3812:"...because there men achieve sainthood through study of Torah and imitation of the conduct of the masters. In doing so, they conform to the heavenly paradigm, the Torah believed to have been created by God "in his image," revealed at Sinai, and handed down to their own teachers ... If the masters and disciples obey the divine teaching of Moses, "our rabbi," then their society, the school, replicates on earth the heavenly academy, just as the disciple incarnates the heavenly model of Moses, "our rabbi." The rabbis believe that Moses was (and the Messiah will be) a rabbi, God dons phylacteries, and the heavenly court studies Torah precisely as does the earthly one, even arguing about the same questions. These beliefs today may seem as projections of rabbinical values onto heaven, but the rabbis believe that they themselves are projections of heavenly values onto earth. The rabbis thus conceive that on earth they study Torah just as God, the angels, and Moses, "our rabbi," do in heaven. The heavenly schoolmen are even aware of Babylonian scholastic discussions, so they require a rabbi's information about an aspect of purity taboos.
5693:
of Israel, take heed to yourselves what you intend to do regarding these men. 36 For some time ago
Theudas rose up, claiming to be somebody. A number of men, about four hundred, joined him. He was slain, and all who obeyed him were scattered and came to nothing. 37 After this man, Judas of Galilee rose up in the days of the census, and drew away many people after him. He also perished, and all who obeyed him were dispersed. 38 And now I say to you, keep away from these men and let them alone; for if this plan or this work is of men, it will come to nothing; 39 but if it is of God, you cannot overthrow it—lest you even be found to fight against God."" (
4402:, Jesus' actions are actually similar to and consistent with Jewish beliefs and practices of the time, as recorded by the Rabbis, that commonly associate illness with sin and healing with forgiveness. Jews (according to E.P. Sanders) reject the New Testament suggestion that the healing would have been critical of, or criticized by, the Pharisees as no surviving Rabbinic source questions or criticizes this practice, and the notion that Pharisees believed that "God alone" could forgive sins is more of a rhetorical device than historical fact. Another argument from Sanders is that, according to the New Testament, Pharisees wanted to punish Jesus for
4247:
3426:
4134:, a prayer which in part exclaims, "Praised are You O Lord, who breaks enemies and defeats the wicked," and which is understood as a rejection of sectarians and sectarianism. This shift by no means resolved conflicts over the interpretation of the Torah; rather, it relocated debates between sects to debates within Rabbinic Judaism. The Pharisaic commitment to scholarly debate as a value in and of itself, rather than merely a byproduct of sectarianism, emerged as a defining feature of Rabbinic Judaism.
5190:, Flavius Josephus, Translated by William Whiston, A.M. Auburn and Buffalo John E. Beardsley, 1895, sections 142–150: "And now did many of the priests, even when they saw their enemies assailing them with swords in their hands, without any disturbance, go on with their Divine worship, and were slain while they were offering their drink-offerings, ... The greatest part of them were slain by their own countrymen, of the adverse faction, and an innumerable multitude threw themselves down precipices"
3290:
factors that distinguished the
Pharisees from other groups prior to the destruction of the Temple was their belief that all Jews had to observe the purity laws (which applied to the Temple service) outside the Temple. The major difference, however, was the continued adherence of the Pharisees to the laws and traditions of the Jewish people in the face of assimilation. As Josephus noted, the Pharisees were considered the most expert and accurate expositors of Jewish law.
3143:, which was completed in 515 BCE, had been constructed under the auspices of a foreign power, and there were lingering questions about its legitimacy. This provided the condition for the development of various sects or "schools of thought," each of which claimed exclusive authority to represent "Judaism," and which typically shunned social intercourse, especially marriage, with members of other sects. In the same period, the council of sages known as the
3824:) to infer that the Pharisees were more legalistic than other sects in the Second Temple Era. The authors of the Gospels present Jesus as speaking harshly against some Pharisees (Josephus does claim that the Pharisees were the "strictest" observers of the law). Yet, as Neusner has observed, Pharisaism was but one of many "Judaisms" in its day, and its legal interpretation are what set it apart from the other sects of Judaism.
3248:
3923:
the rabbis believed that "the heavenly court studies Torah precisely as does the earthly one, even arguing about the same questions." Thus, in debating and disagreeing over the meaning of the Torah or how best to put it into practice, no rabbi felt that he (or his opponent) was rejecting God or threatening
Judaism; on the contrary, it was precisely through such arguments that the rabbis imitated and honored God.
3669:, who both lived in the latter half of the 1st century BCE. A Gentile once challenged Shammai to teach him the wisdom of the Torah while he stood on one foot. Shammai drove him away. The same gentile approached Hillel and asked of him the same thing. Hillel chastised him gently by saying, "What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow. That is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation – now go and study."
3764:, this view is a distortion. He suggests that two things fundamentally distinguished the Pharisaic from the Sadducean approach to the Torah. First, Pharisees believed in a broad and literal interpretation of Exodus (19:3–6), "you shall be my own possession among all peoples; for all the earth is mine, and you shall be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation," and the words of
3942:. After Hillel died in 20 CE, Shammai assumed the office of president of the Sanhedrin until he died in 30 CE. Followers of these two sages dominated scholarly debate over the following decades. Although the Talmud records the arguments and positions of the school of Shammai, the teachings of the school of Hillel were ultimately taken as authoritative.
4236:
3899:. The Pharisees based their authority to innovate on the verses: "....according to the word they tell you... according to all they instruct you. According to the law they instruct you and according to the judgment they say to you, you shall do; you shall not divert from the word they tell you, either right or left" (Deuteronomy 17:10–11) (see
3862:(the disagreements recorded in the Mishna and Talmud generally focus on methods of exegesis), and Laws with Mosaic authority that cannot be derived from the Biblical text (these include measurements (e.g. what amount of a non-kosher food must one eat to be liable), the amount and order of the scrolls to be placed in the phylacteries, etc.).
5178:, Paolo Sacchi, ch. 8 p. 269: "At this point, the majority of the city's inhabitants, pro-Pharisee and pro-Hyrcanus, decided to open the city's gates to the Romans. Only a small minority of Sadducees took refuge in the Temple and decided to hold out until the very end. This was Autumn 63 BCE. On this occasion Pompey broke into the Temple."
4395:. In the story, Jesus counters the accusation that he does not have the power to forgive sins by pronouncing forgiveness of sins and then healing the man. The account of the Paralytic Man and Jesus's performance of miracles on the Sabbath are often interpreted as oppositional and at times antagonistic to that of the Pharisees' teachings.
4184:. In Judea, these discussions occurred at important academies at Tiberias, Caesarea, and Sepphoris. In Babylonia, these discussions largely occurred at important academies that had been established at Nehardea, Pumpeditha and Sura. This tradition of study and debate reached its fullest expression in the development of the
3752:
applying even to the mundanities of life. This was a more participatory (or "democratic") form of
Judaism, in which rituals were not monopolized by an inherited priesthood but rather could be performed by all adult Jews individually or collectively, whose leaders were not determined by birth but by scholarly achievement.
3166:, the houses of study and worship remained important secondary institutions in Jewish life. Outside Judea, the synagogue was often called a house of prayer. While most Jews could not regularly attend the Temple service, they could meet at the synagogue for morning, afternoon and evening prayers. On Mondays, Thursdays and
3515:(the Feast of Tabernacles). The Pharisees, like the Sadducees, were politically quiescent, and studied, taught, and worshiped in their own way. At this time serious theological differences emerged between the Sadducees and Pharisees. The notion that the sacred could exist outside the Temple, a view central to the
3792:
from what modern scholars consider literal. Saldarini states that the Oral Torah did not come about until the third century CE, although there was an unstated idea about it in existence. Every Jewish community in a way possessed their own version of the Oral Torah which governed their religious practices.
4214:
According to S. Baron however, there existed "a general willingness of the people to follow its self imposed
Rabbinic rulership". Although the Rabbis lacked authority to impose capital punishment "Flagellation and heavy fines, combined with an extensive system of excommunication were more than enough
3776:
were perhaps intended originally for the priests, but were extended to the whole people; similarly the prohibition of cutting the flesh in mourning for the dead. The
Pharisees believed that all Jews in their ordinary life, and not just the Temple priesthood or Jews visiting the Temple, should observe
4117:
Regardless of the importance they gave to the Temple, and despite their support of Bar Koseba's revolt, the
Pharisees' vision of Jewish law as a means by which ordinary people could engage with the sacred in their daily lives provided them with a position from which to respond to all four challenges
3865:
The
Pharisees were also innovators in that they enacted specific laws as they saw necessary according to the needs of the time. These included prohibitions to prevent an infringement of a biblical prohibition (e.g. one does not take a Lulav on Shabbat "Lest one carry it in the public domain") called
3791:
The standard view is that the
Pharisees differed from Sadducees in the sense that they accepted the Oral Torah in addition to the Scripture. Anthony J. Saldarini argues that this assumption has neither implicit nor explicit evidence. A critique of the ancient interpretations of the Bible are distant
3527:
At first, the values of the
Pharisees developed through their sectarian debates with the Sadducees; then they developed through internal, non-sectarian debates over the law as an adaptation to life without the Temple, and life in exile, and eventually, to a more limited degree, life in conflict with
5692:
merely reads: "33 When they heard this, they were furious and plotted to kill them. 34 Then one in the council stood up, a Pharisee named Gamaliel, a teacher of the law held in respect by all the people, and commanded them to put the apostles outside for a little while. 35 And he said to them: "Men
4383:
speculated that Jesus was himself a Pharisee and that his arguments with Pharisees is a sign of inclusion rather than fundamental conflict (disputation being the dominant narrative mode employed in the Talmud as a search for truth, and not necessarily a sign of opposition). However, Maccoby's views
4137:
Thus, as the Pharisees argued that all Israel should act as priests, the Rabbis argued that all Israel should act as rabbis: "The rabbis furthermore want to transform the entire Jewish community into an academy where the whole Torah is studied and kept .... redemption depends on the "rabbinization"
3922:
Just as important as (if not more important than) any particular law was the value the rabbis placed on legal study and debate. The sages of the Talmud believed that when they taught the Oral Torah to their students, they were imitating Moses, who taught the law to the children of Israel. Moreover,
3800:
The sages of the Talmud believed that the Oral law was simultaneously revealed to Moses at Sinai, and the product of debates among rabbis. Thus, one may conceive of the "Oral Torah" as both based on the fixed text and as an ongoing process of analysis and argument in which God is actively involved;
4055:
After the destruction of the First Temple, Jews believed that God would forgive them and enable them to rebuild the Temple – an event that actually occurred within three generations. After the destruction of the Second Temple, Jews wondered whether this would happen again. When the
3796:
stated that the Sadducees only followed literal interpretations of the Torah. To Saldarini, this only means that the Sadducees followed their own way of Judaism and rejected the Pharisaic version of Judaism. To Rosemary Ruether, the Pharisaic proclamation of the Oral Torah was their way of freeing
3771:
The Pharisees believed that the idea that all of the children of Israel were to be like priests was expressed elsewhere in the Torah, for example, when the Law itself was transferred from the sphere of the priesthood to every man in Israel. Moreover, the Torah already provided ways for all Jews to
3759:
suggests that this was not, in fact, a matter of religion. He claims that the complete rejection of Judaism would not have been tolerated under the Hasmonean rule and therefore Hellenists maintained that they were rejecting not Judaism but Rabbinic law. Thus, the Sadducees were in fact a political
3273:
established a new monarchy in the form of the priestly Hasmonean dynasty in 152 BCE, thus establishing priests as political as well as religious authorities. Although the Hasmoneans were considered heroes for resisting the Seleucids, their reign lacked the legitimacy conferred by descent from
4206:
The "Judaism" of the rabbis at this time is in no degree either normal or normative, and speaking descriptively, the schools cannot be called "elite." Whatever their aspirations for the future and pretensions in the present, the rabbis, though powerful and influential, constitute a minority group
3751:
Fundamentally, the Pharisees continued a form of Judaism that extended beyond the Temple, applying Jewish law to mundane activities in order to sanctify the everyday world. This was monumental as a practice during this era, as it helped the Jews of the time to truly align themselves with the law,
3443:
asking him to interfere and restore the old priesthood while abolishing the royalty of the Hasmoneans altogether. Pharisees also opened Jerusalem's gates to the Romans, and actively supported them against the Sadducean faction. When the Romans finally broke the entrance to the Jerusalem's Temple,
3289:
influences in the development of Pharisaical Judaism. The Pharisees, among other Jewish sects, were active from the middle of the second century BCE until the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE. Josephus first mentions them in connection with Jonathan, the successor of Judas Maccabeus. One of the
4099:
According to historian Shaye Cohen, by the time three generations had passed after the destruction of the Second Temple, most Jews concluded that the Temple would not be rebuilt during their lives, nor in the foreseeable future. Jews were now confronted with difficult and far-reaching questions:
3410:
record a host of rulings by rabbis, some of whom are believed to be from among the Pharisees, concerning sacrifices and other ritual practices in the Temple, torts, criminal law, and governance. In their day, the influence of the Pharisees over the lives of the common people was strong and their
3999:
The Temple is destroyed. We never witnessed its glory. But Rabbi Joshua did. And when he looked at the Temple ruins one day, he burst into tears. "Alas for us! The place which atoned for the sins of all the people Israel lies in ruins!" Then Rabbi Yohannan ben Zakkai spoke to him these words of
3206:
conquered Persia in 332 BCE. The rift between the priests and the sages developed during this time, when Jews faced new political and cultural struggles. This created a sort of schism in the Jewish community. After Alexander's death in 323 BCE, Judea was ruled by the Egyptian-Hellenic
4195:
Rabbinic Judaism eventually emerged as normative Judaism and in fact many today refer to Rabbinic Judaism simply as "Judaism." Jacob Neusner, however, states that the Amoraim had no ultimate power in their communities. They lived at a time when Jews were subjects of either the Roman or Iranian
4121:
After the destruction of the Second Temple, these sectarian divisions ended. The Rabbis avoided the term "Pharisee," perhaps because it was a term more often used by non-Pharisees, but also because the term was explicitly sectarian. The Rabbis claimed leadership over all Jews, and added to the
3293:
Josephus indicates that the Pharisees received the backing and good-will of the common people, apparently in contrast to the more elite Sadducees associated with the ruling classes. In general, whereas the Sadducees were aristocratic monarchists, the Pharisees were eclectic, popular, and more
4173:, considered by the rabbis to be the definitive expression of the Oral Torah (although some of the sages mentioned in the Mishnah are Pharisees who lived prior to the destruction of the Second Temple, or prior to the Bar Kozeba Revolt, most of the sages mentioned lived after the revolt).
6240:(Tel Aviv: Dvir Press, 2019, in Hebrew), supporting the thesis that the priests who sentenced Jesus to death were Sadducees, in a time where the majority of the Jews followed the beliefs of the Pharisees, who were close to the ideas preached by Jesus and would not have wanted his death.
3797:
Judaism from the clutches of Aaronite priesthood, represented by the Sadducees. The Oral Torah was to remain oral but was later given a written form. It did not refer to the Torah in a status as a commentary, rather had its own separate existence which allowed Pharisaic innovations.
3544:, is devoted to theological issues; these texts are concerned primarily with interpretations of Jewish law, and anecdotes about the sages and their values. Only one chapter of the Mishnah deals with theological issues; it asserts that three kinds of people will have no share in "the
5979:
4417:
in 70 CE. Only Christianity and Pharisaism survived the destruction of the Temple, and the two competed for a short time until the Pharisees emerged as the dominant form of Judaism . When many Jews did not convert, Christians sought new converts from among the Gentiles.
4196:(Parthian and Persian) empires. These empires left the day-to-day governance in the hands of the Jewish authorities: in Roman Palestine, through the hereditary office of Patriarch (simultaneously the head of the Sanhedrin); in Babylonia, through the hereditary office of the
3360:
made himself king and openly sided with the Sadducees by adopting their rites in the Temple. His actions caused a riot in the Temple, and led to a brief civil war that ended with a bloody repression of the Pharisees. However, on his deathbed Jannaeus advised his widow,
4157:(from the Aramaic word for "repeat;" the Aramaic root TNY is equivalent to the Hebrew root SNY, which is the basis for "Mishnah." Thus, Tannaim are "Mishnah teachers"), the sages who repeated and thus passed down the Oral Torah. During this period rabbis finalized the
3308:, literally, bastard, according to the Pharisaic definition, is an outcast child born of a forbidden relationship, such as adultery or incest, in which marriage of the parents could not lawfully occur. The word is often, but incorrectly, translated as "illegitimate".)
4091:. Romans did eventually reconstitute the Sanhedrin under the leadership of Judah haNasi (who claimed to be a descendant of King David). They conferred the title of "Nasi" as hereditary, and Judah's sons served both as Patriarch and as heads of the Sanhedrin.
3011:, an authoritative codification of Pharisaic interpretations, around 200 CE. Most of the authorities quoted in the Mishnah lived after the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE; it thus marks the beginning of the transition from Pharisaic to
3138:
as the dominant authority. Without the constraining power of the monarchy, the authority of the Temple in civic life was amplified. It was around this time that the Sadducee party emerged as the party of priests and allied elites. However, the
3492:, Herod's notorious treatment of his own family and of the last Hasmonaeans further eroded his popularity. According to Josephus, the Pharisees ultimately opposed him and thus fell victims (4 BCE) to his bloodthirstiness. The family of
3987:. Their vision of Jewish law as a means by which ordinary people could engage with the sacred in their daily lives was a position meaningful to the majority of Jews. Such teachings extended beyond ritual practices. According to the classic
4410:. Despite the Mishna and Gemara being replete with restrictions on healing on the Sabbath (for example, Mishna Shabbat, 22:6), E.P. Sanders stated that no Rabbinic rule has been found according to which Jesus would have violated Sabbath.
3369:, a leading Pharisee. Josephus attests that Salome was favorably inclined toward the Pharisees, and their political influence grew tremendously under her reign, especially in the Sanhedrin or Jewish Council, which they came to dominate.
3580:, however, said that Jews must "be meticulous in small religious duties as well as large ones, because you do not know what sort of reward is coming for any of the religious duties," suggesting that all laws are of equal importance).
3352:
at his own table, suggesting that he should abandon his role as High Priest due to a rumour, probably untrue, that he had been conceived while his mother was a prisoner of war. In response, he distanced himself from the Pharisees.
2820:). It may refer to their separation from Gentiles, sources of ritual impurity or from irreligious Jews.Alternatively, it may have a particular political meaning as "separatists" due to their division from the Sadducee elite, with
3894:
are Rabbinic innovations. Much of the legal system is based on "what the sages constructed via logical reasoning and from established practice". Also, the blessings before meals and the wording of the Amidah. These are known as
3487:
as king, confirming the termination of the Hasmonean dynasty. According to Josephus, Sadducean opposition to Herod led him to treat the Pharisees favorably. Herod was an unpopular ruler, perceived as a Roman puppet. Despite his
5951:
4072:(later known as Bar Kokhba), who established a short-lived independent state that was conquered by the Romans in 135. With this defeat, Jews' hopes that the Temple would be rebuilt were crushed. Nonetheless, belief in a
3717:
Unlike the Sadducees, who are generally held to have rejected any existence after death, the sources vary on the beliefs of the Pharisees on the afterlife. According to the New Testament the Pharisees believed in the
3315:". The Pharisaic understanding was that the value of an eye was to be paid by the perpetrator. In the Sadducees' view the words were given a more literal interpretation, in which the offender's eye would be removed.
3560:(who deny divine supervision of human affairs). Another passage suggests a different set of core principles: normally, a Jew may violate any law to save a life, but in Sanhedrin 74a, a ruling orders Jews to accept
3380:, was in conflict with Hyrcanus, and tried to seize power. The Pharisees seemed to be in a vulnerable position at this time. The conflict between the two sons culminated in a civil war that ended when the
5971:
3801:
it was this ongoing process that was revealed at Sinai along with the scripture, and by participating in this ongoing process rabbis and their students are actively participating in God's ongoing act of
3628:
instituted the requirement that Jews both in Judea and in the diaspora pray three times a day (morning, afternoon and evening), and include in their prayers a recitation of these passages in the morning
3326:, that is normative, mainstream Judaism after the destruction of the Second Temple. All mainstream forms of Judaism today consider themselves heirs of Rabbinic Judaism and, ultimately, the Pharisees.
1162:
4000:
comfort: "Be not grieved, my son. There is another way of gaining ritual atonement, even though the Temple is destroyed. We must now gain ritual atonement through deeds of loving-kindness."
2604:
took place in the context of much broader and longstanding social and religious conflicts among Jews, made worse by the Roman conquest. One conflict was cultural, between those who favored
3695:
3:19, "Rabbi Akiva said: All is foreseen, but freedom of choice is given". According to Josephus, Pharisees were further distinguished from the Sadducees in that Pharisees believed in the
4349:, presents especially the leadership of the Pharisees as obsessed with man-made rules (especially concerning purity) whereas Jesus is more concerned with God's love; the Pharisees scorn
4413:
Paula Frederiksen and Michael J. Cook believe that those passages of the New Testament that are seemingly most hostile to the Pharisees were written sometime after the destruction of
5253:
Jews and Christians : the parting of the ways, A.D. 70 to 135 : the second Durham-Tübingen Research Symposium on Earliest Christianity and Judaism (Durham, September 1989)
1740:
6293:
1395:
1090:
3910:
posits that the Sadducees were the more hidebound adherents to an ancient Halacha whereas the Pharisees were more willing to develop Halacha as the times required. See however,
3399:. As Josephus was himself a Pharisee, his account might represent a historical creation meant to elevate the status of the Pharisees during the height of the Hasmonean Dynasty.
1282:
4044:
to the priests and sacrificing offerings at the (now-destroyed) Temple, the rabbis instructed Jews to give charity. Moreover, they argued that all Jews should study in local
6849:
4369:), the word "pharisee" (and its derivatives: "pharisaical", etc.) has come into semi-common usage in English to describe a hypocritical and arrogant person who places the
3934:
mark different generations of scholars in terms of different pairs of contending schools. In the first century, for example, the two major Pharisaic schools were those of
3311:
Sadducees rejected the Pharisaic tenet of an Oral Torah, creating two Jewish understandings of the Torah. An example of this differing approach is the interpretation of, "
2490:
3755:
Many, including some scholars, have characterized the Sadducees as a sect that interpreted the Torah literally, and the Pharisees as interpreting the Torah liberally. R'
254:
4421:
Some scholars have found evidence of continuous interactions between Jewish-Christian and rabbinic movements from the mid to late second century to the fourth century.
2914:(37–100 CE) in a description of the "four schools of thought", or "four sects", into which he divided the Jews in the 1st century CE. (The other schools were the
1277:
6152:
3972:
in 73 CE). Similarly, the Sadducees, whose teachings were closely connected to the Temple, disappeared with the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. The
1525:
6215:
3073:
in 587 BCE, resulted in dramatic changes to Jewish culture and religion. During the 70-year exile in Babylon, Jewish houses of assembly (known in Hebrew as a
4335:
4005:
4138:
of all Israel, that is, upon the attainment of all Jewry of a full and complete embodiment of revelation or Torah, thus achieving a perfect replica of heaven."
1779:
3472:(military governor of Galilee). In 40 BCE Aristobulus's son Antigonus overthrew Hyrcanus and named himself king and high priest, and Herod fled to Rome.
6786:
6693:
6527:
764:
727:
4219:
assumed the title Rabbana, heretofore assumed by the exilarch, and appeared together with two other Rabbis as an official delegation "at the gate of King
3499:
While it stood, the Second Temple remained the center of Jewish ritual life. Jews were required to travel to Jerusalem and offer sacrifices at the Temple
5302:, 1994, p. 395) interprets Josephus to be most likely talking about resurrection, while Jason von Ehrenkrook ("The Afterlife in Philo and Josephus", in
4307:, the highly respected rabbi and, according to Christianity, defender of the apostles, was also a Pharisee, and according to some Christian traditions
3456:(a lesser title than "king"). Six years later Hyrcanus was deprived of the remainder of political authority and ultimate jurisdiction was given to the
6715:
1703:
4211:
In Neusner's view, the rabbinic project, as acted out in the Talmud, reflected not the world as it was but the world as rabbis dreamed it should be.
6771:
6628:
6298:
6265:
4266:
1726:
6776:
6766:
6522:
4180:(from the Aramaic word for "speaker") rabbis and their students who continued to debate legal matters and discuss the meaning of the books of the
3496:, whom Herod had raised to the high-priesthood, revived the spirit of the Sadducees, and thenceforth the Pharisees again had them as antagonists.
3395:
Josephus' account may overstate the role of the Pharisees. He reports elsewhere that the Pharisees did not grow to power until the reign of Queen
1076:
3624:, who did not have access to the Temple, recited these passages in their houses of assembly. According to the Mishnah and Talmud, the men of the
5776:
3854:. This chain of tradition includes the interpretation of unclear statements in the Bible (e.g. that the "fruit of a beautiful tree" refers to a
6844:
3976:
too disappeared, perhaps because their teachings so diverged from the concerns of the times, perhaps because they were sacked by the Romans at
2608:(the Sadducees) and those who resisted it (the Pharisees). Another was juridical-religious, between those who emphasized the importance of the
2483:
1653:
1588:
1470:
6681:
6676:
5494:
5467:
5353:
4202:, the "Head of the Exile" or "Exilarch" (who ratified the appointment of the heads of Rabbinical academies.) According to Professor Neusner:
3148:
774:
6698:
6409:
1212:
4864:
4357:, which is the only gospel where Nicodemus is mentioned, particularly portrays the sect as divided and willing to debate.) Because of the
6869:
6361:
6343:
1480:
1297:
1287:
527:
4188:, elaborations of the Mishnah and records of Rabbinic debates, stories, and judgements, compiled around 400 in Judea and around 500 in
6381:
5118:
4938:
3015:. The Mishnah was supremely important because it compiled the oral interpretations and traditions of the Pharisees and, later on, the
1876:
1826:
1791:
1485:
1350:
1217:
6201:
2665:
to be around 6,000. He claimed that the Pharisees' influence over the common people was so great that anything they said against the
6140:
6126:
6108:
6095:
6081:
6067:
6040:
6027:
6008:
5028:
4726:
4673:
4227:, King of Persia. Thus, the Rabbis had significant means of "coercion" and the people seem to have followed the Rabbinic rulership.
3322:
see a direct link between themselves and the Pharisees, and historians generally consider Pharisaic Judaism to be the progenitor of
2476:
1568:
1530:
1505:
1425:
1410:
1257:
1197:
1152:
6155:
The Jewish History Resource Center – Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
4246:
3170:, a weekly Torah portion was read publicly in the synagogues, following the tradition of public Torah readings instituted by Ezra.
3231:. Jerusalem was liberated in 165 BCE and the Temple was restored. In 141 BCE an assembly of priests and others affirmed
6859:
6854:
4215:
to uphold the authority of the courts." In fact, the Rabbis took over more and more power from the Reish Galuta until eventually
3019:, into a single authoritative text, thus allowing oral tradition within Judaism to survive the destruction of the Second Temple.
1861:
1843:
1749:
1643:
1495:
1490:
1415:
1380:
1247:
3162:
The Temple was no longer the only institution for Jewish religious life. After the building of the Second Temple in the time of
6686:
6633:
6623:
6537:
6318:
4430:
3756:
3257:
2821:
2379:
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1177:
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1142:
6188:
5882:
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1450:
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1127:
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The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls : their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity
6532:
2273:
1811:
1796:
1759:
1721:
1693:
1683:
1678:
1663:
1658:
1638:
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1608:
1583:
1549:
1520:
1420:
1405:
1329:
1319:
1237:
1207:
1132:
1118:
42:
5715:
754:
6864:
6703:
6542:
6288:
6258:
5950:, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2.358 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013), 210–213; Jonathan Bourgel,
4370:
4223:'s court." The Amorah (and Tanna) Rav was a personal friend of the last Parthian king Artabenus and Shmuel was close to
4029:
3066:
3062:
1881:
1801:
1764:
1688:
1633:
1500:
1475:
1400:
1375:
1365:
1304:
1227:
1222:
1202:
1192:
1172:
1157:
1050:
518:
513:
117:
3726:, who himself was a Pharisee, the Pharisees held that only the soul was immortal and the souls of good people would be
2878:
denies this, stating: "Practically all scholars now agree that the name "Pharisee" derives from the Hebrew and Aramaic
2661:), believed by many historians to have been a Pharisee, estimated the total Pharisee population before the fall of the
6552:
6547:
6391:
6371:
4808:
3984:
3951:
1871:
1866:
1821:
1774:
1460:
1430:
1390:
1385:
1242:
548:
6158:
3022:
However, none of the Rabbinic sources include identifiable eyewitness accounts of the Pharisees and their teachings.
3425:
6333:
6328:
4207:
seeking to exercise authority without much governmental support, to dominate without substantial means of coercion.
3500:
3445:
3223:
invaded Judea, entered the Temple, and stripped it of money and ceremonial objects. He imposed a program of forced
2966:
2594:
2586:
2345:
2190:
1898:
1292:
488:
478:
214:
2712:, who was a disciple, and an unknown number of "those of the party of the Pharisees who believed", among them the
835:
6879:
6475:
5674:
4083:), and forbade any plan to rebuild the Temple. Instead, it took over the Province of Judea directly, renaming it
3344:
Although the Pharisees did not support the wars of expansion of the Hasmoneans and the forced conversions of the
2935:
2613:
2459:
2152:
2003:
1944:
2918:, who were generally apolitical and who may have emerged as a sect of dissident priests who rejected either the
6118:
4270:
3719:
3696:
3549:
2641:
2162:
2142:
1252:
732:
273:
2673:
was believed, apparently in contrast to the more elite Sadducees, who were the upper class. Pharisees claimed
5276:
3348:, the political rift between them became wider when a Pharisee named Eleazar insulted the Hasmonean ethnarch
6643:
6308:
6303:
6251:
5711:
5707:
5678:
5655:
4890:
4694:
4652:
4518:
3420:
2994:
2303:
2293:
2258:
2137:
2127:
1910:
1081:
1023:
857:
536:
493:
208:
5815:
5804:
5534:
5425:
6669:
6470:
5694:
5436:
4832:
4318:
being a Pharisee before converting to Christianity, and other members of the Pharisee sect are known from
3461:
3220:
2986:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2549:
2422:
2157:
2071:
1137:
689:
308:
278:
5398:
4689:
4647:
3961:
2593:. Although the group does not exist anymore, their traditions are considered important among all various
684:
6741:
6720:
6659:
6654:
6480:
6414:
6172:
5402:
4440:
4362:
2670:
2582:
2313:
2308:
2253:
2041:
956:
671:
566:
283:
5440:
5394:
5390:
4635:
3285:
The Pharisees emerged largely out of the group of scribes and sages. Some scholars observe significant
2910:
views are described. A later historical mention of the Pharisees comes from the Jewish-Roman historian
5784:
5444:
5410:
6401:
6386:
4339:
4118:
in a way meaningful to the vast majority of Jews. Their responses would constitute Rabbinic Judaism.
3252:
3188:
3152:
3046:
2903:
2825:
2384:
2336:
2076:
1934:
747:
612:
601:
559:
5966:
Philippe Bobichon, "Autorités religieuses juives et 'sectes' juives dans l'œuvre de Justin Martyr",
5935:
5421:
5406:
6884:
6874:
6746:
6586:
6419:
4366:
4300:
4061:
3203:
3070:
2978:
2709:
2561:
2437:
810:
677:
580:
573:
503:
391:
266:
4566:
6839:
6761:
6376:
6356:
5527:
5287:
4606:
4577:
4021:
3887:
3685:, the Pharisees believed that people have free will but that God also has foreknowledge of human
3366:
3357:
2907:
2906:, in which both their meticulous adherence to their interpretation of the Torah as well as their
2871:
2288:
2238:
2185:
2180:
2094:
1964:
1232:
1061:
820:
740:
594:
160:
71:
6016:, The Book of Acts, Revised Edition (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1988)
4555:
3610:
begins with the verses, "Hear O Israel, the Lord is our God; the Lord is one." According to the
6182:
3768:(2:17): "God gave all the people the heritage, the kingdom, the priesthood, and the holiness."
6793:
6664:
6579:
6502:
6465:
6429:
6136:
6122:
6104:
6091:
6077:
6063:
6036:
6023:
6004:
5952:"The Holders of the "Word of Truth": The Pharisees in Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions 1.27–71,"
5878:
5832:
5627:
5594:
5573:
5538:
5490:
5463:
5457:
5349:
5256:
5114:
5024:
4934:
4722:
4669:
4037:
4009:
3734:
and "pass into other bodies," while "the souls of the wicked will suffer eternal punishment."
3489:
3115:
3058:
2875:
2829:
2802:
2574:
2432:
2374:
2354:
2171:
1731:
1370:
830:
701:
631:
508:
421:
288:
5484:
5343:
5306:, ed. J. Harold Ellens; vol. 1, pp. 97–118) understands the passage to refer to reincarnation
6574:
6460:
6455:
6434:
6366:
6313:
5866:
5526:
4974:
4765:
4407:
4346:
4315:
4284:
4262:
4139:
4088:
4084:
4069:
4065:
3955:
3935:
3735:
3662:
3444:
they killed the priests who were officiating the Temple services on Saturday. They regarded
3396:
3362:
3323:
3266:
3228:
3050:
3012:
2958:
2931:
2855:
2666:
2590:
2510:
2402:
2283:
2243:
2207:
1905:
1455:
966:
722:
626:
541:
431:
223:
148:
76:
5874:
4024:, a leading Pharisee, was appointed the first Patriarch (the Hebrew word, Nasi, also means
3808:
As Jacob Neusner has explained, the schools of the Pharisees and rabbis were and are holy:
3448:
as a divine punishment of Sadducean misrule. Pompey ended the monarchy in 63 BCE and named
2824:
characterizing the Sadducees and Pharisees as political sects, not religious ones. Scholar
2589:
in 70 AD, Pharisaic beliefs became the foundational, liturgical, and ritualistic basis for
6736:
6566:
6514:
6490:
6485:
4471:
4017:
3965:
3640:
3480:
3469:
3232:
3212:
3163:
3123:
2998:
2970:
2775:
2570:
2540:
2364:
2323:
2318:
2298:
2220:
2214:
2147:
2099:
1939:
1920:
1071:
800:
712:
695:
239:
5623:
5616:
4239:
3183:(Hebrew for "Teacher/master"), dominated the study of the Torah. These men maintained an
5529:
Judaic law from Jesus to the Mishnah : a systematic reply to Professor E.P. Sanders
4322::5 to have become Christian believers. It was some members of his group who argued that
186:
6756:
6424:
6323:
6274:
4715:
4373:. Jews today typically find this insulting and some consider the use of the word to be
4354:
4274:
4158:
4147:
4129:
3907:
3879:
3816:
The commitment to relate religion to daily life through the law has led some (notably,
3682:
3625:
3381:
3377:
3312:
3131:
2851:
2620:. A specifically religious point of conflict involved different interpretations of the
2464:
2263:
2132:
2118:
1998:
1977:
1954:
1949:
1927:
1915:
1510:
991:
925:
890:
868:
805:
643:
621:
483:
462:
438:
204:
4153:
The Rabbinic era itself is divided into two periods. The first period was that of the
6833:
6781:
5647:
5202:, H.H. Ben-Sasson, p. 223: "Thus the independence of Hasmonean Judea came to an end;"
5043:
4666:
A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language for Readers of English
4414:
4399:
4358:
4280:
4220:
4080:
3968:
had been crushed by the Romans, and had little credibility (the last Zealots died at
3911:
3839:
3821:
3761:
3731:
3545:
3528:
Christianity. These shifts mark the transformation of Pharisaic to Rabbinic Judaism.
3349:
3270:
3224:
3216:
3156:
3140:
3004:
2982:
2733:
2697:
2662:
2625:
2609:
2605:
2412:
2407:
1613:
1540:
1066:
915:
910:
905:
895:
873:
825:
587:
426:
331:
293:
244:
6166:
3926:
One sign of the Pharisaic emphasis on debate and differences of opinion is that the
3850:) from Moses at Mount Sinai down to R' Ashi, redactor of the Talmud and last of the
6818:
6439:
6233:
4380:
4374:
4331:
4327:
4198:
4166:
4142:
at this time and afterwards contained the idea of the Heavenly Academy, a heavenly
4073:
3727:
3577:
3484:
3433:
3294:
democratic. The Pharisaic position is exemplified by the assertion that "A learned
3279:
3275:
3247:
3106:
2724:
that opposing the disciples of Jesus could prove to be tantamount to opposing God.
2713:
2442:
2268:
2109:
2104:
2062:
2015:
1109:
976:
961:
920:
885:
498:
340:
4464:
2898:
The first historical mention of the Pharisees and their beliefs comes in the four
5867:
5108:
4928:
4836:
5459:
Pharisees, Scribes and Sadducees in Palestinian Society: A Sociological Approach
3765:
3661:. The Pharisaic attitude is perhaps best exemplified by a story about the sages
3656:
3588:
One belief central to the Pharisees which was shared by all Jews of the time is
3493:
3476:
3457:
3449:
3373:
3199:
2990:
2939:
2624:
and how to apply it to current Jewish life, with Sadducees recognizing only the
2427:
2369:
2034:
940:
935:
930:
900:
81:
4783:
Finkelstein, Louis (1929). "The Pharisees: Their Origin and Their Philosophy".
4361:'s frequent depictions of Pharisees as self-righteous rule-followers (see also
3227:, requiring Jews to abandon their own laws and customs, thus precipitating the
6798:
6351:
6013:
4915:
4903:
4459:
4254:
3833:
3817:
3802:
3786:
3589:
3335:
3184:
2805:
2637:
2629:
2617:
2085:
1099:
1028:
986:
815:
795:
354:
261:
181:
130:
3677:
According to Josephus, whereas the Sadducees believed that people have total
6591:
6495:
5735:
4392:
4292:
4235:
4143:
4045:
4013:
3708:
3678:
3632:
3557:
3389:
3339:
3236:
3208:
3144:
3081:
2923:
2885:
2879:
2859:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2763:
2751:
2721:
2705:
2601:
2248:
2233:
1323:
1271:
1033:
981:
971:
652:
638:
553:
313:
125:
110:
6047:
Host, Guest, Enemy, and Friend: Portraits of the Pharisees in Luke and Acts
1001:
5651:
4803:
4618:
4589:
4068:, some of the leading sages of the Sanhedrin supported a rebellion led by
6751:
6611:
4308:
4304:
4224:
4216:
3891:
3859:
3793:
3723:
3621:
3573:
3565:
3504:
3453:
3345:
2919:
2911:
2717:
2647:
2417:
2027:
1959:
790:
298:
249:
135:
31:
17:
5614:
Wise, Michael; Abegg, Martin Jr.; Cook, Edward, eds. (11 October 1996).
4979:
4962:
4865:"Jacob Neusner, 'The Rabbinic traditions about the Pharisees before 70'"
4769:
6606:
6601:
6219:
4842:
4435:
4323:
4319:
4189:
4170:
4154:
4057:
4004:
Following the destruction of the Temple, Rome governed Judea through a
3988:
3973:
3939:
3927:
3896:
3851:
3686:
3666:
3614:, these passages were recited in the Temple along with the twice-daily
3537:
3516:
3508:
3465:
3403:
3286:
3174:
3167:
3135:
3119:
3054:
3008:
2927:
2915:
2748:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2633:
2393:
2359:
2228:
2022:
1011:
1006:
878:
769:
664:
660:
656:
405:
400:
377:
359:
234:
229:
219:
197:
172:
6181:
5978:, Editions universitaires de Fribourg, 2003, Introduction, pp. 73–108
5912:
From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus
4052:
is "the inheritance of the congregation of Jacob" (Deuteronomy 33:4).
3130:
and rebuild the Temple. He did not, however, allow the restoration of
3103:) were the primary meeting places for prayer, and the house of study (
6708:
6616:
6596:
6238:
The Messiah Controversy (מחלוקת המשיח): Who Are the Jews Waiting For?
5689:
4546:
Ber. 48b; Shab. 14b; Yoma 80a; Yeb. 16a; Nazir 53a; Ḥul. 137b; et al.
4403:
4388:
4296:
4185:
4181:
4162:
4123:
4033:
4025:
3977:
3969:
3931:
3855:
3773:
3611:
3569:
3561:
3541:
3512:
3440:
3407:
3385:
3319:
3297:
3098:
2899:
2736:
2578:
2053:
2048:
2008:
1993:
1104:
996:
416:
382:
368:
303:
6216:"The Jews Aren't to Blame for Jesus' Death, a Bible Scholar Asserts"
2769:
2757:
6088:
A History of the Jews: From Earliest Times Through the Six Day War
5021:
A History of the Jews: From Earliest Times Through the Six Day War
4288:
4245:
4234:
4049:
4041:
3883:
3738:
declared himself to be a Pharisee even after his belief in Jesus.
3712:
3601:
3595:
3553:
3424:
3246:
3192:
3179:
3127:
3016:
2943:
2701:
2690:
2674:
2621:
1016:
445:
349:
318:
35:
6243:
5831:(3rd ed.). Hendrickson Publishers. pp. 83–88, 105–108.
2700:. While the writers record hostilities between the Pharisees and
6165:
3191:
alongside the Torah of Moses; a God-given interpretation of the
2974:
2696:
Pharisees are notable by the numerous references to them in the
2567:
168:
6247:
6153:
Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Jewish Sects
6115:
Rebecca's Children: Judaism and Christianity in the Roman World
4263:
Jewish Christian § Split of early Christianity and Judaism
2704:, they also reference Pharisees who believed in him, including
5976:
Dialogue avec Tryphon (Dialogue with Trypho), édition critique
4963:"The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism"
4350:
4079:
Romans forbade Jews to enter Jerusalem (except for the day of
2922:-appointed or the Hasmonean high priests as illegitimate; the
2708:, who said it is known that Jesus is a teacher sent from God,
2528:
2519:
5251:
Philip S. Alexander (7 April 1999). Dunn, James D. G. (ed.).
5110:
Jewish Leadership in Roman Palestine from 70 C.E. to 135 C.E.
4389:
story of Jesus declaring the sins of a paralytic man forgiven
4169:
edited together Tannaitic judgements and traditions into the
4060:
threatened to rebuild Jerusalem as a pagan city dedicated to
3365:, to seek reconciliation with the Pharisees. Her brother was
3092:
2742:
5486:
Faith and Fratricide: The Theological Roots of Anti-Semitism
3914:'s "Karaite Halacha" which rejects many of Geiger's proofs.
3376:
was generally supported by the Pharisees. Her younger son,
3219:, seized control. Then, in 167 BCE, the Seleucid king
3173:
Although priests controlled the rituals of the Temple, the
2844:, meaning "Persian" or "Persianizer", based on the demonym
2522:
5560:
From Politics to Piety: the emergence of Pharisaic Judaism
5041:
Baron, Salo Wittmayer (1956). Schwartz, Leo Walden (ed.).
2930:.) Other sects may have emerged at this time, such as the
3832:
The Mishna in the beginning of Avot and (in more detail)
3653:
Pharisaic wisdom was compiled in one book of the Mishna,
3411:
rulings on Jewish law were deemed authoritative by many.
4740:
4738:
3681:
and the Essenes believed that all of a person's life is
3604:(Deuteronomy 6:4), at the Temple and in synagogues; the
5873:(1st Fortress Press ed.). Fortress Press. p.
4756:
Manson, Thomas Walter (1938). "Sadducee and Pharisee".
4107:
How to explain the disastrous outcome of the rebellion?
3858:
as opposed to any other fruit), the methods of textual
2832:
suggest that "Pharisee" derives from the Aramaic words
6135:, London : T & T Clark International, 2004,
3235:
as high priest and leader, in effect establishing the
3155:), from which, following the return from Babylon, the
5764:
The Mythmaker. Paul and the Invention of Christianity
4314:
There are several references in the New Testament to
3439:
According to Josephus, the Pharisees appeared before
2977:
of the work. It included several theological points:
2865:
2531:
2525:
2516:
5304:
Heaven, Hell, and the Afterlife: Eternity in Judaism
4127:
3873:
3867:
3845:
3837:
3690:
3654:
3638:
3630:
3615:
3605:
3593:
3303:
3295:
3104:
3086:
3074:
2809:
2790:
2778:
2554:
2032:
2013:
436:
6729:
6642:
6565:
6513:
6448:
6400:
6342:
6281:
5589:VanderKam, James; Flint, Peter (26 November 2002).
3302:takes precedence over an ignorant High Priest." (A
2681:, while Sadducees represented the authority of the
2616:, and those who emphasized the importance of other
2513:
144:
116:
106:
98:
90:
64:
50:
5615:
5042:
4714:
4463:
3760:party not a religious sect. However, according to
3592:. This is evident in the practice of reciting the
3536:No single tractate of the key Rabbinic texts, the
3460:, who ruled through Hyrcanus's Idumaean associate
3356:After the death of John Hyrcanus, his younger son
34:. For the followers of the Zoroastrian faith, see
5593:(1st ed.). HarperSanFrancisco. p. 292.
3149:canonized the latter sections of the Hebrew Bible
2926:, the main antagonists of the Pharisees; and the
41:"Parush" redirects here. For places in Iran, see
5948:Gender and Purity in the Protevangelium of James
4110:How to live in the post-Temple, Romanized world?
6049:(Peter Lang, 1991; ppk, Wipf & Stock, 2008)
4283:, engaging in conflicts between themselves and
4204:
3997:
2685:and prerogatives established since the days of
4494:"The Dead Sea Scrolls: History & Overview"
3600:, a prayer composed of select verses from the
3490:restoration and expansion of the Second Temple
3446:Pompey's defilement of the Temple in Jerusalem
2774:), meaning "set apart, separated", related to
6259:
5618:The Dead Sea scrolls : a new translation
4303:entombed Jesus' body at great personal risk.
3211:until 198 BCE, when the Syrian-Hellenic
2693:, their ancestor, officiated as high priest.
2484:
8:
4104:How to achieve atonement without the Temple?
4040:) under Pharisee control. Instead of giving
3872:, among others. The commandment to read the
3519:, was shared and elevated by the Pharisees.
3049:of an unknown number of Jews of the ancient
2946:. However, their status as Jews is unclear.
2815:
2796:
2784:
27:Jewish social movement and school of thought
5489:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 53–.
5067:Babylonian Talmud tractate Bava Kamma Ch. 8
4113:How to connect present and past traditions?
3918:Significance of debate and study of the law
3777:rules and rituals concerning purification.
728:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
6445:
6266:
6252:
6244:
5995:A Social and Religious History of the Jews
3689:. This also accords with the statement in
2491:
2477:
2341:
1982:
1055:
862:
467:
336:
155:
47:
6850:70s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
6102:Great Ages and Ideas of the Jewish People
6074:Invitation to the Talmud: a Teaching Book
5622:(First ed.). HarperCollins. p.
5579:Ch. 15 (English edition by Jacob Schacter
5379:Invitation to the Talmud: a Teaching Book
5045:Great Ages and Ideas of the Jewish People
4978:
4338:within the early Church addressed at the
4242:: Dispute between Jesus and the Pharisees
4032:), and he reestablished the Sanhedrin at
3111:) was the counterpart for the synagogue.
30:For the followers of the Vilna Gaon, see
5348:. Baker Publishing Group. pp. 51–.
4887:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
4708:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4267:Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity
4076:remains a cornerstone of Jewish belief.
6133:The History of the Second Temple Period
5215:, 14:9 § 4; 15:1 § 1; 10 § 4; 11 §§ 5–6
5176:The History of the Second Temple Period
4451:
4384:have been widely rejected by scholars.
2392:
2344:
2170:
2117:
2084:
2061:
1985:
1851:
1739:
1713:
1548:
1342:
1117:
1089:
948:
782:
711:
611:
526:
470:
390:
367:
339:
167:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5365:
4838:The Gospel According to Peter: A Study
3983:Of all the major Second Temple sects,
2677:authority for their interpretation of
5777:"It's 'Kosher' To Accept Real Jesus?"
5577:The Students Guide through the Talmud
4391:and the Pharisees calling the action
3564:rather than violate the laws against
3475:In Rome, Herod sought the support of
3265:After defeating the Seleucid forces,
3187:that they believed had originated at
7:
6410:Timeline of the Second Temple period
5924:Modern Jews Engage the New Testament
5751:Modern Jews Engage the New Testament
4758:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
4345:The New Testament, particularly the
3202:period of Jewish history began when
2770:
2758:
5345:Apostle Paul: His Life and Theology
4534:The Antiquities of the Jews, 13.288
4353:whereas Jesus seeks them out. (The
4251:Jesus at the house of the Pharisean
2816:
2797:
2785:
2544:
6294:Jewish history in Israel/Palestine
5955:Journal of Early Christian Studies
4930:A Brief History of the Middle East
4371:letter of the law above its spirit
4309:secretly converted to Christianity
25:
6021:From the Maccabees to the Mishnah
5946:See for instance: Lily C. Vuong,
4717:From the Maccabees to the Mishnah
4387:Examples of passages include the
4176:The second period is that of the
3483:, and secured recognition by the
3468:(military governor of Judea) and
3464:, and later Antipater's two sons
3430:Pompey in the Temple of Jerusalem
3063:first deportation in 597 BCE
2965:and concludes with the defeat of
2961:against the Seleucids under king
2566:'separated ones') were a
519:Historical population comparisons
6198:Pharisees, Jesus and the Kingdom
6061:Torah From our Sages: Pirke Avot
5829:The Gospel according to St. Mark
5462:. W.B. Eerdmans. pp. 303–.
5255:. W.B. Eerdmans. pp. 1–25.
4927:Catherwood, Christopher (2011).
4885:Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1999).
2600:Conflicts between Pharisees and
2587:destruction of the Second Temple
2509:
1163:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1077:Historical population by country
6624:Talmudic academies in Babylonia
6382:Judah's revolts against Babylon
5968:Revue des Études Augustiniennes
4619:"Acts 23:6 Greek Text Analysis"
4590:"Acts 22:3 Greek Text Analysis"
4431:The Seekers after Smooth Things
3258:Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum
3085:) and houses of prayer (Hebrew
3001:also alludes to the Pharisees.
6202:Australian National University
6189:New International Encyclopedia
6159:Jewish Encyclopedia: Pharisees
5899:The Historical Figure of Jesus
5853:The Historical Figure of Jesus
5775:Gregerman, Adam (2012-02-09).
5200:A History of the Jewish People
4863:Neusner, Jacob (12 May 2016).
4340:Apostolic Council in Jerusalem
3844:records a chain of tradition (
3372:After her death her elder son
1:
6845:2nd-century BC establishments
5456:Anthony J. Saldarini (2001).
4492:Sussman, Ayala; Peled, Ruth.
4404:healing a man's withered hand
3032:
2651:
734:Christianity and Judaism
6704:Expulsion of Jews from Spain
4933:. Little, Brown Book Group.
4498:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
4279:The Pharisees appear in the
3673:Free will and predestination
3099:
2886:
2880:
2860:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2764:
2752:
2737:
2636:, and doctrines such as the
6164:Driscoll, James F. (1913).
6045:Gowler, David B. 1991/2008
5706:Apostle Paul as a Pharisee
5533:. Scholars Press. pp.
5512:The Antiquities of the Jews
4809:Online Etymology Dictionary
4128:
3985:only the Pharisees remained
3964:, revolutionaries like the
3952:Origins of Rabbinic Judaism
3874:
3868:
3846:
3838:
3691:
3655:
3639:
3631:
3616:
3606:
3594:
3304:
3296:
3105:
3087:
3075:
2957:in the Bible, focus on the
2866:
2810:
2791:
2779:
2732:"Pharisee" is derived from
2555:
2033:
2014:
1741:Latin America and Caribbean
437:
6901:
6870:Jewish religious movements
6232:Discussion of the book by
6000:Boccaccini, Gabriele 2002
4785:Harvard Theological Review
4713:Cohen, Shaye J.D. (1987).
4470:. Schocken Books. p.
4330:and obliged to follow the
4260:
4231:Pharisees and Christianity
3949:
3784:
3772:lead a priestly life: the
3706:
3511:(the Feast of Weeks), and
3418:
3333:
3243:Emergence of the Pharisees
3126:allowed Jews to return to
3093:
2743:
2595:Jewish religious movements
2346:Jewish political movements
2043:Conversion to Judaism
40:
29:
6809:
6002:Roots of Rabbinic Judaism
5827:Hooker, Morna D. (1999).
5483:Rosemary Ruether (1996).
4721:. The Westminster Press.
4087:, and renaming Jerusalem
3906:In an interesting twist,
3903:entry "Divrei Soferim").
3388:intervened, and captured
3313:an eye in place of an eye
3065:and continuing after the
749:Hinduism and Judaism
6634:Revolt against Heraclius
6362:Ancient Israel and Judah
6344:Ancient Israel and Judah
6196:Letchford, Roderick R.,
6119:Harvard University Press
5910:Paula Frederiksen, 1988
5300:Death & Eternal Life
4271:Christianity and Judaism
4095:Post-Temple developments
3946:From Pharisees to rabbis
3828:Innovators or preservers
3720:resurrection of the dead
3697:resurrection of the dead
3550:resurrection of the dead
3177:and sages, later called
2642:resurrection of the dead
575:Temple in Jerusalem
268:Bar and bat mitzvah
55:
6860:1st-century BCE Judaism
6855:2nd-century BCE Judaism
6319:Expulsions and exoduses
6052:Halevi, Yitzchak Isaac
6032:Fredriksen, Paula 1988
6019:Cohen, Shaye J.D. 1988
5865:Sanders, E. P. (1985).
5656:Encyclopedia Britannica
5562:. KTAV. pp. 82–90.
5558:Neusner, Jacob (1979).
5525:Neusner, Jacob (1993).
4891:Oxford University Press
4668:. University of Haifa.
4519:Antiquities of the Jews
3836:in his Introduction to
3421:Judaea (Roman province)
3157:Torah was read publicly
2995:New Testament apocrypha
537:Twelve Tribes of Israel
6670:Invasion of Banu Nadir
6471:First Jewish-Roman War
5970:48/1 (2002), pp. 3–22
5922:Michael J. Cook, 2008
5695:New King James Version
5107:Choi, Junghwa (2013).
4664:Klein, Ernest (1987).
4398:However, according to
4293:Nicodemus the Pharisee
4258:
4243:
4209:
4002:
3814:
3774:laws of kosher animals
3620:offering; Jews in the
3548::" those who deny the
3436:
3262:
3147:may have codified and
3122:, and in 537 BCE
2987:intercession of saints
2963:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2955:deuterocanonical books
2951:Books of the Maccabees
6721:Medieval antisemitism
6660:Siege of Banu Qaynuqa
6655:Siege of Banu Qurayza
6629:Revolt against Gallus
6415:Second Temple Judaism
6173:Catholic Encyclopedia
5974:; Philippe Bobichon,
5342:Udo Schnelle (2013).
5077:Encyclopaedia Judaica
4961:Levin, Yigal (2020).
4466:A History of the Jews
4441:Woes of the Pharisees
4363:Woes of the Pharisees
4249:
4238:
3901:Encyclopedia Talmudit
3810:
3554:divinity of the Torah
3552:, those who deny the
3428:
3402:Later texts like the
3250:
2969:, in 161 BCE by
2583:Second Temple Judaism
1283:São Tomé and Príncipe
1278:Republic of the Congo
672:Second Temple Judaism
543:Kingdom of Judah
514:Modern historiography
6682:Sephardic Golden Age
6476:Battle of Beth Horon
6402:Second Temple period
6387:Babylonian captivity
6034:From Jesus to Christ
5957:25.2 (2017) 171–200.
5228:, 17:2 § 4; 6 §§ 2–4
5188:The Wars of the Jews
4695:Strong's Concordance
4653:Strong's Concordance
3757:Yitzhak Isaac Halevi
3747:A kingdom of priests
3330:The Hasmonean period
3114:In 539 BCE the
3061:, starting with the
3045:The deportation and
2904:Acts of the Apostles
2858:and further akin to
2826:Thomas Walter Manson
2822:Yitzhak Isaac Halevi
2679:Jewish religious law
2385:World Agudath Israel
1526:United Arab Emirates
613:Second Temple period
603:Babylonian captivity
6865:1st-century Judaism
6420:Hellenistic Judaism
6329:Political movements
6222:. 28 September 2019
6131:Sacchi, Paolo 2004
6100:Schwartz, Leo, ed.
5740:The Free Dictionary
5426:Deuteronomy 14:3–21
5113:Brill. p. 90.
4980:10.3390/rel11100487
4770:10.7227/BJRL.22.1.6
4532:Josephus, Flavius.
4367:Legalism (theology)
4301:Joseph of Arimathea
3993:Avot D'Rabbi Nathan
3251:John Hyrcanus from
3204:Alexander the Great
3132:the Judean monarchy
3069:and destruction of
2979:prayer for the dead
2710:Joseph of Arimathea
2683:priestly privileges
2581:during the time of
678:Hellenistic Judaism
256:Land of Israel
215:Principles of faith
6377:Assyrian Captivity
6357:Origins of Judaism
6299:Population history
6218:. Ofer Aderet for
5897:E.P. Sanders 1993
5851:E.P. Sanders 1993
5749:Michael Cook 2008
5514:. pp. 13.5.9.
5437:Deuteronomy 14:1–2
4259:
4244:
4022:Yohanan ben Zakkai
3501:three times a year
3458:Proconsul of Syria
3437:
3367:Shimon ben Shetach
3358:Alexander Jannaeus
3263:
3040: 160 BC
2872:Harvard University
2828:and Talmud-expert
2806:passive participle
2659: 100 CE
2614:rites and services
2239:Jewish Koine Greek
1781:Dominican Republic
1062:Judaism by country
741:Jews and Christmas
596:Assyrian captivity
72:Simeon ben Shetach
65:Historical leaders
6827:
6826:
6819:WP:Jewish history
6677:Under Muslim rule
6665:Battle of Khaybar
6580:Synagogal Judaism
6561:
6560:
6503:Bar Kokhba revolt
6466:Jewish-Roman Wars
6430:Hasmonean kingdom
6372:Kingdom of Israel
6183:"Pharisees"
6167:"Pharisees"
6054:Dorot Ha'Rishonim
5869:Jesus and Judaism
5762:H. Maccoby, 1986
5574:Zvi Hirsch Chajes
5496:978-0-9653517-5-1
5469:978-0-8028-4358-6
5399:Deuteronomy 11:19
5355:978-1-4412-4200-6
4904:Jeremiah 52:28–30
4802:Harper, Douglas.
4745:Dorot Ha'Rishonim
4690:Hebrew word #6567
4326:converts must be
4146:where God taught
4038:Council of Jamnia
4036:(see the related
3962:Jewish–Roman wars
3886:and to light the
3318:The sages of the
3253:Guillaume Rouillé
3134:, which left the
3079:or in Greek as a
3067:fall of Jerusalem
3059:Nebuchadnezzar II
2876:Shaye J. D. Cohen
2830:Louis Finkelstein
2720:, who warned the
2575:school of thought
2565:
2553:
2501:
2500:
2450:
2449:
2198:
2197:
1945:Reconstructionist
1889:
1888:
1041:
1040:
848:
847:
685:Jewish–Roman wars
633:Hasmonean dynasty
549:Kingdom of Israel
453:
452:
154:
153:
16:(Redirected from
6892:
6880:Rabbinic Judaism
6815:
6651:Mohammedan Wars
6575:Rabbinic Judaism
6528:Byzantine Empire
6481:Galilee campaign
6461:Judean Civil War
6456:Maccabean Revolt
6449:Wars and revolts
6446:
6435:Herodian kingdom
6392:Babylonian Yehud
6367:Kingdom of Judah
6304:Military history
6268:
6261:
6254:
6245:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6193:
6185:
6177:
6169:
5982:
5964:
5958:
5944:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5920:
5914:
5908:
5902:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5872:
5862:
5856:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5824:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5783:. Archived from
5772:
5766:
5760:
5754:
5747:
5741:
5733:
5727:
5724:
5718:
5704:
5698:
5687:
5681:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5621:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5586:
5580:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5532:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5453:
5447:
5434:
5428:
5419:
5413:
5403:Deuteronomy 31:9
5388:
5382:
5375:
5360:
5359:
5339:
5333:
5332:Acta 23.6, 26.5.
5330:
5324:
5313:
5307:
5296:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5248:
5242:
5235:
5229:
5222:
5216:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5160:
5154:
5151:
5145:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5104:
5098:
5097:Nickelsburg, 93.
5095:
5089:
5088:Ant. 13.288–296.
5086:
5080:
5079:s.v. "Sadducees"
5074:
5068:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5048:
5038:
5032:
5017:
5011:
5004:
4998:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4753:
4747:
4742:
4733:
4732:
4720:
4710:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4661:
4655:
4650:
4648:Greek word #5330
4644:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4615:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4586:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4529:
4523:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4469:
4456:
4347:Synoptic Gospels
4316:Paul the Apostle
4285:John the Baptist
4140:Rabbinic Judaism
4133:
4089:Aelia Capitolina
4085:Syria Palaestina
4070:Simon Bar Kosiba
4066:Aelia Capitolina
3956:Rabbinic Judaism
3877:
3871:
3849:
3843:
3736:Paul the Apostle
3694:
3663:Hillel the Elder
3660:
3644:
3636:
3619:
3609:
3599:
3452:high priest and
3415:The Roman period
3397:Salome Alexandra
3392:in 63 BCE.
3363:Salome Alexandra
3324:Rabbinic Judaism
3307:
3301:
3267:Judas Maccabaeus
3229:Maccabean Revolt
3159:on market-days.
3110:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3078:
3051:Kingdom of Judah
3041:
3037:
3034:
3013:Rabbinic Judaism
2959:Maccabean Revolt
2932:Early Christians
2889:
2883:
2869:
2863:
2856:Persian language
2849:
2843:
2837:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2591:Rabbinic Judaism
2585:. Following the
2560:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2342:
2223:
2044:
2038:
2019:
1983:
1930:
1877:New Zealand
1829:
1792:El Salvador
1782:
1714:Northern America
1706:
1300:
1056:
967:Crimean Karaites
863:
841:
839:
760:
758:
750:
744:
735:
723:Rabbinic Judaism
704:
698:
692:
680:
668:
634:
627:Maccabean Revolt
604:
597:
591:
583:
576:
570:
562:
544:
468:
442:
337:
269:
257:
156:
149:Rabbinic Judaism
77:Salome Alexandra
58:
48:
21:
6900:
6899:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6813:
6805:
6794:Israeli history
6737:Jewish question
6725:
6638:
6567:Rabbinic period
6557:
6509:
6491:Diaspora revolt
6486:Siege of Masada
6444:
6396:
6338:
6309:Genetic history
6277:
6272:
6225:
6223:
6214:
6211:
6209:Further reading
6180:
6163:
6149:
6113:Segal, Alan F.
6072:Neusner, Jacob
6059:Neusner, Jacob
5993:Baron, Salo W.
5990:
5985:
5965:
5961:
5945:
5941:
5933:
5929:
5921:
5917:
5909:
5905:
5896:
5892:
5885:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5850:
5846:
5839:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5814:
5810:
5803:
5799:
5790:
5788:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5761:
5757:
5748:
5744:
5734:
5730:
5725:
5721:
5716:Philippians 3:5
5705:
5701:
5688:
5684:
5673:
5669:
5660:
5658:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5634:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5601:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5571:
5567:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5497:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5441:Leviticus 19:28
5435:
5431:
5420:
5416:
5395:Deuteronomy 6:7
5391:Exodus 19:29–24
5389:
5385:
5377:Neusner, Jacob
5376:
5363:
5356:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5314:
5310:
5297:
5293:
5286:
5282:
5274:
5270:
5263:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5236:
5232:
5223:
5219:
5210:
5206:
5198:
5194:
5186:
5182:
5174:
5170:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5139:
5135:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5052:
5050:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5018:
5014:
5005:
5001:
4992:
4988:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4916:Nehemiah 8:1–18
4913:
4909:
4902:
4898:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4848:
4846:
4843:Longmans, Green
4831:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4712:
4711:
4700:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4636:Philippians 3:5
4634:
4630:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4605:
4601:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4531:
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4334:, leading to a
4277:
4233:
4097:
4018:Fiscus Judaicus
4016:and levied the
3958:
3950:Main articles:
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3744:
3722:. According to
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3637:) and evening (
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3334:Main articles:
3332:
3276:Davidic dynasty
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3233:Simon Maccabeus
3213:Seleucid Empire
3164:Ezra the Scribe
3124:Cyrus the Great
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
2999:Gospel of Peter
2971:Judas Maccabeus
2967:General Nicanor
2896:
2730:
2716:– a student of
2658:
2654:
2571:social movement
2512:
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2319:Judeo-Malayalam
2299:Judaeo-Georgian
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5049:. Random House
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4893:. p. 350.
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4355:Gospel of John
4291:, and because
4275:Law and Gospel
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3785:Main article:
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3136:Judean priests
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1091:Land of Israel
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949:Related groups
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806:Jewish atheism
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779:
778:
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772:
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757:Islamic–Jewish
752:
745:
730:
725:
717:
716:
709:
708:
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682:
669:
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636:
629:
624:
622:Yehud Medinata
616:
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607:
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584:
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528:Ancient Israel
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484:Land of Israel
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6782:The Holocaust
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6772:United States
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6752:Enlightenment
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6141:9780567044501
6138:
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6128:
6127:0-674-75076-4
6124:
6120:
6116:
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6109:0-394-60413-X
6106:
6103:
6099:
6097:
6096:0-8052-0009-6
6093:
6089:
6085:
6083:
6082:1-59244-155-6
6079:
6075:
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6069:
6068:0-940646-05-6
6065:
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6058:
6055:
6051:
6048:
6044:
6042:
6041:0-300-04864-5
6038:
6035:
6031:
6029:
6028:0-664-25017-3
6025:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6009:0-8028-4361-1
6006:
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5798:
5787:on 2016-04-27
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5771:
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5709:
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5675:Matthew 3:1–7
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5165:
5159:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5122:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5103:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5070:
5064:
5061:
5047:
5046:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5029:0-8052-0009-6
5026:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4981:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4957:
4954:
4942:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4900:
4897:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4878:
4866:
4859:
4856:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4798:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4779:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4728:9780664219116
4724:
4719:
4718:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4677:
4675:965-220-093-X
4671:
4667:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4632:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4535:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4485:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4400:E. P. Sanders
4396:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4359:New Testament
4356:
4352:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4281:New Testament
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4165:, and in 200
4164:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4012:and a Jewish
4011:
4007:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3912:Bernard Revel
3909:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3840:Mishneh Torah
3835:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3822:Martin Luther
3819:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3788:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3762:Jacob Neusner
3758:
3753:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3710:
3703:The afterlife
3702:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3591:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3578:Judah ha-Nasi
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3546:world to come
3543:
3539:
3531:
3529:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3350:John Hyrcanus
3347:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3271:John Hyrcanus
3268:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3225:Hellenization
3222:
3218:
3217:Antiochus III
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:Second Temple
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3101:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3036: 600 BC
3030:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3007:redacted the
3006:
3005:Judah ha-Nasi
3002:
3000:
2997:known as the
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:last judgment
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2812:
2807:
2804:
2793:
2781:
2777:
2771:פְּרִישַׁיָּא
2766:
2754:
2750:
2739:
2735:
2734:Ancient Greek
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2698:New Testament
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:Second Temple
2649:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:Written Torah
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2606:Hellenization
2603:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2542:
2536:
2506:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Judeo-Aramaic
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Judeo-Italian
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Ghardaïa Sign
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:Denominations
1895:
1894:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:United States
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1213:Guinea-Bissau
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:Lists of Jews
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
953:
952:
947:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
870:
867:
866:
865:
864:
859:
854:
853:
842:
834:
832:
829:
827:
826:The Holocaust
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
787:
786:
781:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
753:
751:
746:
742:
736:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
719:
718:
714:
710:
703:
697:
691:
686:
683:
679:
673:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
618:
617:
614:
610:
605:
600:
598:
593:
589:
585:
582:
577:
572:
568:
564:
561:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
540:
538:
535:
534:
533:
532:
529:
525:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
469:
464:
459:
458:
447:
444:
441:
440:
435:
433:
430:
428:
427:Mishneh Torah
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
413:
412:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
397:
396:
393:
389:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
374:
373:
370:
366:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
346:
345:
342:
338:
333:
328:
327:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
265:
263:
260:
258:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
225:
221:
218:
216:
213:
210:
206:
203:
202:
199:
194:
193:
188:
187:Who is a Jew?
185:
183:
180:
179:
178:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:
150:
147:
143:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
121:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
67:
63:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
6777:World War II
6767:Soviet Union
6747:Emancipation
6742:Disabilities
6523:Roman Empire
6440:Roman Judaea
6237:
6234:Israel Knohl
6226:28 September
6224:. Retrieved
6197:
6187:
6171:
6132:
6114:
6101:
6087:
6086:Roth, Cecil
6073:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6033:
6020:
6001:
5994:
5975:
5967:
5962:
5954:
5947:
5942:
5936:Romans 11:25
5930:
5923:
5918:
5911:
5906:
5898:
5893:
5868:
5860:
5852:
5847:
5828:
5822:
5811:
5800:
5789:. Retrieved
5785:the original
5780:
5770:
5763:
5758:
5750:
5745:
5736:
5731:
5722:
5702:
5685:
5679:Luke 7:28–30
5670:
5659:. Retrieved
5642:
5617:
5609:
5590:
5584:
5576:
5568:
5559:
5553:
5528:
5520:
5511:
5505:
5485:
5478:
5458:
5451:
5432:
5422:Leviticus 11
5417:
5407:Jeremiah 2:8
5386:
5378:
5344:
5337:
5328:
5320:
5319:2.8.14; cf.
5316:
5311:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5283:
5271:
5252:
5246:
5238:
5233:
5225:
5220:
5212:
5207:
5199:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5175:
5171:
5163:
5158:
5153:Sievers, 155
5149:
5141:
5136:
5124:. Retrieved
5109:
5102:
5093:
5084:
5076:
5072:
5063:
5051:. Retrieved
5044:
5036:
5020:
5019:Roth, Cecil
5015:
5007:
5002:
4994:
4989:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4944:. Retrieved
4929:
4922:
4910:
4899:
4886:
4880:
4868:. Retrieved
4858:
4847:. Retrieved
4837:
4827:
4818:
4807:
4797:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4744:
4716:
4684:
4665:
4659:
4642:
4631:
4623:biblehub.com
4622:
4613:
4602:
4594:biblehub.com
4593:
4584:
4573:
4562:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4527:
4517:
4513:
4501:. Retrieved
4497:
4487:
4475:. Retrieved
4465:
4454:
4420:
4412:
4397:
4386:
4381:Hyam Maccoby
4379:
4375:anti-Semitic
4344:
4342:, in 50 CE.
4313:
4278:
4250:
4240:Gustave Doré
4213:
4210:
4205:
4199:Reish Galuta
4197:
4194:
4177:
4175:
4167:Judah haNasi
4159:canonization
4152:
4136:
4120:
4116:
4098:
4078:
4074:Third Temple
4054:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3982:
3959:
3925:
3921:
3905:
3900:
3864:
3831:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3799:
3790:
3770:
3754:
3750:
3732:reincarnated
3716:
3676:
3652:
3587:
3535:
3526:
3498:
3485:Roman Senate
3474:
3438:
3434:Jean Fouquet
3429:
3401:
3394:
3371:
3355:
3343:
3317:
3310:
3292:
3284:
3280:First Temple
3264:
3256:
3221:Antiochus IV
3197:
3178:
3172:
3161:
3113:
3107:beit midrash
3088:Beit Tefilah
3080:
3076:beit knesset
3044:
3021:
3003:
2948:
2897:
2808:of the verb
2731:
2714:Apostle Paul
2695:
2646:
2599:
2504:
2502:
2443:Post-Zionism
2314:Judeo-Berber
2309:Judeo-Arabic
2269:Judeo-Gascon
2016:Pidyon haben
1935:Conservative
1481:Saudi Arabia
1299:South Africa
1288:Sierra Leone
1110:Israeli Jews
1024:Mosaic Arabs
977:Kaifeng Jews
838:Arab–Israeli
811:Emancipation
690:Great Revolt
648:
499:Anti-Judaism
494:Antisemitism
489:Name "Judea"
284:Baal teshuva
107:Headquarters
43:Parush, Iran
6644:Middle Ages
6553:Mesopotamia
6014:Bruce, F.F.
5781:The Forward
5510:Josepheus.
5321:Antiquities
5298:John Hick (
5277:Shabbat 31a
5241:, 18:1, § 4
5239:Antiquities
5226:Antiquities
5213:Antiquities
5164:Antiquities
5010:, 13:10 § 6
5008:Antiquities
4995:Antiquities
4973:(10): 487.
4845:. p. 9
4764:: 144–159.
4460:Roth, Cecil
4328:circumcised
3766:2 Maccabees
3728:resurrected
3692:Pirkei Avot
3683:predestined
3657:Pirkei Avot
3645:) prayers.
3477:Mark Antony
3450:Hyrcanus II
3374:Hyrcanus II
3200:Hellenistic
3189:Mount Sinai
2991:martyrology
2940:Therapeutae
2850:, meaning '
2798:פְּרוּשִׁים
2671:high priest
2618:Mosaic Laws
2545:פְּרוּשִׁים
2438:Revisionist
2428:Neo-Zionism
2035:Zeved habat
1828:Puerto Rico
1654:Netherlands
1486:South Korea
1471:Philippines
1351:Afghanistan
1218:Ivory Coast
992:Crypto-Jews
957:Bnei Anusim
936:Bene Israel
901:Beta Israel
858:Communities
765:Middle Ages
504:Persecution
279:Bereavement
82:Hyrcanus II
6885:Israelites
6875:Oral Torah
6834:Categories
6799:New Yishuv
6787:Resistance
6352:Israelites
5988:References
5884:0800620615
5838:1565630106
5816:Mark 3:1–6
5805:Mark 2:1–1
5791:2023-03-10
5737:"pharisee"
5661:2023-05-11
5633:0060692006
5600:006068464X
5544:1555408737
5443:; compare
5401:; compare
5317:Jewish War
5262:0802844987
5237:Josephus,
5224:Josephus,
5211:Josephus,
5166:, 14:3 § 2
5162:Josephus,
5142:Jewish War
5140:Josephus,
5006:Josephus,
4997:, 13:5 § 9
4993:Josephus,
4849:2022-04-02
4791:: 223–231.
4567:John 19:38
4332:Mosaic law
4261:See also:
4257:, Escorial
4255:Tintoretto
4081:Tisha B'Av
4064:, in 132,
4048:, because
4046:synagogues
4006:Procurator
3834:Maimonides
3818:Saint Paul
3803:revelation
3787:Oral Torah
3707:See also:
3590:monotheism
3584:Monotheism
3558:Epicureans
3503:: Pesach (
3336:Hasmoneans
3269:'s nephew
3118:conquered
3100:proseuchai
3071:the Temple
3038: – c.
2789:), plural
2762:), plural
2759:פְּרִישָׁא
2738:Pharisaios
2657: – c.
2638:Oral Torah
2423:Maximalism
2375:Secularism
2355:Autonomism
2172:Literature
1965:Humanistic
1569:Azerbaijan
1531:Uzbekistan
1506:Tajikistan
1426:Kyrgyzstan
1411:Kazakhstan
1258:Mozambique
1233:Madagascar
1153:Cape Verde
1105:New Yishuv
1100:Old Yishuv
1051:Population
1029:Subbotniks
987:Samaritans
926:Romanyotim
869:Ashkenazim
816:Old Yishuv
796:Sabbateans
783:Modern era
775:Golden Age
702:Bar Kokhba
422:Beit Yosef
289:Philosophy
131:Oral Torah
6840:Pharisees
6694:Byzantium
6592:Sanhedrin
6496:Kitos War
6314:Languages
6282:Overviews
5712:Acts 23:6
5710:See also
5708:Acts 26:5
5315:Josephus
5288:Acts 23.8
5126:6 October
5053:6 October
4967:Religions
4946:6 October
4870:6 October
4822:Ant. 18.1
4607:Acts 5:39
4578:Acts 15:5
4503:6 October
4477:6 October
4447:Footnotes
4393:blasphemy
4299::1) with
4287:and with
4221:Yazdegard
4148:scripture
4144:institute
4030:president
4014:Patriarch
3742:Practices
3709:Afterlife
3679:free will
3633:Shacharit
3562:martyrdom
3462:Antipater
3390:Jerusalem
3340:Maccabees
3239:dynasty.
3237:Hasmonean
3209:Ptolemies
3145:Sanhedrin
3094:προσευχαί
3082:synagogue
2936:Jerusalem
2924:Sadducees
2854:' in the
2765:Pərīšayyā
2744:Φαρισαῖος
2728:Etymology
2722:Sanhedrin
2706:Nicodemus
2655: 37
2612:with its
2602:Sadducees
2550:romanized
2505:Pharisees
2433:Religious
2289:Zarphatic
2279:Bukharian
2249:Judeo-Tat
2234:Yeshivish
2208:Languages
2163:Sephardic
2153:Israelite
2143:Ethiopian
2133:Ashkenazi
2072:Religious
1862:Australia
1844:Venezuela
1750:Argentina
1732:Greenland
1644:Lithuania
1496:Sri Lanka
1491:Singapore
1416:Kurdistan
1381:Indonesia
1371:Hong Kong
1324:Abayudaya
1248:Mauritius
982:Igbo Jews
972:Krymchaks
891:Sephardim
759:relations
653:Sadducees
649:Pharisees
639:Sanhedrin
554:Jerusalem
314:Synagogue
182:Etymology
126:Theocracy
111:Jerusalem
99:Dissolved
53:Pharisees
18:Pharisaic
6814:See also
6699:Crusades
6687:Kairouan
6612:Savoraim
6538:Carthage
6515:Diaspora
6334:Timeline
6200:(2001),
6121:, 1986,
5652:"heaven"
5323:8.14–15.
5275:Talmud,
4835:(1894).
4804:"Persia"
4556:John 3:2
4462:(1961).
4425:See also
4305:Gamaliel
4225:Shapur I
4186:Talmudim
4056:Emperor
4010:Caesarea
3892:Hanukkah
3875:Megillah
3869:gezeirot
3860:exegesis
3794:Josephus
3724:Josephus
3622:diaspora
3574:adultery
3566:idolatry
3540:and the
3505:Passover
3481:Octavian
3454:ethnarch
3406:and the
3384:general
3346:Idumeans
3215:, under
3116:Persians
3091:; Greek
2938:and the
2920:Seleucid
2912:Josephus
2902:and the
2887:persushi
2874:scholar
2786:פָּרוּשׁ
2747:), from
2718:Gamaliel
2648:Josephus
2640:and the
2634:Writings
2630:Prophets
2460:Category
2418:Kahanism
2365:Feminism
2337:Politics
2221:Biblical
2191:American
2138:Bukharan
2128:American
2028:Shidduch
2004:Clothing
1960:Haymanot
1906:Orthodox
1834:Suriname
1817:Paraguay
1770:Colombia
1669:Portugal
1579:Bulgaria
1516:Thailand
1466:Pakistan
1446:Mongolia
1441:Malaysia
1361:Cambodia
1335:Zimbabwe
1310:Tanzania
1188:Eswatini
1178:Ethiopia
1168:Djibouti
1148:Cameroon
1143:Botswana
1072:Diaspora
1034:Noahides
1007:Marranos
931:Cochinim
916:Bukharim
906:Gruzinim
896:Teimanim
886:Mizrahim
874:Galician
840:conflict
801:Hasidism
791:Haskalah
696:Diaspora
567:timeline
479:Timeline
392:Rabbinic
299:Kabbalah
274:Marriage
250:Tzedakah
240:Holidays
198:Religion
161:a series
159:Part of
145:Religion
136:Populism
118:Ideology
32:Perushim
6762:Zionism
6607:Amoraim
6602:Tannaim
6324:Schisms
6220:Haaretz
6192:. 1905.
6076:(1998)
5726:Acts 15
5031:, p. 84
4522:, 17.42
4436:Tannaim
4408:Sabbath
4351:sinners
4336:dispute
4324:gentile
4320:Acts 15
4217:R' Ashi
4190:Babylon
4178:Amoraim
4171:Mishnah
4161:of the
4155:Tannaim
4062:Jupiter
4058:Hadrian
3995:(4:5):
3989:midrash
3974:Essenes
3966:Zealots
3940:Shammai
3928:Mishnah
3897:Takanot
3888:Menorah
3852:Amoraim
3847:mesorah
3687:destiny
3667:Shammai
3641:Ma'ariv
3538:Mishnah
3532:Beliefs
3517:Essenes
3509:Shavuot
3494:Boethus
3466:Phasael
3404:Mishnah
3287:Idumean
3278:of the
3175:scribes
3168:Shabbat
3120:Babylon
3055:Babylon
3026:History
3009:Mishnah
2928:Zealots
2916:Essenes
2900:gospels
2894:Sources
2852:Persian
2817:פָּרַשׁ
2801:), the
2792:Pərūšīm
2749:Aramaic
2689:, when
2687:Solomon
2669:or the
2577:in the
2564:
2556:Pərūšīm
2552::
2403:General
2394:Zionism
2370:Leftism
2360:Bundism
2284:Knaanic
2244:Yevanic
2229:Yiddish
2186:Yiddish
2181:Israeli
2158:Mizrahi
2148:Israeli
2119:Cuisine
2095:Ancient
2077:Secular
2023:Kashrut
1999:Wedding
1986:Customs
1978:Culture
1955:Science
1950:Renewal
1940:Karaite
1921:Hasidic
1853:Oceania
1839:Uruguay
1807:Jamaica
1787:Ecuador
1755:Bolivia
1699:Ukraine
1674:Romania
1649:Moldova
1629:Hungary
1619:Germany
1614:Georgia
1604:Finland
1599:Estonia
1594:Denmark
1589:Czechia
1574:Belarus
1564:Austria
1559:Armenia
1536:Vietnam
1451:Myanmar
1436:Lebanon
1356:Bahrain
1315:Tunisia
1293:Somalia
1268:Nigeria
1263:Namibia
1253:Morocco
1183:Eritrea
1128:Algeria
1012:Neofiti
921:Italkim
911:Juhurim
821:Zionism
770:Khazars
665:Sicarii
661:Zealots
657:Essenes
644:Schisms
509:Leaders
471:General
463:History
406:Tosefta
401:Midrash
378:Mishnah
360:Ketuvim
355:Nevi'im
304:Customs
235:Shabbat
230:Halakha
222: (
220:Mitzvot
207: (
173:Judaism
94:167 BCE
91:Founded
6730:Modern
6709:Anusim
6617:Geonim
6597:Chazal
6548:Persia
6533:Greece
6139:
6125:
6107:
6094:
6080:
6066:
6056:(Heb.)
6039:
6026:
6007:
5997:Vol 2.
5980:online
5972:online
5934:e.g.,
5881:
5835:
5690:Acts 5
5630:
5597:
5541:
5537:–207.
5493:
5466:
5381:(1998)
5352:
5259:
5117:
5027:
4937:
4725:
4672:
4297:John 3
4273:, and
4163:Tanakh
4124:Amidah
4042:tithes
4034:Yavneh
4026:prince
3978:Qumran
3970:Masada
3936:Hillel
3932:Talmud
3856:citron
3649:Wisdom
3612:Mishna
3570:murder
3556:, and
3542:Talmud
3523:Legacy
3513:Sukkot
3441:Pompey
3408:Talmud
3386:Pompey
3320:Talmud
3305:mamzer
3298:mamzer
3261:(1553)
3180:rabbis
3017:rabbis
2993:. The
2989:, and
2981:, the
2973:, the
2953:, two
2881:parush
2841:parsāh
2835:pārsāh
2776:Hebrew
2753:Pərīšā
2675:Mosaic
2610:Temple
2579:Levant
2573:and a
2568:Jewish
2541:Hebrew
2465:Portal
2324:Domari
2254:Shassi
2215:Hebrew
2110:Humour
2054:Hiloni
2049:Aliyah
2009:Niddah
1994:Minyan
1929:Reform
1916:Haredi
1911:Modern
1812:Mexico
1797:Guyana
1760:Brazil
1722:Canada
1694:Sweden
1684:Serbia
1679:Russia
1664:Poland
1659:Norway
1639:Latvia
1624:Greece
1609:France
1584:Cyprus
1550:Europe
1521:Turkey
1511:Taiwan
1421:Kuwait
1406:Jordan
1396:Israel
1330:Zambia
1320:Uganda
1238:Malawi
1208:Guinea
1198:Gambia
1133:Angola
1119:Africa
1002:Dönmeh
997:Anusim
941:Berber
879:Litvak
831:Israel
737:
674:
588:Second
556:
417:Targum
383:Gemara
369:Talmud
341:Tanakh
294:Ethics
245:Prayer
57:פרושים
6543:Egypt
6090:1970
5144:1:110
5023:1970
4289:Jesus
4253:, by
4182:Bible
4050:Torah
4028:, or
3884:Purim
3882:) on
3713:Sheol
3617:Tamid
3607:Shema
3602:Torah
3596:Shema
3572:, or
3470:Herod
3432:, by
3382:Roman
3282:era.
3193:Torah
3128:Judea
3047:exile
3031:From
2944:Egypt
2861:Pārsa
2847:pārsi
2811:pāraš
2780:Pārūš
2702:Jesus
2691:Zadok
2622:Torah
2413:Labor
2408:Green
2105:Dance
2063:Music
1882:Palau
1802:Haiti
1765:Chile
1689:Spain
1634:Italy
1541:Yemen
1501:Syria
1476:Qatar
1456:Nepal
1401:Japan
1376:India
1366:China
1305:Sudan
1228:Libya
1223:Kenya
1203:Ghana
1193:Gabon
1173:Egypt
1158:Benin
1017:Xueta
962:Lemba
581:First
446:Zohar
350:Torah
332:Texts
319:Rabbi
309:Rites
209:names
102:73 CE
36:Parsi
6587:Nasi
6228:2019
6137:ISBN
6123:ISBN
6105:ISBN
6092:ISBN
6078:ISBN
6064:ISBN
6037:ISBN
6024:ISBN
6005:ISBN
5879:ISBN
5833:ISBN
5628:ISBN
5595:ISBN
5572:See
5539:ISBN
5491:ISBN
5464:ISBN
5350:ISBN
5257:ISBN
5128:2018
5115:ISBN
5055:2018
5025:ISBN
4948:2018
4935:ISBN
4914:See
4872:2018
4723:ISBN
4670:ISBN
4505:2018
4479:2018
4365:and
4126:the
3954:and
3938:and
3930:and
3820:and
3711:and
3665:and
3479:and
3338:and
3274:the
3198:The
3153:Nakh
2975:hero
2949:The
2867:Fārs
2864:and
2667:king
2562:lit.
2503:The
1872:Guam
1867:Fiji
1822:Peru
1775:Cuba
1461:Oman
1431:Laos
1391:Iraq
1386:Iran
1343:Asia
1272:Igbo
1243:Mali
262:Brit
171:and
169:Jews
5901:215
5875:273
5855:213
5753:279
5535:206
4975:doi
4766:doi
4693:in
4651:in
4406:on
4008:at
3991:in
3890:on
3730:or
3576:. (
3507:),
3255:'s
3057:by
3053:to
2942:in
2934:in
2890:."
2884:or
2838:or
2803:Qal
2086:Art
432:Tur
224:613
6836::
6236:,
6186:.
6170:.
6117:,
5877:.
5779:.
5714:,
5677:,
5654:.
5626:.
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5439:,
5424:;
5409:,
5405:;
5397:,
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5364:^
4971:11
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4621:.
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3805:.
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