1535:: Some targets on the playfield increase the scoring value of something else, which could be as simple as hitting a ramp, or a complicated sequence of targets. Upon their inception, the jackpot was the main goal of most pinball machines in the 1980s. Jackpots would often range from one to four million (back when this was a significant addition to the score), and their value would accrue between games until it was scored. Scoring it was usually a complicated task. Modern games often dilute the meaning of "jackpot". Modern games give off several jackpots in each multiball mode, which is usually quite easy to attain, and the value of today's jackpots is far less significant. Many jackpots awarded during special modes often do not increase at all, but are instead simply fixed-value bonuses.
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1444:: Toys are various items on, above, or beneath the playfield (items beneath the playfield visible through windows) or attached to the cabinet (usually to the backbox). Usually, each toy is unique to the machine it was made for, and reflects the game's theme. They may be visual only, and have no effect on gameplay; they may be alternate ways of performing common game functions (for example, instead of using a drop hole to hold the ball, a hand or claw might reach out, grab the ball, and capture it that way); or they may be an integral part of the game rules and play (for instance, having a smaller playfield over the main playfield that can be tilted right and left by the player, using the flipper buttons).
1193: in) in length, used for redirecting the ball up the playfield. They are the main control that the player has over the ball, usually by corresponding pushbuttons on the cabinet's sides. They can primarily be switched fully on, sometimes with two different strengths for thrusting the flipper up and for holding it in position. Careful timing of this limited positional control allows the player to direct the ball in a range of directions with various levels of velocity and spin. With the flippers, the player attempts to move the ball to hit various types of scoring targets, and to keep the ball from disappearing off the bottom of the playfield.
2028:). Without this diode, when the solenoid is de-energized, the magnetic field that was built up in the coil collapses and generates a brief, high-voltage pulse backward into the wiring, capable of destroying the solid-state components used to control the solenoid. Proper wiring polarity must be retained during coil replacement or this diode will act as a dead short, immediately destroying electronic switches. Older electromechanical AC game solenoids do not require this diode, since they were controlled with mechanical switches. However, electromechanical games running on DC do require diodes to protect the rectifier.
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1313:: These are targets that drop below the playfield when hit. Eliminating an entire row in this manner may lead to any of various features. Once an entire bank of drop targets is hit, the bank may reset or pop back up. Alternatively, the drop targets can be placed in front of other targets, requiring the drop target to be knocked down before the targets behind can be hit, or the drop target may only pop up at specific times to deny the player the ability to shoot the ball into whatever is behind it. If used in the latter way, the target is usually blocking a lane or ramp.
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1379:: These are targets activated when a ball rolls over them. Often a series of rollover targets are placed side-by-side and with dividers between them forming "lanes"; the player must guide the ball to particular lanes (or to all lanes) to complete an objective. Such lanes are frequently placed at the bottom sides of the playfield: "inlanes" feed the ball back to the flippers, "outlanes" cause the ball to drain immediately. On many machines, outlanes can have extra balls or "specials" lit to play the same role as the older gobble holes.
1450:: Some machines feature electrically operated magnets below the playfield to affect the ball's speed and trajectory according to the current state of gameplay. This may be done to make the ball's movement unpredictable, temporarily halt the ball (as a ball saver, for example), or otherwise control the ball by non-mechanical means. Electromagnets may also be used in above-playfield elements (often as part of the playfield toys) to grab the ball and move it elsewhere (onto a mini-playfield, for example). The Williams machine
1551:: If a player has earned this, when they lose a ball they get another one to play immediately afterward and the machine does not count the lost ball towards the limit of balls for that game. For example, if the player were on ball two and they earn an extra ball, the next ball will still be counted as ball two instead of the third ball. When a machine says "SHOOT AGAIN" on the scoreboard, it signifies that an extra ball will shoot. In a multiplayer game, the player who just lost the ball is the same one to shoot again.
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to 96 individually addressable lights. Recently developed games have switched from incandescent bulbs to LEDs. And there is general illumination lighting that comprises two or more higher-power light strings connected and controlled in parallel for providing broad illumination to the playfield and backbox artwork. Additionally, 12 to 24 high-impulse lighting outputs, traditionally incandescent but now LED, provide flash effects within the game. Traditionally, these were often controlled by solenoid-level drivers.
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1523:: Each time a ball goes into a specific hole or target, it is locked, and a new ball appears at the plunger. The multiball feature starts when the player has locked the required number of balls (often three). On some games, the balls are physically locked in place by solenoid-actuated gates, but many newer machines use virtual ball locks instead, in which the game merely keeps count of the number of locked balls and then auto-launches them from the main ball trough when it is time for them to be released.
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the ball in the inlane for more precise aiming. As the flipper nears the end of its upward travel, a switch under the flipper disconnects the power-winding and leaves only the second sustain winding to hold the flipper up in place. If this switch fails 'open' the flipper will be too weak to be usable, since only the weak winding is available. If it fails 'closed' the coil will overheat and destroy itself, since both windings will hold the flipper at the top of its stroke.
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complex and require a series of targets to be hit in a particular order. Recent pinball games are distinguished by increasingly complex rule sets that require a measure of strategy and planning by the player for maximum scoring. Players seeking the highest scores would be well-advised to study the placard (usually found in the lower-left corner of the playfield) to learn each game's specific patterns required for these advanced features and scoring.
362:, all major manufacturers of coin-operated games turned to manufacturing for the war effort. Some, like Williams, bought old games from operators and refurbished them, adding new artwork with a patriotic theme. At the end of the war, a generation of Americans looked for amusement in bars and malt shops, and pinball saw another golden age. Improvements such as the tilt-sensing mechanism and the awarding of free games (replays) appeared.
1414:, this is a small pole most often found centered between and just below the lowest set of flippers and also rarely next to the outlanes. When activated (typically by hitting a specific target or targets), the pole ascends from inside the machine, blocking the area between the flippers for a limited time, making it more difficult to drain and lose the ball. After time expires, it returns to its resting place just below the playfield.
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1237:) that does not propel the ball away; most bumpers on machines built since the 1960s are active bumpers, variously called "pop bumpers", "thumper bumpers", "jet bumpers", or "turbo bumpers". Most recent games include a set of pop bumpers, usually three, sometimes more or fewer depending on the designer's goals. Bumpers predate flippers, and active bumpers served to add interest and complexity to older games.
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powering solenoids, causing heavier wiring and slower performance. For locations that suffer from low AC wall outlet voltage, additional taps may be provided on the AC transformer in electromechanical games to permit raising the game's DC voltage levels, thus strengthening the solenoids. Microprocessor games have electronic power supplies that automatically compensate for inaccurate AC supply voltages.
1385:: Used in some games, a whirlwind spinner is a rapidly rotating (often rubberized) disk on the playfield that momentarily "grabs" the ball and throws it in a random direction. Some games couple a whirlwind spinner with a magnet placed in the center, although Data East seems to be the only manufacturer to do so. Bally's "Fireball" and Chicago Coin's "Casino" were popular games with a whirlwind spinner.
1620:: There are special tilt switches placed on the underside of the playfield, on the coin door, and (on electromechanical games) in the lower cabinet and upper cabinet, designed to prevent cheating. If a player lifts and drops, pounds, or kicks the machine and activates any slam tilt, the entire game ends immediately for all players and may go into a reset/reboot mode. These are also used on video and
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838:. In 2017, Multimorphic began shipping its pinball machine platform after several years of development. It is a modular design where different games can be swapped into the cabinet. It also has a large interactive display as the playfield surface, which differs from all prior pinball machines traditionally made of plywood and embedded with translucent plastic inserts for lighting.
1614:: Many modern games include a feature that prevents a player from being disappointed if a ball sent into play quickly drains before substantial points have been added. This player will immediately be given another (free) ball to compensate. Electromechanical games made during the 1970s had a similar Ball Index switch system that returned a drained ball if no points were made.
2012:: These are found in every modern pinball machine since the flipper age. They are usually hidden under the playfield, or covered by playfield components. By applying power to the coil, the magnetic field created by electromagnetism causes a metal object (usually called a plunger) to move. The plunger is then connected mechanically to a feature or accessory on the playfield.
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installed, like bumpers, slingshots, and sockets for lamps and flashing lights. All of the wiring is fastened to the playfield and big components like speakers, mains transformers or shaker motors are bolted into the bottom of the cabinet. The player-accessible parts like the spring plunger, buttons and the coin door with its mechanics are attached directly to the cabinet.
1867:: A mechanism to get a free game during play is usually called a "special". Typically, some hard-to-reach feature of the game will light the outlanes (the areas to the extreme left and right of the flippers) for special. Since the outlanes always lose the ball, having "special" there makes it worth shooting for them (and is usually the only time, if this is the case).
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1325:: These targets award different points depending on how hard the target was hit. It is a metal arm that pivots under the playfield. When a ball hits it, it ratchets back sometimes, resetting immediately or resetting only after it is hit all the way back. A large sum of points is usually awarded when the target is hit back all the way with one strike of the ball.
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939:– called out precisely what he was going to shoot for, and then proceeded to do so. Astonished committee members reportedly voted to remove the ban, which was followed in other cities. Sharpe reportedly acknowledges, in a self-deprecating manner, his courtroom shot was by sheer luck although there was admittedly skill involved in what he did.
1861:: A free game is awarded if the player exceeds a specified score. Some machines allow the operator to set this score to increase with each consecutive game in which the replay score is achieved, in order to prevent a skilled player from gaining virtually unlimited play on one credit by simply achieving the same replay score in every game.
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to a flipper so one can make several ramp shots in a row. The number of ramp shots scored in a game is often tallied, and reaching certain numbers may lead to various game features. At other times, the ramps will go to smaller "mini-playfields" (small playfields, usually raised above the main game surface, with special goals or scoring).
1461:: Sometimes a ball can move around only within a confined area. A typical application of this has a short lane on the playfield with a narrow opening, inside which a captive ball is held. The player can strike this captive ball with the ball in play, pushing it along the lane to activate a rollover switch or target. In games such as
1112:). This penalty was instituted because nudging the machine too much may damage it or result in unearned play and scoring that wears game parts. Many games also have a slam tilt in the bottom of the cabinet to end the game if the cabinet is raised and dropped to the floor in an attempt to trigger the coin counting switch falsely.
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to the cabinet. Newer games have pivot brackets that allow them to be folded down for easier transport. The EMs have a tin panel in the back of the head, with a lock to unlatch for service. Newer games are serviced from the front. Typically they have a lock on the side of the head, or centered above the backglass to unlatch.
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724:. TPF, however, was unable to make good on its promises to produce new machines, and in October 2010 transferred its Williams Electronics Games licenses as well as its pinball spare parts manufacturing and distribution business to Planetary Pinball Supply Inc, a California distributor of pinball replacement parts.
242:, it used thin metal pins and replaced the cue at the player's end of the table with a coiled spring and a plunger. The player shot balls up the inclined playfield toward the scoring targets using this plunger, a device that remains in use in pinball to this day, and the game was also directly ancestral to
1608:". Wizard modes come in two varieties: goal-oriented types where the player receives a huge number of points after completing a specific task, or multiball modes with 4–6 balls in play, and virtually every feature active. Some games offer both and award the latter as a condition for completing the former.
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pinball simulations have become possible. Tilting has also been simulated, which can be activated using one or more keys (sometimes the space bar) for "moving" the machine. Flipper button computer peripherals were also released, allowing pinball fans to add an accurate feel to their game play instead
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PAPA also designates the winner of the A Division in the annual PAPA World
Pinball Championships as the World Pinball Champion. Current Junior (16 and under) and Senior (50 and over) World Champions are Joshua Henderson and Paul McGlone, respectively. Samuel Ogden has become one of the most memorable
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All but very old games use low DC voltages to power the solenoids and electronics (or relays). Some microprocessor games use high voltages (potentially hazardous) for the score displays. Very early games used low-voltage AC power for solenoids, requiring fewer components, but AC is less efficient for
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The average score changed again in the 1970s with the advent of electronic displays. Average scores soon began to commonly increase back into tens or hundreds of thousands. Since then, there has been a trend of scoring inflation, with modern machines often requiring scores of over a billion points to
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featured a mini-playfield that used electromagnets controlled by the flipper buttons, allowing the player to flip the ball on the mini-playfield, essentially working as invisible flippers. Contrary to a popular myth, there are no professionally produced pinball machines that contain magnets under the
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Early pinball machines typically had full solenoid current passing through trigger switches for all types of solenoids, from kickers to pop bumpers to the flippers themselves. This caused arcing across switch contacts and rapid contact fouling and failure. As electronics were gradually implemented in
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The introduction of flippers ushered in the "golden age" of pinball, where the fierce competition between the various pinball manufacturers led to constant innovation in the field. Various types of stationary and moving targets were added, spinning scoring reels replaced games featuring static scores
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The very first pinball games appeared in the early 1930s and did not have flippers. After launching the ball simply proceeded down the playfield, directed by static nails (or "pins") to one of several scoring areas. These pins gave the game its name. In 1947, the first mechanical flippers appeared on
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The backbox is installed with hinges on modern machines or screws on older games. It contains the scoring displays and electronic circuit boards and is historically covered with a removable, painted, partially transparent, backglass which defined the game's appeal as much as the playfield design and
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After successful testing, the playfield is set on hinges into the cabinet. The cabinet of computerized games contains very few parts. On older electromechanical games, the entire floor of the lower box was used to mount custom relays and special scoring switches, making them much heavier. To protect
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When any of these sensors is activated, the game registers a "tilt" and the lights go out, solenoids for the flippers no longer work, and other playfield systems become inoperative so that the ball can do nothing other than roll down the playfield directly to the drain. A tilt will usually result in
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would place a red button in the artwork of games he developed. The methods used to find the hidden items usually involved pressing the flipper buttons in a certain order or during specific events. Designers also included hidden messages or in-jokes; one example of this is the phrase "DOHO" sometimes
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Initially, holes and saucers worked by using tubes behind the playing field, with a pin at the top to hold the ball for later drops. Another version of the tube uses two spinning wheels to transfer the ball from hole to hole. Newer versions use an electronic track with a carriage or an electromagnet
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launcher is sometimes substituted for the plunger in modern machines. The shape of the ball launch button that replaces the plunger may be modified to fit the aesthetics of a particular game's theme, such as being made to look like the trigger of a gun in a game with a military or action-hero theme.
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The electromechanical (EM) heads contain the score reels, relays and stepper units that control the scores and other sequencing operations dealing with players, balls, scores, credits and so forth. Most EM backglasses are removed from the rear of the head, where a lever will release it so it can be
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The electromechanical (EM) heads often have 'animation' or moving parts incorporated into the backglass and spring to life if the player achieves the required sequence on the playfield to activate it. Most games have an "insert board" between the backglass and controls that have lights to highlight
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One identifiable attribute of the pinball machine is the cabinet design that contains the mechanical, electrical and electronic parts, assemblies and wires. The modern cabinet consists of two major items. The 'backbox', 'head', or 'lightbox' is the vertical box atop the cabinet opposite the player's
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While the video game craze of the late 1970s and early 1980s dealt a severe blow to pinball revenue, it sparked the industry's creative talents. All companies involved tried to take advantage of the new solid-state technology to improve player appeal of pinball and win back former players from video
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Many pinball leagues have formed, with varying levels of competitiveness, formality and structure. These leagues exist everywhere from the Free State
Pinball Association (FSPA) in the Washington, D.C. area to the Tokyo Pinball Organization (TPO) in Japan. In the late 1990s, game manufacturers added
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A typical pinball machine I/O mix includes 16 to 24 outputs for driving solenoids, motors, electromagnets and other mechanical devices in the game. These devices can draw up to 500 W momentarily and operate at voltages up to 50 Vdc. There is also individually controlled lighting that consists of 64
2016:
Flipper solenoids contain two coil windings in one package; a short, heavy gage 'power' winding to give the flipper its initial thrust up, and a long, light gage 'hold' winding that uses lower power (and creates far less heat) and essentially just holds the flipper up allowing the player to capture
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The main construction on one hand involves the mounting of mechanical components onto the wooden playfield, such as hammering in anchored metal railing that keeps the balls from exiting the playfield and attachment of plastic parts with nuts and screws. On the other hand, electrical components are
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Ramps are inclined planes with a gentle enough slope that the ball may travel along it. The player attempts to direct the ball with enough force to make it to the top of the ramp and down the other side. If the player succeeds, a "ramp shot" has been made. Ramps frequently end so that the ball goes
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are rubber pads that propel the ball away upon impact, like bumpers, but are usually a horizontal side of a wall. Every recent pinball machine includes slingshots to the upper left and upper right of the lowest set of flippers; older games used more experimental arrangements. They operate similarly
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that strikes the ball. With both devices the result is the same: The ball is propelled upwards onto the playfield. Once a ball is in play, it tends to move downward towards the player, although the ball can move in any direction, sometimes unpredictably, due to contact with objects on the playfield
1077:, away from the player, and includes multiple targets and scoring objectives. Some operators intentionally extend threaded levelers on the rear legs and/or shorten or remove the levelers on the front legs to create additional incline in the playfield, making the ball move faster and harder to play.
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Newer games may have digital displays, some with alpha-numeric digit displays, or a dot-matrix display (DMD-often used to describe the era of the 90s) and speakers. All games have some sort of cabling connecting the head to the rest of the game. The heads of all games have 2-4 bolts securing them
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Pinball machines, like many other mechanical games, were sometimes used as gambling devices. Some pinball machines, such as Bally's "bingos", featured a grid on the backglass scoring area with spaces corresponding to targets or holes on the playfield. Free games could be won if the player could get
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Some hobbyists and small companies modify existing pinball machines or create their own custom pinball machines. Some want, for example, a game with a specific subject or theme that cannot be bought in this form or was never built at all. Some custom games are built by using the programmable P-ROC
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Pop bumpers are operated by a switch connected to a ring surrounding the bottom circumference of the bumper that is suspended several millimeters above the playfield surface. When the ball rolls over this ring and forces one side of it down, a switch is closed that activates the bumper's solenoid.
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was purchased by the Stern family, who brought the company into the digital era as Stern
Enterprises, which closed its doors in the mid-1980s. Bally exited the pinball business in 1988 and sold their assets to Williams, who subsequently used the Bally trademark from then on for about half of their
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There are other idiosyncratic features on many pinball playfields. Pinball games have become increasingly complex and multiple play modes, multi-level playfields, and even progression through a rudimentary "plot" have become common features in recent games. Pinball scoring objectives can be quite
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The backglass is the game's 'advertisement', intended to catch the eye of passersby and entice gameplay. Many backglasses are beautifully illustrated and approach fine illustration or fine art quality. The silkscreened graphics are partially translucent and have small lights mounted in strategic
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Williams exited the pinball business to focus on making gaming equipment for casinos, which was more profitable. They licensed the rights to reproduce Bally/Williams parts to
Illinois Pinball and reproduce full-sized machines to The Pinball Factory. Stern Pinball remained the only manufacturer of
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Two different systems for ranking pinball players exist. The World
Pinball Player Rankings (WPPR) was created by the IFPA. The WPPR formula takes into account the quantity and quality of the players in the field, and awards points based on that calculation for the nearly 200 IFPA endorsed events
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Recently, some pinball manufacturers have replaced some of the discrete control wiring with standard communication buses. In one case, the pinball control system might include a custom embedded network node bus, a custom embedded Linux-based software stack, and a 48-V embedded power distribution
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Solenoids also control pop-bumpers, kickbacks, drop target resets, and many other features on the machine. These solenoid coils contain a single coil winding. The plunger size and wire gage & length are matched to the strength required for each coil to do its work, so some types are repeated
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The wiring for the game's electronic system is a major effort. A color-coded flexible wiring harness is typically soldered to many lamps, switches and solenoids, and connected with plugs to the main electronic circuit boards in modern machines. Technicians are guided by a set of instructions and
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Later, this type of feature was discontinued to legitimize the machines, and to avoid legal problems in areas where awarding free games was considered illegal, some games, called Add-A-Ball, did away with the free game feature, instead giving players extra balls to play, between 5 and 25 in most
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started incorporating full soundtracks, elaborate light shows and backbox animations - a radical change from the previous decade's electromechanical games. Although pinball continued to compete with video games in arcades, pinball held a premium niche, since the video games of the time could not
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and digital displays. The first pinball machine using a microprocessor was
Flicker, a prototype made by Bally in 1974. Bally soon followed that up with a solid-state version of Bow and Arrow in the same year with a microprocessor board that would be used in eight other machines until 1978, which
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as billiards. Pins took too long to reset when knocked down, so they were eventually fixed to the table, and holes in the table's bed became the targets. Players could ricochet balls off the pins to achieve the more challenging scorable holes. A standardized version of the game eventually became
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in the UK) games are a family of games in which a ball is propelled into a specially designed table where it bounces off various obstacles, scoring points either en route or when it comes to rest. Historically the board was studded with nails called 'pins' and had hollows or pockets which scored
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Pinball scoring can be peculiar and varies greatly from machine to machine. During the 1930s and the 1940s, lights mounted behind the painted backglasses were used for scoring purposes, making the scoring somewhat arbitrary. Frequently the lights represented scores in the hundreds of thousands.
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By the first years of the 1990s, pinball had made a strong comeback and saw new sales highs. Some new manufacturers entered the field, such as Capcom
Pinball and Alvin G. and Company, founded by Alvin Gottlieb, son of David Gottlieb. Gary Stern, the son of Williams co-founder Sam Stern, founded
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Historically, pinball machines have employed a central fixed I/O board connected to the primary CPU controlled by a custom microcontroller platform running an in-house operating system. For a variety of reasons that include thermal flow, reliability, vibration reduction and serviceability, I/O
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had happened (causing almost all scores to end in 0), the set digit was usually the tens place. The chances of a match appear to be 1 in 10, but the operator can alter this probability – the default is usually 7% in all modern
Williams and Bally games for example. Other non-numeric methods are
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The primary skill of pinball involves application of the proper timing and technique to the operation of the flippers, nudging the playfield when appropriate without tilting, and choosing targets for scores or features. A placard is often placed in a lower corner of the playfield with pricing
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lists: If a player attains one of the highest scores ever (or the highest score on a given day), they are invited to add their initials to a displayed list of high-scorers on that particular machine. "Bragging rights" associated with being on the high-score list are a powerful incentive for
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Other steps include installation of removable boards with speaker and dot-matrix displays and/or hinged wooden boards with lights and displays. The cabinet and backbox are covered with artwork that was historically sprayed on with stencils and later is applied as full-size decal stickers.
281:. The game also shrank in size to fit atop a bar or counter. The balls became marbles and the wickets became small metal pins. Redgrave's popularization of the spring launcher and innovations in game design (playfield bells) are acknowledged as the birth of pinball in its modern form.
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lit from behind. Multiplayer scores were added soon after, and then bells and other noise-makers, all of which began to make pinball less a game and more of an experience. The flippers have loaned pinball its common name in many languages, where the game is known mainly as "flipper".
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A game typically includes 64 to 96 TTL-level inputs from a variety of sensors such as mechanical leaf switches, optical sensors and electromagnetic sensors. Occasionally extra signal conditioning is necessary to adapt custom sensors, such as eddy sensors, to the system TTL inputs.
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position. It usually consists of a wooden box with colorful graphics on the side and a large 'backglass' in the front. The backglass usually has very stylized graphics related to or depicting the theme of the game, and also the game's name, and sometimes the manufacture year.
1136:). This is often used for a "skill shot", in which a player attempts to launch a ball so that it exactly hits a specified target. Once the ball is in motion in the main area of the playfield, the plunger is not used again until another ball must be brought onto the playfield. An
809:. The game has an LCD screen for scores, info, and animations located in the playfield surface at player's eye view. The game was designed with modularity in mind so that the playfield and artwork could be swapped out for future game titles. Heighway Pinball's second title,
1564:): For example, if the player hit a specific target three times within the next 20 seconds, they might score several tens of millions of points for it. There are many and various time-related features in pinball. Progression through each mode is frequently accompanied by
1541:: After each ball is played, the player scores bonus points depending on how many times certain features have been activated or the numbers of items that the player may obtain. Some games award a seemingly arbitrary number of points that depend on the number of times
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series found marketplace success and lasting fan interest, starting a new trend for realistic pinball simulation. This market existed largely independently from the physical pinball manufacturers, and relied upon original designs instead of licenses until the 2000s.
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The games from
Williams now dominated the industry, with complicated mechanical devices and more elaborate display and sound systems attracting new players to the game. Licensing popular movies and icons of the day became a staple for pinball, with Bally/Williams'
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By the 1930s, manufacturers were producing coin-operated versions of bagatelles, now known as "marble games" or "pin games". The table was under glass and used
Montague Redgrave's plunger device to propel the ball into the upper playfield. In 1931 David Gottlieb's
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was responsible for the ban, believing that it robbed school children of their hard-earned nickels and dimes. La Guardia spearheaded major raids throughout the city, collecting thousands of machines. The mayor participated with police in destroying machines with
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a grounded plumb bob centered in an electrified metal ring – when the machine is jostled or shaken too far or too hard, the bob contacts the ring, completing a circuit. The bob is usually cone-shaped allowing the operator to slide it vertically, controlling the
1465:, captive balls sometimes have what is called a "Newton Ball", which is a stationary ball adjacent to a free ball in a small lane. The ball being played strikes the Newton ball which, in turn, transfers its momentum to the adjacent ball, which causes it to move.
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Contact with or manipulation of scoring elements (such as targets or ramps) scores points for the player. Electrical switches embedded in the scoring elements detect contact and relay this information to the scoring mechanism. Older pinball machines used an
504:. These earned significantly greater profits than the pinball machines of the day while simultaneously requiring less maintenance. Bally, Williams, and Gottlieb continued to make pinball machines while also manufacturing video games in much higher numbers.
951:. Although it was rarely enforced, Chicago's ban on pinball lasted three decades and ended in 1976. Philadelphia and Salt Lake City also had similar bans. Regardless of these events, some towns in America still have such bans on their books; the town of
2226:(1973) was a digital version of pinball that had a vertical playfield with a paddle at the bottom, controlled by a dial, with the screen filled with simple squares to represent obstacles, bumpers and pockets. This inspired a number of clones, including
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forfeiting the end-of-ball bonus points that would have been earned by the player during that ball; the game is automatically over if it is the last ball and the player has no extra ball. Older games would immediately end the ball in play on a tilt.
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In 2018, the IFPA and Stern Pinball created the Stern Pro Circuit. The top 32 qualifiers in this series are invited to the Stern Pro Circuit Final for an invitation-only, no-entry-fee-required event where all contestants who qualify win prize money.
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to mathematically analyze the results of more than 100,000 competitive matches. Since 2008 the IFPA has held a World Championship tournament, inviting the top-ranked WPPR players to compete; the 2019 title holder was Johannes Ostermeier of Germany.
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leaned back and carefully sliding it up and out. The newer solid state game heads contain most circuit boards and digital displays that perform the same functions as their EM predecessors, but much faster and with exponentially higher capacity.
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Modern games give tilt warnings before sacrificing the ball in play. The number of tilt warnings can be adjusted by the operator of the machine. Until recently most games also had a "slam tilt" switch which guarded against kicking or slamming the
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By the end of 1932, approximately 150 companies manufactured pinball machines, most of them in Chicago, Illinois. Chicago has been the center of pinball manufacturing ever since. Competition was strong, and by 1934, only 14 companies remained.
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80:
before the ball is lost. Most pinball machines use one ball per turn, except during special multi-ball phases, and the game ends when the ball(s) from the last turn are lost. The biggest pinball machine manufacturers historically include
1342:), and the game may include mechanisms to move the ball between them. A "gobble hole" is sometimes included in some older games, which does not return the ball, but gives a large bonus or a game feature, which may be the ball itself.
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which, true to its theme, awards points in terms of a real basketball score: Each successful shot can give from one to three points. Getting a hundred points by the end of a game is considered respectable, which makes it one of the
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in 1974 because (1) if pinball machines were games of chance, the ordinance was preempted by state law governing games of chance in general, and (2) if they were games of skill, the ordinance was unconstitutional as a denial of the
1307:: These are static targets that have two concentric elements, similar to a stationary target. Hitting the outer ring usually scores lower than hitting the center bull's eye. They are found chiefly in older electro-mechanical games.
1529:: This occurs when there is more than one ball in play at a time and usually includes some kind of jackpot scoring. Multiball ends when all but one ball is lost down the bottom of the playfield, and then regular play resumes.
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courtroom that pinball games had become games of skill and were not games of chance, which are more closely associated with gambling. He began to play one of two games set up in the courtroom, and – in a move he compares to
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was a designer, working for Williams until their exit from the industry in 1999. About a year later, Lawlor returned to the industry, starting his own company, working in conjunction with Stern Pinball to produce new games.
1888:: Bally/Midway, Williams and Stern Pinball machines award 1–3 free games if a player gets on the high score list. Typically, one or two credits are awarded for a 1st–4th place listing, and three for the Grand Champion.
1398:: A switch is an area that is blocked off after the ball passes through it once. An example of this is the initial firing lane: as a ball passes through the firing lane, it hits a switch and cannot reenter that chute.
1265:
to pop bumpers, with a switch on each side of a solenoid-operated lever arm in a typical arrangement. The switches are closed by ball contact with the rubber on the kicker's face, which activates the solenoid.
1932:
an electrified ball on a slight ramp with a grounded post at the top of the ramp – when the front of the machine is lifted (literally, tilted) too high, the ball rolls to the top of the ramp and completes the
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cases. These extra balls were indicated via lighted graphics in the backglass or by a ball count wheel, but in some areas that was disallowed, and some games were shipped with a sticker to cover the counters.
1500:, which featured a miniature basketball and hoop. For older games, the backglass image is screen printed in layers on the reverse side of a piece of glass; in more recent games, the image is imprinted into a
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The smaller, lower-powered solenoids were first to be transistorized, followed later by the higher-current solenoids as the price, performance, and reliability of power transistors improved over the years.
903:, and a common use for such machines was for gambling. Other machines allowed players to win and accumulate large numbers of "free games" which could then be cashed out for money with the location owner.
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Amid the 1990s closures, virtual pinball simulations, marketed on computers and home consoles, had become high enough in quality for serious players to take notice: these video versions of pinball such as
1269:
pinball design, solenoids began to be switched by power transistors under software control to lower switch voltage and current, vastly extend switch service lifetime, and add flexibility to game design.
572:
During the 1980s, pinball manufacturers navigated technology changes while going through changes of ownership and mergers: Gottlieb was sold to Premier Technologies, and Bally merged with Williams. The
376:, introduced in 1947, was the first game to add player-controlled flippers to keep the ball in play longer. The low-power flippers required three pairs around the playfield to get the ball to the top.
1949:, or for overly aggressive behavior with the machine, which could give a false indication that a coin had been inserted, thereby giving a free game or credit. This feature was taken out by default in
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switch has been hit. Virtually all games have the ability to assign a multiplier to the bonus. Most games cap the bonus multiplier at 5x or 10x, although more modern games apparently have no limit.
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was the first game to feature just two flippers at the bottom of the playfield. Unlike in modern machines, the flippers faced outwards. These flippers were made more powerful by the addition of a
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in 1994. By 1997, there were two companies left: Sega Pinball and Williams. In 1999, Sega sold their pinball division to Gary Stern, President of Sega Pinball at the time, who called his company
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Some pinball models have a third or fourth flipper. A few later machines have flippers that the machine's software could operate independently of the flipper button. During "Thing Flips" on
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In 2017, American Pinball released its first production game, Houdini, followed by Oktoberfest (2018), Hot Wheels (2020), Legends of Valhalla (2020), and Galactic Tank Force (2023). In 2022
216:, billiard tables were narrowed, with wooden pins or skittles at one end of the table, and players would shoot balls with a stick or cue from the other end, in a game inspired as much by
1348:: A shallow hole with a kicker inside. The ball remains visible on the playfield and is kicked out straight up (usually into a duct or rail chute) or sideways back onto the playfield.
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pinball machine, the upper-left flipper automatically triggers a brief moment after the ball passes an optical sensor just above the flipper. Very few machines came with curve-shaped
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thousands. In an effort to keep with the traditional high scores attained with the painted backglass games, the first pinball machines to use mechanical wheels for scoring, such as
1588:: This is a special scoring mode, which is reached after meeting certain prerequisites to access this mode (e.g., finishing all modes). This is the pinball equivalent of the final
1557:: When a ball goes into one of the outlane instead of draining goes into a kicker that will launch the ball back into play. Their use is limited and has to be earned to be used.
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in the back box. It is used for scoring and mini-games and to display full color videos. Other display innovations on pinball machines include pinball video game hybrids like
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released in January 1950. However, the flippers were rather far apart to allow for a turret ball shooter at the bottom center of the playfield. Another 1950 Gottlieb game,
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made the manufacturers refocus on their pinball sales. A trend started of pinball becoming increasingly elaborate to use more computing resources, following video games.
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473:(1977). This new technology led to a boom for Williams and Bally, who attracted more players with games featuring more complex rules, digital sound effects, and speech.
26:
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electronics have been located in the upper backbox of the game, requiring significant custom wiring harnesses to connect the central I/O board to the playfield devices.
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The end of the 1990s saw another downturn in the industry, with Gottlieb, Capcom, and Alvin G. closing by the end of 1996. Data East's pinball division was acquired by
104:, American Pinball, Chicago Gaming Company, Pinball Brothers, Dutch Pinball, Spooky Pinball and Multimorphic, Inc., as well as several smaller boutique manufacturers.
1873:: At the end of the game, if a set digit of the player's score matches a random digit, a free game is awarded. In earlier machines, the set digit was usually the
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means that the player can run one play mode while another mode is in progress. This strategy usually yields higher scores. A noted example of this is Williams'
273:, Ohio. In 1871 Redgrave was granted U.S. Patent #115,357 for his "Improvements in Bagatelle", another name for the spring launcher that was first introduced in
1961:
Players can hold a ball in place with the flipper, giving them more control over where they want to place the ball when they shoot it forward. This is known as
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714:, it was announced that the future of this game was uncertain. In 2006, TPF announced that they would be reproducing two popular 1990s era Williams machines,
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1319:: Used rarely, these targets look like stationary targets, but when hit, they kick the ball away in the opposite direction, much like a slingshot or bumper.
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locations to highlight parts of the artwork and light up scores, the ball currently in play, which player's turn it is on a multi-player game, and so on.
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The popularity of competitive pinball continues to increase with widely adopted tournament rules, standard competition formats and guides for new players.
351:, in 1944. Other manufacturers quickly followed suit with similar features. Electric lights soon became standard on all pinball games, to attract players.
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became the first hit of the coin-operated era. Selling for $ 17.50, the game dispensed five to seven balls for a penny. At its peak, Gottlieb produced 400
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technique to reflect the monitor in the head of the as well as modifications by the use of ColorDMD that is used to replace the standard mono color DMDs.
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150:
The origins of pinball are intertwined with the history of many other games. Games played outdoors by rolling balls or stones on a grass course, such as
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area in 1972 and 1973 under the auspices of the World Pinball Association which also published a newsletter carrying results of regional tournaments.
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1293:: These are static targets that simply record when a ball strikes them. These are generally the simplest playfield elements. They are also known as
615:
552:. Although these novel features did not win back players as the manufacturers had hoped, they changed players' perception of pinball for decades.
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to reflect the success of this game. These early machines were relatively small, mechanically simple and designed to sit on a counter or bar top.
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selling well over 6,000 machines, but short of the 10,000-plus production runs for releases just six years earlier. The next Pinball 2000 game,
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The 1930s saw major advances in pinball design with the introduction of electrification. Pacific Amusements in Los Angeles, California produced
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games. A similar Incline Tilt prevents a player from lifting the front of the cabinet to tip the ball back up the playfield by ending his turn.
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messages to some games encouraging players to join a local league, providing website addresses for prospective league players to investigate.
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All solenoids and coils used on microprocessor games include a special reverse-biased diode to eliminate a high-voltage pulse of reverse EMF (
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games. Some of this creativity resulted in landmark designs and features still present today. Some of these include speech, such as Williams'
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the cabinet art. Since a damaged backglass is hard to restore, newer games use (sometimes optional) plastic translites behind a clear glass.
1088:-loaded rod that strikes the ball as it rests in an entry lane, or as in some newer games, by a button that signals the game logic to fire a
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This pulls down a tapered ring surrounding the central post of the bumper that pushes downward and outward on the ball, propelling it away.
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since 2001. This game was followed several additional pinball machines, incorporating both existing media properties and original themes.
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from 1992 hitting a modern sales record of 20,270 machines. In 1994, Williams commemorated this benchmark with a limited edition of 1,000
315:
found it hard to obtain more Baffle Ball units to sell. In his frustration he founded Lion Manufacturing to produce a game of his design,
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Pinball designers also entice players with the chance to win a free game or credit. Ways to get a free game might include the following:
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During the 1950s and 1960s when the scoring mechanism was limited to mechanical wheels, high scores were frequently only in the hundreds
1253:
Slingshots have rubber bands around them. Switches behind the rubber detect the ball's impact and a solenoid-driven lever kicks it away.
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Players can influence the movement of the ball by moving or bumping the pinball machine, a technique known as "nudging" or "shaking".
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scoring pinball machines of all time. The inflated scores are the source of one of the Spanish-language names of pinball machines,
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pinball machines, featuring gold-colored trim and updated software with new game features. Other notable popular licenses included
419:
had something similar to the flipper back in 1935, but it was Humpty Dumpty that became so popular it forced everyone to copy it.)
319:, named after a popular magazine. The game became a smash hit. Its larger playfield and ten pockets made it more challenging than
116:. The opinions on the relevance of the earlier prototypes varies depending on the definition of the pinball machine, for example:
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was, so they started a Pinball Club Team to compete against clubs at other schools. They asked two other schools to participate.
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The cabinet of a pinball machine is the (traditionally wooden) frame usually shaped like a box, with the playfield laid inside.
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After most pinball manufacturers' closure in the 1990s, smaller independent manufacturers started appearing in the early 2000s.
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as a way to preserve pinball culture and bring it to new audiences. Another example of preserving historic pinball machines is
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208:, Alsace, France c. 1750–70. It already has a spring mechanism to propel the ball, 100 years before Montague Redgrave's patent.
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of the 1980s signaled the end of the boom for pinball. Arcades replaced rows of pinball machines with video games like 1978's
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films. Due to internal company issues, Heighway Pinball ceased manufacturing operations and closed its doors in April 2018.
465:
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926:, a star witness for the AMOA – Amusement and Music Operators Association, testified in April 1976 before a committee in a
781:. This was later followed by three additional remakes of earlier machines. They would announce their first original title,
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Richard M. Bueschel traces the history way back to the 1500s when the table versions of garden bowling games were invented.
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to propel the ball out of a bonus hole in the middle of the playfield. Another solenoid rang a bell to reward the player.
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The game's object is generally to score as many points as possible by hitting these targets and making various shots with
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are round knobs that, when hit, will actively push the ball away. There is also an earlier variety of bumper (known as a
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1338:: The player directs the ball into a hole. In modern games, there are both vertical and horizontal holes (also called
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The history of pinball machines varies by the source. These machines definitely arrived in recognizable form prior to
42:
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champions in the PAPA tournaments, winning four straight competitions from 2004 to 2008 in the 50 and over category.
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There are tilt mechanisms which guard against excessive manipulation of this sort. The mechanisms generally include:
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By this time, Williams games rarely sold more than 4,000 units. In 1999, Williams attempted to revive sales with the
3326:"Chicago Gaming's Medieval Madness Debut Ushers In Modern Pinball Era's Latest Sensation - Articles - Vending Times"
2506:" and who later uses pinball as a symbol and tool for his messianic mission. The album was subsequently made into a
1953:
S.A.M System games, but can be added as an option. A slam tilt will typically end the current game for all players.
1645:, the wife of then-Williams display artist Scott "Matrix" Slomiany. DOHO was popularly thought to be an acronym for
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In the 1990s, game designers often put hidden, recurring images or references in their games, which became known as
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in 1984 and the use of a small color video monitor for scoring and minigames in the backbox of the pinball machine
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When a free game is won, Williams and Bally/Midway machines typically makes a single loud bang, most often with a
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1128:-loaded rod with a small handle, used to propel the ball into the playfield. The player can control the amount of
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3183:"Spain's Marsaplay Introduces Pinball Machine That Unites Classic And Modern Features - Articles - Vending Times"
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and by the early 1950s, the two-flipper configuration at the bottom above the center drain had become standard.
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768:) in the backbox, the first widebody pinball machine since 1994 and the first new US pinball machine not made by
5008:
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1793:, allowed the score to reach into the millions by adding a number of permanent zeros to the end of the score.
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or by the player's actions. To return the ball to the upper part of the playfield, the player uses one or more
992:
574:
412:, with artist Leroy Parker, produced games that collectors consider some of the best classic pinball machines.
20:
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2429:. Pinball video game engines and editors for creation and recreation of pinball machines include for instance
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1373:: A ball can push through a flat surface hinged in the middle, causing it to spin; each rotation adds points.
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controller board. Modifications include the use of ColorDMD that is used to replace the standard mono color
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templates to ensure all wires (that can have a total length of almost half a mile) are installed properly.
1972:
1404:: This block will allow balls to come through one way but will block the ball if it is going the other way.
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2653:"Internet Pinball Machine Database: M. Redgrave Bagatelle Company '1871 Redgrave Parlor Bagatelle' Images"
2616:"Who Makes Pinball Machines in 2023? A Guide to All the Pinball Manufacturers Making Modern Pinball Games"
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worldwide. PAPA manages a ranking system known as the PAPA Advanced Rating System (PARS), which uses the
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line of games, merging a video display into the pinball playfield. The reception was initially good with
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the top of the playfield, tempered glass is slid into side rails and secured with a metal locking bar.
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The evolution of outdoor games finally led to indoor versions that could be played on a table, such as
4785:"Are You a Pinball Wizard? Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About a Pinhead's Least Favorite Phrase"
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1904:. "Knocking" is the act of winning a free game when the knocker makes the loud and distinctive noise.
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games played by hitting the balls with sticks and propelling them at targets, often around obstacles.
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1679:-like game, available only after a complex sequence of events had been accomplished during the game.
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90:
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In 2006, Illinois pinball company PinBall Manufacturing Inc. produced 178 reproductions of Capcom's
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Competitive pinball has become increasingly popular in recent years, with the relaunch of both the
2025:
1950:
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1211:
1104:". However, excessive nudging is generally penalized by losing the current player's turn (known as
911:
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machines per day and establishing the company as the first major manufacturer of pinball machines.
213:
101:
82:
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236:, or Japanese billiards in English, was invented in Western Europe, despite its name. Also called
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2140:), though these were basically mods of existing or soon to be released pinball machines (e.g.
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was one of the few regular pinball companies that manufactured custom pinball games (e.g. for
1946:
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depending on the era). Some backglasses include a mechanical device tied to gameplay, such as
936:
648:
266:
135:
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3216:"Jersey Jack Pinball CEO Explains How He's Making The Beloved Arcade Game Cool Again (VIDEO)"
1976:
The underside of a 1990s playfield, showing a variety of mechanical and electrical components
1936:
an impact sensor – usually located on the coin door, the playfield and/or the cabinet itself.
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system for scoring wherein a pulse from a switch would cause a complex mechanism composed of
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Pinball was banned beginning in the early 1940s until 1976 in New York City. New York mayor
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159:
3596:"Internet Pinball Machine Database: Multimorphic, Inc. 'Lexy Lightspeed Escape From Earth'"
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1980:
The assembly of a pinball machine is a complex process and involves several manual steps.
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Like New York, Los Angeles banned pinball machines in 1939. The ban was overturned by the
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and scoring reels that drove games in the 1950s and 1960s were replaced in the 1970s with
444:
323:, selling 50,000 units in 7 months. Moloney eventually changed the name of his company to
312:
4229:
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3417:"Internet Pinball Machine Database: Heighway Pinball 'Full Throttle (Standard Edition)'"
3308:"Internet Pinball Machine Database: Jersey Jack Pinball 'Dialed In! (Standard Edition)'"
3290:"Internet Pinball Machine Database: Jersey Jack Pinball 'The Hobbit (Standard Edition)'"
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portions of the backglass artwork or game name or other mechanical devices or displays.
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The first game to feature the familiar dual-inward-facing-flipper design was Gottlieb's
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Stationary targets detect the ball's impact and typically increment the player's score.
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used for launching by pulling the plunger a certain distance (thus changing the spring
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672:. Most members of the design teams for Stern Pinball are former employees of Williams.
482:
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121:
66:
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3238:"Top Ten Things You Should Know About Wizard of Oz Pinball | Ministry of Pinball"
2502:, which centers on the title character, a "deaf, dumb, and blind kid", who becomes a "
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for the European and US markets. In 2010, MarsaPlay in Spain manufactured a remake of
73:, hitting various lights, bumpers, ramps, and other targets depending on its design.
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3640:"Houston's Barrels of Fun takes aim at pinball revival with game based on Bowie film"
2313:
in 1983, allowed the user to create their own simulated pinball machine and play it.
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820:
764:. It is the first pinball machine manufactured in the US with a large color display (
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94:
1632:. For example, Williams' designers hid cows in the video displays of the games, and
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In 2023, Barrels of Fun released its first production game, Jim Henson's Labyrinth.
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2337:. Modern pinball video games are often based around established franchises such as
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that strikes a piece of metal, or the side of the cabinet, with a rod, known as a
1108:) or ending of the entire game when the nudging is particularly violent (known as
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playfield intended to clandestinely make gameplay harder or increase ball losses.
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3460:"Internet Pinball Machine Database: Heighway Pinball 'Alien (Standard Edition)'"
3399:"Internet Pinball Machine Database: Spooky Pinball LLC 'America's Most Haunted'"
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Many of the larger companies were acquired by, or merged with, other companies.
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included Eight Ball, the machine that held the sales record from 1977 to 1993.
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In 2014, the new pinball manufacturer Spooky Pinball released their first game
386:(direct current) power supply. These innovations were some of many by designer
189:. The tabletop versions of these games became the ancestors of modern pinball.
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Manipulation of the ball may also be accomplished by various tricks, such as "
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3615:"There's a secret pinball game buried in your iPhone — here's how to play it"
3578:"Internet Pinball Machine Database: Dutch Pinball 'The Big Lebowski Pinball'"
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3903:"EM Pinball Circuits-Basics to not-so-basic | EM Pinball Tech | Pinside.com"
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to ratchet up the score. In later games these tasks have been taken over by
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In 2016, Dutch Pinball, based in the Netherlands, released their first game
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619:. Expanding markets in Europe and Asia helped fuel the revival of interest.
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points if the ball came to rest in them. Today, pinball is most commonly an
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has since moved into popular usage as a term for an expert pinball player.
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Simulating a pinball machine has also been a popular theme of video games.
798:. This was followed by a few more themed, original, and contracted titles.
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information and details about game-specific rules and scoring techniques.
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In 2013, the Chicago Gaming Company announced the creation of a remake of
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4117:"Internet Pinball Machine Database: Bally Midway 'Granny and the Gators'"
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3690:"Williams Pinball Machines Woodrail Flipper and Arcade Games 1940s/1950s"
2687:
Amazing Facts - The Indispensable Collection of True Life Facts and Feats
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and graphics capabilities have improved, more accurate ball physics and
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999: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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the balls to land in a winning pattern; however, doing this was nearly
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Arcade-Style Game Design – Pinball's Connections to Coin-Op Videogames
3870:"Unwinnable Weekly". No. 4. Unwinnable. June 5, 2014. p. 27.
100:
Currently active pinball machine manufacturers include Stern Pinball,
4846:
4648:
History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction
4577:
2276:
846:
518:
500:
128:
and Raymond Maloney's Ballyhoo were manufactured in large quantities;
4857:
2568:, Los Angeles City Council member, 1933–35, opposed pinball machines
3265:"No Place like Jersey: Inside the factory of the wizard of pinball"
469:(1976), though the first mainstream solid-state game was Williams'
401:, was the first with inward-facing flippers placed close together.
4740:"Internet Pinball Machine Database: Gottlieb 'Kings & Queens'"
3974:
Bucher, Matthias (March 2004). "DOHO: Solving A Pinball Mystery".
3012:
2235:
1971:
1701:
1686:
1637:
seen quickly displayed on the dot matrix displays, a reference to
1422:
1360:
1280:
1248:
1148:
1129:
559:
448:
426:
269:
settled in the United States and manufactured bagatelle tables in
253:
196:
155:
151:
47:
41:
25:
4851:
3381:"Pulp Fiction is the Next Chicago Gaming Company Pinball Machine"
2190:(PAPA) and the International Flipper Pinball Association (IFPA).
710:-themed pinball machine under the Bally label. With the death of
4331:"Pinball and car news, tech and resources - Performance Pinball"
4160:"Pinball and car news, tech and resources - Performance Pinball"
628:
431:
A clear-walled electromechanical pinball machine created by the
167:
4861:
4678:
Power-Up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life
4533:"PAPA.ORG – The Professional & Amateur Pinball Association"
1516:
Common features in modern pinball games include the following:
347:
s designer, Harry Williams, eventually formed his own company,
124:, declare that the history begins in the 1930s when Gottlieb's
4839:
World's largest online searchable database of pinball machines
4031:
The Complete Pinball Book: Collecting the Game and Its History
3989:
Sullivan, Dwight (March 2004). "Hidden Brick Game in ST:TNG".
3034:
1748:
1738:
968:
423:
1970s: Solid-state electronics and digital displays introduced
2421:
released for all major home video game and computer systems,
435:
to illustrate the inner workings of a typical pinball machine
228:
Somewhere between the 1750s and 1770s, the bagatelle variant
138:'s patents for the spring plunger and playfield bells (1871);
4305:"The custom pinball machines of Chicago's Pinball Expo 2013"
3162:"Internet Pinball Machine Database: MarsaPlay 'New Canasta'"
2250:
The latter replaced the dial controls with button controls.
2171:
wanted to make pinball playing a varsity school sport, like
2082:
A few notable examples of custom pinball machines include a
1592:
in video games. Classic examples of this include Williams'
4479:"Article about the Jersey City State College pinball club"
3079:"Pinball News article on The Pinball Factory's rereleases"
2689:. Sterling Publishing Company. October 1991. p. 221.
704:, Australia, announced that they would be producing a new
146:
Pre-modern: Development of outdoor and tabletop ball games
4718:"BBC News - Virtual games bring pinball to new audiences"
4099:"Internet Pinball Machine Database: Bally 'Baby Pac-Man'"
2711:"The Pinball Hall of Fame in Las Vegas, NV - Episode 209"
2079:
or the addition of features, e.g. figures or other toys.
522:; ramps for the ball to travel around, such as Williams'
4762:"Internet Pinball Machine Database: Gottlieb 'Buckaroo'"
4622:"Competitive Pinball 101: Complete Guide to Tournaments"
4401:
Pinball News - The Matrix at the Dutch Pinball Open 2012
1478:
is a vertical graphic panel mounted on the front of the
459:
The first solid-state pinball is believed by some to be
4836:
2833:
2831:
2179:
took up the challenge, while the other school did not.
1708:
chips and displays are made on electronic segmented or
955:
lifted its ordinance banning pinball in December 2016.
134:, a pinball historian, asserts that the origin lies in
3692:. Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum. Archived from
3011:. Pat Lawlor Design. December 29, 2009. Archived from
1712:(DMD). The first DMD on a pinball machine was used by
4281:"Pacific Northwest Pinball - Custom Pinball Projects"
4135:"Internet Pinball Machine Database: Mr. Game 'Dakar'"
4056:"What are Dot Matrix Display (DMD) Pinball Machines?"
3845:"Game over for law outlawing pinball in Indiana town"
3240:(in Dutch). Site.ministryofpinball.nl. Archived from
1797:
win a free game. At the peak of this trend, Williams
1161:
are one or more mechanically or electromechanically (
65:
in which the ball is fired into a specially designed
4532:
3951:. Hem.bredband.net. October 25, 1999. Archived from
2983:"Top 8 Most Innovative Pinball Machines of All Time"
1486:, and score displays (lights, mechanical wheels, an
919:
before dumping the remnants into the city's rivers.
5055:
5027:
4999:
4981:
4940:
4904:
3478:"Heighway Pinball's Alien Pinball Machine Unveiled"
3177:
3175:
2488:Perhaps the most famous media about pinball is the
1073:surface inclined upward, usually at six and a half
866:
331:
1933: Electrification and active bumpers introduced
174:eventually derived from ground billiards variants.
4184:"The Next Generation 1996 Lexicon A to Z: Match".
2883:
2881:
1482:. The backglass contains the name of the machine,
4854:Pictures and history of historic pinball machines
4598:"Match Play Ratings | Match Play Events Handbook"
3720:"11 Things You Didn't Know About Pinball History"
2370:Popular pinball simulations of the 1990s include
2160:Two Pinball World Championships were held in the
2470:that consists of digital recreations of classic
1805:have been played into ten billions and Williams
1604:(Lost in the Zone). Named after The Who's song "
1365:Rollovers detect when the ball passes over them.
845:released an online pinball game. That same year
546:; and blinking chase lights, as used on Bally's
3713:
3711:
2548:– Pinball arcades located in Las Vegas, Nevada.
1661:bject until its true meaning was revealed in a
1153:Flippers allow the player to redirect the ball.
700:In November 2005, The Pinball Factory (TPF) in
293:An early pinball game without flippers, c. 1932
3057:"Pinball News article with Steve Irwin update"
2822:"Flipper Fantasy: Collecting Pinball Machines"
1817:, have been played into one hundred billion.
801:In 2015, the new British pinball manufacturer
580:Games in the latter half of the 1980s such as
212:In France, during the long 1643–1715 reign of
4873:
4821:(Master of Science in Digital Media thesis).
4033:. Schiffer Publishing, Limited. p. 225.
4008:. Schiffer Publishing, Limited. p. 132.
3137:"Pinball News article on Big Bang Bar update"
2452:article described virtual pinball games e.g.
1832:
1165:) controlled levers, roughly 3 to 7 cm (
887:When Pinball was Illegal, Retro Report Voices
8:
4705:. No. 10 (January 1986). pp. 26–7.
4378:"Fan Creation: Ghostbusters Pinball Machine"
4352:"Scared Stiff Pinball Dancing Boogiemen Kit"
4299:
4297:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2188:Professional and Amateur Pinball Association
1850:experienced players to master a new machine.
1747:is the first US pinball machine that used a
1725:MarsaPlay in Spain manufactured a remake of
813:, was released in 2017 and was based on the
275:
230:
202:
4511:"International Flipper Pinball Association"
4255:"Advanced networks make pinball games pop!"
3156:
3154:
1427:A wire ramp along which the ball can travel
805:released the racing themed pinball machine
662:original pinball machines until 2013, when
658:, sold only a little over 3,500 machines.
593:Pinball with funding from Data East Japan.
556:1980s and 1990s: Pinball in the digital age
339:in 1933, which had an electrically powered
193:Late 18th century: Spring launcher invented
4880:
4866:
4858:
3355:"Medieval Madness Remake: In-Depth Review"
2853:
2851:
1877:; after a phenomenon often referred to as
585:reproduce an accurate pinball experience.
2637:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDeLeon2021 (
2067:machine with all metal parts plated with
1015:Learn how and when to remove this message
4432:"Bill Paxton Pinball: The Official Site"
2253:Other early pinball video games include
2055:
1080:The ball is put into play by use of the
743:, which was the first game to include a
288:
250:1869: Spring launchers become mainstream
158:, eventually evolved into various local
4006:The Pinball Compendium: 1982 to Present
3530:"Heighway Pinball Reportedly Shuttered"
3209:
3207:
2965:"The Internet Pinball Machine Database"
2937:Tolbert, Candace; Tolbert, Jim (1978).
2858:Tolbert, Candace; Tolbert, Jim (1978).
2582:
3884:
3873:
3115:"Pinball News article on Big Bang Bar"
2673:
2632:
863:
5047:Timeline of arcade video game history
3059:. Pinballnews.com. September 19, 2006
2316:Most early simulations were top-down
7:
4812:DeLeon, Christopher Lee (May 2012).
3556:"Heighway Pinball Faces Liquidation"
2891:Pinball: The Lure of the Silver Ball
997:adding citations to reliable sources
610:Indiana Jones: The Pinball Adventure
534:; multi-level games like Gottlieb's
4695:Roberts, Mike; Doyle, Eric (1985).
3949:"Pinball Cows and Easter Eggs page"
3263:Plante, Chris (February 28, 2013).
3101:"Planetary Pinball: Press Releases"
2556:– feature documentary about pinball
2021:throughout the game, some are not.
1582:, with its Multi-Multiball feature.
35:, 1991 pinball machine designed by
4645:Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017).
3744:Porges, Seth (September 2, 2005).
3718:Porges, Seth (September 1, 2009).
2888:Flower, Gary; Kurtz, Bill (1988).
2844:. New English Library. p. 27.
443:brought pinball into the realm of
415:(On a side note, the lesser-known
408:. Game designers Wayne Neyens and
404:The post-war era was dominated by
14:
4716:Rubens, Paul (February 3, 2014).
4077:"The History Of Pinball Machines"
3214:Bradford, Harry (June 26, 2013).
2916:"The History of Pinball Machines"
2514:. The movie features a Gottlieb
1673:went so far as to embed a hidden
1667:article on the subject. The game
1598:(The King's Ransom) and Midway's
564:A row of pinball machines at the
528:; "multiball", used on Williams'
181:, or on the floor of a pub, like
5042:Golden age of arcade video games
3638:Silverman, Dwight (2023-10-13).
3504:"Heighway Begins Shipping Alien"
2770:. Scholzroland.de. April 2, 1932
1882:sometimes used to award a match.
1353:to pull the ball between holes.
973:
881:
872:
4823:Georgia Institute of Technology
4513:. Ifpapinball.com. June 9, 2019
4412:from the original on 2021-12-11
2572:Pinball museum (disambiguation)
2396:. More recent examples include
1436:Toys, magnets and captive balls
984:needs additional citations for
285:1931: Coin operation introduced
3775:Cossack v. City of Los Angeles
2149:The Who's Tommy Pinball Wizard
1741:screen in the backbox in 2010.
1670:Star Trek: The Next Generation
760:pinball machine, based on the
616:Star Trek: The Next Generation
311:In 1932, Gottlieb distributor
1:
5037:History of arcade video games
4230:"Pinball Flippers Rebuilding"
4079:. Home Leisure Direct Website
3613:Peter Wolinski (2022-10-26).
2808:"Pinball wizard's last twist"
2562:, game designer and innovator
2541:List of pinball manufacturers
1718:and features also video mode
1390:Switches, gates, and stoppers
747:(LCD) screen in the backbox.
77:
4578:"PAPA/IFPA Tournament Rules"
3435:"Full Throttle Launch Party"
2484:Category:Works about pinball
1101:
949:equal protection of the laws
46:A self-made pinball game in
16:Arcade entertainment machine
3664:"When Pinball was Illegal…"
944:Supreme Court of California
5135:
4029:Rossignoli, Marco (2011).
4004:Shalhoub, Michael (2012).
3819:"Pinball Was Once Illegal"
2595:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
2481:
962:
832:, based on the 1998 film,
265:In 1869, British inventor
32:Terminator 2: Judgment Day
18:
4895:
4837:Internet Pinball Database
4457:. Schiffer. p. 299.
4453:Michael Shalhoub (2012).
4194:. March 1996. p. 36.
2591:"Definition of PIN-TABLE"
2169:Jersey City State College
1799:No Fear: Dangerous Sports
1138:electronically controlled
965:Glossary of pinball terms
880:
871:
693:2000s and beyond: Revival
366:1947: Flippers introduced
4983:Electro-mechanical games
2536:List of pinball machines
2306:Pinball Construction Set
1900:, or less commonly with
575:Video game crash of 1983
447:. The electromechanical
261:for U.S. Patent #115,357
21:Pinball (disambiguation)
3883:Cite magazine requires
2838:McKeown, Harry (1976).
2385:3D Pinball: Space Cadet
120:some researchers, like
4953:Fortune teller machine
4676:Kohler, Chris (2016).
4455:The Pinball Compendium
4206:"Pinscape Build Guide"
4164:performancepinball.com
2940:Tilt: The Pinball Book
2861:Tilt: The Pinball Book
2740:Sharpe, Roger (1977).
2296:David's Midnight Magic
2214:Video game simulations
2071:
1977:
1833:
1692:
1560:Various timed rounds (
1428:
1366:
1357:Spinners and rollovers
1286:
1254:
1245:Kickers and slingshots
1154:
796:America's Most Haunted
745:liquid-crystal display
569:
436:
433:Pacific Pinball Museum
349:Williams Manufacturing
294:
276:
262:
231:
209:
203:
50:
39:
5014:List of manufacturers
4259:Design World Magazine
4234:homepinballrepair.com
2518:machine and Gottlieb
2482:Further information:
2388:that was included in
2340:Metroid Prime Pinball
2167:In 1974, students at
2059:
1975:
1968:Manufacturing process
1837:("million machine").
1759:Granny and the Gators
1690:
1580:Bram Stoker's Dracula
1568:animations and sound.
1426:
1364:
1284:
1252:
1152:
853:pinball game on IOS.
563:
430:
292:
257:
200:
45:
29:
4697:"Coin-Op Connection"
3955:on November 24, 2021
3218:. Huffingtonpost.com
3187:www.vendingtimes.com
3015:on November 11, 2012
2546:Pinball Hall of Fame
2358:Kirby's Pinball Land
2232:Midway Manufacturing
2196:Glicko Rating System
1820:The 1997 Bally game
1777:in 1999 that uses a
1383:Whirlwind Spinner(s)
993:improve this article
860:Relation to gambling
785:, based on the film
568:in Las Vegas, Nevada
566:Pinball Hall of Fame
439:The introduction of
91:Williams Electronics
19:For other uses, see
5104:Single-player games
4958:Love tester machine
4558:"Stern Pro Circuit"
4408:. October 9, 2012.
4380:. 25 September 2012
4358:on February 9, 2015
3361:. February 10, 2016
3244:on December 3, 2013
3009:"Pat Lawlor Design"
2715:Travel Thru History
2566:John W. Baumgartner
2309:, released for the
2177:St. Peter's College
2077:dot-matrix displays
2026:electromotive force
1710:dot-matrix displays
935:'s home run in the
922:The ban ended when
912:Fiorello La Guardia
752:Jersey Jack Pinball
664:Jersey Jack Pinball
655:Star Wars Episode I
102:Jersey Jack Pinball
83:Bally Manufacturing
56:(originally called
5119:Culture of Chicago
5029:Arcade video games
4852:Pinballhistory.com
4783:Alsheimer, Colin.
3927:"Pinball Glossary"
3851:. 12 December 2016
3510:. 14 February 2017
3379:Alsheimer, Colin.
2894:. pp. 36–39.
2614:Alsheimer, Colin.
2478:In popular culture
2474:pinball machines.
2461:The Pinball Arcade
2346:Mario Pinball Land
2072:
2010:Solenoids or coils
1978:
1908:Playing techniques
1834:máquina del millón
1773:color monitors in
1765:from manufacturer
1693:
1691:Dot-matrix display
1492:dot-matrix display
1429:
1367:
1291:Stationary Targets
1287:
1255:
1155:
682:Full Tilt! Pinball
605:Addams Family Gold
570:
512:pinball releases.
437:
295:
263:
210:
51:
40:
5109:Individual sports
5086:
5085:
5019:Glossary of terms
4889:Amusement arcades
4662:978-1-317-50381-1
4655:. pp. 62–3.
4626:Pinball Tennessee
4464:978-0-7643-4107-6
4311:. 21 October 2013
4054:Beresford, Andy.
3724:Popular Mechanics
3696:on March 23, 2012
3670:. 26 October 2015
3644:Houston Chronicle
3139:. Pinballnews.com
3117:. Pinballnews.com
3081:. Pinballnews.com
2987:Popular Mechanics
2841:Pinball Portfolio
2696:978-0-884-86043-3
2088:theme machine, a
1811:and Bally/Midway
1698:electromechanical
1595:Black Knight 2000
1539:End-of-ball bonus
1452:The Twilight Zone
1330:Holes and saucers
1208:The Addams Family
1025:
1024:
1017:
937:1932 World Series
896:
895:
666:started shipping
649:Revenge from Mars
600:The Addams Family
466:The Spirit of '76
445:electronic gaming
267:Montague Redgrave
136:Montague Redgrave
5126:
5009:List of machines
4941:Mechanical games
4882:
4875:
4868:
4859:
4826:
4820:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4713:
4707:
4706:
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4686:
4685:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
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4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4602:matchplay.events
4594:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4490:
4484:. Archived from
4483:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4354:. Archived from
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4301:
4292:
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4051:
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4019:
4001:
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3986:
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3945:
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3936:
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3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
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3899:
3893:
3892:
3886:
3881:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3817:Plunkett, Luke.
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3798:. September 2005
3788:
3782:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3750:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3508:arcadeheroes.com
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3484:. 8 October 2016
3482:arcadeheroes.com
3474:
3468:
3467:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3332:. Archived from
3330:vendingtimes.com
3322:
3316:
3315:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3189:. Archived from
3179:
3170:
3169:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2810:. 14 April 2005.
2804:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2737:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2587:
2553:Special When Lit
2516:Kings and Queens
2467:Zaccaria Pinball
2423:tablet computers
2419:pinball programs
2417:There have been
2162:Washington, D.C.
1836:
1814:Attack from Mars
1744:The Wizard of Oz
1463:Theatre of Magic
1410:: Also called a
1305:Bullseye Targets
1192:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1020:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1000:
977:
969:
885:
884:
876:
864:
835:The Big Lebowski
830:The Big Lebowski
803:Heighway Pinball
778:Medieval Madness
757:The Wizard of Oz
717:Medieval Madness
707:Crocodile Hunter
669:The Wizard of Oz
279:
277:Billard japonais
234:
232:Billard japonais
206:
204:Billard japonais
160:ground billiards
5134:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5051:
5023:
4995:
4977:
4936:
4932:Redemption game
4900:
4891:
4886:
4833:
4818:
4811:
4808:
4803:
4793:
4791:
4782:
4781:
4777:
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4755:
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4539:
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4516:
4514:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4494:
4492:
4491:on May 14, 2012
4488:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4437:
4435:
4434:. 16 March 2010
4430:
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4398:
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4248:
4238:
4236:
4228:
4227:
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4214:
4212:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4190:. No. 15.
4187:Next Generation
4183:
4182:
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4143:
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4028:
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4023:
4016:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3991:PinGame Journal
3988:
3987:
3983:
3976:PinGame Journal
3973:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3942:
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3885:|magazine=
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3589:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3558:. 26 April 2018
3554:
3553:
3549:
3539:
3537:
3534:Replay Magazine
3528:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3502:
3501:
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3084:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3037:. Stern Pinball
3035:"Stern Pinball"
3033:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2989:. 5 August 2008
2981:
2980:
2976:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2919:
2918:. Bmigaming.com
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2612:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2532:
2486:
2480:
2352:Pokémon Pinball
2279:'s arcade game
2216:
2158:
2143:Lethal Weapon 3
2054:
2052:Custom machines
2006:
1970:
1959:
1919:
1910:
1879:score inflation
1843:
1808:Johnny Mnemonic
1685:
1664:PinGame Journal
1653:ccurrence of a
1510:
1472:
1438:
1421:
1392:
1359:
1332:
1299:standup targets
1279:
1247:
1224:
1212:banana flippers
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1147:
1118:
1063:
1038:
1030:
1021:
1010:
1004:
1001:
990:
978:
967:
961:
953:Kokomo, Indiana
882:
867:External videos
862:
695:
558:
478:video game boom
441:microprocessors
425:
368:
333:
313:Raymond Moloney
287:
252:
195:
148:
110:
71:pinball machine
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5132:
5130:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5114:Gambling games
5111:
5106:
5101:
5091:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5059:
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5049:
5044:
5039:
5033:
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5025:
5024:
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5021:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4987:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4917:Game of chance
4914:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4849:
4840:
4832:
4831:External links
4829:
4828:
4827:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4775:
4753:
4731:
4708:
4702:Computer Gamer
4687:
4668:
4661:
4637:
4613:
4589:
4569:
4549:
4524:
4502:
4470:
4463:
4445:
4423:
4391:
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4343:
4322:
4293:
4272:
4246:
4221:
4197:
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4151:
4126:
4108:
4090:
4068:
4046:
4039:
4021:
4014:
3996:
3981:
3966:
3940:
3918:
3894:
3862:
3836:
3825:. Gawker Media
3809:
3796:Chicago Reader
3783:
3779:11 Cal. 3d 726
3767:
3754:Chicago Reader
3736:
3707:
3681:
3655:
3630:
3605:
3587:
3569:
3547:
3521:
3495:
3469:
3451:
3426:
3408:
3390:
3371:
3346:
3317:
3299:
3281:
3255:
3229:
3203:
3171:
3150:
3128:
3106:
3092:
3070:
3048:
3026:
3000:
2974:
2956:
2949:
2943:. p. 85.
2929:
2907:
2900:
2877:
2870:
2864:. p. 94.
2847:
2827:
2813:
2799:
2781:
2759:
2752:
2727:
2702:
2695:
2678:
2666:
2644:
2625:
2606:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2549:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2504:Pinball Wizard
2479:
2476:
2443:Unit3D Pinball
2438:Future Pinball
2432:Visual Pinball
2373:Pinball Dreams
2364:Sonic Spinball
2281:Pinball Action
2215:
2212:
2157:
2154:
2134:and the movie
2132:Michael Jordan
2128:Aaron Spelling
2053:
2050:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2002:
1969:
1966:
1958:
1955:
1947:coin mechanism
1938:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1868:
1862:
1852:
1851:
1842:
1841:Special scores
1839:
1779:Pepper's ghost
1684:
1683:Scoring points
1681:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1609:
1606:Pinball Wizard
1583:
1569:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1509:
1506:
1490:display, or a
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1448:Electromagnets
1445:
1437:
1434:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1399:
1391:
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1374:
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1355:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1317:Kicking Target
1314:
1308:
1302:
1278:
1275:
1246:
1243:
1235:passive bumper
1223:
1220:
1146:
1143:
1117:
1114:
1062:
1059:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
981:
979:
972:
960:
957:
894:
893:
878:
877:
869:
868:
861:
858:
694:
691:
557:
554:
540:and Williams'
483:Space Invaders
453:circuit boards
424:
421:
367:
364:
332:
329:
286:
283:
251:
248:
194:
191:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
129:
122:Steven L. Kent
109:
106:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5131:
5120:
5117:
5115:
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4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4922:Game of skill
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:Coin-operated
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:General terms
4903:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4878:
4876:
4871:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4853:
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4201:
4198:
4193:
4192:Imagine Media
4189:
4188:
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4165:
4161:
4155:
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4140:
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4122:
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4040:9780764337857
4036:
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4017:
4015:9780764341076
4011:
4007:
4000:
3997:
3992:
3985:
3982:
3977:
3970:
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3950:
3944:
3941:
3928:
3922:
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3908:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3877:
3876:cite magazine
3866:
3863:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
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3776:
3771:
3768:
3760:September 30,
3756:
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3691:
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3597:
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3570:
3557:
3551:
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3531:
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3505:
3499:
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3483:
3479:
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3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3372:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3336:on 2017-09-26
3335:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3285:
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3259:
3256:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3193:on 2010-04-22
3192:
3188:
3184:
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3176:
3172:
3167:
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3138:
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3027:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2988:
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2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2950:0-916870-14-6
2946:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2930:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2901:1-55521-322-7
2897:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2871:0-916870-14-6
2867:
2863:
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2800:
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2753:0-525-47481-1
2749:
2745:
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2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2676:, p. 36.
2675:
2670:
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2634:
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2617:
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2544:
2542:
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2537:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:stage musical
2509:
2505:
2501:
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2469:
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2463:
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2365:
2360:
2359:
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2353:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2329:of using the
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:Video Pinball
2286:
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2278:
2274:
2273:
2268:
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2256:
2251:
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2245:
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2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:NBA Fastbreak
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1706:semiconductor
1703:
1699:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1601:Twilight Zone
1597:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1497:NBA Fastbreak
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1459:Captive balls
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1200:Humpty Dumpty
1194:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1008:
1005:December 2020
998:
994:
988:
987:
982:This section
980:
976:
971:
970:
966:
958:
956:
954:
950:
945:
940:
938:
934:
929:
925:
920:
918:
917:sledgehammers
913:
908:
904:
902:
892:
888:
879:
875:
870:
865:
859:
857:
854:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
836:
831:
826:
824:
823:
818:
817:
812:
808:
807:Full Throttle
804:
799:
797:
792:
790:
789:
784:
780:
779:
773:
771:
770:Stern Pinball
767:
763:
759:
758:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
722:Cactus Canyon
719:
718:
713:
709:
708:
703:
698:
692:
690:
687:
683:
679:
673:
671:
670:
665:
659:
657:
656:
651:
650:
645:
640:
638:
637:Stern Pinball
634:
630:
625:
622:
618:
617:
612:
611:
606:
602:
601:
594:
592:
586:
583:
578:
576:
567:
562:
555:
553:
551:
550:
545:
544:
539:
538:
533:
532:
527:
526:
525:Space Shuttle
521:
520:
513:
510:
505:
503:
502:
498:, and 1981's
497:
496:
491:
490:
485:
484:
479:
474:
472:
468:
467:
462:
457:
454:
450:
446:
442:
434:
429:
422:
420:
418:
413:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
380:Triple Action
377:
375:
374:
373:Humpty Dumpty
365:
363:
361:
356:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
302:
291:
284:
282:
280:
278:
272:
268:
260:
256:
249:
247:
245:
241:
240:
235:
233:
226:
224:
219:
215:
207:
205:
199:
192:
190:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
140:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
119:
118:
117:
115:
107:
105:
103:
98:
96:
95:Stern Pinball
92:
88:
84:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
59:
55:
49:
44:
38:
37:Steve Ritchie
34:
33:
28:
22:
5000:
4973:Slot machine
4927:Merchandiser
4814:
4792:. Retrieved
4788:
4778:
4766:. Retrieved
4756:
4744:. Retrieved
4734:
4724:February 26,
4722:. Retrieved
4711:
4700:
4690:
4677:
4671:
4647:
4640:
4629:. Retrieved
4625:
4616:
4605:. Retrieved
4601:
4592:
4581:. Retrieved
4572:
4561:. Retrieved
4552:
4540:. Retrieved
4536:
4527:
4515:. Retrieved
4505:
4493:. Retrieved
4486:the original
4473:
4454:
4448:
4436:. Retrieved
4426:
4414:. Retrieved
4405:
4400:
4394:
4382:. Retrieved
4372:
4360:. Retrieved
4356:the original
4346:
4334:. Retrieved
4325:
4313:. Retrieved
4309:Ars Technica
4308:
4284:. Retrieved
4275:
4263:. Retrieved
4261:. 6 May 2015
4258:
4249:
4237:. Retrieved
4233:
4224:
4213:. Retrieved
4209:
4200:
4185:
4179:
4167:. Retrieved
4163:
4154:
4142:. Retrieved
4138:
4129:
4121:www.ipdb.org
4120:
4111:
4103:www.ipdb.org
4102:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4071:
4059:. Retrieved
4049:
4030:
4024:
4005:
3999:
3993:(103): 8–10.
3990:
3984:
3975:
3969:
3957:. Retrieved
3953:the original
3943:
3931:. Retrieved
3921:
3910:. Retrieved
3906:
3897:
3865:
3855:December 13,
3853:. Retrieved
3849:Ars Technica
3848:
3839:
3827:. Retrieved
3822:
3812:
3800:. Retrieved
3795:
3786:
3774:
3770:
3758:. Retrieved
3752:
3739:
3729:September 1,
3727:. Retrieved
3698:. Retrieved
3694:the original
3684:
3674:December 15,
3672:. Retrieved
3668:Retro Report
3658:
3647:. Retrieved
3643:
3633:
3622:. Retrieved
3618:
3608:
3600:www.ipdb.org
3599:
3590:
3582:www.ipdb.org
3581:
3572:
3560:. Retrieved
3550:
3538:. Retrieved
3536:. 2 May 2018
3533:
3524:
3512:. Retrieved
3507:
3498:
3486:. Retrieved
3481:
3472:
3464:www.ipdb.org
3463:
3454:
3443:. Retrieved
3441:. 2015-01-17
3439:Pinball News
3438:
3429:
3421:www.ipdb.org
3420:
3411:
3403:www.ipdb.org
3402:
3393:
3384:
3374:
3363:. Retrieved
3359:Pinball News
3358:
3349:
3338:. Retrieved
3334:the original
3329:
3320:
3312:www.ipdb.org
3311:
3302:
3294:www.ipdb.org
3293:
3284:
3274:November 26,
3272:. Retrieved
3268:
3258:
3248:November 26,
3246:. Retrieved
3242:the original
3232:
3222:November 26,
3220:. Retrieved
3195:. Retrieved
3191:the original
3186:
3166:www.ipdb.org
3165:
3141:. Retrieved
3131:
3119:. Retrieved
3109:
3095:
3083:. Retrieved
3073:
3061:. Retrieved
3051:
3039:. Retrieved
3029:
3017:. Retrieved
3013:the original
3003:
2991:. Retrieved
2986:
2977:
2969:www.ipdb.org
2968:
2959:
2939:
2932:
2920:. Retrieved
2910:
2890:
2860:
2840:
2816:
2802:
2784:
2772:. Retrieved
2762:
2742:
2719:. Retrieved
2717:. 2014-01-21
2714:
2705:
2686:
2681:
2669:
2657:. Retrieved
2647:
2635:, p. 5.
2628:
2619:
2609:
2598:. Retrieved
2594:
2585:
2551:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2493:
2487:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2427:smart phones
2416:
2411:Pinball FX 3
2409:
2405:Pinball FX 2
2403:
2397:
2390:Windows 2000
2383:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2315:
2304:
2294:
2293:(1980), and
2288:
2283:(1985), the
2280:
2270:
2269:(1979), and
2264:
2258:
2255:Toru Iwatani
2252:
2243:
2242:(1974), and
2239:
2227:
2223:
2220:Chicago Coin
2217:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2185:
2181:
2166:
2159:
2156:Competitions
2147:
2141:
2135:
2122:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2094:style game,
2089:
2085:Ghostbusters
2083:
2081:
2073:
2063:Terminator 2
2062:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1962:
1960:
1943:
1939:
1929:sensitivity.
1923:
1920:
1911:
1902:loudspeakers
1897:
1891:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1775:Pinball 2000
1769:in 1988 and
1762:
1758:
1757:in 1982 and
1754:Baby Pac-Man
1752:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1713:
1694:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1627:
1617:
1611:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1572:Stackability
1571:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1495:
1475:
1473:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1430:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1322:
1316:
1311:Drop targets
1310:
1304:
1298:
1295:spot targets
1294:
1290:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1158:
1156:
1121:
1119:
1110:slam tilting
1109:
1105:
1099:
1094:
1081:
1079:
1066:
1064:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:Backbox/head
1031:
1011:
1002:
991:Please help
986:verification
983:
941:
924:Roger Sharpe
921:
909:
905:
897:
891:Retro Report
855:
849:released an
840:
833:
829:
827:
821:
815:
810:
806:
800:
795:
793:
788:Pulp Fiction
786:
783:Pulp Fiction
782:
776:
774:
755:
749:
740:
736:
729:Big Bang Bar
728:
726:
721:
715:
705:
699:
696:
678:Epic Pinball
674:
667:
660:
653:
647:
644:Pinball 2000
641:
633:Sega Pinball
626:
614:
608:
604:
598:
595:
587:
579:
571:
547:
543:Black Knight
541:
535:
529:
523:
517:
514:
509:Chicago Coin
506:
499:
493:
487:
481:
475:
470:
464:
458:
438:
417:Olympic Pins
416:
414:
403:
398:
394:
392:
388:Steve Kordek
379:
378:
371:
369:
360:World War II
357:
353:
344:
336:
334:
320:
316:
310:
305:
299:
296:
274:
264:
259:Patent model
237:
229:
227:
211:
201:
187:shuffleboard
176:
149:
132:Roger Sharpe
114:World War II
111:
99:
75:
70:
57:
53:
52:
30:
5078:Photo booth
4898:Arcade game
4768:October 27,
4746:October 27,
4720:. Bbc.co.uk
4680:. pp.
4495:October 27,
4239:November 8,
3978:(103): 6–7.
3959:October 27,
3933:October 27,
3907:pinside.com
3700:October 27,
3619:Tom's Guide
3540:24 February
3514:24 February
3143:October 27,
3121:October 27,
3085:October 27,
3063:October 27,
3041:October 27,
3019:October 27,
2922:October 27,
2774:October 27,
2674:DeLeon 2012
2659:October 27,
2633:DeLeon 2021
2455:Zen Pinball
2379:Pro Pinball
2248:Atari, Inc.
2137:Richie Rich
2096:Bill Paxton
2060:A restored
1735:New Canasta
1630:easter eggs
1622:coin pusher
1586:Wizard Mode
1323:Vari-Target
1231:dead bumper
1197:Gottlieb's
1134:compression
791:, in 2023.
741:New Canasta
712:Steve Irwin
686:Pro Pinball
631:and became
461:Mirco Games
399:Spot Bowler
370:Gottlieb's
321:Baffle Ball
306:Baffle Ball
301:Baffle Ball
126:Baffle Ball
69:known as a
63:arcade game
5093:Categories
5068:Medal game
5063:Claw crane
4789:Kineticist
4764:. Ipdb.org
4742:. Ipdb.org
4631:2023-04-02
4607:2023-04-02
4583:2023-04-02
4563:2023-04-02
4517:August 24,
4215:2024-03-04
4210:mjrnet.org
3929:. Ipdb.org
3912:2021-07-21
3792:"End Game"
3746:"End Game"
3649:2024-08-19
3624:2023-08-27
3445:2024-08-19
3385:Kineticist
3365:2024-08-19
3340:2017-09-25
3197:2017-12-05
2790:US 2073132
2768:"Ballyhoo"
2721:2024-01-30
2655:. Ipdb.org
2620:Kineticist
2600:2024-08-19
2578:References
2560:Ed Krynski
2498:(1969) by
2490:rock opera
2399:Pinball FX
2394:Windows XP
2301:Bill Budge
2285:Atari 2600
2246:(1974) by
2240:TV Pinball
2230:(1973) by
2228:TV Flipper
2224:TV Pingame
2120:machines.
1886:High Score
1875:ones place
1847:High score
1737:, with an
1715:Checkpoint
1649:ocumented
1634:Pat Lawlor
1612:Ball Saver
1590:boss fight
1549:Extra ball
1412:magic post
1262:slingshots
963:See also:
959:Components
851:Easter Egg
621:Pat Lawlor
582:High Speed
537:Black Hole
410:Ed Krynski
271:Cincinnati
239:Stosspudel
4968:Skee-ball
4963:Mutoscope
4948:Bagatelle
4653:CRC Press
4438:April 20,
4169:August 9,
4144:August 9,
3488:7 January
2522:machine.
2322:processor
2124:Data East
2098:Pinball,
2004:Solenoids
1963:trapping.
1791:Army Navy
1729:original
1720:minigames
1618:Slam Tilt
1527:Multiball
1521:Ball lock
1502:translite
1476:backglass
1470:Backglass
1377:Rollovers
1067:playfield
1061:Playfield
933:Babe Ruth
928:Manhattan
762:1939 film
754:released
750:In 2013,
735:original
702:Melbourne
591:Data East
531:Firepower
492:, 1980's
489:Asteroids
486:, 1979's
223:bagatelle
221:known as
214:Louis XIV
179:billiards
172:pall-mall
5073:Pachinko
4991:Gun game
4542:March 2,
4537:papa.org
4416:April 6,
4410:Archived
4384:April 6,
4362:April 6,
4336:April 6,
4315:April 6,
4286:April 6,
4139:ipdb.org
3829:April 6,
3802:April 6,
2993:April 6,
2743:Pinball!
2530:See also
2520:Buckaroo
2472:Zaccaria
2450:BBC News
2331:keyboard
2311:Apple II
2299:(1982).
2275:(1979),
2266:Bomb Bee
2263:(1978),
2244:Pin Pong
2173:football
2118:Iron man
2113:Predator
2107:Star Fox
2048:system.
1957:Trapping
1933:circuit.
1894:solenoid
1803:Jack-Bot
1767:Mr. Game
1676:Breakout
1555:Kickback
1508:Features
1484:graphics
1371:Spinners
1163:solenoid
1159:flippers
1145:Flippers
1095:flippers
1090:solenoid
889:, 2:12,
684:and the
406:Gottlieb
345:Contact'
341:solenoid
317:Ballyhoo
244:pachinko
87:Gottlieb
78:flippers
58:pintable
5099:Pinball
5001:Pinball
4843:Pinball
4806:Sources
4406:YouTube
4083:May 21,
4061:May 21,
3781:(1974).
3269:Polygon
2500:The Who
2272:Cutie Q
2260:Gee Bee
2065:pinball
1917:Nudging
1898:knocker
1865:Special
1733:titled
1731:Canasta
1727:Inder's
1533:Jackpot
1480:backbox
1408:Stopper
1346:Saucers
1277:Targets
1258:Kickers
1227:Bumpers
1222:Bumpers
1188:⁄
1174:⁄
1122:plunger
1116:Plunger
1106:tilting
1102:nudging
1082:plunger
1075:degrees
1028:Cabinet
843:Flutter
739:titled
737:Canasta
733:Inder's
495:Pac-Man
471:Hot Tip
395:Just 21
358:During
337:Contact
218:bowling
183:bowling
164:Croquet
108:History
67:cabinet
54:Pinball
4847:Curlie
4794:10 May
4659:
4461:
4265:May 6,
4037:
4012:
3823:Kotaku
2947:
2898:
2868:
2795:
2750:
2693:
2524:Wizard
2492:album
2408:, and
2361:, and
2277:Tehkan
2116:, and
2091:Matrix
2069:chrome
1859:Replay
1829:lowest
1702:relays
1657:idden
1396:Switch
1340:scoops
1126:spring
1086:spring
1071:planar
901:random
847:Google
822:Aliens
519:Gorgar
501:Galaga
449:relays
5056:Other
4819:(PDF)
4489:(PDF)
4482:(PDF)
3749:(PDF)
3562:8 May
2508:movie
2495:Tommy
2335:mouse
2320:. As
2287:game
2236:Exidy
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