446:
1261:
874:
507:
802:
1272:
1225:
715:
284:
969:
1250:
604:
55:
1280:
1751:
2309:
1893:
1236:
957:(1774) allowed Russia to intervene on the side of Ottoman Eastern Orthodox subjects, most of the Porte's tools of political pressure became ineffective. They had to offer concessions to maintain a hold on the countries as economic and strategic assets. The treaty made any increase in tribute impossible, and between 1774 and the 1820s it plummeted from about 50,000 to 20,000
31:
913:, who were inspired by Habsburg serf policy. Ypsilantis tried to reform legislation and impose salaries for administrative offices in an effort to halt the depletion of funds the administrators, local and Greek alike, were using for their own maintenance; it was, by then, more profitable to hold office than to own land. His
575:, the Phanariots were firmly established as the political elite of Hellenism. According to Greek historian Constantine Paparrigopoulos, this was a natural evolution given the Phanariots' education and experience in supervising large parts of the empire. According to Nikos Svoronos argued, the Phanariots subordinated their
831:
of the Porte, well-versed in contemporary politics and
Ottoman statecraft. The new prince, who obtained his office in exchange for a generous bribe, proceeded to the country he was selected to govern (whose language he usually did not know). When the new princes were appointed, they were escorted to
891:
The
Phanariot epoch was initially characterized by fiscal policies driven by Ottoman needs and the ambitions of some hospodars, who (mindful of their fragile status) sought to pay back their creditors and increase their wealth while in a position of power. To make the reigns lucrative while raising
551:
During the 18th century, the
Phanariots were a hereditary clerical−aristocratic group who managed the affairs of the patriarchate and the dominant political power of the Ottoman Greek community. They became a significant political factor in the empire and, as diplomatic agents, played a role in the
518:
The wealth of the extensive Greek merchant class provided the material basis for the intellectual revival featured in Greek life for more than half a century before 1821. Greek merchants endowed libraries and schools. On the eve of the Greek War of
Independence, the three most important centres of
233:
due to the Greeks' higher level of education than the general
Ottoman population. With the church dignitaries, local notables from the provinces and the large Greek merchant class, Phanariots represented the better-educated members of Greek society during Ottoman rule until the 1821 start of the
844:
Thirty-one princes, from eleven families, ruled the two principalities during the
Phanariot epoch. When the choice became limited to a few families due to princely disloyalty to the Porte, rulers would be moved from one principality to the other; the prince of Wallachia (the richer of the two
360:
With the
Ottomans traditionally ignoring Western European languages and cultures, officials were at a loss. The Porte assigned those tasks to the Greeks, who had a long mercantile and educational tradition and the necessary skills. The Phanariots and other Greek as well as Hellenized families
1088:
352:
The roots of Greek ascendancy can be traced to the
Ottoman need for skilled, educated negotiators as their empire declined and they relied on treaties rather than force. During the 17th century, the Ottomans began having problems in foreign relations and difficulty dictating terms to their
1075:" which either principality would have signed with the Ottomans, demanding that rights guaranteed through them be restored. They viewed reform attempts by princes as illegitimate; in alternative proposals (usually in the form of constitutional projects), the boyars expressed desire for an
437:
aristocratic origin, who acquired economic and political influence and were later known as
Phanariots, settled in extreme northwestern Constantinople (which had become central to Greek interests after the establishment of the patriarch's headquarters in 1461, shortly after
840:
by retinues composed of their families, favourites and creditors (from whom they had borrowed the bribes). The prince and his appointees counted on recouping these in as short a time as possible, amassing an amount sufficient to live on after their brief time in office.
780:
sided with Russia and agreed to
Russian tutelage of his country. After Russia experienced a major defeat and Cantemir went into exile, the Ottomans took charge of the succession to the throne of Moldavia. This was followed by similar measures in Wallachia, prompted by
5097:
1196:
of Wallachia (reigned 1774–1782) initiated extensive administrative and legal reforms. Ipsilanti's reign coincided with subtle shifts in economic and social life and the emergence of spiritual and intellectual aspirations which pointed to the West and reform.
555:
The Phanariots competed for the most important administrative offices in the Ottoman administration; these included collecting imperial taxes, monopolies on commerce, working under contract in a number of enterprises, supplying the court and ruling the
645:
Phanariot attention focused on occupying the most favorable offices the empire could offer non-Muslims and the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which were still relatively rich and—more importantly—autonomous (despite having to pay tribute as
160:
descent) during the second half of the 16th century, and were influential in the administration of the Ottoman Empire's Balkan domains in the 18th century. The Phanariots usually built their houses in the Phanar quarter to be near the court of the
857:. The debt was owed to several creditors, rather than to the Sultan; the central institutions of the Ottoman Empire generally seemed determined to maintain their rule over the principalities and not exploit them irrationally. In an early example,
681:
Most sources agree that 1711 was when the gradual erosion of traditional institutions reached its zenith, but characteristics ascribed to the Phanariot era had made themselves felt long before it. The Ottomans enforced their choice of
400:. By the 17th century the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople was the religious and administrative ruler of the empire's Orthodox subjects, regardless of ethnic background. All formerly-independent Orthodox patriarchates, including the
433:, the Phanariots initially sought the most important secular offices of the patriarchal court and could frequently intervene in the election of bishops and influence crucial decisions by the patriarch. Greek merchants and clergy of
928:
The focus of such rules was often the improvement of state structure against conservative wishes. Contemporary documents indicate that, despite the change in leadership and boyar complaints, about 80 percent of those seated in the
937:) were members of local families. This made endemic the social and economic issues of previous periods, since the inner circle of boyars blocked initiatives (such as Alexander Ypsilantis') and obtained, extended and preserved
740:
A change in policy was indicated by the fact that autonomous Wallachia and Moldavia had entered a period of skirmishes with the Ottomans, due to the insubordination of local princes associated with the rise of
487:. The Patriarchate had primary importance, occupying this key role for Christians of the Empire because the Ottomans did not legally distinguish between nationality and religion and considered the empire's
650:
states). Many Greeks had found favorable conditions there for commercial activities, in comparison with the Ottoman Empire, and an opportunity for political power; they entered Wallachian and Moldavian
706:
in the principalities, resulting in long periods of political disorder, was dominated by a small number of ambitious families who competed violently for the two thrones and monopolized land ownership.
583:
and tried to peacefully co−exist with the Ottomans; they did not enrich the Greek national identity and lost ground to groups which flourished through their confrontation with the Ottoman Empire (the
498:. The Patriarch and his church dignitaries constituted the first centre of power for the Greeks in the Ottoman state, which infiltrated Ottoman structures and attracted the former Byzantine nobility.
5117:
5082:
1042:
in the two countries' capitals, ensuring the observation of developments in Russian−Ottoman relations, had an indirect impact on the local economy as rival diplomats began awarding protection and
4569:
1204:
nationalism, usually integrated into a general resentment of foreigners. The tendency unifies pro− and anti−modernisation attitudes; Phanariot Greeks are painted as reactionary elements (by
445:
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753:
border with the principalities. Dissidence in the two countries became dangerous for the Turks, who were confronted with the attraction on the population of protection by a fellow
1146:
community; the Greeks were no longer trusted by the Porte. Amid tense relations between boyars and princes, Vladimirescu's revolt was primarily the result of compromise between
568:
and then to the other Central European states. Their activities intensified their contacts with Western nations, and they became familiar with Western languages and cultures.
2469:
622:, resulting in the appointment of Greek princes before the 18th century. After the Phanariot era, some Phanariot families in Wallachia and Moldavia identified themselves as
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333:, repopulating the city with Christians and Muslims from throughout the whole empire and the newly conquered territories. Phanar was repopulated with Greeks from
5378:
242:(the representative body of Greek revolutionaries, which met six times between 1821 and 1829). Between 1711–1716 and 1821, a number of Phanariots were appointed
5373:
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4559:
892:
funds to satisfy the needs of the Porte, princes channeled their energies into taxing the inhabitants into destitution. The most odious taxes (such as the
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5353:
5348:
4849:
2489:
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principalities) would pay to avert his transfer to Iaşi, and the prince of Moldavia would bribe supporters in Constantinople to appoint him to Wallachia.
5206:
1260:
5363:
3239:
122:
1863:
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The mismanagement of many Phanariot rulers contrasts with the achievements and projects of others, such as Constantine Mavrocordatos (who abolished
702:(a prince of Greek origin) in Wallachia, both in 1673, were forced to surrender their family members as hostages in Constantinople. The traditional
494:
The position of the Patriarchate in the Ottoman state encouraged Greek renaissance projects centering on the resurrection and revitalization of the
218:
4415:
3366:
2462:
995:
1942:
373:
As a result of Phanariot and ecclesiastical administration, the Greeks expanded their influence in the 18th-century empire while retaining their
5383:
5343:
5338:
1518:
532:
450:
202:
162:
3722:
3115:
2324:
1908:
5388:
2999:
2959:
1193:
910:
298:. The reason given is: This section makes assumptions that are no longer considered historical consensus, and alludes multiple times to the
4440:
4067:
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635:
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949:
The Phanariots copied Russian and Habsburg institutions; during the mid-18th century they made noble rank dependent on state service, as
145:. Despite their cosmopolitanism and often-Western education, the Phanariots were aware of their Greek ancestry and culture; according to
5262:
5007:
3419:
2878:
2851:
1169:'s in Wallachia are considered the first of the new period, although the new regime abruptly ended in Russian occupation during another
2866:
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3409:
3404:
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2455:
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773:
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renewed in 1557, came under the authority of the Greek Orthodox Church. Most of the Greek patriarchs were drawn from the Phanariots.
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Europe. Many of the Phanariot princes were capable, farsighted rulers. As prince of Wallachia in 1746 and Moldavia in 1749,
4911:
4853:
3198:
2914:
2899:
1158:
1027:
63:
2613:
392:
A Slavic presence in Ottoman administration gradually became hazardous for its rulers, since the Slavs tended to support
293:
3847:
1599:
59:
3218:
3055:
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pressured Wallachia and Moldavia into granting constitutions (in 1831 and 1832, respectively) to weaken native rulers.
217:
Many members of Phanariot families (who had acquired great wealth and influence during the 17th century) occupied high
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in the Ottoman Empire. From 1669 until the Greek War of Independence in 1821, Phanariots made up the majority of the
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761:'s second rule in Moldavia, when the prince plotted with Peter to have Ottoman rule overthrown. His replacement,
607:
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penetrated the Phanar nucleus to increase their chances of occupying the thrones and maintain their positions.
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in the 1580s), mistakenly identified with the Phanariots in modern Romanian historiography, were much older.
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the name of a family of Phanariot Greeks, distinguished in the history of Turkey, Rumania and modern Greece
1071:
and misrule, the petitions indicate their signers' conservatism. The boyars tend to refer to (fictitious) "
506:
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faith and Hellenism. This had not always been the case in the Ottoman realm. During the 16th century, the
322:
299:
146:
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1708:
1180:, education and printing. They founded academies which attracted teachers and pupils from throughout the
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for subjugated Christians, he recognized the Ecumenical Patriarch as the religious and national leader (
267:
263:
142:
138:
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3120:
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and Golescu families were active members after its uprising against the Ottoman Empire in Moldavia and
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Two Greek social groups emerged, challenging the leadership of the Greek Church: the Phanariots in
346:
130:
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administration of the 1830s. The Danubian principalities grew in strategic importance with the
334:
205:. They dominated the administration of the patriarchate, often intervening in the selection of
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5188:
5173:
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4875:
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Svoronos, Nikos (2004). "The Ideology of the Organization and of the Survival of the Nation".
2393:
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1563:
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1122:
The active part taken by Greek princes in revolts after 1820 and the disorder provoked by the
1064:
950:
790:
777:
746:
703:
576:
397:
393:
181:, or "Roman nation" of the empire, except those under the spiritual care of the Patriarchs of
90:
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98:
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54:
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58:
Another view of the Phanarion quarter, ca. 1900. In the forefront: the Bulgarian Orthodox
4539:
2447:
2221:
The Making of Modern Romanian Culture: Literacy and the Development of National Identity
304:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
5183:
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1818:
1689:
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1333:, also known as Călmașu, Kalmaşu or Kallimaşu, originally a Romanian boyar family from
1264:
1209:
1099:
1063:
began a petition campaign against the princes in power; addressed to the Porte and the
885:
671:
412:
408:
374:
362:
126:
118:
82:
47:
43:
39:
1067:, they primarily demanded Russian supervision. Although they referred to incidents of
714:
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Immediately afterward, Russia forcefully used its new prerogative. The deposition of
938:
659:
631:
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226:
1750:
1504:
Lazaridis, also known as Lazarević, a Serbianized family originally from Montenegro.
1018:
Such gestures began a period of effective Russian supervision, culminating with the
968:
5057:
4450:
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Stefanos Kanellos (1792–1823), revolutionary and scholar of the Greek Enlightenment
1228:
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deported the city's Christian population, leaving only the Jewish inhabitants of
5163:
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Caravia family, noble family from the Ionian Islands, a branch of the Byzantine
1380:
1347:
1299:
1279:
1007:
899:
765:, was the first official Phanariot in his second reign in Moldavia and replaced
695:
417:
378:
338:
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2813:
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1936:
1727:
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competed with local ones since the late 16th century. Rulers since Dumitraşcu
663:
190:
178:
365:, occupied high posts as secretaries and interpreters for Ottoman officials.
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958:
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854:
837:
814:
806:
722:
623:
619:
591:
561:
560:. They engaged in private trade, controlling the crucial wheat trade on the
519:
Greek learning (schools-cum-universities) were in the commercial centres of
488:
434:
326:
259:
186:
35:
1044:
1015:
swiftly reinstated Ypsilantis during his military expedition to Wallachia.
614:
A Greek presence had established itself in both Danubian Principalities of
17:
2349:
Mihai Berza, "Haraciul Moldovei și al Țării Românești în sec. XV–XIX", in
4626:
2290:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 917.
1670:
1645:
1532:
1473:
1450:
Hantzeris, also known as Handjeri, Hançeri, Pıçakçı and Hançeroglou, see
1428:
1361:
1334:
1185:
850:
828:
683:
615:
477:
255:
243:
222:
206:
2333:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 346.
1917:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 346.
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1201:
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125:
is located, who traditionally occupied four important positions in the
1476:, also known as Komnenus or Comnenos, including its cadet branches of
2525:
1617:
1394:
1154:
1143:
1060:
819:
687:
647:
585:
528:
524:
106:
1974:, J.Bouchard, 1989, p.178, citation: Γένος μεν ημίν των άγαν Ελλήνων
156:
They emerged as a class of wealthy Greek merchants (of mostly noble
30:
2375:Între Orient și Occident. Țările române la începutul epocii moderne
2279:
385:
to enjoy the full rights of Ottoman citizenship (especially in the
270:); the period is known as the Phanariot epoch in Romanian history.
2314:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1928:
1898:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1791:
1722:
1699:
Tzanavarakis, also known Tzanavaris, Çanavaris or Canavaroğulları.
1674:
1621:
1559:
1545:
1499:
1468:
1457:
1278:
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872:
800:
713:
691:
675:
652:
602:
536:
520:
505:
382:
194:
110:
53:
29:
1184:
commonwealth, and there was awareness of intellectual trends in
827:
The person raised to the office of prince was usually the chief
658:
Reigns of local princes were not excluded on principle. Several
198:
2451:
2390:
The Balkans: Nationalism, War & the Great Powers, 1804–1999
686:
as far back as the 15th century, and foreign (usually Greek or
564:. The Phanariots expanded their commercial activities into the
481:) of the Greeks and other ethnic groups in the Greek Orthodox
277:
1456:
Kanellos, also known as Kanellou or Canello, originally from
769:
in Wallachia as the first Phanariot ruler of that country.
4570:
Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa
169:
system) was recognized as the spiritual and secular head (
552:
affairs of Great Britain, France and the Russian Empire.
238:. During the war, Phanariots influenced decisions by the
209:(including the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople).
2143:
See the historiographical discussion in Drace-Francis,
1415:
Evalidis, also known as Evaoglous, Hadjievalidis, from
2250:
History of Romania, Romania Between Turkey and Austria
1287:
Here is a non-exhaustive list of Phanariot families:
531:. The first Greek millionaire of the Ottoman era was
381:—the most prominent in imperial affairs—converted to
1986:
Encyclopædia Britannica, The Phanariots, 2008, O.Ed.
1507:
Lermis, also known as Lermioglous or Lermilis, from
1208:) and agents of brutal, opportunistic change (as in
749:
and the firm presence of the Habsburg Empire on the
5272:
5141:
5070:
5000:
4964:
4955:
4904:
4848:
4767:
4625:
4361:
3533:
3501:
3428:
3385:
3337:
3298:
3227:
3164:
3008:
2932:
2887:
2789:
2744:
2691:
2640:
2631:
2601:
2506:
2497:
1379:Chrisovergis, also known as Hrisovergis, from the
1142:) led to the disappearance of promotions from the
1030:, as European states became interested in halting
389:; Serbs tended to occupy high military positions.
357:needed to participate in diplomatic negotiations.
2413:Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos (Pavlos Karolidis),
296:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
1275:Grigorios Ypsilantis (1835–1886), Greek diplomat
1173:and the subsequent period of Russian influence.
1011:for the 1806–1812 conflict, and Russian general
1005:in Bucharest were partially confirmed), was the
909:in Wallachia in 1746 and Moldavia in 1749) and
461:After the 1453 fall of Constantinople, when the
1935:) derive from the Greek nautical word meaning "
1157:of boyars attempting to block the ascension of
4496:Sophie de Marbois-Lebrun, Duchess of Plaisance
2382:Istoria ideilor politice românești (1369–1878)
539:a year from his control of the fur trade from
262:) (usually as a promotion from the offices of
2463:
2083:
2081:
2062:
2060:
1754:19th-century portrait of the Phanariot Greek
1256:(1859–1944), diplomat, historian and essayist
1200:Condemnation of the Phanariots is a focus of
429:). According to 19th-century Greek historian
302:, which is now considered a minority opinion.
8:
2842:Republican French rule in the Ionian Islands
2029:
2027:
2116:Cambridge University Press, 1988, page 197.
5207:The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi
4961:
2857:Imperial French rule in the Ionian Islands
2637:
2503:
2470:
2456:
2448:
2417:(Volume Eb), Eleftheroudakis, Athens, 1925
2098:Greek history, The mercantile middle class
2041:
2039:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1715:and the first poets in Romanian literature
1692:, also known as Suțu, Sutzu or Sütçü, see
933:(an institution roughly equivalent to the
27:Greek nobility from Phanar, Constantinople
5399:Politics of the Greek War of Independence
5359:People from the Ottoman Empire by descent
2192:A History of the Balkans 1804–1945, p. 47
1161:(the last Phanariot ruler in Bucharest).
1048:status to merchants competing with local
965:) in Wallachia and to 3,100 in Moldavia.
638:, nationalist cause during and after the
1864:State organisation of the Ottoman Empire
1749:
444:
3367:Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece
2345:. Istanbul: Çituri Biraderler Basımevi.
1982:
1980:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1521:and dignitaries in the Imperial Court (
1034:(which included the 1812 annexation of
630:society (including the Rosetti family;
153:, "We are a race completely Hellenic".
4987:Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély
4560:Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély
2008:
2006:
451:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
38:quarter, the historical centre of the
2410:, section "Greek War of Independence"
2358:The Making of Modern Romanian Culture
2145:The Making of Modern Romanian Culture
662:Romanian noble families, such as the
7:
3362:Senate of Western Continental Greece
3339:Greek regional councils and statutes
2351:Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie
1364:, also known as Caragea or Karatzas.
1350:, claimed to be originated from the
1083:Greek War of Independence and legacy
785:'s alliance with Habsburg commander
353:neighbours; for the first time, the
5263:The Apotheosis of Athanasios Diakos
5008:Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent
3493:Proposals for the monarch of Greece
2879:United States of the Ionian Islands
823:troops approach / 9 Nov 1789".
5394:Eastern Orthodox Christian culture
5354:Demographics of the Ottoman Empire
5349:Christianity in the Ottoman Empire
5214:Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi
3377:Military-Political System of Samos
1945:Τριανταφυλλίδης On line Dictionary
1669:, also known as Ruset or Russeti,
1624:, later a political family in the
1344:, relocated to the Russian Empire.
1118:and planned a pan-Balkan uprising.
533:Michael "Şeytanoğlu" Kantakouzenos
219:political and administrative posts
25:
3448:Protocol of St. Petersburg (1826)
2872:1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry
1859:History of the Russo-Turkish wars
5379:History of Wallachia (1714–1821)
5364:Government of the Ottoman Empire
3509:Greek expedition to Syria (1825)
2307:
1939:" (literary "lantern" or "lamp")
1891:
1176:Most Phanariots were patrons of
1013:Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich
996:ambassador to the Ottoman Empire
809:. The caption reads: "Flight of
757:state. This became obvious with
282:
5374:History of Moldavia (1711–1822)
2360:, London & New York, 2006,
1594:family originally from central
1480:, Axouchos or Afouxechos, from
1367:Caratheodoris family, see also
1298:family originally from central
510:Engraving of Greek merchant by
225:to the Ottoman government (the
203:archontes of the Ecumenical See
5303:Garden of Heroes (Missolonghi)
4401:François-René de Chateaubriand
2867:Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814
2837:Fall of the Republic of Venice
2415:History of the Hellenic Nation
2114:The Great Church in Captivity.
1673:Boyar family of Byzantine and
849:ruled a total of ten times in
442:was converted into a mosque).
411:and the local notables in the
117:), the chief Greek quarter of
1:
5384:Ottoman period in the Balkans
5344:Culture of the Ottoman Empire
5339:Performers of Byzantine music
4912:London Philhellenic Committee
2900:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
2823:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
2804:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
1028:decline of the Ottoman Empire
789:in the closing stages of the
64:Phanar Greek Orthodox College
5043:Eugène Emmanuel Amaury Duval
3848:Michail Komninos Afentoulief
2377:, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995
2000:Paparregopoulus, Eb, p. 108.
1340:Callivazis, originally from
1001:(whose fears of pro−Russian
571:Before the beginning of the
105:) were members of prominent
5279:25 March (Independence Day)
3514:Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)
3372:Provisional Regime of Crete
2593:Gregory V of Constantinople
1854:List of rulers of Wallachia
1640:, also known as Racovitza,
1102:cavalry officer during the
1094:(1792–1828), prince of the
1032:Russian southward expansion
431:Constantine Paparrigopoulos
5415:
4840:Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi
4535:Karl von Normann-Ehrenfels
4371:António Figueira d'Almeida
3983:Konstantinos Mavromichalis
3693:Germanos III of Old Patras
3429:International Conferences,
2777:Thourios or Patriotic hymn
2724:Panagiotis Anagnostopoulos
2392:. Penguin (Non−Classics).
2223:, p.87, 2006, I.B.Tauris,
1849:List of rulers of Moldavia
1746:Extinct Phanariot families
640:1848 Wallachian revolution
4982:Antoine Virgile Schneider
4308:Konstantinos Vlachopoulos
4068:Konstantinos Nikolopoulos
3988:Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis
3583:Constantin Denis Bourbaki
3522:
3387:Greek national assemblies
2923:
2790:European intervention and
2767:Pamphlet of Rigas Feraios
2551:Konstantinos Kolokotronis
2531:Dionysius the Philosopher
2486:
2479:Greek War of Independence
2261:Encyclopædia Britannica,
2156:Djuvara, pp. 123, 125–26.
2096:Encyclopædia Britannica,
1970:Mavrocordatos Nicholaos,
1633:Alexandros Rizos Rangavis
1220:Extant Phanariot families
1190:Constantine Mavrocordatos
955:Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji
869:Administration and boyars
847:Constantine Mavrocordatos
772:A crucial moment was the
608:Constantine Mavrocordatos
573:Greek War of Independence
236:Greek War of Independence
165:, who (under the Ottoman
86:
4820:Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha
4759:Christoforos Zachariadis
4669:Alexandros Kantakouzinos
4654:Anastasios Christopoulos
4525:Julius Michael Millingen
4328:Christoforos Zachariadis
4233:Sotirios Theocharopoulos
3963:Alexandros Mavrokordatos
3923:Leonardos Leonardopoulos
3908:Konstantinos Lagoumitzis
3488:Treaty of Constantinople
2809:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
2699:Ellinoglosso Xenodocheio
2653:Athanasios Christopoulos
2614:Souliote War (1789–1793)
2353:, II, 1957, p. 7–47
2248:Encyclopædia Britannica,
1600:marquesses of Montferrat
1550:Alexandros Mavrokordatos
1165:'s rule in Moldavia and
369:Diplomats and patriarchs
5389:Greece–Turkey relations
5249:The Archipelago on Fire
5013:Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois
4992:Camille Alphonse Trézel
4739:Konstantinos Xenokratis
4636:Danubian Principalities
4580:Auguste Hilarion Touret
4338:Germanos Zapheiropoulos
4213:Nikitas Stamatelopoulos
4113:Anagnostis Papageorgiou
3973:Demetrios Mavromichalis
3853:Alexandros Kontostavlos
3478:London Protocol of 1830
3468:London Protocol of 1829
3463:London Protocol of 1828
2330:Encyclopædia Britannica
2287:Encyclopædia Britannica
1914:Encyclopædia Britannica
1844:Danubian Principalities
1781:Iancoleos (della Rocca)
1711:, Romanian boyars from
1531:Manos, originated from
1401:family originally from
1397:, also known as Dukas,
1369:Constantin Carathéodory
1096:Danubian Principalities
599:Danubian Principalities
558:Danubian Principalities
345:, with citizens of the
252:Danubian Principalities
240:Greek National Assembly
123:Ecumenical Patriarchate
5083:Fotis Chrysanthopoulos
5048:Pierre-Narcisse Guérin
4674:Georgios Kantakouzinos
4128:Christoforos Perraivos
3998:Dimitrios Meletopoulos
3993:Petrobey Mavromichalis
3978:Georgios Mavromichalis
3968:Antonios Mavromichalis
3863:Georgios Kountouriotis
3843:Theodoros Kolokotronis
3828:Apostolis Kolokotronis
3793:Georgakis Kapsokalyvas
3743:Antonios Kalamogdartis
3668:Georgios Filippopoulos
3623:Dimitrakis Deligiannis
3613:Hatzimichalis Dalianis
3598:Giannis Chondrogiannis
3431:treaties and protocols
2772:Salpisma Polemistirion
2736:Society of the Phoenix
2423:The Balkans Since 1453
2388:Glenny, Misha (2001).
2343:The Tourists' Istanbul
2021:Mamboury (1953), p. 99
2012:Mamboury (1953), p. 98
1759:
1610:, noble family of the
1312:, noble family of the
1284:
1276:
1268:
1257:
1246:
1232:
1192:abolished serfdom and
1119:
980:Constantine Ypsilantis
975:
963:Austrian gold currency
917:, a relatively modern
915:Pravilniceasca condică
888:
863:Nicholas Mavrocordatos
824:
787:Prince Eugene of Savoy
763:Nicholas Mavrocordatos
737:
727:Nicholas Mavrocordatos
655:nobility by marriage.
611:
515:
453:
323:fall of Constantinople
300:Ottoman Decline Thesis
147:Nicholas Mavrocordatos
102:
94:
67:
51:
5288:Eleftheria i thanatos
5228:The Massacre at Chios
5123:Anastasios Polyzoidis
5118:Panagiotis Papatsonis
5071:Historians/Memoirists
5028:Guillaume-Abel Blouet
4977:Antoine Simon Durrieu
4972:Nicolas Joseph Maison
4927:Lazaros Kountouriotis
4891:Alexander I of Russia
4649:Athanasios Agrafiotis
4481:Henrik Nikolai Krøyer
4318:Liolios Xirolivaditis
4303:Alexakis Vlachopoulos
4263:Melchisedek Tsouderos
4238:Zafeirakis Theodosiou
4158:Anastasios Polyzoidis
4118:Dimitrios Papanikolis
4108:Grigorios Papaflessas
4028:Panagiotis Michanidis
3883:Lykourgos Krestenitis
3868:Lazaros Kountouriotis
3723:Konstantinos Gouvelis
3618:Dimitrios Deligeorgis
3352:Directorate of Achaea
2658:Theoklitos Farmakidis
1753:
1282:
1274:
1263:
1252:
1244:Alexander I of Greece
1242:(1896–1972), wife of
1238:
1227:
1092:Alexandros Ypsilantis
1090:
1077:aristocratic republic
971:
876:
804:
717:
610:, engraving from 1763
606:
509:
502:Merchant middle class
448:
268:Dragoman of the Porte
264:Dragoman of the Fleet
143:Dragoman of the Fleet
139:Dragoman of the Porte
62:; atop the hill: the
60:Church of St. Stephen
57:
33:
5221:Le siège de Corinthe
5169:François Pouqueville
5108:Konstantinos Metaxas
4896:Nicholas I of Russia
4815:Mahmud Dramali Pasha
4749:Demetrios Ypsilantis
4744:Alexander Ypsilantis
4617:James Jakob Williams
4585:Edward John Trelawny
4501:Vasos Mavrovouniotis
4491:Ernst Michael Mangel
4456:Frank Abney Hastings
4386:Paul Marie Bonaparte
4323:Demetrios Ypsilantis
4283:Thanasoulas Valtinos
4193:Theofanis Siatisteus
4098:Dimitrios Panourgias
4008:Konstantinos Metaxas
3943:Yiannis Makriyiannis
3933:Lykourgos Logothetis
3918:Georgios Lechouritis
3888:Stamatis Krestenitis
3833:Ioannis Kolokotronis
3808:Georgios Karaiskakis
3798:Anastasios Karatasos
3778:Ioannis Kapodistrias
3768:Konstantinos Kanaris
3763:Athanasios Kanakaris
3678:Panagiotakis Fotilas
3663:Yiannis Dyovouniotis
3643:Konstantinos Dimidis
3628:Kanellos Deligiannis
3603:Dimitrios Christidis
3578:Laskarina Bouboulina
3473:Treaty of Adrianople
3357:Peloponnesian Senate
2847:Septinsular Republic
2792:Greek involvement in
2752:Adelphiki Didaskalia
2356:Alex Drace-Francis,
2281:"Mavrocordato"
2219:Alex Drace-Francis,
2045:Hobsbawm pp. 181–85.
1839:Early modern Romania
1756:Mavrocordatos family
1740:Demetrios Ypsilantis
1736:Alexander Ypsilantis
1631:Rizos Rangavis, see
1452:Constantine Hangerli
1194:Alexander Ypsilantis
1054:Nicholas I of Russia
935:estates of the realm
911:Alexander Ypsilantis
535:, who earned 60,000
402:Serbian Patriarchate
135:Voivode of Wallachia
5103:Lambros Koutsonikas
4947:Rothschild & Co
4922:Jean-Gabriel Eynard
4917:Ludwig I of Bavaria
4886:Lodewijk van Heiden
4795:Nasuhzade Ali Pasha
4754:Nikolaos Ypsilantis
4729:Athanasios Tsakalov
4699:Dimitrie Macedonski
4694:Constantine Levidis
4684:Stamatios Kleanthis
4486:Ludwig I of Bavaria
4466:Samuel Gridley Howe
4258:Anastasios Tsamados
4203:Ioannis Skandalidis
4183:Georgios Sachtouris
4138:Vasileios Petimezas
4053:Konstantinos Negris
3903:Kyprianos of Cyprus
3878:Ioannis Krestenitis
3873:Michalis Kourmoulis
3818:Nikolaos Kasomoulis
3813:Aristeidis Karnalis
3803:Panagiotis Karatzas
3783:Viaros Kapodistrias
3758:Athanasios Kampetis
3753:Dimitrios Kallergis
3688:Antonios Georgantas
3648:Ioannis Dimoulitsas
3593:Sotiris Charalampis
3548:Odysseas Androutsos
3458:Conference of Poros
3438:Congress of Laibach
3021:Wallachian uprising
2818:Catherine the Great
2714:Athanasios Tsakalov
2633:Greek Enlightenment
2619:Souliote War (1803)
1834:Bulgarian Exarchate
1577:Alexander Mourouzis
1407:Despotate of Epirus
1140:Wallachian uprising
984:Alexander Mourousis
982:(in Wallachia) and
973:Alexander Mourousis
878:Alexander Mourousis
797:Rulers and retinues
776:of 1710−1713, when
719:Stavropoleos Church
489:Orthodox Christians
347:Empire of Trebizond
250:or princes) in the
131:Voivode of Moldavia
5317:Presidential Guard
5298:Propylaea (Munich)
5194:Theodoros Vryzakis
5133:Spyridon Trikoupis
5128:Georgios Tertsetis
5098:Ambrosios Frantzis
5023:Stamatis Voulgaris
4825:Reşid Mehmed Pasha
4734:Tudor Vladimirescu
4709:Giorgakis Olympios
4704:Anastasios Manakis
4575:Friedrich Thiersch
4550:Theobald Piscatory
4506:Johann Jakob Meyer
4391:Karl Rudolf Brommy
4348:Marigo Zarafopoula
4243:Emmanouil Tombazis
4163:Konstantinos Rados
4143:Dionysios Petrakis
4133:Nikolaos Petimezas
4063:Diamantis Nikolaou
4013:Hatzigiannis Mexis
3953:Anastasios Manakis
3928:Georgios Liologlou
3898:Nikolaos Kriezotis
3838:Panos Kolokotronis
3718:Dimitrios Gouvelis
3703:Konstantinos Gofas
3608:Panagiotis Danglis
3443:Congress of Verona
2757:Asma Polemistirion
2683:Eugenios Voulgaris
2541:Panagiotis Benakis
2420:L. S. Stavrianos,
2408:Age of Revolutions
2033:Stavrianos, p. 270
1972:Philotheou Parerga
1760:
1644:noble family from
1285:
1277:
1269:
1258:
1254:Maurice Paléologue
1247:
1233:
1214:Scrisoarea a III-a
1159:Scarlat Callimachi
1136:Tudor Vladimirescu
1120:
1106:and leader of the
976:
889:
825:
783:Ștefan Cantacuzino
767:Ștefan Cantacuzino
738:
612:
566:Kingdom of Hungary
516:
454:
413:Helladic provinces
396:armies during the
151:Philotheou Parerga
68:
52:
5326:
5325:
5235:The Free Besieged
5189:Dionysios Solomos
5174:Alexander Pushkin
5113:Panoutsos Notaras
5066:
5065:
5053:Charles Lenormant
4876:Edward Codrington
4871:Stratford Canning
4714:Yiannis Pharmakis
4689:Georgios Lassanis
4664:Stefanos Kanellos
4565:Giuseppe Rosaroll
4512:Ellinika Chronika
4421:Giacinto Collegno
4293:Meletis Vasileiou
4253:Ioannis Trikoupis
4223:Joseph Stephanini
4173:Panagiotis Rodios
4153:Kyriakos Pittakis
4088:Andronikos Paikos
4078:Antonis Oikonomou
4038:Nikolaos Mykonios
4023:Antonios Miaoulis
3958:Manto Mavrogenous
3913:Georgios Lassanis
3773:Stefanos Kanellos
3733:Dimitrios Indares
3633:Athanasios Diakos
3483:London Conference
3399:Executive of 1822
3395:First (Epidaurus)
2910:Constitutionalism
2895:Greek nationalism
2862:Albanian Regiment
2828:French Revolution
2785:
2784:
2762:Hellenic Nomarchy
2731:Philomuse Society
2678:Adamantios Korais
2673:Theophilos Kairis
2627:
2626:
2561:Cosmas of Aetolia
1829:Greeks in Romania
1626:Hellenic Republic
1564:Manto Mavrogenous
1517:officials on the
1462:Stefanos Kanellos
1331:Callimachi family
1322:John Argyropoulos
1206:Communist Romania
1171:Russo−Turkish War
1065:Habsburg monarchy
999:Horace Sébastiani
986:(in Moldavia) by
951:Peter I of Russia
945:Russian influence
898:first imposed by
791:Great Turkish War
778:Dimitrie Cantemir
774:Russo−Turkish War
674:and the Albanian
577:national identity
491:a single entity.
473:Byzantine Emperor
398:Great Turkish War
319:
318:
201:—often acting as
16:(Redirected from
5406:
5293:Pedion tou Areos
5149:Eugène Delacroix
5078:Dimitrios Ainian
4962:
4957:Morea expedition
4942:Ioannis Varvakis
4937:Georgios Stavros
4800:Ismael Gibraltar
4785:Sultan Mahmud II
4659:Diamandi Djuvara
4598:
4461:Carl von Heideck
4436:Vincenzo Gallina
4411:Giuseppe Chiappe
4343:Evangelos Zappas
4273:Theodoros Tzinis
4268:Kitsos Tzavellas
4248:Iakovos Tombazis
4218:Georgios Stavros
4198:Georgios Sisinis
4188:Georgios Sekeris
4123:Emmanouel Pappas
4103:Nakos Panourgias
4083:Ioannis Orlandos
4058:Theodoros Negris
4048:Alexander Negris
4018:Andreas Miaoulis
3948:Ioannis Mamouris
3893:Antonios Kriezis
3823:Ioannis Kolettis
3788:Stamatios Kapsas
3738:Isaiah of Salona
3708:Vasileios Goudas
3698:Georgios Gevidis
3673:Asimakis Fotilas
3573:Tousias Botsaris
3453:Treaty of London
3420:Fifth (Nafplion)
3347:Messenian Senate
3141:Chios expedition
3091:Greek civil wars
2719:Emmanuil Xanthos
2709:Nikolaos Skoufas
2638:
2556:Lambros Katsonis
2546:Nikolaos Galatis
2504:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2449:
2444:
2431:The Greek Nation
2403:
2380:Vlad Georgescu,
2346:
2339:Mamboury, Ernest
2334:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2272:
2266:
2263:Vacarescu family
2259:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2147:, p. 26, note 6.
2141:
2135:
2134:Svoronos, p. 91.
2132:
2126:
2125:Svoronos, p. 89.
2123:
2117:
2107:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2087:Svoronos, p. 83.
2085:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2066:Svoronos, p. 88.
2064:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2034:
2031:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2001:
1998:
1987:
1984:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1709:Văcărescu family
1612:Byzantine Empire
1573:Mourouzis family
1314:Byzantine Empire
1167:Grigore IV Ghica
1112:Greek Revolution
1110:, commanded the
1100:Imperial Russian
811:Prince Mavrogeni
755:Eastern Orthodox
698:in Moldavia and
634:represented the
496:Byzantine Empire
387:Eyalet of Bosnia
314:
311:
305:
294:factual accuracy
286:
285:
278:
113:(Φανάρι, modern
88:
21:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5283:Hymn to Liberty
5268:
5242:Hymn to Liberty
5137:
5088:Ioannis Filimon
5062:
5038:Prosper Baccuet
4996:
4951:
4932:Ioannis Papafis
4900:
4844:
4763:
4719:Michael Soutzos
4639:
4633:
4621:
4612:Olivier Voutier
4592:
4530:August Myhrberg
4520:Jonathan Miller
4446:Constantin Guys
4426:Charles Fabvier
4376:Joseph Balestra
4357:
4353:Nikolaos Zervas
4288:Dimitrios Varis
4228:Ioannis Stratos
4178:Dionysios Romas
4148:Andreas Pipinos
4073:Ioannis Notaras
4003:Andreas Metaxas
3858:Panos Koronaios
3658:Georgios Drakos
3638:Dionysis Diakos
3588:Stefanos Chalis
3563:Markos Botsaris
3558:Kostas Botsaris
3543:Chian Committee
3529:
3518:
3497:
3430:
3424:
3410:Third (Troezen)
3405:Second (Astros)
3381:
3333:
3294:
3228:Naval conflicts
3223:
3160:
3004:
2995:3rd Messolonghi
2990:2nd Messolonghi
2985:1st Messolonghi
2928:
2919:
2883:
2832:Napoleonic Wars
2796:Napoleonic Wars
2793:
2791:
2781:
2740:
2687:
2623:
2597:
2493:
2482:
2476:
2441:
2428:
2406:Eric Hobsbawm,
2400:
2387:
2337:
2323:, ed. (1911). "
2319:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2218:
2214:
2210:Djuvara, p. 319
2209:
2205:
2201:Djuvara, p. 123
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2110:Steven Runciman
2108:
2104:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2079:
2075:Glenny, p. 195.
2074:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2054:Svoronos, p. 87
2053:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1990:
1985:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1941:
1940:
1926:
1922:
1907:, ed. (1911). "
1903:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1876:
1872:
1815:
1748:
1694:Michael Soutzos
1608:Philanthropenos
1498:Lapithis, from
1222:
1104:Napoleonic Wars
1085:
1024:Napoleonic Wars
1020:Organic Statute
990:, called on by
961:(equivalent to
953:did. After the
947:
871:
799:
747:Peter the Great
745:'s power under
743:Imperial Russia
735:Amedeo Preziosi
712:
704:elective system
601:
549:
512:Cesare Vecellio
504:
459:
371:
361:primarily from
315:
309:
306:
303:
291:This section's
287:
283:
276:
215:
40:Greek community
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5412:
5410:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5369:Greek diaspora
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5331:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5184:Andreas Kalvos
5181:
5179:Karl Krazeisen
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5159:Peter von Hess
5156:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5033:Gabriel Bibron
5030:
5025:
5020:
5018:Pierre Peytier
5015:
5010:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4968:
4966:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4881:Henri de Rigny
4878:
4873:
4868:
4866:George Canning
4862:
4860:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4781:
4779:
4769:Ottoman Empire
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4724:Roxani Soutzos
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4679:Rallou Karatza
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4607:David Urquhart
4604:
4599:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4555:Maxime Raybaud
4552:
4547:
4545:Maurice Persat
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4476:Karl Krazeisen
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4406:Richard Church
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4367:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4333:Andreas Zaimis
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4208:Zisis Sotiriou
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4168:Ioannis Rangos
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4093:Georgios Panou
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3938:Andreas Londos
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3748:George Kalaras
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3728:Angelis Govios
3725:
3720:
3715:
3713:Ioannis Gouras
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3683:Angelis Gatsos
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3568:Notis Botsaris
3565:
3560:
3555:
3553:Fotos Bomporis
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3415:Fourth (Argos)
3412:
3407:
3402:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:Constantinople
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2825:
2820:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2668:Anthimos Gazis
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:Daskalogiannis
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2501:
2499:Ottoman Greece
2495:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2426:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2398:
2385:
2384:, Munich, 1987
2378:
2368:
2354:
2347:
2335:
2321:Chisholm, Hugh
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2278:, ed. (1911).
2276:Chisholm, Hugh
2267:
2254:
2241:
2232:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2165:Djuvara, p.124
2158:
2149:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2102:
2089:
2077:
2068:
2056:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2014:
2002:
1988:
1976:
1963:
1951:Φανάρι (ναυτ.)
1920:
1905:Chisholm, Hugh
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1819:Ottoman Greeks
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:Rizos Neroulos
1797:
1794:
1790:Paladas, from
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1725:
1716:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1690:Soutzos family
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1667:Rosetti family
1664:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1635:
1629:
1615:
1605:
1602:
1585:
1583:Marcus Musurus
1579:
1570:
1567:
1553:
1539:
1529:
1526:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1471:
1467:Kavadas, from
1465:
1454:
1448:
1435:
1427:Geralis, from
1425:
1421:Gerakis, from
1419:
1413:
1392:
1389:
1387:Kallergi House
1383:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1345:
1338:
1328:
1325:
1316:also known as
1307:
1265:Rosetti family
1221:
1218:
1210:Mihai Eminescu
1126:(of which the
1084:
1081:
946:
943:
939:tax exemptions
884:ambassador in
880:welcoming the
870:
867:
805:Phanariots in
798:
795:
759:Mihai Racoviță
711:
708:
600:
597:
581:class identity
548:
547:Civil servants
545:
514:(16th century)
503:
500:
458:
455:
449:Emblem of the
409:Constantinople
375:Greek Orthodox
370:
367:
363:Constantinople
317:
316:
290:
288:
281:
275:
274:Ottoman Empire
272:
229:) and foreign
214:
211:
127:Ottoman Empire
119:Constantinople
44:Constantinople
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5411:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5308:Royal Phalanx
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5093:George Finlay
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:Financial aid
4903:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4835:Ibrahim Pasha
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4790:Hurshid Pasha
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4590:German Legion
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
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4499:
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4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:George Jarvis
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4441:Thomas Gordon
4439:
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4422:
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4416:Lord Cochrane
4414:
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4319:
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4313:Pieros Voidis
4311:
4309:
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4301:
4299:
4298:Domna Visvizi
4296:
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4286:
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4278:Loukas Vagias
4276:
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4264:
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4043:Zachos Milios
4041:
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4033:Spyros Milios
4031:
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3526:Personalities
3521:
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3500:
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3027:
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3019:
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3014:
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3011:
3007:
3001:
3000:2nd Acropolis
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
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2963:
2961:
2960:1st Acropolis
2958:
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2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
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2938:
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2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2704:Filiki Eteria
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:Organizations
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:Rigas Feraios
2661:
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2409:
2405:
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2395:
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2386:
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2379:
2376:
2372:
2371:Neagu Djuvara
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2316:public domain
2305:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2265:, 2008, O.Ed.
2264:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2239:Djuvara, p.89
2236:
2233:
2230:
2229:1-84511-066-8
2226:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2174:Djuvara, p.69
2171:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1900:public domain
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
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1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:Souldjaroglou
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
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1737:
1733:
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1714:
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1707:
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1701:
1698:
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1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:Musurus, see
1580:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:Mavrocordatos
1540:
1538:
1537:Aspasia Manos
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1523:Sublime Porte
1520:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1440:, originally
1439:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1376:Chrisoscoleos
1375:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:Kantakouzenos
1354:noble family
1353:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1240:Aspasia Manos
1237:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:Greek culture
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:Filiki Eteria
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:Filiki Eteria
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1073:capitulations
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1000:
997:
993:
992:French Empire
989:
985:
981:
974:
970:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
944:
942:
940:
936:
932:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
896:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
866:
864:
861:paid part of
860:
856:
852:
848:
842:
839:
835:
830:
822:
821:
816:
812:
808:
803:
796:
794:
792:
788:
784:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
736:
732:
729:, in an 1868
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
649:
643:
641:
637:
633:
632:C. A. Rosetti
629:
625:
621:
617:
609:
605:
598:
596:
594:
593:
588:
587:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
553:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
513:
508:
501:
499:
497:
492:
490:
486:
485:
480:
479:
474:
470:
469:
464:
456:
452:
447:
443:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
368:
366:
364:
358:
356:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
313:
301:
297:
295:
289:
280:
279:
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
228:
224:
220:
212:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:subjects—the
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
84:
80:
76:
72:
65:
61:
56:
49:
48:Ottoman times
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
5261:
5256:Loukis Laras
5254:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5058:Edgar Quinet
4830:Yussuf Pasha
4540:Hadži-Prodan
4510:
4451:Emmanuel Han
4431:Adam Friedel
4381:Samuel Barff
4363:Philhellenes
3524:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3179:Thessaloniki
2925:
2852:Greek Legion
2745:Publications
2648:John Caradja
2609:Orlov Revolt
2575:
2488:
2430:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2389:
2381:
2374:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2328:
2291:
2285:
2270:
2262:
2257:
2252:,2008, O.Ed.
2249:
2244:
2235:
2220:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2144:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2092:
2071:
2050:
2017:
1971:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1950:
1944:
1932:
1931:and Φανάρι (
1923:
1912:
1519:Patriarchate
1438:Ghica family
1373:Cariophyllis
1327:Athanasovici
1310:Argyropoulos
1300:Philadelphia
1286:
1267:coat of arms
1231:coat of arms
1229:Ghica family
1213:
1199:
1175:
1163:Ioan Sturdza
1121:
1058:
1043:
1017:
1006:
1003:conspiracies
977:
948:
927:
925:resistance.
921:, met stiff
914:
904:
893:
890:
843:
826:
818:
771:
739:
700:George Ducas
680:
667:
666:(originally
657:
644:
613:
590:
584:
570:
554:
550:
517:
493:
482:
476:
466:
460:
457:Patriarchate
440:Hagia Sophia
426:
423:dimogerontes
422:
416:
406:
391:
372:
359:
351:
320:
307:
292:
216:
171:millet-bashi
170:
155:
150:
114:
109:families in
78:
74:
70:
69:
34:View of the
5273:Remembrance
5164:Victor Hugo
5154:Louis Dupré
4810:Kara Mehmet
4805:Omer Vrioni
4641:Sacred Band
4593: [
3653:Adam Doukas
3111:Lerna Mills
2975:Acrocorinth
2481:(1821–1829)
2325:Phanariotes
1909:Phanariotes
1824:Diafotismos
1778:Eupragiotes
1772:Caryophyles
1763:Aristarchis
1705:Vlachoutzis
1659:Rodocanachi
1588:Palaiologos
1403:Paphlagonia
1381:Peloponnese
1348:Cantacuzino
1008:casus belli
900:Iancu Sasul
886:Curtea Nouă
721:, built in
696:Cantacuzino
664:Callimachis
418:kodjabashis
379:South Slavs
339:Peloponnese
75:Phanariotes
18:Phanariotes
5333:Categories
5001:Scientific
4396:Lord Byron
3275:Alexandria
3260:Sphacteria
3199:Samothrace
3189:Tripolitsa
3096:Sphacteria
3081:Dervenakia
2965:Tripolitsa
2915:Monarchism
2905:Liberalism
2814:Greek Plan
2581:Rum Millet
2576:Phanariots
2490:Background
2440:9604350285
2399:0140233776
2366:1845110668
2301:References
2100:, 2008 ed.
1956:October 7,
1937:Lighthouse
1927:The names
1766:Ballasakis
1728:Ypsilantis
1596:Asia minor
1556:Mavrogenis
1069:corruption
1040:consulates
1036:Bessarabia
959:gold coins
919:legal code
751:Carpathian
731:lithograph
660:hellenized
343:after 1461
321:After the
191:Alexandria
179:Rum Millet
141:and Grand
121:where the
103:Fenerliler
87:Φαναριώτες
71:Phanariots
50:, ca. 1900
4631:Wallachia
3307:Agamemnon
3166:Massacres
3151:Koronisia
3086:Karpenisi
3056:Drăgășani
2588:Souliotes
2566:Ali Pasha
2516:Armatoles
2433:. Polis.
1732:Trebizond
1713:Wallachia
1671:Moldavian
1650:Wallachia
1604:Photeinos
1569:Mavroudis
1495:Lambrinos
1492:emperors.
1490:Trebizond
1486:Byzantine
1482:Trebizond
1446:Macedonia
1442:Albanians
1433:Kefalonia
1423:Kefalonia
1417:Trebizond
1391:Diamandis
1352:Byzantine
1342:Trebizond
1306:emperors.
1304:Byzantine
1132:Văcărescu
1116:Wallachia
1098:, senior
988:Selim III
859:Ahmed III
855:Wallachia
838:Bucharest
815:Bucharest
807:Wallachia
723:Bucharest
710:1711–1715
688:Levantine
684:hospodars
672:Racovițăs
620:Wallachia
592:armatoloi
579:to their
562:Black Sea
465:replaced
435:Byzantine
427:prokritoi
335:Mouchlion
327:Mehmet II
260:Wallachia
244:Hospodars
231:embassies
223:dragomans
207:hierarchs
187:Jerusalem
173:) of the
163:Patriarch
158:Byzantine
95:Fanarioți
79:Fanariots
36:Phanarion
4965:Military
4627:Moldavia
3328:Karteria
3290:Navarino
3265:Gerontas
3184:Navarino
3136:Phaleron
3131:Kamatero
3126:Arachova
3066:Vasilika
3051:Vasilika
3036:Valtetsi
3016:Kalamata
2955:Livadeia
2950:Navarino
2521:Proestoi
2341:(1953).
1813:See also
1796:Plaginos
1702:Venturas
1686:Sereslis
1680:Scanavis
1677:origins.
1646:Moldavia
1642:Romanian
1638:Racoviță
1598:, later
1592:imperial
1533:Kastoria
1474:Komnenos
1429:Mytilene
1399:imperial
1362:Caradjas
1335:Moldavia
1296:imperial
1202:Romanian
1186:Habsburg
1182:Orthodox
1153:and the
1148:Oltenian
1026:and the
851:Moldavia
829:dragoman
668:Călmașul
628:Romanian
624:Romanian
616:Moldavia
478:ethnarch
394:Habsburg
310:May 2022
256:Moldavia
248:voivodes
213:Overview
175:Orthodox
137:, Grand
91:Romanian
5313:Evzones
4850:Britain
4773:Algeria
3502:Related
3245:Nauplia
3146:Martino
3121:Distomo
3101:Maniaki
3061:Sculeni
3041:Doliana
3026:Alamana
3009:Battles
2980:Nauplia
2571:Maniots
2526:Klephts
2318::
1902::
1808:Tzoukes
1802:Ramadan
1784:Moronas
1775:Dimakis
1769:Cananos
1730:, from
1721:, from
1719:Vlastos
1683:Schinas
1620:, from
1558:, from
1544:, from
1528:Mamonas
1515:Levidis
1410:despots
1318:Argyros
1292:Angelos
1155:regency
1151:pandurs
1038:). New
907:serfdom
895:văcărit
882:British
865:' sum.
670:), the
636:radical
586:klephts
541:Muscovy
468:de jure
337:in the
183:Antioch
99:Turkish
5200:Hellas
4858:Russia
4854:France
4775:, and
3535:Greece
3321:Hellas
3255:Andros
3235:Eresos
3219:Cyprus
3194:Naousa
3071:Trench
3031:Gravia
2945:Salona
2940:Patras
2933:Sieges
2926:Events
2641:People
2602:Events
2508:People
2437:
2396:
2364:
2312:
2227:
1933:Fanari
1896:
1787:Negris
1734:, see
1675:Genoan
1663:Romalo
1655:Ramalo
1618:Rallis
1575:, see
1562:, see
1548:, see
1535:, see
1509:Pontus
1478:Axouch
1395:Doukas
1320:, see
1144:Phanar
1061:boyars
1050:guilds
820:k.u.k.
817:while
692:boyars
676:Ghicas
648:vassal
537:ducats
529:Aivali
525:Smyrna
484:Millet
463:Sultan
167:millet
111:Phanar
4777:Egypt
4602:Serbs
4597:]
3299:Ships
3280:Volos
3270:Souda
3250:Samos
3240:Chios
3214:Kasos
3209:Psara
3204:Chios
3156:Petra
3106:Morea
3046:Lalas
2888:Ideas
2183:Berza
1929:Fener
1870:Notes
1792:Crete
1723:Crete
1622:Chios
1560:Paros
1546:Chios
1500:Crete
1469:Chios
1460:(see
1458:Chios
1444:from
1128:Ghica
1045:sudit
931:Divan
923:boyar
813:from
653:boyar
521:Chios
383:Islam
355:Porte
341:and,
331:Balat
227:Porte
195:Ohrid
115:Fener
107:Greek
83:Greek
77:, or
4856:and
4629:and
3314:Aris
3285:Itea
3116:Mani
3076:Peta
2970:Arta
2830:and
2794:the
2435:ISBN
2394:ISBN
2362:ISBN
2225:ISBN
1958:2006
1738:and
1648:and
1488:and
1431:and
1059:The
853:and
834:Iași
642:.).
618:and
589:and
527:and
471:the
425:and
266:and
258:and
199:Peja
197:and
5142:Art
2816:of
2327:".
1911:".
1216:).
1212:'s
1138:'s
1114:in
994:'s
836:or
733:by
725:by
626:in
595:).
46:in
42:of
5335::
4852:,
4771:,
4595:el
2373:,
2284:.
2112:.
2080:^
2059:^
2038:^
2026:^
2005:^
1991:^
1979:^
1949:.
1877:^
1590:,
1525:).
1484:,
1405:,
1302:,
1294:,
1130:,
1079:.
1052:.
941:.
793:.
690:)
543:.
523:,
421:,
349:.
325:,
193:,
189:,
185:,
149:'
133:,
129::
101::
97:,
93::
89:,
85::
73:,
5319:)
5315:(
4638:)
4634:(
3401:)
3397:(
2471:e
2464:t
2457:v
2443:.
2402:.
1960:.
1947:"
1943:"
1758:.
1696:.
1652:.
1628:.
1614:.
1566:.
1552:.
1511:.
1464:)
1412:.
1358:.
1337:.
1324:.
415:(
312:)
308:(
254:(
246:(
81:(
66:.
20:)
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