:
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3133:
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3118:
3112:
3106:
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3028:
3022:
3016:
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2989:
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2956:
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2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2850:
2844:
2835:
2829:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2739:"kalyanak-bhumi"
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
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2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2537:, p. 83–84.
2532:
2526:
2520:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2452:
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2243:
2236:
2230:
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2217:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2187:
2138:
2124:
2110:
2096:
2081:
2067:
2049:
2035:
2010:
1985:
1964:
1943:
1778:
1759:
1744:
1729:
1714:
1699:
1660:Shravanabelagola
1654:An 11th-century
1635:Colossal statues
1625:, 12th century (
1619:
1604:
1588:
1573:
1558:
1538:
1523:
1503:
1487:
1471:
1452:
1443:
1440:
1427:
1381:, a circa 15 CE
1208:Bhayahara Stotra
1114:Champat Rai Jain
1009:and created the
991:animal sacrifice
975:Swayamprabhasuri
827:and the goddess
753:
635:
626:
557:Ikshvaku dynasty
454:: the Adinatha (
435:
431:
428:
424:
420:
417:
401:Anguttara Nikaya
397:Manorathapurani,
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
236:
229:
210:Ikshvaku dynasty
163:Kingdom of Kashi
54:
32:
21:
7503:
7502:
7498:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7416:
7406:
7400:
7352:
7316:
7265:Panch Kalyanaka
7199:
7138:
7134:Non-creationism
7098:
7032:
6943:
6895:
6876:Jeffery D. Long
6871:Padmanabh Jaini
6856:Virchand Gandhi
6836:Colette Caillat
6819:
6783:
6733:
6660:
6571:
6521:
6457:
6344:Heavenly beings
6281:
6253:
6243:
6213:
6208:
6153:
6148:Simandhar Swami
6012:
5995:
5990:
5946:
5941:
5937:. 27 July 2019.
5927:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5901:
5896:
5884:
5867:
5838:
5829:
5827:
5817:10.2307/3249941
5796:
5787:
5785:
5751:
5742:
5740:
5707:
5702:
5677:
5673:
5668:
5657:
5651:
5621:
5615:
5600:
5594:
5584:Scarecrow Press
5575:
5569:
5554:
5548:
5518:
5500:
5486:
5480:
5461:
5456:
5437:
5432:
5420:, vol. 1,
5413:
5407:
5389:
5382:, vol. 3,
5371:
5353:
5347:
5321:
5315:
5297:
5291:
5272:
5266:
5251:
5245:
5226:
5220:
5205:
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5125:
5106:
5100:
5081:
5075:
5060:
5054:
5035:
5030:
5019:
5012:
5006:
4980:
4974:
4952:
4946:
4920:
4914:
4895:
4881:
4866:
4854:Jacobi, Hermann
4852:
4846:
4831:
4825:
4803:
4787:
4773:
4767:
4741:
4735:
4713:
4707:
4697:Merriam-Webster
4685:
4679:
4657:
4651:
4641:Sahitya Akademi
4639:. Vol. 2.
4629:
4624:
4603:Danielou, Alain
4601:
4595:
4573:
4567:
4552:
4546:
4524:
4518:
4496:
4489:
4479:
4473:
4458:
4452:
4437:
4431:
4416:
4405:
4398:
4390:. Vol. 3.
4387:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4343:, pp. 186.
4339:
4335:
4327:
4323:
4315:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4287:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4227:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4167:Bhandarkar 1981
4165:
4161:
4153:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4002:
3995:
3987:
3983:
3975:
3971:
3963:
3959:
3951:
3947:
3939:
3932:
3926:Mansukhani 1993
3924:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3880:, p. 1781.
3876:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3804:
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3507:
3506:
3502:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3440:Sangve, Vilas.
3439:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3387:
3386:
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3148:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3080:
3074:Wayback Machine
3065:
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2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2470:Britannica 2009
2468:
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2097:
2088:
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2073:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2036:
2027:
2011:
2002:
1986:
1977:
1965:
1956:
1944:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1770:
1760:
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1745:
1736:
1730:
1721:
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1550:
1539:
1530:
1524:
1515:
1504:
1495:
1488:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1458:, 2nd century (
1453:
1444:
1441:
1428:
1385:excavated from
1270:
1230:Pasanaha-chairu
1204:Parshvabhyudaya
1134:
1120:Padmanabh Jaini
1039:
1003:Ratnaprabhasuri
929:
837:
761:
649:
648:
647:
646:
638:
637:
636:
628:
627:
616:
608:Heinrich Zimmer
589:three kalyanaka
573:janma-kalyanaka
545:
525:
433:
429:
422:
418:
365:
352:
349:
346:
343:
201:
184:
179:
170:
156:
60:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7501:
7499:
7491:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7448:770s BC deaths
7445:
7443:870s BC births
7440:
7435:
7425:
7424:
7418:
7417:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7391:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7360:
7358:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7324:
7322:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7267:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7207:
7205:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7146:
7144:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7089:Southeast Asia
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7040:
7038:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7003:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6960:
6958:
6949:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6923:Organisations
6921:
6916:
6911:
6905:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6891:Jinendra Varni
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6861:Hermann Jacobi
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6795:Digambara monk
6791:
6789:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6764:
6754:
6749:
6743:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6729:Uttaradhyayana
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6699:
6697:Namokar Mantra
6691:
6686:
6684:Shatkhandagama
6681:
6679:Pravachanasara
6676:
6670:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6566:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6531:
6529:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6490:Kashtha Sangha
6487:
6485:Balatkara Gana
6476:
6474:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6380:
6370:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6329:Jain cosmology
6326:
6325:
6324:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6291:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6263:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6251:Jainism topics
6244:
6242:
6241:
6234:
6227:
6219:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6174:
6169:
6163:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6078:Shreyansanatha
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6058:Suparshvanatha
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6024:
6022:
6014:
6013:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5993:God in Jainism
5991:
5989:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5945:
5944:External links
5942:
5940:
5939:
5925:
5915:on 25 May 2022
5894:
5882:
5865:
5836:
5794:
5749:
5705:
5700:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5655:
5649:
5619:
5613:
5598:
5592:
5573:
5567:
5552:
5546:
5516:
5498:
5484:
5478:
5459:
5454:
5435:
5430:
5411:
5405:
5387:
5369:
5351:
5345:
5319:
5313:
5295:
5289:
5270:
5264:
5249:
5243:
5224:
5218:
5203:
5197:
5175:
5169:
5150:
5144:
5129:
5123:
5104:
5098:
5079:
5073:
5058:
5052:
5033:
5028:
5010:
5004:
4984:, ed. (2000).
4978:
4972:
4950:
4944:
4918:
4912:
4893:
4879:
4864:
4850:
4844:
4829:
4823:
4801:
4776:Majumdar, R.C.
4771:
4765:
4739:
4733:
4711:
4705:
4689:, ed. (1999).
4687:Doniger, Wendy
4683:
4677:
4659:Dehejia, Vidya
4655:
4649:
4631:Datta, Amaresh
4627:
4622:
4599:
4593:
4571:
4565:
4550:
4544:
4522:
4516:
4494:
4477:
4471:
4465:. John Wiley.
4456:
4450:
4435:
4429:
4414:
4396:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4355:, p. 187.
4345:
4333:
4321:
4309:
4297:
4267:
4237:
4220:gwalior.nic.in
4207:
4195:
4183:
4181:, p. 103.
4171:
4169:, p. 306.
4159:
4147:
4135:
4133:, p. 106.
4123:
4111:
4109:, p. 406.
4099:
4097:, p. 201.
4087:
4075:
4063:
4051:
4049:, p. 204.
4039:
4008:
3993:
3981:
3979:, p. 234.
3969:
3957:
3945:
3930:
3918:
3916:, p. 270.
3906:
3904:, p. 232.
3894:
3882:
3870:
3858:
3856:, p. 130.
3846:
3834:
3832:, p. 754.
3822:
3820:, p. 201.
3810:
3798:
3786:
3774:
3759:
3747:
3732:
3720:
3718:, p. 843.
3708:
3696:
3684:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3622:, p. 158.
3612:
3600:
3588:
3569:
3557:
3540:
3538:, p. 211.
3525:
3500:
3484:
3477:
3458:
3432:
3406:
3388:Dodhia, Rati.
3380:
3354:
3347:
3341:. SUNY Press.
3327:
3301:
3285:
3260:
3258:, p. 220.
3248:
3236:
3234:, p. 274.
3221:
3206:
3204:, p. 191.
3194:
3182:
3180:, p. 190.
3170:
3168:, p. 121.
3158:
3146:
3134:
3119:
3117:, p. 189.
3107:
3095:
3078:
3059:
3047:
3045:, p. 220.
3043:Schubring 1964
3035:
3023:
3011:
2996:
2994:, p. 221.
2984:
2982:, p. 148.
2972:
2957:
2955:, p. 275.
2945:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2890:
2878:
2876:, p. 376.
2866:
2864:, p. 325.
2851:
2849:, p. 201.
2836:
2821:
2809:
2797:
2795:, p. 171.
2780:
2768:
2756:
2730:
2728:, p. 179.
2718:
2716:, p. 208.
2706:
2694:
2692:, p. 196.
2679:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2641:, p. 411.
2631:
2629:, p. 104.
2616:
2614:, p. 184.
2604:
2602:, p. 115.
2592:
2590:, p. 271.
2580:
2568:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2484:, p. 183.
2474:
2453:
2441:
2434:
2415:
2403:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2348:, p. 103.
2338:
2324:
2305:
2303:, p. 128.
2290:
2288:, p. 444.
2286:Sarasvati 1970
2278:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2238:Also known as
2231:
2218:
2205:
2196:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2171:Paranath Avtar
2168:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1945:
1938:
1843:is located in
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1677:
1674:Vishnuvardhana
1667:
1652:
1645:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1607:11th century,
1606:
1599:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1576:9th century -
1575:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1512:Madhya Pradesh
1505:
1498:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1429:
1422:
1397:on the chest.
1340:Suparshvanatha
1269:
1266:
1258:, part of the
1256:Paranath Avtar
1133:
1130:
1050:Ācārāṅga Sūtra
1038:
1035:
943:texts such as
928:
922:
836:
833:
820:
819:
811:
802:
801:
793:
760:
759:Previous lives
757:
640:
639:
630:
629:
621:
620:
619:
618:
617:
615:
612:
565:garbha-kalyana
544:
541:
524:
523:Jain biography
521:
446:Acaranga Sutra
434: 772 BCE
423: 527 BCE
393:Buddhist texts
385:Hermann Jacobi
364:
361:
357:Ācārāṅga Sūtra
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
200:
199:
196:
192:
190:
186:
185:
182:Sammed Shikhar
180:
176:
172:
171:
157:
153:
149:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
55:
47:
46:
40:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7500:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7415:
7410:
7403:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7355:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7328:List of Jains
7326:
7325:
7323:
7319:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7253:Jain calendar
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7202:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7141:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7105:
7095:
7094:United States
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7035:
7029:
7028:Uttar Pradesh
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6946:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6831:Nalini Balbir
6829:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6736:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6609:Vegetarianism
6607:
6605:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6524:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6432:
6430:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6400:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6240:
6235:
6233:
6228:
6226:
6221:
6220:
6217:
6205:
6204:Samudravijaya
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6188:
6187:Sudharmaswami
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6156:
6150:(other world)
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6063:Chandraprabha
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6038:Sambhavanatha
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6028:Rishabhanatha
6026:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5994:
5987:
5982:
5980:
5975:
5973:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5957:
5952:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5926:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5837:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5811:(1): 79–137.
5810:
5806:
5805:
5804:Artibus Asiae
5800:
5795:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5769:(2): 109–37.
5768:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5706:
5703:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5663:
5662:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5607:. Routledge.
5606:
5605:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5574:
5570:
5568:81-7017-316-7
5564:
5560:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5455:9781443815796
5451:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5436:
5433:
5431:9788120819382
5427:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5290:9789004155374
5286:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5257:
5256:
5250:
5246:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5204:
5200:
5198:9781783741021
5194:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5151:
5147:
5145:9788170101802
5141:
5137:
5136:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5080:
5076:
5074:9788177552980
5070:
5066:
5065:
5059:
5055:
5053:9781514430316
5049:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5025:
5018:
5017:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4837:
4836:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4678:9780231512664
4674:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4650:9788126011940
4646:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4586:
4585:Penguin books
4582:
4581:
4576:
4575:Dalal, Roshen
4572:
4568:
4562:
4559:. Routledge.
4558:
4557:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4526:Cort, John E.
4523:
4519:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4498:Cort, John E.
4495:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4436:
4432:
4430:9789380607177
4426:
4422:
4421:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4354:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4298:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4196:
4193:, p. 15.
4192:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4160:
4157:, p. 73.
4156:
4151:
4148:
4145:, p. 62.
4144:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4124:
4121:, p. 17.
4120:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4076:
4073:, p. 87.
4072:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4009:
4006:, p. 19.
4005:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3946:
3943:, p. 40.
3942:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3895:
3892:, p. 79.
3891:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3808:, p. 46.
3807:
3802:
3799:
3796:, p. 88.
3795:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3694:, p. 17.
3693:
3688:
3685:
3682:, p. 14.
3681:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3658:, p. 90.
3657:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3459:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3433:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3381:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3331:
3328:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3246:, p. 47.
3245:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3009:, p. 13.
3008:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2922:
2919:, p. 17.
2918:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2874:Danielou 1971
2870:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2819:, p. 26.
2818:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2778:, p. 12.
2777:
2772:
2769:
2766:, p. 32.
2765:
2760:
2757:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2653:, p. 60.
2652:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2566:, p. 16.
2565:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2508:, p. 39.
2507:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2413:, p. 11.
2412:
2407:
2404:
2401:, p. 30.
2400:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2372:, p. 62.
2371:
2366:
2363:
2360:, p. 90.
2359:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2269:, p. 45.
2268:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2249:
2241:
2240:Chandraprabha
2235:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:(Gori) Temple
2143:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2071:Shri Nakodaji
2066:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:Akkana Basadi
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1888:Kallil Temple
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:tantric rites
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1528:Uttar Pradesh
1526:6th century,
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1506:5th century (
1502:
1497:
1494:, 5th century
1493:
1492:Kahaum pillar
1486:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:Uttar Pradesh
1451:
1446:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1403:Kahaum pillar
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:Rishabhanatha
1189:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1138:
1132:In literature
1131:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1077:Wendy Doniger
1075:According to
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:Keśin Dālbhya
1062:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:Upkeśa Gaccha
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
966:
962:
961:Upkeśa Gaccha
958:
957:Gautama Swami
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
926:
923:
921:
919:
918:
913:
912:Tiloyapannati
909:
905:
901:
900:
895:
891:
888:According to
886:
884:
880:
876:
875:
869:
868:
863:
859:
855:
854:
846:
841:
834:
832:
830:
826:
817:
812:
808:
807:
806:
799:
794:
790:
789:
788:
783:
780:
776:
772:
771:
765:
758:
756:
754:
752:
746:
745:Nirvana Kanda
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
666:
662:
658:
654:
644:
634:
625:
613:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
542:
540:
538:
529:
522:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:
461:
457:
456:Rishabhanatha
453:
452:
447:
441:
439:
412:
408:
406:
403:, Vappa, the
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
362:
360:
358:
338:
337:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:
243:
242:
237:
235:
225:
221:
220:
211:
208:
204:
197:
194:
193:
191:
187:
183:
177:
173:
168:
167:Uttar Pradesh
165:(present-day
164:
160:
154:
150:
145:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7438:Tirthankaras
7433:Parshvanatha
7269:
7248:Samavasarana
7238:Śalākāpuruṣa
6846:John E. Cort
6757:Ashtamangala
6752:Siddhachakra
6689:Kasayapahuda
6656:Pratikramana
6564:Sthānakavāsī
6322:Anekāntavāda
6318:Jaina logic
6312:Kevala Jñāna
6307:Epistemology
6158:
6138:Parshvanatha
6137:
6073:Shitalanatha
6017:
5956:Parshvanatha
5932:
5917:. Retrieved
5910:the original
5899:"Ahicchatra"
5873:
5869:
5848:
5844:
5828:. Retrieved
5808:
5802:
5786:. Retrieved
5766:
5760:
5741:. Retrieved
5717:
5713:
5683:
5660:
5631:
5603:
5578:
5557:
5529:
5524:
5506:
5492:
5464:
5440:
5416:
5395:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5359:
5327:
5303:
5275:
5254:
5229:
5208:
5183:
5155:
5134:
5109:
5090:I. B. Tauris
5084:
5063:
5038:
5015:
4986:
4958:
4926:
4898:
4887:
4869:
4858:
4834:
4809:
4805:Heehs, Peter
4779:
4747:
4719:
4715:Dundas, Paul
4691:
4663:
4635:
4611:
4608:
4579:
4555:
4530:
4502:
4485:
4461:
4440:
4419:
4401:
4383:
4348:
4336:
4324:
4312:
4300:
4288:. Retrieved
4284:the original
4279:
4270:
4258:. Retrieved
4250:Anand Bharat
4249:
4240:
4228:. Retrieved
4219:
4210:
4198:
4186:
4174:
4162:
4155:Vajpeyi 1983
4150:
4138:
4126:
4114:
4102:
4090:
4078:
4066:
4054:
4042:
4030:. Retrieved
4021:
4011:
3984:
3972:
3960:
3948:
3928:, p. 6.
3921:
3909:
3897:
3885:
3873:
3868:, p. 8.
3866:Dehejia 2009
3861:
3854:Kelting 2007
3849:
3844:, p. 5.
3837:
3825:
3818:Sangave 2001
3813:
3806:Upadhye 2000
3801:
3794:Kothary 2015
3789:
3777:
3750:
3723:
3716:Doniger 1999
3711:
3699:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3639:
3627:
3620:Hoiberg 2000
3615:
3603:
3596:Chapple 2011
3591:
3560:
3555:, p. 5.
3516:. Retrieved
3512:
3503:
3493:
3487:
3467:
3461:
3449:. Retrieved
3445:
3435:
3423:. Retrieved
3419:
3409:
3397:. Retrieved
3393:
3383:
3371:. Retrieved
3367:
3357:
3337:
3330:
3318:. Retrieved
3314:
3304:
3294:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3272:
3263:
3251:
3239:
3197:
3185:
3173:
3166:Coulter 2013
3161:
3149:
3137:
3110:
3098:
3062:
3050:
3038:
3026:
3014:
2987:
2975:
2948:
2936:
2924:
2912:
2900:, p. 2.
2893:
2881:
2869:
2812:
2800:
2771:
2759:
2747:. Retrieved
2743:the original
2733:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2639:Ghatage 1951
2634:
2627:Sangave 2001
2607:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2542:
2530:
2501:
2489:
2477:
2444:
2424:
2418:
2406:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2346:Sangave 2001
2341:
2327:
2301:Sangave 2001
2281:
2262:
2239:
2234:
2227:Jataka tales
2221:
2213:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2185:
1861:
1827:in northern
1809:
1799:Jal Mandir,
1543:Akota Bronze
1541:7th-century
1442: 15 CE
1412:Gupta Empire
1401:
1399:
1391:dhyāna mudrā
1387:Kankali Tila
1376:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1348:tirthankaras
1347:
1344:tirthankaras
1343:
1337:
1321:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1261:Dasam Granth
1259:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1215:
1210:composed by
1207:
1203:
1183:Uttarapurana
1181:
1171:
1156:tirthankaras
1155:
1149:
1147:
1118:
1110:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1074:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1043:
1040:
969:
949:tirthankaras
937:tirthankaras
930:
924:
915:
911:
907:
904:Kalpa Sūtras
903:
897:
893:
887:
871:
865:
851:
849:
821:
803:
786:
768:
751:purisādāṇīya
748:
726:
712:
708:samavasarana
684:Kevala Jnana
683:
676:Kevala Jnana
672:Ahichchhatra
670:
650:
642:
614:Renunciation
593:
577:
572:
568:
564:
546:
537:tirthankaras
536:
534:
509:Asthal Bohar
497:Patna Museum
490:
477:
473:
470:tirthankaras
469:
463:
449:
445:
442:
413:
409:
396:
388:
380:
368:
366:
350:non-violence
334:
332:
309:
278:
268:
263:
247:Tirthankaras
245:
240:
239:
231:
219:Parshvanatha
218:
217:
216:
73:Venerated in
35:Parshvanatha
29:
18:Parshwanatha
7190:Rashtrakuta
7107:Jainism and
7006:Maharashtra
6964:Bundelkhand
6851:Paul Dundas
6724:Kalpa Sūtra
6719:Aptamimamsa
6604:Monasticism
6535:Murtipujaka
6517:Kanji Panth
6497:Taran Panth
6480:Mula Sangha
6334:Siddhashila
6267:Tirthankara
6123:Munisuvrata
6108:Kunthunatha
6103:Shantinatha
6098:Dharmanatha
6093:Anantanatha
6088:Vimalanatha
6068:Pushpadanta
6053:Padmaprabha
6048:Sumatinatha
6019:Tirthankara
5688:Netherlands
4230:20 December
3965:Dundas 2002
3941:Dundas 2002
3842:Suriji 2013
3782:Jacobi 1884
3743:Dundas 2002
3704:Dundas 2002
3644:Dundas 2002
3565:Dundas 2002
3414:Baya, D S.
3232:Jacobi 1964
3202:Zimmer 1953
3190:Zimmer 1953
3178:Zimmer 1953
3130:Zimmer 1953
3115:Zimmer 1953
3103:Zimmer 1953
3091:Clines 2017
3055:Zimmer 1953
3019:Jacobi 1964
2992:Dundas 2002
2953:Jacobi 1964
2941:Zimmer 1953
2929:Zimmer 1953
2917:Kapoor 2002
2886:Zimmer 1953
2847:Zimmer 1953
2805:Zimmer 1953
2749:10 December
2702:Zimmer 1953
2690:Zimmer 1953
2675:Zimmer 1953
2663:Zimmer 1953
2612:Zimmer 1953
2600:Fisher 1997
2588:Jacobi 1964
2523:Dundas 2002
2506:Dundas 2002
2482:Zimmer 1953
2449:Dundas 2002
2399:Dundas 2002
2382:Zimmer 1953
2320:Dundas 2002
2267:Tandon 2002
2214:tirthankars
2128:Kere Basadi
1998:as part of
1932:Guru Basadi
1884:Ahi Kshetra
1833:Shatrunjaya
1435:Mathura art
1408:Skandagupta
1333:iconography
1304:Shantinatha
1268:Iconography
1151:Kalpa Sūtra
1142:Kalpa Sūtra
1125:Paul Dundas
967:tradition.
899:Samavayanga
872:Sadhvis or
853:Kalpa Sūtra
825:Dharanendra
775:Dharanendra
688:Dharanendra
661:omniscience
511:village of
486:iconography
474:Kalpa Sūtra
465:Kalpa Sūtra
381:Isibhasiyam
373:Paul Dundas
369:tirthankara
363:Historicity
328:Śvētāmbaras
301:Dharanendra
264:Tirthankara
241:Pārasanātha
228:पार्श्वनाथः
83:Predecessor
65:Other names
43:Tirthankara
7427:Categories
7369:Literature
7258:Samvatsari
7023:Tamil Nadu
6948:Jainism in
6767:Nandavarta
6714:Samayasāra
6666:Literature
6634:Kshamavani
6629:Paryushana
6592:Meditation
6587:Sallekhana
6527:Śvetāmbara
6448:Ratnatraya
6368:Gunasthana
6287:Philosophy
6194:Jambuswami
6118:Mallinatha
6033:Ajitanatha
5788:25 January
4757:I.B.Tauris
4260:13 January
4119:Smith 1901
4059:Brown 1991
4032:13 January
3902:Reddy 2022
3878:Datta 1988
3830:Dalal 2010
3770:Jaini 2000
3692:Jaini 2000
3680:Jaini 1998
3668:Jaini 1998
3656:Price 2010
3632:Heehs 2002
3584:Jaini 2000
3446:jainqq.org
3420:jainqq.org
3394:jainqq.org
3368:jainqq.org
3315:jainqq.org
3256:Dalal 2010
2980:Wiley 2009
2898:UP tourism
2764:Singh 2009
2370:Jaini 2001
2358:Heehs 2002
2250:References
2149:Tharparkar
2114:Lal Mandir
1837:Śvētāmbara
1664:kayotsarga
1328:kayotsarga
1294:tirthankar
1188:Gunabhadra
1178:Ādi purāṇa
1176:includes "
1173:Mahapurāṇa
1164:Bhadrabahu
1089:aparigraha
1027:Śvetāmbara
965:Śvetāmbara
941:Śvetāmbara
917:nirgrantha
879:ganadharas
858:Śvētāmbara
798:Vindyachal
779:Tamil Nadu
604:Prasenajit
600:Śvētāmbara
569:tirthankar
478:tirthankar
432: – c.
430: 872
421: – c.
419: 599
377:Jain texts
324:Digambaras
320:Jain sects
254:-Maker of
178:c. 772 BCE
155:c. 872 BCE
7287:Sculpture
7223:Ekendriya
7084:Singapore
7069:Hong Kong
7049:Australia
7018:Rajasthan
6989:Karnataka
6901:Community
6886:Bal Patil
6841:Chandabai
6810:Pattavali
6762:Shrivatsa
6747:Jain flag
6624:Festivals
6580:Practices
6568:Terapanth
6555:Tristutik
6545:Kharatara
6507:Terapanth
6502:Bispanthi
6472:Digambara
6295:Five Vows
6272:Ganadhara
6177:Ganadhara
6133:Neminatha
6128:Naminatha
6083:Vasupujya
5855:: 70–78.
5738:555200984
5724:: 1–608.
5641:Routledge
5625:(1953) .
5384:Stuttgart
4924:(1998) .
4725:Routledge
4720:The Jains
4717:(2002) .
4577:(2010) .
4341:Cort 2010
4329:Cort 2010
4016:Harvard.
4004:Vyas 1995
3989:Cort 2010
3977:Cort 2001
3953:Cort 2010
3728:Long 2009
3244:Cort 2001
3217:Cort 2010
2968:Cort 2010
2817:Shah 2004
2726:Cort 2001
2576:Vyas 1995
2564:Vyas 1995
2255:Citations
1924:Bada Gaon
1920:Andeshwar
1908:Bijoliaji
1900:Nainagiri
1896:Pateriaji
1864:Shikharji
1817:Jharkhand
1813:Parasnath
1805:Parasnath
1801:Shikharji
1785:, 1234 CE
1666:position.
1623:Karnataka
1395:shrivatsa
1383:ayagapata
1308:Neminatha
1286:shrivatsa
1144:(c. 1472)
1037:Teachings
1031:Digambara
999:Rajasthan
890:Digambara
845:Thirakoil
835:Disciples
829:Padmavati
816:Himalayas
737:Jharkhand
733:Parasnath
723:Parasnath
719:Shikharji
692:Padmavati
657:Neminatha
596:Digambara
501:Ayagapata
460:Neminatha
395:. In the
305:Padmavati
293:Jharkhand
283:on Mount
147:Genealogy
124:100 years
93:Successor
87:Neminatha
7379:Scholars
7357:Navboxes
7216:Timeline
7165:Ikshvaku
7150:Chalukya
7119:Hinduism
7114:Buddhism
7079:Pakistan
7037:Overseas
6824:Scholars
6805:Kshullak
6788:Ascetics
6779:Swastika
6597:Sāmāyika
6512:Yapaniya
6463:Branches
6167:Bahubali
6143:Mahavira
6113:Aranatha
6008: ;
6004: ;
5919:21 April
5861:44139823
5830:20 April
5783:27643255
5755:(2007).
5730:42929542
5522:(1999).
5504:(2000).
5490:(1892).
5393:(1987).
5375:Jinismus
5357:(1970).
5325:(2001).
5301:(2022).
4956:(2001).
4885:(1939).
4807:(2002).
4791:citation
4745:(1997).
4661:(2009).
4633:(1988).
4605:(1971),
4528:(2010).
4500:(2001).
4483:(1901).
4377:(1981).
4254:Archived
4224:Archived
4179:Deo 1954
4071:Pal 1995
4026:Archived
3070:Archived
2651:Deo 1954
2166:Naminath
2160:See also
2086:Palitana
2018:Halebidu
1916:Gajpanth
1912:Jirawala
1904:Kundadri
1768:Halebidu
1719:Gopachal
1687:Vadodara
1196:Bahubali
1168:Jinasena
1140:Parsva,
1023:Mahavira
933:Mahavira
862:śrāvakas
665:dhaataki
663:under a
581:Varanasi
553:Varanasi
312:Varanasi
289:Madhuban
275:Neminath
271:Mahavira
224:Sanskrit
169:, India)
159:Varanasi
97:Mahavira
7389:America
7384:Temples
7233:Pratima
7211:History
7204:Related
7195:Santara
7175:Kalinga
7170:Kadamba
7160:Hoysala
7129:Sikhism
7054:Belgium
6984:Haryana
6979:Gujarat
6909:Śrāvaka
6815:Acharya
6739:Symbols
6693:Mantra
6646:Upadhan
6619:Rituals
6614:Fasting
6453:Kashaya
6443:Saṃsāra
6422:Nirjara
6417:Samvara
6388:Pudgala
6277:Arihant
6159:Samanya
6002:Arihant
5825:3249941
5720:(1/4).
5629:(ed.).
5044:Xlibris
4381:(ed.).
4362:Sources
4290:10 June
3518:13 June
3451:14 June
3425:14 June
3399:14 June
3373:14 June
3320:13 June
3278:13 June
2057:Belgium
1829:Gujarat
1821:nirvana
1791:Temples
1416:Arihant
1362:Ganesha
1200:Bharata
1021:before
995:Bhinmal
987:Jainism
983:Srimali
963:of the
874:aryikas
704:Chaitra
583:. The
517:Haryana
484:, lack
482:Mathura
344:
285:Sammeda
260:Jainism
206:Dynasty
189:Parents
77:Jainism
7394:Bengal
7302:Nigoda
7277:Temple
7243:Tirtha
7185:Pandya
7180:Maurya
7064:Europe
7059:Canada
7044:Africa
7011:Mumbai
7001:Kerala
6800:Aryika
6540:Gaccha
6412:Bandha
6407:Asrava
6402:Tattva
6393:Dharma
6373:Dravya
6361:Causes
6339:Naraka
6300:Ahimsa
6006:Siddha
5880:, 2009
5859:
5823:
5781:
5743:8 July
5736:
5728:
5698:
5647:
5637:London
5611:
5590:
5565:
5544:
5476:
5452:
5428:
5403:
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5343:
5333:Mumbai
5311:
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5262:
5241:
5216:
5195:
5167:
5142:
5121:
5096:
5071:
5050:
5026:
5002:
4970:
4942:
4910:
4842:
4821:
4784:Bombay
4763:
4753:London
4731:
4703:
4675:
4647:
4620:
4591:
4563:
4542:
4514:
4469:
4448:
4427:
3475:
3345:
3067:Jataka
2432:
2142:Godiji
2022:UNESCO
1993:UNESCO
1972:UNESCO
1951:UNESCO
1930:, and
1857:yantra
1849:Mumbai
1841:Godiji
1370:yaksha
1366:yaksha
1364:-like
1357:yaksha
1299:bhakti
1238:kirtan
1180:" and
1095:asteya
1084:ahimsa
1045:ahimsa
1033:sect.
979:Porwal
971:Keśī's
927:Gaccha
925:Upkeśa
908:aryika
867:sādhus
770:yaksha
728:moksha
715:moksha
653:Pausha
643:moksha
549:Pausha
513:Rohtak
503:is in
438:Buddha
405:Buddha
336:ahimsa
297:Ganges
280:moksha
256:dharma
234:Pārśva
230:), or
113:Height
103:Symbol
7321:Lists
7282:Stupa
7155:Ganga
7124:Islam
7074:Japan
6994:North
6969:Delhi
6956:India
6937:JAINA
6919:Tamil
6914:Sarak
6674:Agama
6651:Tapas
6438:Death
6429:Mokṣa
6383:Ajiva
6356:Types
6351:Karma
6199:Nabhi
5913:(PDF)
5902:(PDF)
5857:JSTOR
5821:JSTOR
5779:JSTOR
5762:Numen
5726:JSTOR
5671:Books
5534:Delhi
5528:[
5020:(PDF)
4992:Delhi
4932:Delhi
4490:(PDF)
4406:(PDF)
4388:(PDF)
4367:Books
2177:Notes
1845:Sindh
1593:LACMA
1508:Satna
1476:CSMVS
1324:lotus
1282:cobra
1278:sesha
1236:is a
1101:satya
1011:Oswal
1007:Osian
810:life.
741:Laddu
561:Indra
451:jinas
316:India
258:) of
141:Green
137:Color
132:Ashok
107:Snake
41:23rd
7364:Gods
6550:Tapa
6378:Jīva
6259:Gods
5921:2022
5832:2022
5790:2023
5745:2022
5734:OCLC
5696:ISBN
5645:ISBN
5609:ISBN
5588:ISBN
5563:ISBN
5542:ISBN
5474:ISBN
5450:ISBN
5426:ISBN
5401:ISBN
5341:ISBN
5309:ISBN
5285:ISBN
5260:ISBN
5239:ISBN
5214:ISBN
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5165:ISBN
5140:ISBN
5119:ISBN
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5069:ISBN
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5024:ISBN
5000:ISBN
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4940:ISBN
4908:ISBN
4840:ISBN
4819:ISBN
4797:link
4761:ISBN
4729:ISBN
4701:ISBN
4673:ISBN
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4618:ISBN
4589:ISBN
4561:ISBN
4540:ISBN
4512:ISBN
4467:ISBN
4446:ISBN
4425:ISBN
4292:2017
4262:2019
4232:2016
4034:2019
3520:2024
3473:ISBN
3453:2024
3427:2024
3401:2024
3375:2024
3343:ISBN
3322:2024
3280:2024
2904:help
2751:2012
2430:ISBN
2273:help
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1647:The
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238:and
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152:Born
129:Tree
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6974:Goa
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