1224:. From 1354 to 1435 the rulers managed to uphold a balance between the various fiefs. In particular the 47-years reign of Drakpa Gyaltsen (1385–1432) was remembered as generally peaceful and prosperous. The early Phagmodrupa era is famous for being culturally productive, and has even been termed a "golden age". There was an intense interest in reviving the glories of the ancient Tibetan kingdom, and many supposedly ancient texts were "rediscovered" by learned clerics. The monasteries gained increasing influence on the life of the Tibetans. This period included the work of the Buddhist reformer
58:
826:
815:
1178:(Central Tibet). However, there is no trace of this office in the Tibetan chronicles or documents. Tibetan sources show that the titles and seals sent by the Chinese authorities were valued by the Phagmodrupa as adding to their prestige, but that no ordinances, taxes or laws were imposed by the Ming. The emperor clearly preferred to issue formal appointments of Tibetans as rulers rather than to try to send officials or military commanders. Only essential matters, for instance the ownership of
1182:, were to be judged by the emperor. Overall, as argued by Martin Slobodník, "the Phag-mo-gru did not represent an important ally or a dangerous enemy of the Ming Dynasty in its Inner Asian policy. The amount of information on these relations available in Chinese and Tibetan sources reflects the fact that at any time it did not represent a priority either for the Chinese or the Tibetan side. In relations with China Tibet was only one of numerous peripheral regions".
461:
693:
1040:(divisions) of Central Tibet. Towards the end of the 13th century the myriarchy fell on hard times and lost territory. Its fortunes were revived by Changchub Gyaltsen, who became lord of the fief in 1322. He managed to defeat various local opponents at a time when the Yuan dynasty, overlord of Tibet, was on the decline. The
1131:) and combined civil and military functions; these were chosen from among Changchub Gyaltsen's close followers and initially were not hereditary. He abolished Mongol laws and customs in favour of traditional Tibetan ones, which were much less harsh. Three centuries later his laws were revised by the
1413:
in 1905 says: "During the reign of the Phagdu dynasty all Tibet enjoyed peace and prosperity. People became rich in money and cattle. The country enjoyed immunity from famine and murrain, and was not harassed by foreign invasion. Although some petty fights and quarrels with some of the disaffected
1399:
The history of the
Phagmodrupa after the death of Ngawang Drakpa Gyaltsen in 1603/04 is very obscure since they were by now entirely eclipsed by other political factions. They were defeated by the Tsangpa in 1613 and again in 1620, and the final incumbent was expelled from Lhasa in 1635. After his
932:, revitalized the national culture, and brought about a new legislation that survived until the 1950s. Nevertheless, the Phagmodrupa had a turbulent history due to internal family feuding and the strong localism among noble lineages and fiefs. Its power receded after 1435 and was reduced to
1387:
was placed on the increasingly hollow throne in 1576. Though largely powerless, he maintained some importance as a focal point around whom the various noble and clerical factions of East
Central Tibet balanced. At the same time a new powerful dynasty arose in Tsang. This was the
1362:
sect of
Buddhism while the Phagmodrupa often (but not exclusively) favoured the rival Gelug sect. In the political landscape at this period it was important for rulers to find alliances with powerful monasteries and sects. Kunga Lekpa's grandnephew
2532:
1048:(West Central Tibet) had hitherto wielded power over Tibet on behalf of the Mongols. However, Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen superseded Sakya in the period 1354–1358, thereby recreating an autonomous Tibetan state.
1408:
was however given to an outsider and the Lang family lapsed into obscurity. In spite of its inglorious later history, the dynasty has a good reputation in traditional historiography. A history translated by
2497:
2492:
3147:
2522:
1190:
The first rulers were lamas who did not marry, and the succession up to 1481 went via collateral kinsmen. The dynasty was divided into three branches or rather functionaries: the ruling
2307:
3294:
3289:
1703:. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, p. 89; and W.. Rockhill (1910) 'The Dalai Lamas of Lhasa and their relations with the Manchu Emperors of China, 1644-1908',
2847:
1781:
Martin
Slobodník, "The relations between the Chinese Ming Dynasty and the Tibetan ruling house of Phag-mo-gru in the years 1368-1434: political and religious aspects",
2753:
1725:
Peter
Schwieger (2009/10) 'Significance of Ming titles conferred upon the Phag mo gru rulers: A reevaluation of Chinese-Tibetan relations during the Ming Dynasty',
1020:, 1198). Phagmodru evolved into a large and wealthy estate around the monastery, which was governed by members of the Lang family. They maintained a variant of the
1162:) in 1406. The Ming court formally established a number of prefectures (都司) and counties (寨) in Central Tibet. A Chinese I military commissioner was appointed in
2464:
57:
2852:
1523:
546:
2880:
2444:
854:
2728:
2312:
2429:
2170:
2113:
1107:(600-842) whose glory he wished to revive. The new regent reorganized the old Mongol-Sakya administration by sharing up the territory in divisions (
803:
3299:
2036:
1206:) who sired children to continue the Lang lineage. While the first four rulers declined to take royal titles, being content with the dignity of
3110:
2221:
2067:
3284:
1342:
At length the
Phagmodrupa were crippled by internal dissent in the Lang family. A brief civil war in 1434 weakened their position. Powerful
2792:
2302:
772:
1392:(1565–1642) who overthrew the Rinpungpa and increased their territory in various parts of Tibet. Like the Rinpungpa they allied with the
2407:
2362:
1383:. As he grew old, new infighting beset the family, and his death in 1564 was followed by a long interregnum. Eventually his grandson
3259:
2434:
1975:
188:
2347:
1414:
and rapacious ministers now and then disturbed the peace of the country, yet on the whole, the dynasty was beneficial to Tibet".
2387:
3224:
3105:
2939:
2080:
985:
came from the monastic principality
Phagmodru ("sow's ferry crossing"), which was founded as a hermitage in 1158 by the famous
961:
1988:
641:
616:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
2782:
2748:
2557:
2160:
1139:, and then remained in effect until the invasion of Tibet by Maoist China. The dynasty in the first place wielded power over
847:
460:
2797:
2598:
1055:
was beset by inner troubles, and so preferred to confirm the acquisitions of
Changchub Gyaltsen, and conferred the titles
2454:
3254:
3198:
2802:
2644:
2283:
2605:
2397:
2357:
2103:
1244:
982:
913:
788:
533:
1936:
Medieval rule in Tibet: The Rlangs Clan and the political and religious history of the ruling house of Phag mo gru pa
1856:
Medieval rule in Tibet: The Rlangs Clan and the political and religious history of the ruling house of Phag mo gru pa
1404:
entertained friendly relations with the last titular lord of the line. Some years after the latter's death in 1671,
2885:
2814:
2807:
2765:
2547:
2332:
2060:
2890:
2824:
2677:
2668:
2552:
2542:
2342:
2165:
2118:
990:
840:
793:
672:
277:
2233:
2203:
2175:
1617:
1554:
757:
3014:
2527:
2004:
Rulers of the
Celestial Plain: Ecclesiastic and Secular Hegemony in Medieval Tibet. A Study of Tshal Gung-thang
1730:
3181:
2842:
2740:
2593:
2588:
2108:
1549:
1495:
1384:
1258:
1076:
798:
1901:(1905) 'A short history of the house of Phagdu, which ruled over Tibet on the decline of Sakya till 1432',
2512:
2471:
1600:
1509:
1308:
1211:
177:
2422:
2382:
2290:
767:
3175:
3031:
3026:
3003:
2770:
2449:
2337:
2270:
2213:
2053:
1992:
1980:
1527:
1513:
1499:
1485:
1471:
1453:
1439:
1425:
1326:
1312:
1298:
1284:
1262:
1248:
929:
917:
884:
762:
727:
621:
268:
239:
928:. The dynasty had a lasting importance on the history of Tibet; it created an autonomous kingdom after
2775:
2507:
2412:
2185:
1467:
1364:
722:
1032:. When Mongol rule was imposed on Tibet in the mid-13th century, Phagmodru became an appanage under
2986:
2819:
2517:
2459:
1786:
1405:
1092:
1001:. Some time after the death of the founder in 1170, some of his disciples met and organized a true
317:
814:
3162:
3127:
2944:
2914:
2760:
2629:
2572:
2372:
2367:
2352:
1758:
420:
221:
1371:
area in 1517–18. He was the last effective king of the dynasty, keeping good relations with the
1067:
made no attempt to reinstate the tight grip on Tibet once exercised by the
Mongols. In 1372 the
1006:
692:
3137:
2924:
2919:
2502:
2487:
2392:
2377:
1971:
1939:
1898:
1410:
1033:
484:
429:
402:
366:
199:
3217:
3117:
3068:
3051:
2934:
2868:
2708:
2537:
2439:
2417:
2088:
1596:
1544:
1401:
1280:
1132:
994:
901:
681:
504:
494:
474:
440:
384:
357:
306:
210:
112:
3132:
3122:
3019:
2658:
2653:
2639:
2402:
2265:
2253:
2147:
2134:
1741:
1179:
1166:
close to the border in 1374. The emperor bestowed on him general governing authority over
1158:
in China, and received from them the title Chanhuawang (Chinese: 闡化王, prince who expounds
1104:
945:
936:(East Central Tibet) in the 16th century due to the rise of the ministerial family of the
752:
747:
712:
702:
411:
348:
337:
259:
92:
83:
74:
1052:
1819:
David Snellgrove & Hugh Richardson (1986) pp. 153-4, 180-2; Laurent Deshayes (1997)
3233:
3188:
3168:
3094:
3036:
2152:
2019:
2009:
1927:
1919:
1666:
1641:
1376:
1270:
1096:
1068:
949:
876:
717:
297:
250:
230:
159:
101:
3248:
3142:
2610:
1380:
1372:
1322:
1225:
1154:
After 1373 the rulers periodically dispatched formal tributes to the emperors of the
1144:
1140:
1136:
1041:
965:
953:
933:
375:
328:
132:
3100:
3056:
3046:
2998:
2993:
2976:
2624:
2295:
1481:
1449:
1435:
1393:
1294:
1155:
1064:
925:
830:
393:
288:
168:
3081:
3076:
1421:
1355:
1351:
1163:
1021:
819:
1691:
However, they did hold authority over the three regions of Tibet (Ü, Tsang and
3193:
2981:
2787:
2703:
2278:
2142:
1237:
1233:
1175:
1171:
1148:
1045:
1037:
707:
1968:
China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries
1011:
2949:
2663:
2243:
1461:
1347:
1002:
937:
912:
or parts thereof from 1354 to the early 17th century. It was established by
737:
507:
2006:. Vol. I-II. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
1731:
http://www.ltwa.net/library/images/downloads/publication/procedings2009.pdf
1938:, Vol. I-II, Wien: ÖAW. A list, questionable in some details, is found in
2619:
2198:
2037:
The Life and Liberation of Phagmodrupa, the Protector of Migrating Beings
1621:
1367:(r. 1499–1554, 1556/57–1564) managed to push back the Rinpungpa from the
1199:
1159:
1025:
896:
17:
3087:
3041:
2956:
2248:
1389:
1359:
1220:
1099:. Changchub Gyaltsen did not take royal titles but preferred the title
957:
941:
742:
634:
514:
2966:
2615:
2498:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
2493:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
2258:
1983:(1981) 'The rise of Changchub Gyaltsen and the Phagmo Drupa Period',
1343:
141:
1478:) (1488–1564, r. 1499–1554, 1556/57–1564) son of Gongma Ngagi Wangpo
1358:(r. 1448–1481) deposed. The Rinpungpa tended to associate with the
3152:
2971:
2961:
2834:
2523:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
2076:
2024:
Deb t'er dmar po gsar ma. Tibetan Chronicles by bSod nams grags pa
1924:
Deb t'er dmar po gsar ma. Tibetan chronicles by bSod nams grags pa
1914:
List of rulers culled from Ngag-dBang Blo-bZang rGya-mTSHo (1995)
1768:, Beijing: Foreign Language Press, pp. 12-3; Chenqing Ying (2003)
1559:
1368:
1240:. The rulers in the first century of the dynasty were as follows:
1229:
1029:
998:
986:
909:
659:
2045:
1834:
Deb t'er mar po gsar ma: Tibetan chronicles by bSod nams grags pa
2698:
2693:
2193:
1696:
1692:
1346:
took the opportunity to increase their power, in particular the
1167:
1080:
150:
63:
2049:
2929:
1534:) (d. 1671, r. after 1613) grandson of Ngawang Drakpa Gyaltsen
1350:
family who came to dominate Tsang. In 1481 one of their line,
1942:, 'Contributions on the religion, history &c, of Tibet',
1934:, 2 Vols., Rome: La Libreria dello Stato; Olaf Czaja (2013),
944:
dynasty in 1613 and 1620, and was formally superseded by the
1810:, New Haven & London: Yale University Press, pp. 85–113.
1532:
mi pham bsod nams dbang phyug grags pa rnam rgyal pal bzang
1657:
David Snellgrove & Hugh Richardson, (1986), pp. 152-4.
1673:, 2 Volumes, Rome: La Libreria dello Stato, p. 22, 692.
2548:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
2533:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
1103:(sde srid) that means regent, namely for the ancient
3067:
2903:
2867:
2833:
2727:
2686:
2571:
2480:
2323:
2127:
2096:
2087:
1772:, Beijing: China Intercontinental Press, pp. 42-52.
655:
579:
569:
557:
540:
527:
513:
500:
490:
480:
470:
32:
1961:The Merging of Religious and Secular Rule in Tibet
27:Tibetian regime of 1354 to the early 17th century.
1585:Sino-Tibetan relations in the seventeenth century
1506:) (d. 1603/04, r. 1554–1556/57, 1576–1603/04) son
1987:, 1981 Gangtok: Namgyal Institute of Tibetology
1127:who governed from fortified cities (also called
1918:, Indiana University, Bloomington, pp. 126-60;
1999:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
1746:The Tibet-China Conflict: History and polemics
1520:) (c. 1589–1613, r. 1604–1613) grandnephew (?)
1202:monasteries, and the preserver of the family (
3295:States and territories disestablished in 1642
2465:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
2061:
1757:Chinese perspectives on this may be found in
1379:, but his influence was mainly restricted to
1091:The new regime governed from their palace in
848:
8:
1607:, Boston & London: Shambhala, pp, 135-6.
1524:Mipham Sonam Wangchuk Drakpa Namgyal Palzang
1460:) (1450–1510, r. 1491–1499) regent from the
960:formally transferred the old possessions of
908:) was a dynastic regime that held sway over
547:Mipham Sonam Wangchuk Drakpa Namgyal Palzang
2016:, 2 Volumes, Rome: La Libreria dello Stato.
2002:Sorensen, Per, & Hazod, Guntram (2007)
1699:) according to Tsepon W. D. Shakbpa (1967)
3290:States and territories established in 1354
2907:
2873:
2733:
2581:
2577:
2093:
2068:
2054:
2046:
1867:Laurent Deshayes (1997) pp. 122-3, 134-46.
855:
841:
666:
29:
1944:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
1903:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
1576:
1036:(d. 1266), forming one of the thirteen
780:
680:
669:
2222:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
1748:, Washington: East-West Center, p. 27.
1400:victory over the Tsangpa in 1642, the
1232:sect, and that of his younger kinsman
968:and Phagmodrupa to the "Great Fifth".
895:
2303:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
1959:Dung-dkar blo-zang 'phrim-las (1991)
1476:gong ma ngag dbang bkra shis grags pa
578:
568:
564:
539:
526:
522:
512:
7:
2430:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
1236:, posthumously counted as the first
1432:) (1433–1483, r. 1448–1481) brother
1305:) (1359–1408, r. 1381–1385) brother
1123:), districts. These were headed by
2408:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
2363:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
1970:(1983) Univ. of California Press.
1963:, Beijing: Foreign Language Press.
1766:The Biographies of the Dalai Lamas
1446:) (1439–1491, r. 1481–1491) nephew
1333:) (1414–1445, r. 1432–1445) nephew
1319:) (1374–1432, r. 1385–1432) cousin
1291:) (1356–1386, r. 1373–1381) nephew
1277:) (1340–1373, r. 1364–1373) nephew
1253:ta'i si tu byang chub rgyal mtshan
1075:on Changchub Gyaltsen's successor
25:
2445:Protests and uprisings since 1950
2435:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
977:The foundation of the Phagmodrupa
2553:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
2543:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
1858:, Vol. I-II, Wien: ÖAW, p.291-2.
1845:Giuseppe Tucci (1971) pp. 231-2.
1716:Giuseppe Tucci (1949) pp. 692-4.
824:
813:
691:
639:
614:
459:
56:
2528:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
1880:, Leipzig: Harassowitz, p. 230.
1492:) (1508–1548, r. 1524–1548) son
1338:Renewed political fragmentation
1079:(r. 1364–1373) together with a
940:. It was defeated by the rival
465:The Phagmodrupa dynasty in 1354
3300:1642 disestablishments in Asia
2783:Patron and priest relationship
2749:Central Tibetan Administration
2558:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
1214:appropriated the royal titles
1:
3148:Historical and cultural sites
2513:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
1889:Olaf Czaja (2013) pp. 327-42.
1646:Central Tibet and the Mongols
1317:gong ma grags pa rgyal mtshan
1267:sde srid sh'akya rgyal mtshan
1218:(the high one, superior) and
1186:Period of political stability
3285:1354 establishments in Tibet
2488:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
1682:Giuseppe Tucci (1949) p. 23.
1518:mi pham dbang sgyur rgyal po
1417:The last eight rulers were:
1331:gong ma grags pa 'byung gnas
1289:sde srid grags pa byang chub
2508:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
2398:British expedition to Tibet
2388:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
2358:Battle of the Salween River
1797:Giuseppe Tucci (1949 p. 28.
1618:"The Monastery of Densatil"
1605:A Cultural History of Tibet
1504:gong ma ngag dbang grags pa
1468:Gongma Ngawang Tashi Drakpa
1354:, managed to have the king
1303:sde srid bsod nams grags pa
1255:) (1302–1364, r. 1354–1364)
1245:Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
924:) family at the end of the
914:Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
534:Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
3316:
2881:Postage and postal history
2333:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
1997:Tibet: A Political History
1878:Geschichte der Dalai-Lamas
1876:Günther Schulemann (1958)
1701:Tibet: A Political History
1063:(grand tutor) on him. The
3211:
2910:
2876:
2736:
2584:
2580:
2343:Mongol invasions of Tibet
1783:Asian and African Studies
1194:, the spiritual masters (
993:. It was situated in the
991:Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo
905:
880:
593:
589:
565:
553:
523:
458:
51:
46:
3260:Former kingdoms in Tibet
2741:Tibet Autonomous Region
2503:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
2455:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
1836:, Roma: IsMEO, p. 225-6.
1490:gong ma gro ba'i mgon po
1444:gong ma ngag gi dbang po
1430:gong ma kun dga' legs pa
1198:) of the Dansa Thil and
768:13th and 14th Dalai Lama
2848:TAR People's Government
2808:Serfs' Emancipation Day
2348:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
2041:Takpo Chän Nga Rinpoche
2014:Tibetan Painted Scrolls
1932:Tibetan Painted Scrolls
1823:, Paris: Fayard, p. 120
1671:Tibetan Painted Scrolls
1550:List of rulers of Tibet
1385:Ngawang Drakpa Gyaltsen
1077:Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen
952:in 1642. In that year,
2518:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
2472:Special Frontier Force
1985:Bulletin of Tibetology
1806:Sam van Schaik (2011)
1510:Mipham Wanggyur Gyalpo
1309:Gongma Drakpa Gyaltsen
1087:Administrative renewal
997:district southeast of
948:regime founded by the
897:[pʰʌ́kmoʈʰupa]
581:• Disestablished
3280:17th century in Tibet
3275:16th century in Tibet
3270:15th century in Tibet
3265:14th century in Tibet
2891:Qinghai–Tibet railway
2886:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
2853:TAR People's Congress
2825:India–Tibet relations
2798:Independence movement
2450:1959 Tibetan uprising
2338:Battle of Dafei River
2186:Era of Fragmentation
1993:Shakapa, Tsepon W. D.
1981:Shakapa, Tsepon W. D.
1832:Giuseppe Tucci (1971)
1496:Gongma Ngawang Drakpa
1281:Desi Drakpa Changchub
622:Tibet under Yuan rule
481:Common languages
3199:Traditional medicine
2413:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
2234:Relations with Ming
2204:Relations with Song
2176:Relations with Tang
2114:European exploration
1587:. Rome 1970, p. 102.
1555:Ming–Tibet relations
1365:Ngawang Tashi Drakpa
1323:Gongma Drakpa Jungne
1259:Desi Shakya Gyaltsen
1115:), under which were
1071:conferred the title
1044:regime, centered in
804:European exploration
758:Ming–Tibet relations
723:Era of Fragmentation
3255:Phagmodrupa dynasty
2843:Regional Government
2820:CIA Tibetan program
2803:Serfdom controversy
2687:Traditional regions
2538:Simla Accord (1914)
2460:2008 Tibetan unrest
2284:List of Qing ambans
2229:Phagmodrupa dynasty
1482:Gongma Drowai Gonpo
1458:mTs'o skyes rdo rje
1436:Gongma Ngagi Wangpo
869:Phagmodrupa dynasty
733:Phagmodrupa dynasty
571:• Established
542:• c.1600-1618
34:Phagmodrupa dynasty
3157:(ceremonial scarf)
3128:Dzong architecture
2945:Imperial Preceptor
2815:Sovereignty debate
2761:Etymology of Tibet
2373:Lhasa riot of 1750
2368:Jinchuan campaigns
2353:Battle of Dartsedo
2271:Qing dynasty rule
2214:Yuan dynasty rule
2188:(9th–13th century)
2022:, Giuseppe (1971)
2012:, Giuseppe (1949)
1916:A History of Tibet
1854:Olaf Czaja (2013)
1583:Zahiruddin Ahmad,
1422:Gongma Kunga Lekpa
1210:, the fifth ruler
983:Changchub Gyaltsen
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2766:Foreign relations
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2423:Qinghai–Tibet War
2393:Sikkim expedition
2383:Dogra–Tibetan War
2378:Sino-Nepalese War
2313:political leaders
2291:Post-Qing to 1950
2244:Rinpungpa dynasty
2155:(7th–9th century)
1966:Rossabi, Morris.
1940:Sarat Chandra Das
1905:1:8 1905, p. 207.
1899:Sarat Chandra Das
1821:Histoire du Tibet
1727:The Tibet Journal
1411:Sarat Chandra Das
1377:Third Dalai Lamas
1295:Desi Sonam Drakpa
1228:, founder of the
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738:Rinpungpa dynasty
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2440:Battle of Chamdo
2418:Sino-Tibetan War
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2166:List of emperors
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1545:History of Tibet
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1133:Fifth Dalai Lama
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2109:List of rulers
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2031:External links
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2026:. Roma: IsMEO.
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1920:Giuseppe Tucci
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1624:on 2014-09-22
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1227:
1226:Je Tsongkhapa
1223:
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1201:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:Eastern Tibet
1169:
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1141:Central Tibet
1138:
1137:Sangye Gyatso
1134:
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1051:Mongol ruler
1049:
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1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:Phagdru Kagyu
1028:known as the
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:gdan sa mthil
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
976:
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963:
959:
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951:
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939:
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927:
923:
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916:of the Lang (
915:
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107:
96:
87:
78:
69:
59:
50:
45:
31:
19:
3174:
3167:
3153:
3101:sand mandala
3093:
3086:
3027:Sinicization
2999:Panchen Lama
2994:Lhamo La-tso
2977:Ganden Tripa
2771:Human rights
2645:Grand Canyon
2625:Namcha Barwa
2618: /
2296:Tibetan Army
2228:
2194:Guge kingdom
2040:
2023:
2013:
2003:
1996:
1984:
1967:
1960:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1894:
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1721:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1687:
1678:
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1653:
1645:
1637:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:the original
1612:
1604:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1531:
1517:
1503:
1489:
1475:
1457:
1450:Tsokye Dorje
1443:
1429:
1416:
1398:
1394:Karmapa sect
1341:
1330:
1316:
1302:
1288:
1274:
1266:
1252:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1156:Ming dynasty
1153:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1090:
1072:
1065:Ming dynasty
1060:
1056:
1053:Toghon Temür
1050:
1017:
980:
926:Yuan dynasty
921:
888:
881:ཕག་མོ་གྲུ་པ་
872:
868:
866:
732:
604:Succeeded by
603:
598:
442:
319:VIJAYANAGARA
279:
179:
125:PHAGMODRUPAS
123:
38:ཕག་མོ་གྲུ་པ་
3111:wall murals
3015:Catholicism
2599:Environment
2273:(1720–1912)
2236:(1368–1644)
2216:(1270–1350)
2137:(Neolithic)
2135:Prehistory
1759:Ya Hanzhang
1356:Kunga Lekpa
1352:Donyo Dorje
1344:feudatories
1038:myriarchies
1034:Hülegü Khan
1022:Dagpo Kagyu
1010: [
682:History of
599:Preceded by
192:GOVERNORATE
3249:Categories
3194:Tibetology
3163:Literature
2982:Dalai Lama
2835:Government
2793:Tibet Area
2788:Golden Urn
2754:Parliament
2279:Lifan Yuan
2206:(960–1279)
2143:Zhangzhung
2128:Chronology
1705:T'oung pao
1628:2014-10-07
1566:References
1238:Dalai Lama
1234:Gedun Drub
1024:school of
1007:Dansa Thil
954:Güshi Khan
708:Zhangzhung
501:Government
94:(TUGHLAQS)
65:South Asia
3176:Chronicle
3138:Festivals
2950:Dpon-chen
2920:Languages
2915:Education
2664:Changtang
2606:Mountains
2573:Geography
2481:Documents
2326:conflicts
2178:(618–907)
2097:Overviews
1707:11, p. 7.
1571:Citations
1462:Rinpungpa
1348:Rinpungpa
1125:dzongpons
1113:dzongchen
1057:darakache
1005:, called
1003:monastery
938:Rinpungpa
930:Yuan rule
763:Qing rule
728:Yuan rule
508:theocracy
491:Religion
433:SULTANATE
350:JAISALMER
341:SULTANATE
310:SULTANATE
280:NAGVANSIS
214:SULTANATE
203:SULTANATE
116:SULTANATE
85:SULTANATE
47:1354–1618
18:Phagmodru
3234:Category
3118:Calendar
3052:Diaspora
2925:Religion
2729:Politics
2630:Tanggula
2620:Changtse
2324:Wars and
2199:Tsongkha
2161:Timeline
2104:Timeline
2081:articles
1539:See also
1200:Tsethang
1196:chen-nga
1160:Buddhism
1061:tai situ
1026:Buddhism
1016:(Wylie:
989:scholar
981:Founder
873:Pagmodru
822:•
789:Timeline
781:See also
773:PRC rule
673:a series
671:Part of
505:Buddhist
261:SUGAUNAS
212:KHANDESH
114:SHAH MIR
3218:Outline
3182:writers
3123:Cuisine
3088:thangka
3069:Culture
3042:Changpa
2957:Nyingma
2904:Society
2869:Economy
2704:Ü-Tsang
2678:Valleys
2636:Rivers
2611:Kailash
2171:Lönchen
2153:Empire
2089:History
1995:(1967)
1954:Sources
1930:(1949)
1922:(1971)
1788:p. 168.
1764:(1991)
1744:(2004)
1729:34-35,
1669:(1949)
1644:(1990)
1603:(1986)
1390:Tsangpa
1360:Karmapa
1221:chogyal
1176:Ü-Tsang
1168:Do-Kham
1095:in the
972:History
966:Rinpung
958:Khoshut
956:of the
942:Tsangpa
902:Chinese
877:Tibetan
635:Tsangpa
558:History
536:(first)
515:Monarch
485:Tibetan
471:Capital
431:JAUNPUR
404:AMARKOT
377:KARAULI
252:KAMATAS
241:EASTERN
223:TOMARAS
201:BAHMANI
190:GUJARAT
103:TIMURID
67:1400 CE
3169:Annals
3133:Emblem
3095:tsakli
2967:Jonang
2616:Lhotse
2560:(2008)
2259:Kashag
2079:
1974:
1599:&
1406:Nêdong
1373:Second
1216:gongma
1174:) and
1164:Hezhou
1121:rdzong
1093:Nêdong
1083:seal.
995:Nêdong
922:rlangs
904::
675:on the
561:
549:(last)
519:
475:Nêdong
445:states
443:Tribal
395:SIROHI
368:MARWAR
321:EMPIRE
308:BENGAL
299:CHUTIA
243:GANGAS
232:TWIPRA
180:KALMAT
170:KANGRA
161:KUMAON
143:MARYUL
134:SAMMAS
105:EMPIRE
3225:Index
3189:Music
3154:Khata
3057:Names
3047:Yolmo
3020:Islam
2972:Gelug
2962:Kagyu
2940:Sakya
2743:(TAR)
2709:Ngari
2594:Fauna
2589:Flora
2077:Tibet
2020:Tucci
2010:Tucci
1560:Kagyu
1528:Wylie
1514:Wylie
1500:Wylie
1486:Wylie
1472:Wylie
1454:Wylie
1440:Wylie
1426:Wylie
1369:Lhasa
1327:Wylie
1313:Wylie
1299:Wylie
1285:Wylie
1263:Wylie
1249:Wylie
1230:Gelug
1149:Tsang
1129:dzong
1117:dzong
1046:Tsang
1042:Sakya
1014:]
999:Lhasa
987:Kagyu
962:Sakya
918:Wylie
910:Tibet
885:Wylie
684:Tibet
660:China
422:MEWAT
413:VAGAD
386:AMBER
359:MEWAR
339:MALWA
330:REDDI
270:MALLA
76:DELHI
3143:Flag
3082:rugs
3004:list
2987:list
2776:LGBT
2699:Kham
2694:Amdo
1972:ISBN
1785:13,
1697:Amdo
1693:Kham
1464:line
1375:and
1271:ZYPY
1208:desi
1192:desi
1147:and
1135:and
1101:desi
1081:jade
1059:and
906:帕木竹巴
893:IPA:
867:The
585:1618
575:1354
290:AHOM
152:GUGE
41:帕木竹巴
3077:Art
2930:Bon
2039:by
1151:).
1111:or
871:or
3251::
1530::
1516::
1502::
1488::
1474::
1456::
1442::
1428::
1396:.
1329::
1315::
1301::
1287::
1273::
1269:,
1265::
1251::
1109:de
1012:de
964:,
920::
900:;
891:,
887::
883:,
879::
2069:e
2062:t
2055:v
1695:-
1631:.
1526:(
1512:(
1498:(
1484:(
1470:(
1452:(
1438:(
1424:(
1381:Ü
1325:(
1311:(
1297:(
1283:(
1261:(
1247:(
1170:(
1145:Ü
1143:(
1119:(
934:Ü
875:(
856:e
849:t
842:v
20:)
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