2062:, he proposed, and then from Caria to Canaan in the time of Ramesses III. Whereas Amos and Jeremiah derived the Philistines directly from Crete, a five-day sail away, Maspero's myth credited them with an itinerary that, while reflecting badly on their intelligence, testified to prodigious physical stamina: the Philistines sail from Crete to Caria, where they abandon their ships and their maritime tradition; the nation then travels in ox carts through seven hundred miles of rough and hostile terrain until it reaches southern Canaan; at that point, far from being debilitated by their trek, the Philistines not only conquer the land and give it their name but come within a hair's breadth of defeating the Egyptian pharaoh himself. Not surprisingly, for the migration from Caria to Canaan imagined by Maspero there is no evidence at all, whether literary, archaeological, or documentary.
934:
2084:, p. 207: "Reconstruction of the Philistine migration and settlement on the basis of the above model is hard to accept. First, it is not supported by any factual evidence. Second, it assumes that the Philistines had at their disposal a large and strong naval force of a kind unknown in this period. Third, in the period immediately following their settlement in Philistia there is hardly any archaeological evidence connecting the Philistine culture and settlement with sea and navigation. Had the Philistines really possessed such a strong naval force and tradition, as suggested by Stager, we would expect to observe these associations in their material culture in later times."
36:
273:
222:
867:
210:
234:
1960:, p. 56: The 3200‑year‑old documents from Ramesses III, including an inscription dated c. 1150 BC, at the Mortuary Temple of Ramesses III at the Medinat Habu Temple in Luxor – one of the best‑preserved temples of Egypt – refers to the Peleset among those who fought against Ramesses III (Breasted 2001: 24; also Bruyère 1929‒1930), who reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC.
1689:
1664:
had taken away (and) fortified," but the city's name has not survived. The texts also mention that
Ashkelon was also sacked due to its refusal to acknowledge Assyrian authority. Despite this Philistine sedition, Sennacherib records that he divided up the lands he had plundered from Judah amongst the
2064:
Since none of
Maspero's national migrations is demonstrable in the Egyptian inscriptions, or in the archaeological or linguistic record, the argument that these migrations did indeed occur has traditionally relied on place-names. These place-names are presented as the source from which were derived
2025:
The
Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B. C. III. Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 – 2nd Euro- Conference, Vienna, 28th of May–1st of June 2003, Denkschriften der Ge- samtakademie 37, Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 9,
1655:
records its capture in 711 BC, which may indicate he destroyed the city rather than conquered it. Interestingly, the term "Philistia" is not used in
Assyrian records describing their campaigns, only the names of individual cities, which may indicate that at this stage the Philistines had become
2031:
SUMMARY Was there a Sea
Peoples migration to the coast of the Levant? Yes. Was it a maritime migration? Possibly. Was there a massive maritime Sea Peoples invasion? Probably not. Did the Philistines settle en-masse in Philistia in the days of Ramesses III? No. Were the Iron I Philistine cities
1518:
and Tel Zariq, yielded typical
Philistine pottery dating from the 12th-to-10th century BC. However, given the minuscule quantity of said pottery finds, it is likely that even if the Philistines had by-and-large settled in the area, they remained a minority which had assimilated into the native
1482:
Despite
Ramesses III's claim, archaeology has not been able to corroborate the existence of any such (re)settlement, and the lack of sense in granting an apparently barbarous invading people an expansive and richly fertile swath of land already under Egyptian control is noted by scholars.
35:
2100:
Avner Raban, "The
Philistines in the Western Jezreel Valley", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 284 (November 1991), pp. 17–27, The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The American Schools of Oriental
1650:
in the 8th century BC. Throughout the century, often at the incitement of neighboring Egypt, Philistia revolted against
Assyrian rule, but each time they were defeated and forced to pay tribute. Gath disappears from history after
1598:) likely marked the nation's frontiers, as evidence from Tell Qasile especially indicates that non-Philistines constituted an otherwise unusually large portion of their respective populations. The identity of the aforementioned
2032:
fortified? No. Were the Iron I Philistines organized in a peer-polity system? Probably not. Was there a
Philistine Pentapolis system in the Iron I? No. Are the Iron I Philistines the Philistines described in the Bible? No.
3441:
3436:
2467:
2046:, p. 69: "For the modern myth that has replaced it, however, there is . Instead of questioning the story of the Philistines Cretan origins, in an attempt to locate a core of historical probability,
1754:
When the Neo-Assyrian Empire first invaded this area, the Philistine cities were given considerable autonomy in exchange for tribute. But having responded to various revolts, this policy hardened.
1605:
Philistia included Jaffa (in today's Tel Aviv), but it was lost to the Hebrews during Solomon's time. Nonetheless, the Philistine king of Ashkelon conquered Jaffa again circa 730 BC. Following
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795:
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reliefs, with their ox carts, depict the Philistine nation on the eve of its settlement in Canaan, Maspero imagined a great overland migration. The Philistines moved first from
1775:
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2165:
1296:
810:
895:
40:
Philistia in red, and neighbouring polities, circa 830 BC, after the Hebrew conquest of Jaffa, and before its recapture by the Philistines circa 730 BC.
780:
1490:, the Philistines seem to have had a presence far outside of what was traditionally considered Philistia, as 23 of the 26 Iron Age I sites in the
696:
1780:
1665:
kings of Ashdod, Gaza, and Ekron, even going as far as freeing Padi, the king of Ekron, from Judahite captivity and returning him to the throne.
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Library, National Public. "Philistia | National Public Library - eBooks | Read eBooks online". nationalpubliclibrary.info. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
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913:
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2201:
2159:
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1223:
1218:
715:
933:
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1915:
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increasingly divided, and that the confederation of the pentapolis which constituted Philistia had fractured into separate city-states.
1008:
737:
405:
373:
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1289:
2395:
Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.
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888:
757:
189:
164:
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1258:
1982:
1602:, a city which according to the Bible marked the border between the Philistine and Israelite territory, remains uncertain.
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1282:
1132:
2146:
1402:, or Philistines. At its maximum territorial expansion, its territory may have stretched along the Canaanite coast from
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1238:
1845:
3334:
3108:
1479:, a chronicle of Ramesses' reign written no later than 1149 BC, also records this Egyptian defeat of the Philistines.
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1012:
725:
435:
415:
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1772:(or Walistin), a Syro-Hittite kingdom (11th–9th c. BC) in what is now NW Syria and the SE Turkish province of Hatay
1213:
881:
790:
679:
252:
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742:
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1071:
2112:
944:
785:
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462:
360:
286:
113:
2592:
1333:
1089:
853:
815:
730:
518:
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1414:; Philistia and its native population the Philistines disappear from the historic record after that year.
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in the Sinai (today's Egypt) to the Yarkon River (today's Tel Aviv), and as far inland as Ekron and Gath.
1322:
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3138:
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1411:
1362:
1063:
1038:
957:
848:
126:
1810:(321). The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The American Schools of Oriental Research: 58–59.
1467:, and allegedly relocated them to the southern abandoned coast of Canaan, recording this victory on a
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took the story at face value and proceeded to inflate it to fantastic dimensions. Believing that the
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I am willing to state flatly that the Sea Peoples, including the Philistines, were Mycenaean Greeks
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further reported that he had sacked (and possibly burned) a "royal city of the land Philistia that
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1643:
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during the 6th century BC, when Ashkelon and many other cities from the region were destroyed.
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Gunnar Lehmann; Steven A. Rosen; Angelika Berlejung; Bat-Ami Neumeier; Hermann M. Niemann.
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550:
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1946:
The Philistines in Transition: A History of the Philistines from Ca. 1000-730 B. C. E.
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along Nahal Besor. All these sites and others in the area had Philistine settlements.
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90:
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invaded Philistia in 604 BC, burned Ashkelon, and incorporated the territory in the
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2413:
2022:(January 2007). "Is The Philistine Paradigm Still Viable?". In Bietak, M. (ed.).
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that from roughly 1200 BC onwards settled in the area and mixed with the local
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169:
2313:"Tell Jemmeh, Philistia and the Neo-Assyrian Empire during the Late Iron Age"
1668:
The Philistines disappear from written records following the conquest of the
1555:
1514:, Be'er Tiveon, Hurvat Hazin, Tel Risim, Tel Re'ala, Hurvat Tzror, Tel Sham,
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1636:
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1262:
997:
3069:
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1806:(February 2001). "Herodotus' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast".
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3028:
3014:
2858:
2818:
2812:
2725:
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2512:
1769:
1728:
1712:, had a very substantial Philistine presence. This area is a part of the
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1503:
1378:
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100:
1892:
1609:'s third campaign in the Levant, the Assyrians re-assigned Jaffa to the
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75:
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as being in constant struggle and interaction with the neighbouring
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The Philistines in Transition: A History from Ca. 1000-730 B.C.E.
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1522:
In its historical form, Philistia's northern boundary was the
2365:
2366:"Tell el-Far'ah, South -- Israel Excavation Project Website"
1869:
Sullivan, Benjamin M. (2018). "In the Shadow of Phoenicia".
1720:
to the north that joins Nahal Besor before flowing into the
1344:
3442:
States and territories disestablished in the 8th century BC
3437:
States and territories established in the 12th century BC
1916:"Philistines Were Cultured After All, Say Archeologists"
2148:
Philistine Iconography: A Wealth of Style and Symbolism
1639:, being gradually absorbed into the Canaanite culture.
1623:
The Five Lords of the Philistines are described in the
2065:
the ethnica in Merneptahs and Ramesses inscriptions."
1808:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
1327:
3378:
3272:
3013:
2546:
2488:
1727:This was a heavily populated area during the early
203:
123:
110:
96:
86:
74:
64:
45:
21:
1776:Timeline of the history of the region of Palestine
1475:are generally identified as the Philistines. The
1353:in the Southwest Levant, made up of principally
16:Geo-political region occupied by the Philistines
1542:to the south. Philistia consisted of the five
2461:
2352:"Excavations at Qubur al-Walaydah, 2007–2009"
1519:Canaanite population by the 10th century BC.
1349:) was a confederation of five main cities or
1290:
889:
8:
2086:sfn error: no target: CITEREFUssishkin2008 (
1546:of the Philistines, known as the Philistine
1471:temple inscription dated to c. 1150 BC. The
2244:
1846:"The Philistine Age - Archaeology Magazine"
1731:. It includes archaeological sites such as
1704:The area east of Gaza, particularly around
2468:
2454:
2446:
1297:
1283:
907:
896:
882:
246:
34:
18:
2081:
2006:
1969:
2306:
2304:
2067:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDrews1995 (
1985:. Specialtyinterests.net. Archived from
1914:John Noble Wilford (29 September 1992).
1687:
2415:Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History
2231:Note - the "Lords" is a translation of
1957:
1792:
921:
910:
260:
249:
1798:
1796:
1708:that reaches into the hills as far as
2043:
1442:, generally transliterated as either
122:
109:
105:
7:
1396:population, and came to be known as
1620:, and Philistia never got it back.
1317:
3391:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
2476:Ancient states and regions in the
1700:at the time of Philistine presence
14:
2193:The History of Ancient Palestine
1781:Timeline of the name "Palestine"
932:
865:
271:
232:
220:
208:
187:
162:
2412:Masalha, Nur (15 August 2018).
2329:10.1179/0075891413Z.00000000031
2196:. Fortress Press. p. 311.
2171:from the original on 2022-10-09
1872:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
1463:boasted of having defeated the
1452:, as invading Egypt in the mid-
2217:Butler, Trent C., ed. (1991).
2190:Gösta Werner Ahlström (1993).
543:Late Antiquity and Middle Ages
1:
3432:History of Palestine (region)
1432:period record a group of the
1388:were made up of people of an
3427:Historical regions in Israel
2643:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia
2285:Jarus, Owen (16 July 2016).
1983:"Text of the Papyrus Harris"
1345:
1244:Israeli Civil Administration
2398:, Society of Biblical Lit,
2287:"Who Were the Philistines?"
2272:"Sennacherib 1015; line 11"
1328:
3463:
2311:Ben-Shlomo, David (2014).
2221:. Holman Bible Dictionary.
2154:. Saint-Paul. p. 14.
2145:Ben-Shlomo, David (2010).
1642:Philistia was occupied by
1337:
2245:
2239:(סַרְנֵ֣י) in Hebrew, or
2111:Ehrlich, Carl S. (1996).
1885:10.1017/S0075426918000058
1743:) along Nahal Gerar, and
1716:desert. It also includes
1456:. About a century later,
141:
137:
106:
33:
28:
1009:Ancient Israel and Judah
430:10th century BCE–587 BCE
420:10th century BCE–720 BCE
374:Ancient Israel and Judah
361:Late Bronze Age collapse
114:Late Bronze Age collapse
2392:Killebrew, Ann (2005),
1586:, in the south-western
400:12th–10th centuries BCE
129:conquest of the Levant
3236:Luwian-Aramaean states
2418:. Zed Books, Limited.
2249:) in the Greek of the
1749:Tell el-Far'ah (South)
1701:
3447:Former confederations
3087:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2671:Canaanite city-states
1691:
1538:to the east, and the
1412:Neo-Babylonian Empire
1384:Scholars believe the
1377:(present-day part of
1259:Palestinian Authority
1064:Hellenistic Palestine
1039:Neo-Babylonian Empire
786:Historical literature
781:Historical population
743:Arab–Israeli conflict
46:Common languages
3370:Tanukhid confederacy
3205:New Kingdom of Egypt
2368:. Farahsouth.cgu.edu
2029:. pp. 517–524.
1477:Great Harris Papyrus
1254:Palestinian enclaves
1239:Military Governorate
758:Iran–Israel conflict
621:Kingdom of Jerusalem
602:Early Islamic period
576:Byzantine Palaestina
454:Second Temple period
60:(from the 6th c. BC)
3082:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2865:Paleo-Syrian states
2020:Finkelstein, Israel
1850:www.archaeology.org
1648:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1644:Tiglath-Pileser III
1550:, described in the
1224:Egyptian Gaza Strip
1219:Jordanian West Bank
1204:Mandatory Palestine
1098:Diocese of the East
1034:Neo-Assyrian Empire
183:Neo-Assyrian Empire
3325:Herodian Tetrarchy
2117:BRILL. p. 3.
1921:The New York Times
1702:
1373:, and for a time,
1346:Gê tôn Phylistieím
1250:State of Palestine
1090:Province of Judaea
473:Hellenistic period
287:Prehistoric Levant
69:Canaanite religion
3422:Ancient Near East
3399:
3398:
3340:Nabataean Kingdom
3315:Hasmonean dynasty
3310:Ghassanid Kingdom
3023:Achaemenid Empire
2859:Ib'al Confederacy
2498:Kish civilization
2425:978-1-78699-273-4
2405:978-1-58983-097-4
2203:978-0-8006-2770-6
2161:978-3-525-54360-3
2124:978-90-04-10426-6
1948:, Brill 1996, p.7
1944:Carl S. Ehrlich,
1722:Mediterranean Sea
1678:Nebuchadnezzar II
1530:on the west, the
1528:Mediterranean Sea
1428:records from the
1408:Nebuchadnezzar II
1390:Aegean background
1343:
1338:Γῆ τῶν Φυλιστιείμ
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1307:
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1076:Hasmonean kingdom
1044:Achaemenid Empire
906:
905:
872:Israel portal
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524:Jewish-Roman Wars
483:Hasmonean dynasty
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416:Kingdom of Israel
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291:
245:
244:
199:
198:
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3350:Palmyrene Empire
3320:Herodian kingdom
3294:Byzantine Empire
3109:Israel (Samaria)
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1800:
1766:the king of Gath
1733:Tell Beit Mirsim
1692:The area around
1532:Kingdom of Judah
1423:Ancient Egyptian
1348:
1342:romanized:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1299:
1292:
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1102:Palaestina Prima
1094:Syria Palaestina
1086:Herodian kingdom
1057:Classical period
953:Natufian culture
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908:
898:
891:
884:
870:
869:
868:
791:Economic history
719:
664:
641:Mamluk Sultanate
566:Syria Palaestina
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493:Herodian dynasty
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458:
426:Kingdom of Judah
410:10th century BCE
379:
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3360:Seleucid Empire
3355:Parthian Empire
3305:Emesene Dynasty
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3114:Israel (united)
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1879:: 67–79, (70).
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1594:and Aphek (see
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2289:. Live Science
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2082:Ussishkin 2008
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2011:
2009:, p. 204.
2007:Killebrew 2005
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3274:Classical Age
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2015:
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1989:on 2013-02-01
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1564:1 Samuel 6:17
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1214:All-Palestine
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1143:Jund Filastin
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2385:Bibliography
2370:. Retrieved
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2291:. Retrieved
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2173:. Retrieved
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2113:
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2052:Medinet Habu
2039:
2030:
2024:
2014:
2002:
1991:. Retrieved
1987:the original
1977:
1965:
1958:Masalha 2018
1953:
1945:
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1925:. Retrieved
1919:
1909:
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1853:. Retrieved
1849:
1840:
1807:
1753:
1739:, Tel Sera (
1726:
1703:
1684:East of Gaza
1667:
1641:
1625:Hebrew Bible
1622:
1604:
1524:Yarkon River
1521:
1494:, including
1485:
1481:
1472:
1469:Medinet Habu
1464:
1461:Ramesses III
1449:
1443:
1437:
1426:hieroglyphic
1421:
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1309:
1308:
1125:Islamic rule
1023:
753:Silicon Wadi
738:Independence
714:
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670:Ottoman rule
661:
519:Roman Judaea
335:
334:
285:
152:Succeeded by
151:
146:
3417:Philistines
3055:Bit Bahiani
2840:Tell Hadidi
2246:σατραπείαις
2175:18 February
2130:18 February
2026:Vienna 2007
1745:Tell Jemmeh
1718:Nahal Gerar
1706:Nahal Besor
1698:Nahal Gerar
1694:Nahal Besor
1658:Sennacherib
1607:Sennacherib
1592:Tell Qasile
1556:Joshua 13:3
1544:city-states
1526:, with the
1512:Tel Qashish
1500:Tel Yokneam
1496:Tel Megiddo
1436:called the
1434:Sea Peoples
1430:New Kingdom
1386:Philistines
1029:Philistines
958:Pre-Pottery
923:History of
849:Archaeology
665:(1517–1948)
530:6 CE–136 CE
513:37 BCE–6 CE
477:333–164 BCE
467:538–333 BCE
440:587–538 BCE
392:Philistines
382:Iron Age I
262:History of
147:Preceded by
3406:Categories
3242:Carchemish
3223:Nabataeans
3040:Aram Rehob
2808:Carchemish
2618:Third Mari
2598:Third Ebla
2548:Bronze Age
2503:Tell Halaf
2490:Copper Age
2293:9 December
2251:Septuagint
2044:Drews 1995
1993:2011-12-11
1855:2023-12-29
1787:References
1633:Canaanites
1629:Israelites
1614:city-state
1611:Phoenician
1558:) and the
1548:pentapolis
1516:Midrakh Oz
1488:Iron Age I
1351:pentapolis
1267:Gaza Strip
1197:Modern era
968:Ghassulian
945:Prehistory
685:Old Yishuv
487:164–37 BCE
388:Israelites
330:Ghassulian
170:Canaanites
127:Babylonian
87:Government
81:Philistine
76:Demonym(s)
50:Philistine
3412:Philistia
3335:Macedonia
3300:Commagene
3228:Qedarites
3166:Phoenicia
3134:Philistia
3050:Bit Agusi
3045:Bit-Adini
2887:Tall Bazi
2781:Phoenicia
2751:Jerusalem
2603:Ekallatum
2337:161673835
2323:: 58–88.
2101:Research.
1901:165940849
1832:163534665
1737:Tel Haror
1710:Beersheva
1653:Sargon II
1637:Egyptians
1394:Canaanite
1323:romanized
1318:פְּלֶשֶׁת
1310:Philistia
1263:West Bank
1110:Salutaris
1072:Antigonus
1024:Philistia
998:Phoenicia
925:Palestine
801:Jerusalem
748:Austerity
645:1260–1517
635:1174–1260
625:1099–1291
505:Tetrarchy
315:Yarmukian
300:Mushabian
228:Palestine
65:Religion
54:Canaanite
23:Philistia
3257:Palistin
3217:Itureans
3015:Iron Age
2819:Hurrians
2561:Alashiya
2513:Hamoukar
2274:. ORACC.
2219:"Ziklag"
2166:Archived
1893:26575919
1770:Palistin
1758:See also
1729:Iron Age
1676:emperor
1568:Ashkelon
1504:Tel Qiri
1473:pwrꜣsꜣtj
1439:pwrꜣsꜣtj
1379:Tel Aviv
1359:Ashkelon
1169:Crusader
1139:Rashidun
1068:Seleucus
963:Tahunian
914:a series
912:Part of
770:By topic
726:Timeline
615:638–1099
606:Filastin
325:Nizzanim
310:Harifian
305:Natufian
253:a series
251:Part of
101:Iron Age
3379:Sources
3345:Osroene
3144:Ascalon
3119:Jericho
2997:Nuhašše
2945:Suteans
2883:Armanum
2835:Mitanni
2830:Nuhašše
2791:Shechem
2771:Megiddo
2766:Lakisha
2756:Kenites
2746:Jericho
2726:Dimasqu
2697:Aštartu
2692:Ascalon
2628:Palmyra
2583:Andarig
2573:Alalakh
2518:Jericho
2480:of the
2478:history
2048:Maspero
1824:1357657
1672:by the
1646:of the
1486:During
1465:Peleset
1458:pharaoh
1450:Pulasti
1445:Peleset
1418:History
1399:Peleset
1329:Pəlešeṯ
1325::
1184:Ottoman
1174:Ayyubid
1164:Fatimid
1159:Abbasid
1154:Umayyad
1106:Secunda
973:Jericho
854:Museums
839:Yahwism
828:Related
806:Zionism
796:Judaism
692:Zionism
596:395–638
588:Secunda
570:136–395
500:Kingdom
346:Retjenu
295:Kebaran
125:•
119:1175 BC
112:•
58:Aramaic
3330:Iturea
3262:Pattin
3252:Luhuti
3247:Kummuh
3186:Tartus
3139:Ashdod
3093:Canaan
3070:Sam'al
3065:Hamath
3060:Geshur
2986:Ugarit
2976:Tadmor
2959:ʿApiru
2940:Aḫlamū
2935:ʿApiru
2921:Tuttul
2876:Aleppo
2849:Naziba
2786:Qadesh
2776:Midian
2761:Kumidi
2736:Gibeon
2716:Beruta
2711:Hauran
2707:Bashan
2702:Azzati
2677:Amalek
2648:Yamhad
2638:Ṭābetu
2623:Mukish
2578:Amurru
2538:Urkesh
2533:Ugarit
2523:Byblos
2482:Levant
2422:
2402:
2372:12 Jan
2335:
2317:Levant
2241:satrap
2200:
2158:
2121:
1927:20 May
1899:
1891:
1830:
1822:
1764:Achish
1741:Ziklag
1670:Levant
1600:Ziklag
1588:Levant
1582:, and
1572:Ashdod
1536:Ziklag
1369:, and
1363:Ashdod
1314:Hebrew
1229:Israel
1179:Mamluk
1013:Israel
993:Canaan
916:on the
707:Yishuv
675:Eyalet
610:Urdunn
560:70–638
351:Habiru
337:Canaan
320:Lodian
264:Israel
255:on the
237:
225:
216:Israel
213:
133:604 BC
3211:Arabs
3196:Sidon
3181:Gebal
3176:Arwad
3171:Amrit
3149:Ekron
3124:Judah
3099:Ammon
3075:Zobah
2981:Tunip
2969:Shutu
2964:Shasu
2929:Suhum
2916:Nagar
2906:Terqa
2902:Khana
2825:Urshu
2796:Sidon
2741:Hazor
2731:Gezer
2721:Gebal
2687:Arwad
2665:Barga
2633:Qatna
2613:Kurda
2333:S2CID
2237:ceren
2233:seren
2169:(PDF)
2152:(PDF)
2060:Caria
2056:Crete
1897:S2CID
1889:JSTOR
1828:S2CID
1820:JSTOR
1714:Negev
1618:Sidon
1576:Ekron
1540:Arish
1508:Afula
1404:Arish
1375:Jaffa
1367:Ekron
1209:Nakba
1017:Judah
731:Years
583:Prima
356:Shasu
240:Egypt
3191:Tyre
3159:Gaza
3154:Gath
3129:Moab
3104:Edom
3003:Niya
2953:Amqu
2911:Mari
2897:Emar
2892:Ebla
2871:Armi
2854:Niya
2801:Tyre
2682:Arqa
2660:Aram
2655:Amqu
2608:Emar
2588:Apum
2528:Ebla
2420:ISBN
2400:ISBN
2374:2016
2295:2020
2198:ISBN
2177:2019
2156:ISBN
2132:2019
2119:ISBN
2088:help
2069:help
1929:2021
1747:and
1696:and
1635:and
1584:Gaza
1580:Gath
1371:Gath
1355:Gaza
697:OETA
2991:Upu
2325:doi
2235:or
2058:to
1881:doi
1877:138
1812:doi
1662:iah
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