1418:
1306:
1402:
1370:
1290:
1338:
1322:
700:
961:
486:
876:
607:
1434:
1386:
934:
668:
1259:
1181:
903:
1450:
1354:
1274:
417:) has disappeared from almost half of its geographic range. Their popularity in the early to mid-20th-century pet trade, where collectors took thousands from the wild populations to sell to pet distributors, without provision for their highly specialized nutritional needs (primarily formic acid from harvester ants), resulted in certain death for almost all the collected lizards. In 1967, the state of Texas passed protective legislation preventing the collection, exportation, and sale of
546:
1500:
69:
378:
818:
49:
1154:
269:
577:
1512:
1069:
1232:
1417:
288:. When threatened, their first defense is to remain motionless to avoid detection. If approached too closely, they generally run in short bursts and stop abruptly to confuse the predator's visual acuity. If this fails, they puff up their bodies to cause them to appear more horned and larger so that they are more difficult to swallow.
1492:
in Fort Worth, Texas. The "Horned Toad" is also the mascot for
Coalinga High School in Coalinga, California. This school is located in Western Central California and its arid region is home to the San Diego Horned Lizard, which is protected. The City of Coalinga hosts an annual "Horned Toad Derby" on
1401:
444:
to have the Texas horned lizard put on the endangered species list due to the massive decline of its population in
Oklahoma, where it was once plentiful. The center said it may later seek protection for the animal on a federal level; it also said that reptiles in general are dying off at up to 10,000
692:
United States (southeast
Colorado, central and southern areas of Kansas, central and western areas of Oklahoma and Texas, southeast New Mexico, and extreme southeast Arizona), Mexico (eastern Sonora, most of Chihuahua, northeast Durango, northern Zacatecas and San Luis PotosĂ, and throughout most of
1305:
393:
publication notes that horned lizard populations continue to disappear throughout their distribution despite protective legislation. Population declines are attributed to a number of factors, including the fragmentation and loss of habitat from real estate development and road construction, the
368:
To avoid being picked up by the head or neck, a horned lizard ducks or elevates its head and orients its cranial horns straight up, or back. If a predator tries to take it by the body, the lizard drives that side of its body down into the ground so the predator cannot easily get its lower jaw
364:
could be a factor; however, the origin and structure of the chemicals responsible are still unknown. The blood-squirting mechanism increases survival after contact with canine predators; the trait may provide an evolutionary advantage. Ocular autohemorrhaging has also been documented in other
407:
species do not eat fire ants. Fire ants kill many species of wildlife, and are fierce competitors against the native ants, which horned lizards require for food (with their specialized nutritional content). Fire ants have given all ants a bad reputation, and human attempts to eradicate ants,
359:
While previous thought held that compounds were added to the blood from glands in the ocular sinus cavity, current research has shown that the chemical compounds that make up the defense are already in the circulating blood. It is possible that their diet of large quantities of venomous
1369:
365:
lizards, which suggests blood-squirting could have evolved from a less extreme defense in the ancestral branch of the genus. Recent phylogenic research supports this claim, so the species incapable of squirting blood apparently have lost the adaptation for reasons yet unstudied.
1337:
1289:
248:), horned lizards tend to move sluggishly, often remain motionless, and rely on their remarkable camouflage to avoid detection by predators. They are adapted to arid or semiarid areas. The spines on the lizard's back and sides are modified
394:
planting of non-native grasses (both suburban and rural), conversion of native land to pastureland and agricultural uses, and pesticides. Additionally predation by domestic dogs and cats place continued pressure upon horned lizards.
1433:
327:
from the corners of the eyes for a distance up to 5 ft (1.5 m). They do this by restricting the blood flow leaving the head, thereby increasing blood pressure and rupturing tiny vessels around the
1499:
1321:
2304:
1449:
408:
including invasive species and the native species on which the lizards prey, contribute to the continued displacement of native ant species and the decline of horned lizards.
1385:
1353:
1917:
1273:
421:, and by the early 1970s, most states enacted similar laws to protect and conserve horned lizards in the USA. As recently as the early 2000s, though, the state of
2225:
1598:
Middendorf III, G.A.; Sherbrooke, W.C.; Braun, E.J. (2001). "Comparison of Blood
Squirted from the Circumorbital Sinus and Systemic Blood in a Horned Lizard,
441:
1258:
256:
is absent. Of the 21 species of horned lizards, 15 are native to the USA. The largest-bodied and most widely distributed of the
American species is the
2186:
2212:
403:), introduced from South America via the nursery industry's potted plants, pose a significant threat to all wildlife including horned lizards.
1982:
1965:
1945:
768:
717:
2053:
1535:
1511:
2299:
699:
918:
612:
960:
2009:
1135:
437:
157:
485:
2217:
1886:
1127:
875:
606:
2039:
252:, which prevent water loss through the skin, whereas the horns on the head are true horns (i.e., they have a bony core). A
1098:
966:
933:
622:
516:
667:
1131:
2294:
2134:
1505:
The TCU mascot is commonly known as Super Frog to TCU fans and students. He is usually present at TCU sporting events.
881:
643:
276:) near Xalapa de EnrĂquez, Veracruz, Mexico, showing blood squirted from the eye as defensive behavior (20 April 2011)
68:
1643:
1489:
1042:
582:
2230:
823:
1777:
1666:
1180:
1835:
525:
1119:
939:
908:
902:
833:
551:
2064:
752:
2139:
453:
The following 21 species (listed alphabetically by scientific name) are recognized as being valid by the
2251:
1217:
1186:
849:
174:
1224:
in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than
990:
1918:"Center for Biological Diversity wants Texas horned lizard declared an endangered species in Oklahoma"
2160:
2111:
1074:
1002:
539:
United States ( southern
Wyoming and Nebraska south through eastern Colorado to northern New Mexico)
382:
1139:
545:
2289:
1922:
1159:
711:
705:
673:
500:
491:
413:
390:
257:
56:
1789:
1781:
1738:
1730:
1678:
1670:
1619:
1580:
796:
652:
399:
63:
2054:
Horned Toads - A field study of Short-horned
Lizards by students of Waterville Elementary School
1986:
1962:
591:
2256:
2238:
2147:
1862:
1572:
954:
United States( Texas, New Mexico eastern
Arizona, southeastern Colorado), northcentral Mexico
324:
30:
This article is about the North
American horned lizard. For the Australian horned lizard, see
2266:
1840:) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data: evidence for a misleading mitochondrial gene tree"
2243:
1854:
1773:
1722:
1662:
1611:
1564:
1485:
1195:
561:
454:
220:
2102:
1702:
817:
377:
2043:
1969:
1153:
740:
356:) are certainly known to either be unable to squirt blood or only do it extremely rarely.
223:
140:
48:
2048:
268:
683:
576:
230:
refer directly to their horns or to their flattened, rounded bodies, and blunt snouts.
1477:
in 1993. Wyoming’s state reptile is the “Horn Toad”, the greater short-horned lizard (
2283:
1808:
1474:
977:
361:
249:
1793:
1742:
1682:
1068:
570:
United States (southern and central
California), Mexico (northern Baja California).
433:, horned lizards are still offered in Mexican "pet" markets throughout the country.
2116:
166:
130:
31:
2152:
2026:
1894:
1548:
2199:
2096:
2036:
1858:
227:
1493:
Memorial day weekend which features horned toad races, a carnival and parade.
458:
285:
216:
2087:
1576:
2173:
1231:
281:
245:
241:
80:
1866:
17:
2126:
2081:
1221:
180:
120:
100:
1726:
1035:
Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Morelos, Nuevo LeĂłn, Puebla, and Veracruz.)
2191:
1785:
1734:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1674:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1623:
1584:
445:
times their historic extinction rate, greatly due to human influences.
337:
253:
110:
2010:
Wyoming’s surprising state reptile has spikes, shoots blood from eyes—
2204:
1707:) to Antipredator Blood-Squirting and Blood of Texas Horned Lizards (
1427:), Municipality of Miquihuana, Tamaulipas, Mexico (24 September 2009)
866:
430:
422:
329:
212:
90:
2058:
1615:
1568:
2178:
1950:
376:
267:
234:
208:
332:. The blood not only confuses predators but also tastes foul to
2031:
341:
2062:
2165:
333:
1411:), Municipality of Tula, Tamaulipas, Mexico (15 August 2004)
842:
northwestern United States and adjacent southwestern Canada
2049:
Argentine ants linked to declines in coastal horned lizards
2013:. Barnyards & Backyards. 6-7 pp. University of Wyoming.
1985:. Wyoming Secretary of State's Office. 2011. Archived from
1778:
10.1894/0038-4909(2004)049<0267:DBSIPD>2.0.CO;2
1667:
10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[1114:BSVIHL]2.0.CO;2
1315:), San Luis Obispo County, California, USA (June 14, 2008)
340:
predators. It appears to have no effect against predatory
1443:), San Bernardino County, California, USA (9 July 2019)
1517:
Horned lizard on a necktie at El Paso, Texas, in 1940
1760:
and a high rate of human-induced blood squirting in
2071:
1756:Hodges, W.L. (2004). "Defensive blood squirting in
896:southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico
1536:Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery
1347:), Sweetwater County, Wyoming, USA (15 June 2016).
1549:"Habits and Behavior of the Texas Horned Lizard,
1644:"Blood-Squirting Variability in Horned Lizards (
1459:), Apache Junction, Arizona, USA (25 March 2007)
240:means "toad-bodied". In common with true toads (
1701:Sherbrooke, W.C.; Middendorf III, G.A. (2004).
1642:Sherbrooke, W.C.; Middendorf III, G.A. (2001).
1299:), Armstrong County, Texas, USA (28 April 2013)
1112:southern Idaho in the north to northern Mexico
429:species. Despite limited federal protection in
280:Horned lizards use a variety of means to avoid
2027:Horned lizard skulls and info at Digimorph.org
1836:"Phylogenetic relationships of hores lizards (
1813:(Yarrow's spiny lizard) Ocular Sinus Bleeding"
2305:Taxa named by Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann
1972:. State Symbols USA. Retrieved on 2016-10-25.
8:
1379:, Culberson County, Texas, USA (19 May 2018)
442:Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation
2059:
1469:Texas designated the Texas horned lizard (
47:
38:
811:Mexico (Sonora), United States (Arizona)
457:, three species of which have recognized
1880:
1878:
1876:
1230:
463:
1528:
1495:
1254:
693:Coahuila, Nuevo LeĂłn, and Tamaulipas.)
284:. Their coloration generally serves as
344:. Only three closely related species (
1893:. University of Texas. Archived from
1847:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1834:Leache, A. D.; J. A. McGuire (2006).
7:
1013:(A.H.A. Duméril & Bocourt, 1870)
865:United States (Arizona) and Mexico (
1053:(disputed; may be conspecific with
779:(disputed; may be conspecific with
769:San Luis Valley short-horned lizard
627:(disputed; may be conspecific with
530:(disputed; may be conspecific with
2032:Horned Lizard Conservation Society
747:Central peninsular horned lizard,
25:
1916:Godfrey, Ed (December 20, 2014).
969:or Chihuahua Desert horned lizard
425:still allowed commercial sale of
195:, whose members are known as the
1510:
1498:
1448:
1432:
1416:
1400:
1384:
1368:
1352:
1336:
1320:
1304:
1288:
1272:
1257:
1179:
1152:
1067:
959:
932:
901:
874:
816:
698:
666:
613:Great Plains short-horned lizard
605:
575:
544:
484:
67:
1363:, Washington, USA (5 June 2014)
1283:, Oaxaca, Mexico (20 May 2013).
1089:Southern desert horned lizard,
438:Center for Biological Diversity
325:squirt an aimed stream of blood
272:Mexican Plateau horned lizard (
1375:Mountain short-horned lizard (
852:, Goode's desert horned lizard
761:Mexico (Baja California Sur )
1:
1885:Pianka, Eric; Hodges, Wendy.
1343:Greater short-horned lizard (
1204:Mexico (Guerrero and Puebla)
1099:Northern desert horned lizard
1062:Canada and the United States
967:Mexican Plateau horned lizard
636:Canada and the United States
554:or Blainville's horned lizard
2037:Horned Lizards at UTexas.edu
1547:Winton, W. M. (1916-10-24).
1279:Short-tailed horned lizard (
1264:Blainville's horned lizard (
1859:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.016
1766:The Southwestern Naturalist
1604:The Southwestern Naturalist
1391:Flat-tailed horned lizard (
1359:Pygmy short-horned lizard (
882:Greater short-horned lizard
644:Cedros Island horned lizard
600:Mexico (Puebla and Oaxaca)
2321:
1807:Sherbrooke, W. C. (2000).
1490:Texas Christian University
1407:Round-tail horned lizard (
1043:Desert short-horned lizard
795:Ditmars' horned lizard or
735:California horned lizard,
583:Short-tailed horned lizard
517:Baur's short-horned lizard
29:
1953:www.reptile-database.org.
1703:"Responses of Kit Foxes (
927:United States and Mexico
824:Pygmy short-horned lizard
788:United States (Colorado)
440:in Tucson petitioned the
411:The Texas horned lizard (
172:
165:
64:Scientific classification
62:
55:
46:
41:
2300:Lizards of North America
1887:"Horned Lizards, Part 2"
1423:Mountain horned lizard (
1345:P. douglassi brevirostre
291:At least eight species (
1425:P. orbiculare orientale
1216:: In the above list, a
1120:Guerreran horned lizard
1048:Phrynosoma ornatissimum
940:Roundtail horned lizard
909:Flat-tail horned lizard
661:Mexico (Cedros Island)
618:Phrynosoma brevirostris
552:San Diego horned lizard
1439:Desert horned lizard (
1243:
1125:Phrynosoma sherbrookei
1080:Phrynosoma platyrhinos
1001:(A.H.A. Duméril &
588:Phrynosoma braconnieri
558:Phrynosoma blainvillii
449:Species and subspecies
386:
277:
2252:Paleobiology Database
1817:Herpetological Review
1479:Phrynosoma hernandesi
1455:Regal horned lizard (
1327:Coast horned lizard (
1311:Coast horned lizard (
1295:Texas horned lizard (
1234:
1187:Mexican horned lizard
973:Phrynosoma orbiculare
887:Phrynosoma hernandesi
850:Sonoran horned lizard
380:
274:Phrynosoma orbiculare
271:
1989:on September 6, 2011
1951:The Reptile Database
1563:(36). JSTOR: 81–84.
1075:Desert horned lizard
829:Phrynosoma douglasii
774:Phrynosoma diminutum
726:Cape horned lizard,
712:Phrynosoma coronatum
649:Phrynosoma cerroense
383:Phrynosoma douglasii
1963:Texas Horned Lizard
1923:The Daily Oklahoman
1811:Sceloporus jarrovii
1758:Phrynosoma ditmarsi
1727:10.1643/CH-03-157R1
1709:Phrynosoma cornutum
1600:Phrynosoma cornutum
1551:Phrynosoma cornutum
1488:" is the mascot of
1471:Phrynosoma cornutum
1222:trinomial authority
1174:Arizona and Mexico
1160:Regal horned lizard
1128:Nieto-Montes de Oca
945:Phrynosoma modestum
802:Phrynosoma ditmarsi
706:Coast horned lizard
679:Phrynosoma cornutum
674:Texas horned lizard
492:Giant horned lizard
414:Phrynosoma cornutum
391:University of Texas
323:) are also able to
258:Texas horned lizard
57:Regal horned lizard
2295:Symbols of Wyoming
2042:2011-04-29 at the
1968:2015-04-01 at the
1473:) as the official
1244:
1218:binomial authority
914:Phrynosoma mcallii
797:rock horned lizard
731:(Blainville, 1835)
400:Solenopsis invicta
387:
373:Population decline
278:
211:of North American
175:Lacerta orbiculare
2277:
2276:
2239:Open Tree of Life
2065:Taxon identifiers
2007:Mason Lee. 2022.
1897:on April 26, 2015
1891:uts.cc.utexas.edu
1395:(9 November 2010)
1331:) (25 April 2009)
1208:
1207:
1192:Phrynosoma taurus
1165:Phrynosoma solare
1103:P. p. platyrhinos
856:Phrynosoma goodei
188:
187:
161:
27:Genus of reptiles
16:(Redirected from
2312:
2270:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2233:
2221:
2220:
2208:
2207:
2195:
2194:
2182:
2181:
2169:
2168:
2156:
2155:
2143:
2142:
2130:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2060:
2014:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1960:
1954:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1882:
1871:
1870:
1844:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1698:
1687:
1686:
1661:(4): 1114–1122.
1652:
1639:
1628:
1627:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1544:
1538:
1533:
1514:
1502:
1452:
1436:
1420:
1404:
1388:
1372:
1356:
1340:
1324:
1308:
1292:
1276:
1261:
1199:
1183:
1169:
1156:
1107:
1095:
1091:P. p. calidiarum
1084:
1071:
1052:
1030:
1022:
1021:(Linnaeus, 1758)
1018:P. o. orbiculare
1014:
1006:
994:
981:
963:
949:
936:
922:
905:
891:
878:
860:
837:
820:
806:
778:
777:Montanucci, 2015
756:
744:
732:
721:
702:
687:
670:
656:
626:
609:
595:
579:
565:
548:
529:
522:Phrynosoma bauri
509:southern Mexico
504:
488:
464:
455:Reptile Database
156:
72:
71:
51:
39:
21:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2265:
2263:
2255:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2216:
2211:
2203:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2177:
2172:
2164:
2159:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2067:
2044:Wayback Machine
2023:
2018:
2017:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1983:"State symbols"
1981:
1980:
1976:
1970:Wayback Machine
1961:
1957:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1884:
1883:
1874:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1762:Phrynosoma asio
1755:
1754:
1750:
1705:Vulpes macrotis
1700:
1699:
1690:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1631:
1616:10.2307/3672440
1597:
1596:
1592:
1569:10.2307/1436504
1546:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1506:
1503:
1486:TCU Horned Frog
1467:
1460:
1453:
1444:
1437:
1428:
1421:
1412:
1405:
1396:
1389:
1380:
1373:
1364:
1357:
1348:
1341:
1332:
1325:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1281:P. braconnieri)
1277:
1268:
1266:P. blainvillii)
1262:
1253:
1247:Horned lizard (
1210:
1194:
1167:
1136:Beltrán-Sánchez
1105:
1093:
1082:
1050:
1028:
1026:P. o. orientale
1020:
1012:
1000:
989:
975:
947:
916:
889:
859:Stejneger, 1893
858:
831:
805:Stejneger, 1906
804:
776:
751:
739:
730:
728:P. c. coronatum
715:
681:
651:
620:
590:
560:
524:
499:
497:Phrynosoma asio
473:Scientific Name
451:
375:
266:
254:urinary bladder
224:Phrynosomatidae
184:
178:
155:
141:Phrynosomatidae
66:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2318:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2248:
2235:
2222:
2209:
2196:
2183:
2170:
2157:
2144:
2131:
2121:
2108:
2093:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2034:
2029:
2022:
2021:External links
2019:
2016:
2015:
2000:
1974:
1955:
1936:
1908:
1872:
1853:(3): 628–644.
1826:
1799:
1772:(2): 267–270.
1748:
1721:(3): 652–658.
1688:
1629:
1610:(3): 384–387.
1590:
1539:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1497:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1441:P. platyrhinos
1438:
1431:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1381:
1377:P. hernandesi)
1374:
1367:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1241:P. platyrhinos
1235:Comparison of
1206:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1189:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1096:
1085:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1051:(Girard, 1858)
1045:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1029:Horowitz, 1955
1023:
1015:
1007:
998:P. o. cortezii
995:
982:
970:
964:
956:
955:
952:
950:
942:
937:
929:
928:
925:
923:
911:
906:
898:
897:
894:
892:
884:
879:
871:
870:
863:
861:
853:
847:
844:
843:
840:
838:
826:
821:
813:
812:
809:
807:
799:
793:
790:
789:
786:
784:
771:
766:
763:
762:
759:
758:
757:
745:
737:P. c. frontale
733:
722:
708:
703:
695:
694:
690:
688:
676:
671:
663:
662:
659:
657:
646:
641:
638:
637:
634:
632:
615:
610:
602:
601:
598:
596:
592:A.H.A. Duméril
585:
580:
572:
571:
568:
566:
555:
549:
541:
540:
537:
535:
519:
514:
511:
510:
507:
505:
494:
489:
481:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
450:
447:
374:
371:
362:harvester ants
354:P. platyrhinos
265:
262:
250:reptile scales
244:of the family
197:horned lizards
186:
185:
179:
170:
169:
163:
162:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
60:
59:
53:
52:
44:
43:
42:Horned lizard
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2317:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1839:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1522:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1475:state reptile
1472:
1464:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1361:P. douglasii)
1355:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:Arenas-Moreno
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:P. hernandesi
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1010:P. o. dugesii
1008:
1004:
999:
996:
992:
988:
985:
984:
983:
979:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
958:
957:
953:
951:
946:
943:
941:
938:
935:
931:
930:
926:
924:
920:
915:
912:
910:
907:
904:
900:
899:
895:
893:
888:
885:
883:
880:
877:
873:
872:
868:
864:
862:
857:
854:
851:
848:
846:
845:
841:
839:
835:
830:
827:
825:
822:
819:
815:
814:
810:
808:
803:
800:
798:
794:
792:
791:
787:
785:
782:
781:P. hernandesi
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
764:
760:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
725:
724:
723:
719:
714:
713:
709:
707:
704:
701:
697:
696:
691:
689:
685:
680:
677:
675:
672:
669:
665:
664:
660:
658:
654:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
639:
635:
633:
630:
629:P. hernandesi
624:
619:
616:
614:
611:
608:
604:
603:
599:
597:
593:
589:
586:
584:
581:
578:
574:
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
543:
542:
538:
536:
533:
532:P. hernandesi
527:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
495:
493:
490:
487:
483:
482:
479:Distribution
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
465:
462:
460:
456:
448:
446:
443:
439:
436:In 2014, the
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:
409:
406:
402:
401:
395:
392:
385:
384:
379:
372:
370:
366:
363:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:P. orbiculare
310:
309:P. hernandesi
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
275:
270:
263:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:
231:
229:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:
182:
177:
176:
171:
168:
164:
159:
154:
153:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
70:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2072:
2008:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1987:the original
1977:
1958:
1944:
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1921:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:the original
1890:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1829:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1802:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1560:
1556:
1553:, Harlan. I"
1550:
1542:
1531:
1483:
1478:
1470:
1468:
1456:
1440:
1424:
1408:
1392:
1376:
1360:
1344:
1329:P. coronatum
1328:
1313:P. coronatum
1312:
1296:
1280:
1265:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1225:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1191:
1164:
1124:
1106:Girard, 1852
1102:
1094:(Cope, 1896)
1090:
1083:Girard, 1852
1079:
1054:
1047:
1025:
1017:
1009:
997:
987:P. o. bradti
986:
972:
948:Girard, 1852
944:
913:
890:Girard, 1858
886:
855:
828:
801:
780:
773:
749:P. c. jamesi
748:
741:Van Denburgh
736:
727:
710:
678:
648:
628:
617:
587:
557:
531:
521:
496:
452:
435:
426:
418:
412:
410:
404:
398:
396:
388:
381:
369:underneath.
367:
358:
353:
349:
345:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:P. coronatum
300:
296:
292:
290:
279:
273:
237:
235:generic name
232:
228:common names
204:
200:
196:
191:
190:
189:
173:
167:Type species
151:
150:
36:
32:thorny devil
2200:iNaturalist
2097:Wikispecies
1993:January 22,
1929:November 5,
1409:P. modestum
1393:P. mcallii)
1297:P. cornutum
1237:P. modestum
470:Common Name
397:Fire ants (
350:P. modestum
305:P. ditmarsi
297:P. cornutum
201:horny toads
2290:Phrynosoma
2284:Categories
2117:Phrynosoma
2103:Phrynosoma
2073:Phrynosoma
1946:Phrynosoma
1838:Phrynosoma
1646:Phrynosoma
1523:References
1249:Phrynosoma
1226:Phrynosoma
1168:Gray, 1845
718:Blainville
526:Montanucci
476:Subspecies
459:subspecies
427:Phrynosoma
419:Phrynosoma
405:Phrynosoma
346:P. mcallii
286:camouflage
242:amphibians
238:Phrynosoma
217:type genus
192:Phrynosoma
152:Phrynosoma
127:Suborder:
18:Phrynosoma
1577:0045-8511
1457:P. solare
1251:) gallery
919:Hallowell
653:Stejneger
321:P. taurus
317:P. solare
282:predation
246:Bufonidae
205:horntoads
87:Kingdom:
81:Eukaryota
2124:BioLib:
2082:Wikidata
2040:Archived
1966:Archived
1901:March 1,
1867:16488160
1794:85923959
1743:55365586
1683:86061329
1147:Mexico.
991:Horowitz
978:Linnaeus
264:Defenses
226:. Their
215:and the
181:Linnaeus
158:Wiegmann
137:Family:
121:Squamata
111:Reptilia
101:Chordata
97:Phylum:
91:Animalia
77:Domain:
2267:8330095
2192:2451046
2088:Q288720
1786:3672697
1735:1448486
1675:1448403
1624:3672440
1585:1436504
1005:, 1870)
1003:Bocourt
980:, 1758)
921:, 1852)
836:, 1828)
753:Schmidt
720:, 1835)
686:, 1825)
625:, 1858)
330:eyelids
293:P. asio
219:of the
213:lizards
207:, is a
147:Genus:
131:Iguania
117:Order:
107:Class:
2264:uBio:
2244:160860
2218:173937
2179:1PRYNG
2140:142752
1943:Genus
1865:
1823:: 243.
1792:
1784:
1741:
1733:
1715:Copeia
1681:
1673:
1655:Copeia
1622:
1583:
1575:
1557:Copeia
1465:Symbol
1198:, 1873
1142:, 2014
1140:Leaché
1138:&
993:, 1955
867:Sonora
755:, 1922
743:, 1894
684:Harlan
655:, 1893
623:Girard
594:, 1870
564:, 1839
528:, 2015
503:, 1864
431:Mexico
423:Nevada
352:, and
338:feline
334:canine
319:, and
221:family
183:, 1758
160:, 1828
2257:37874
2231:43608
2205:36299
2166:17991
2127:59062
1843:(PDF)
1790:S2CID
1782:JSTOR
1739:S2CID
1731:JSTOR
1679:S2CID
1671:JSTOR
1651:(PDF)
1620:JSTOR
1581:JSTOR
1484:The "
1196:Dugès
467:Image
342:birds
209:genus
203:, or
2226:NCBI
2213:ITIS
2187:GBIF
2174:EPPO
2153:6PCY
2135:BOLD
1995:2011
1931:2018
1903:2015
1863:PMID
1719:2004
1659:2001
1573:ISSN
1239:and
1214:Note
834:Bell
562:Gray
501:Cope
336:and
233:The
2161:EoL
2148:CoL
2112:ADW
1949:at
1855:doi
1774:doi
1764:".
1723:doi
1663:doi
1612:doi
1602:".
1565:doi
1481:).
1220:or
2286::
2254::
2241::
2228::
2215::
2202::
2189::
2176::
2163::
2150::
2137::
2114::
2099::
2084::
1920:.
1889:.
1875:^
1861:.
1851:39
1849:.
1845:.
1821:31
1819:.
1815:.
1788:.
1780:.
1770:49
1768:.
1737:.
1729:.
1717:.
1713:.
1711:)"
1691:^
1677:.
1669:.
1657:.
1653:.
1648:)"
1632:^
1618:.
1608:46
1606:.
1579:.
1571:.
1561:36
1559:.
1555:.
1228:.
1134:,
1130:,
1101:,
869:)
461::
389:A
348:,
315:,
311:,
307:,
303:,
299:,
295:,
260:.
199:,
1997:.
1933:.
1905:.
1869:.
1857::
1809:"
1796:.
1776::
1745:.
1725::
1685:.
1665::
1626:.
1614::
1587:.
1567::
1057:)
976:(
917:(
832:(
783:)
716:(
682:(
631:)
621:(
534:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
