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The term later acquired a political significance, denoting the imperial heartland. The position of
Minister of Beiyang (北洋通商大臣) in the late Qing Dynasty was held by the
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163:. Initially a purely geographic term, it originated toward the end of the
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159:: Peiyang) literally means
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155:: Běiyáng;
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275:"北洋通商大臣"
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