4545:
945:, has confirmed that these predatory marine reptiles gave birth to single, large, live offspring—contrary to other marine reptile reproduction which typically involves a large number of small babies. Before this study, plesiosauroids had sometimes been portrayed crawling out of water to lay eggs in the manner of sea turtles, but experts had long suspected that their anatomy was not compatible with movement on land. The adult plesiosaur measures 4 m (13 ft) long and the juvenile is 1.5 m (4.9 ft) long.
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Unlike their pliosauroid cousins, plesiosauroids (with the exception of the
Polycotylidae) were probably slow swimmers. It is likely that they cruised slowly below the surface of the water, using their long flexible neck to move their head into position to snap up unwary fish or
595:, a poorly known group of small Cretaceous forms. According to traditional classifications, all plesiosauroids have a small head and long neck but, in recent classifications, one short-necked and large-headed Cretaceous group, the
1763:
Massare, J. A. 1994. Swimming capabilities of
Mesozoic marine reptiles: a review. pp. 133–149 In Maddock, L., Bone, Q., and Rayner, J. M. V. (eds.), Mechanics and Physiology of Animal Swimming, Cambridge University
1776:
Storrs, G. W., 1999. An examination of
Plesiosauria (Diapsida: Sauropterygia) from the Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) of central North America, University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, (N.S.), No. 11, 15
938:-like" pose that is often shown. Even if they had been able to bend their necks upward to that degree (which they could not), gravity would have tipped their body forward and kept most of the heavy neck in the water.
501:(then known as 'Series') of western Scotland. Many others have been found, some of them virtually complete, and new discoveries are made frequently. One of the finest specimens was found in 2002 on the coast of
1026:"A new pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Oxford Clay Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of England: evidence for a gracile, longirostrine grade of Early-Middle Jurassic pliosaurids"
1786:
Welles, S. P. 1962. A new species of elasmosaur from the Aptian of
Columbia and a review of the Cretaceous plesiosaurs. University of California Publications in Geological Science 46, 96 pp.
1541:
Everhart, M. J. (2005). "Bite marks on an elasmosaur (Sauropterygia; Plesiosauria) paddle from the
Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) as probable evidence of feeding by the lamniform shark,
1780:
Welles, S. P. 1943. Elasmosaurid plesiosaurs with a description of the new material from
California and Colorado. University of California Memoirs 13:125-254. figs. 1-37., pls. 12–29.
549:
It has been determined by teeth records that several sea-dwelling reptiles, including plesiosauroids, had a warm-blooded metabolism similar to that of mammals. They could generate
599:, are included under the Plesiosauroidea, rather than under the traditional Pliosauroidea. Size of different plesiosaurs varied significantly, with an estimated length of
1329:
931:. Their four-flippered swimming adaptation may have given them exceptional maneuverability, so that they could swiftly rotate their bodies as an aid to catching prey.
1333:
493:, in the early 19th century, and were amongst the first fossil vertebrates to be described by science. Plesiosauroid remains were found by the Scottish geologist
1404:
Carpenter, K. 1997. "Comparative cranial anatomy of two North
American Cretaceous plesiosaurs". Pp. 91–216, in Calloway J. M. and E. L. Nicholls, (eds.),
1783:
Welles, S. P. 1952. A review of the North
American Cretaceous elasmosaurs. University of California Publications in Geological Science 29:46-144, figs. 1-25.
1482:
Everhart, M. J. (2000). "Gastroliths associated with plesiosaur remains in the Sharon
Springs Member of the Pierre Shale (Late Cretaceous), western Kansas".
1609:
Everhart, M. J. (2005). "Elasmosaurid remains from the Pierre Shale (Upper
Cretaceous) of western Kansas. Possible missing elements of the type specimen of
1568:
Everhart, M. J. 2005. "Gastroliths associated with plesiosaur remains in the Sharon Springs Member (Late Cretaceous) of the Pierre Shale, Western Kansas" (
1348:
1075:
Bernard, A.; Lecuyer, C.; Vincent, P.; Amiot, R.; Bardet, N.; Buffetaut, E.; Cuny, G.; Fourel, F.; Martineau, F.; Mazin, J.-M.; Prieur, A. (2010-06-15).
441:
934:
Contrary to many reconstructions of plesiosauroids, it would have been impossible for them to lift their head and long neck above the surface, in the "
426:. After their discovery, some plesiosauroids were said to have resembled "a snake threaded through the shell of a turtle", although they had no shell.
4688:
1425:
Cicimurri, D. J.; Everhart, M. J. (2001). "An elasmosaur with stomach contents and gastroliths form the Pierre Shale (Late Cretaceous) of Kansas".
4683:
2055:
1672:
941:
On 12 August 2011, researchers from the U.S. described a fossil of a pregnant plesiosaur found on a Kansas ranch in 1987. The plesiosauroid,
4544:
1639:
Everhart, M. J. (2007). "Use of archival photographs to rediscover the locality of the Holyrood elasmosaur (Ellsworth County, Kansas)".
4693:
4650:
1580:
Everhart, M. J. (2005). "Probable plesiosaur gastroliths from the basal Kiowa Shale (Early Cretaceous) of Kiowa County, Kansas".
1061:
569:
of plesiosauroids, which retain the same general appearance and are distinguished by various specific details. These include the
1138:
Benson, R. B. J.; Druckenmiller, P. S. (2013). "Faunal turnover of marine tetrapods during the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition".
1025:
1839:
Williston, S. W. 1903. North American plesiosaurs. Field Columbian Museum, Publication 73, Geology Series 2(1): 1-79, 29 pl.
1626:
Everhart, M. J. (2006). "The occurrence of elasmosaurids (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) in the Niobrara Chalk of Western Kansas".
505:(England) by someone fishing from the shore. This specimen, called the Collard specimen after its finder, was on display in
1976:
146:
4529:
1003:
2520:
3342:
2048:
1712:
O'Keefe, F. R. (2001). "A cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia);".
3631:
1727:
Massare, J. A. (1988). "Swimming capabilities of Mesozoic marine reptiles: Implications for method of predation".
1181:
Massare, J. A. (1988). "Swimming capabilities of Mesozoic marine reptiles: Implications for method of predation".
1954:
1593:
1438:
1352:
1652:
1562:
963:"Exquisite skeletons of a new transitional plesiosaur fill gap in the evolutionary history of plesiosauroids"
4698:
4537:
3637:
1714:
1475:
2525:
1412:
Carpenter, K (1999). "Revision of North American elasmosaurs from the Cretaceous of the western interior".
4564:
2985:
2979:
2041:
2973:
4637:
3625:
2006:
1667:
Everhart, M. J. 2007. Sea Monsters: Prehistoric Creatures of the Deep. National Geographic, 192 p.
1323:
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2320:
4678:
4655:
4611:
4602:
2832:
1906:
1868:
1736:
1524:
Everhart, M. J. (2004). "Plesiosaurs as the food of mosasaurs; new data on the stomach contents of a
1281:
1240:
1190:
1090:
534:, a short-necked, long-jawed plesiosauroid, National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C., USA.
506:
2916:
2140:
2023:
2470:
1269:"Viviparity and K-Selected Life History in a Mesozoic Marine Plesiosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia)"
4230:
3453:
2442:
2313:
2011:
1924:
1820:
1752:
1656:
1597:
1499:
1442:
1379:"A review of short-necked plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous of the western interior, North America"
1305:
1206:
1163:
1114:
1077:
141:
1226:"Floating point: a computational study of buoyancy, equilibrium, and gastroliths in plesiosaurs"
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513:, Yorkshire, England, by an amateur palaeontologist. The preserved skeleton is displayed at
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1836:, a new Cretaceous plesiosaur. Kansas University Science Bulletin, 1(9):241-244, 1 plate.
2017:
Antarctic Researchers to Discuss Difficult Recovery of Unique Juvenile Plesiosaur Fossil
2016:
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reptiles that lived at the same time as dinosaurs, they did not belong to the latter.
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201:
81:
39:
1803:
Williston, S. W. (1890). "A new plesiosaur from the Niobrara Cretaceous of Kansas".
1767:
Smith, A. S. 2008. Fossils explained 54: plesiosaurs. Geology Today. 24, (2), 71-75
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in 2007. Another, less complete, skeleton was also found in 2002, in the cliffs at
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133:
1046:"Occurrence of Gastroliths in Mesozoic Taxa," in Sanders et al. (2001). Page 168.
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542:. They retained their ancestral two pairs of limbs, which evolved into large
17:
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1528:(Squamata; Mosasauridae) from the Niobrara Formation of western Kansas".
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489:
The first complete plesiosauroid skeletons were found in England by
1919:
1557:
Everhart, M. J. 2005. "Where the Elasmosaurs roamed", Chapter 7 in
4188:
979:
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1968:
1955:
Fox News: Possibly Complete Plesiosaur Skeleton Found in Arctic
1559:
Oceans of Kansas: A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea
1460:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
341:
1960:
380:
369:
356:
1594:
10.1660/0022-8443(2005)108[0109:ppgftb]2.0.co;2
1439:
10.1660/0022-8443(2001)104[0129:aewsca]2.0.co;2
1386:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
1078:"Warm-blooded marine reptiles at the time of the dinosaurs"
561:
Plesiosauroids evolved from earlier, similar forms such as
350:
347:
1653:
10.1660/0022-8443(2007)110[135:uoaptr]2.0.co;2
649:
follows an analysis by Benson & Druckenmiller (2014).
2024:
Fossil hunters turn up 50-ton monster of prehistoric deep
2019:, from the National Science Foundation, December 6, 2006.
1511:
Everhart, M. J. (2002). "Where the elasmosaurs roam...".
591:, with very long, flexible necks and tiny heads; and the
1993:
Where the elasmosaurs roam: Separating fact from fiction
961:
Sachs, Sven; Eggmaier, Stefan; Madzia, Daniel (2024).
587:), with a medium-long neck and somewhat stocky build;
454:
itself, as all younger taxa were recently found to be
1454:
Cope, E. D. (1868). "Remarks on a new enaliosaurian,
353:
344:
1977:
The name game: plesiosaur-ia, -oidea, -idae, or -us?
1937:
Reports of the National Center for Science Education
338:
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2554:
2491:
2390:
2352:
2294:
2265:
2208:
2155:
2124:
332:
1267:
1076:
469:are frequently found associated with plesiosaurs.
411:-like longest neck to body ratio of any reptile.
1024:Ketchum, Hilary F.; Benson, Roger B. J. (2011).
573:, unspecialized types which are limited to the
2012:The Filey (Yorkshire) Plesiosaur 2002 (part 2)
2007:The Filey (Yorkshire) Plesiosaur 2002 (part 1)
448:Period. The oldest confirmed plesiosauroid is
2049:
1805:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
1641:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
1582:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
1427:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
999:"A Snake Drawn Through the Shell of a Turtle"
481:Autograph letter concerning the discovery of
8:
1684:"Early papers on North American plesiosaurs"
1328:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
538:Plesiosauroids had a broad body and a short
2030:, December 30, 2002. (Monster of Aramberri)
4559:
4368:
4267:
4152:
4091:
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3854:
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1332:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
122:
31:
1918:
1266:F. R. O’Keefe1,*, L. M. Chiappe2 (2011).
978:
1792:Occasional Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist
1349:"Ancient sea dragons had a caring side"
953:
1832:Williston, S. W. 1902. Restoration of
1321:
1089:(5984). Sciencedaily.com: 1379–1382.
7:
1351:. Cosmosmagazine.com. Archived from
992:
990:
553:heat to survive in colder habitats.
819:
794:
769:
742:
686:
662:
652:
485:(NHMUK OR 22656), from Mary Anning.
2026:". Allan Hall and Mark Henderson.
25:
1690:Courier Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg
1570:on-line, updated from article in
1280:(6044). Sciencemag.org: 870–873.
4543:
4536:
4528:
3636:
3630:
3624:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2524:
2519:
2001:Triassic reptiles had live young
1699:Lingham-Soliar, T (1995). "in".
1062:The Geological Society of London
429:Plesiosauroidea appeared at the
328:
145:
4689:Pliensbachian first appearances
1030:Special Papers in Palaeontology
4684:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
1:
1985:Oceans of Kansas Paleontology
1891:"North American plesiosaurs:
1845:"North American plesiosaurs:
1004:Oceans of Kansas Paleontology
997:Everhart, Mike (2005-10-14).
440:stage) and thrived until the
1408:, Academic Press, San Diego.
497:in 1844 in the rocks of the
386:
375:
1861:American Journal of Science
1680:"Marine Reptile References"
1056:Trewin, N. H., ed. (2002).
4715:
1398:10.1127/njgpa/201/1996/259
967:Frontiers in Earth Science
922:pair, one catching a fish.
920:Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus
611:growing to twenty meters.
483:Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus
381:
370:
4694:Maastrichtian extinctions
4525:
4371:
4270:
4155:
3948:
3857:
3844:
3679:
3666:
3662:
3649:
3622:
3480:
3295:
3215:
3025:
3010:
2997:
2970:
2876:
2744:
2565:
2550:
2537:
2517:
2361:
2219:
2204:
2191:
2151:
2133:
2120:
2071:
1943:(May/June 1997) pp 16–28.
1889:Williston, S. W. (1908).
1881:10.2475/ajs.s4-21.123.221
1843:Williston, S. W. (1906).
1749:10.1017/s009483730001191x
1701:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond
1253:10.1080/00241160600799846
1224:Henderson, D. M. (2006).
1203:10.1017/s009483730001191x
839:
824:
817:
799:
792:
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767:
747:
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725:
708:
691:
684:
667:
660:
261:
256:
142:Scientific classification
140:
130:
121:
34:
27:Extinct clade of reptiles
1969:The Plesiosaur Directory
1834:Dolichorhynchops osborni
1771:the Plesiosaur Directory
1572:Kansas Acad. Sci. Trans.
1563:Indiana University Press
565:. There are a number of
1972:. Dr Adam Stuart Smith.
1790:White, T (1935). "in".
1484:Kansas Acad. Sci. Trans
1476:Kansas University Press
1406:Ancient Marine Reptiles
1294:10.1126/science.1205689
1103:10.1126/science.1187443
1058:The Geology of Scotland
605:being three meters and
1611:Elasmosaurus platyurus
1456:Elasmosaurus platyurus
943:Polycotylus latippinus
923:
642:
629:
535:
486:
4638:Paleobiology Database
1565:, Bloomington, 322 p.
1543:Cretoxyrhina mantelli
1377:Carpenter, K (1996).
917:
635:
622:
528:
499:Great Estuarine Group
480:
379:'near, close to' and
473:History of discovery
444:, at the end of the
131:Life restoration of
1961:The Plesiosaur Site
1911:1908JG.....16..715W
1873:1906AmJS...21..221W
1741:1988Pbio...14..187M
1526:Tylosaurus proriger
1286:2011Sci...333..870O
1245:2006Letha..39..227H
1195:1988Pbio...14..187M
1095:2010Sci...328.1379B
415:are known from the
4231:Plesioelasmosaurus
3454:Stenorhynchosaurus
2443:Protenodontosaurus
2314:Largocephalosaurus
1964:. Richard Forrest.
1899:Journal of Geology
1715:Acta Zool. Fennica
1140:Biological Reviews
924:
643:
630:
536:
487:
458:. While they were
4666:
4665:
4625:Open Tree of Life
4565:Taxon identifiers
4556:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4507:
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4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4127:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3645:
3644:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3426:Megacephalosaurus
3117:Bishanopliosaurus
2993:
2992:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2863:
2862:
2847:Proneusticosaurus
2589:Pachypleurosauria
2533:
2532:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2487:
2486:
2335:Sinosaurosphargis
2267:Helveticosauridae
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
1688:Hampe, O., 1992:
1673:978-1-4262-0085-4
1513:Prehistoric Times
1152:10.1111/brv.12038
918:Restoration of a
906:
905:
897:
896:
888:
887:
879:
878:
870:
869:
861:
860:
852:
851:
641:, an elasmosaurid
321:
320:
252:
16:(Redirected from
4706:
4659:
4658:
4646:
4645:
4633:
4632:
4620:
4619:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4560:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4533:
4532:
4406:Hydrotherosaurus
4369:
4331:Hydrotherosaurus
4268:
4153:
4105:Dolichorhynchops
4092:
3946:
3855:
3846:
3842:
3677:
3668:
3664:
3651:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3535:Westphaliasaurus
3478:
3293:
3263:Pachycostasaurus
3213:
3196:Yuzhoupliosaurus
3079:Rhomaleosauridae
3023:
3012:
2999:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2874:
2750:Brevicaudosaurus
2742:
2677:Majiashanosaurus
2641:Dianopachysaurus
2563:
2552:
2539:
2528:
2523:
2359:
2321:Prosaurosphargis
2217:
2206:
2193:
2153:
2131:
2122:
2115:
2114:
2073:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2035:
1996:. Mike Everhart.
1988:. Mike Everhart.
1932:
1922:
1884:
1867:(123): 221–234.
1828:
1799:
1769:PDF document on
1760:
1723:
1708:
1678:Everhart, M. J.
1664:
1647:(1/2): 135–143.
1635:
1622:
1605:
1588:(3/4): 109–115.
1554:
1537:
1520:
1507:
1470:Ellis, R. 2003.
1467:
1450:
1433:(3–4): 129–143.
1421:
1401:
1383:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1271:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1230:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1080:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
994:
985:
984:
982:
958:
820:
795:
770:
743:
712:Westphaliasaurus
687:
663:
653:
628:, a cryptoclidid
531:Dolichorhynchops
517:in Scarborough.
407:. They have the
390:'lizard') is an
389:
384:
383:
378:
373:
372:
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
312:
304:
296:
286:
276:
266:
247:
242:
229:
213:
200:
150:
149:
126:
116:
53:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4654:
4649:
4641:
4636:
4628:
4623:
4615:
4610:
4603:Plesiosauroidea
4601:
4600:
4595:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4573:Plesiosauroidea
4567:
4557:
4548:
4535:
4527:
4503:
4470:Alexandronectes
4455:
4358:
4295:
4263:Euelasmosaurida
4257:
4161:Callawayasaurus
4149:
4124:
4096:Dolichorhynchia
4090:
4078:Serpentisuchops
4035:
4023:Plesiopleurodon
4008:
3986:Palmulasaurinae
3980:
3935:
3877:
3838:
3821:
3785:Muraenosaurinae
3779:
3738:
3696:Colymbosaurinae
3690:
3658:
3641:
3608:
3588:
3540:
3500:Franconiasaurus
3473:Plesiosauroidea
3459:
3375:Brachaucheninae
3369:
3282:
3277:Thalassiodracon
3235:Attenborosaurus
3202:
3073:
3019:
3006:
2989:
2956:
2936:
2859:
2854:Silvestrosaurus
2833:Metanothosaurus
2797:
2770:
2731:
2627:Diandongosaurus
2583:
2559:
2557:Eosauropterygia
2546:
2544:Eosauropterygia
2529:
2507:
2493:Eosauropterygia
2483:
2464:Psephosauriscus
2386:
2348:
2296:Saurosphargidae
2290:
2285:Helveticosaurus
2277:Eusaurosphargis
2261:
2247:Pomolispondylus
2213:
2200:
2171:
2147:
2116:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2062:
1951:
1946:
1935:( ), 1997: in
1888:
1842:
1817:10.2307/3623798
1802:
1789:
1726:
1711:
1698:
1638:
1625:
1608:
1579:
1540:
1523:
1510:
1496:10.2307/3627940
1481:
1453:
1424:
1411:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1007:
996:
995:
988:
960:
959:
955:
951:
912:
907:
898:
889:
880:
871:
862:
853:
657:Plesiosauroidea
617:
593:Cimoliasauridae
559:
523:
475:
442:K-Pg extinction
331:
327:
324:Plesiosauroidea
279:Franconiasaurus
246:
244:Plesiosauroidea
240:
231:Neoplesiosauria
227:
211:
198:
144:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
44:Late Cretaceous
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4712:
4710:
4702:
4701:
4699:Plesiosauroids
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4671:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4647:
4634:
4621:
4608:
4593:
4577:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4465:
4463:
4461:Aristonectinae
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4445:
4438:
4435:Tuarangisaurus
4431:
4424:
4421:Marambionectes
4417:
4410:
4402:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4372:
4366:
4364:Weddellonectia
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4353:Terminonatator
4349:
4342:
4335:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4305:
4303:
4301:Elasmosaurinae
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4252:Woolungasaurus
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4175:Eromangasaurus
4171:
4164:
4156:
4150:
4147:Elasmosauridae
4145:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4100:
4098:
4089:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3995:Pahasapasaurus
3990:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3968:Mauriciosaurus
3964:
3957:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3903:
3895:
3887:
3885:
3883:Leptocleididae
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3858:
3852:
3839:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3812:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3767:Ophthalmothule
3763:
3756:
3748:
3746:
3744:Cryptoclidinae
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3680:
3674:
3672:Cryptoclididae
3660:
3659:
3654:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3576:Occitanosaurus
3572:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3548:
3546:Microcleididae
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3507:Leurospondylus
3503:
3496:
3489:
3486:Eoplesiosaurus
3481:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3433:Monquirasaurus
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3391:Brachauchenius
3387:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3339:
3332:
3329:Megalneusaurus
3325:
3322:Lorrainosaurus
3318:
3311:
3308:Gallardosaurus
3304:
3296:
3290:
3288:Thalassophonea
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3270:Rhaeticosaurus
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3192:
3189:Thaumatodracon
3185:
3178:
3175:Sthenarosaurus
3171:
3168:Rhomaleosaurus
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3096:Archaeonectrus
3092:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3063:
3060:Sinopliosaurus
3056:
3049:
3041:
3038:Bathyspondylus
3034:
3026:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2871:
2869:Pistosauroidea
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2765:Sanchiaosaurus
2761:
2757:Hispaniasaurus
2753:
2745:
2739:
2737:Nothosauroidea
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2719:Serpianosaurus
2715:
2708:
2701:
2698:Prosantosaurus
2694:
2691:Odoiporosaurus
2687:
2684:Neusticosaurus
2680:
2673:
2670:Luopingosaurus
2666:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2394:
2392:Cyamodontoidea
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2209:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2134:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2020:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1950:
1949:External links
1947:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1920:10.1086/621573
1905:(8): 715–735.
1886:
1840:
1837:
1830:
1800:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1735:(2): 187–205.
1724:
1709:
1696:
1686:
1676:
1665:
1636:
1623:
1606:
1577:
1574:103(1-2):58-69
1566:
1555:
1538:
1521:
1508:
1490:(1–2): 58–69.
1479:
1468:
1451:
1422:
1409:
1402:
1392:(2): 259–287.
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1347:Anthony King.
1339:
1258:
1239:(3): 227–244.
1216:
1189:(2): 187–205.
1173:
1130:
1067:
1064:. p. 339.
1048:
1039:
1016:
986:
952:
950:
947:
911:
908:
904:
903:
900:
899:
895:
894:
891:
890:
886:
885:
882:
881:
877:
876:
873:
872:
868:
867:
864:
863:
859:
858:
855:
854:
850:
849:
846:
845:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
827:Leptocleididae
823:
818:
816:
810:
809:
806:
805:
802:Elasmosauridae
798:
793:
791:
785:
784:
781:
780:
777:Cryptoclididae
773:
768:
766:
760:
759:
756:
755:
746:
741:
739:
736:
735:
732:
731:
728:Microcleididae
724:
721:
720:
717:
716:
707:
704:
703:
700:
699:
690:
685:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
666:
661:
659:
651:
645:The following
616:
613:
589:Elasmosauridae
579:Cryptoclididae
575:Early Jurassic
571:Plesiosauridae
558:
555:
522:
519:
515:Rotunda Museum
507:Taunton Museum
474:
471:
431:Early Jurassic
413:Plesiosauroids
319:
318:
317:
316:
314:Plesiosauridae
308:
306:Microcleididae
300:
292:
282:
272:
269:Eoplesiosaurus
259:
258:
254:
253:
238:
234:
233:
225:
218:
217:
209:
205:
204:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
138:
137:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
37:
35:Plesiosauroids
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4711:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4657:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4531:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4384:Chubutinectes
4381:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4310:Albertonectes
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4290:Thalassomedon
4287:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4245:Wapuskanectes
4242:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4168:Cimoliasaurus
4165:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4143:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4085:Trinacromerum
4082:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4057:Georgiasaurus
4054:
4052:
4051:
4050:Eopolycotylus
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4041:Polycotylinae
4038:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4014:Occultonectia
4011:
4005:
4004:
4003:Palmulasaurus
4000:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:Polycotylidae
3938:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:Nichollssaura
3911:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3872:
3871:Nichollssaura
3868:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3818:
3817:
3816:Vinialesaurus
3813:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3794:Muraenosaurus
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3760:Kimmerosaurus
3757:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3712:Colymbosaurus
3709:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3685:Opallionectes
3682:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3583:Seeleyosaurus
3580:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3447:Sachicasaurus
3444:
3442:
3441:
3440:Polyptychodon
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3249:Hauffiosaurus
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3125:Borealonectes
3122:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3068:
3067:Termatosaurus
3064:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2917:Tanaisosaurus
2914:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2903:Kwangsisaurus
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2882:Augustasaurus
2879:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2819:Germanosaurus
2816:
2814:
2813:
2812:Ceresiosaurus
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2803:Nothosauridae
2800:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2726:Wumengosaurus
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2705:Panzhousaurus
2702:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2663:Keichousaurus
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:Dianmeisaurus
2631:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2612:Dactylosaurus
2609:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2527:
2522:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2343:
2342:Stauromatodon
2339:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2328:Saurosphargis
2325:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2232:Atopodentatus
2229:
2227:
2226:
2225:Alexeyisaurus
2222:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2211:Sauropterygia
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:Sauropterygia
2194:
2190:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2157:Sauropterygia
2154:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:Sauropterygia
2059:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1893:Trinacromerum
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1851:Cimoliasaurus
1848:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1682:and scans of
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1634:(4): 170–183.
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1613:Cope 1868?".
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1420:(2): 148–173.
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1355:on 2011-10-01
1354:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1006:
1005:
1000:
993:
991:
987:
981:
980:10.3389/feart
976:
972:
968:
964:
957:
954:
948:
946:
944:
939:
937:
932:
930:
921:
916:
909:
902:
901:
893:
892:
884:
883:
875:
874:
866:
865:
857:
856:
848:
847:
844:
843:
842:Polycotylidae
837:
836:
833:
832:
829:
828:
822:
821:
815:
812:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
797:
796:
790:
787:
786:
783:
782:
779:
778:
772:
771:
765:
762:
761:
758:
757:
754:
753:
752:
745:
744:
738:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
723:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
713:
706:
705:
702:
701:
698:
697:
696:
689:
688:
682:
681:
678:
677:
674:
673:
672:
665:
664:
658:
655:
654:
650:
648:
640:
639:
634:
627:
626:
625:Muraenosaurus
621:
615:Relationships
614:
612:
610:
609:
604:
603:
602:Trinacromerum
598:
597:Polycotylidae
594:
590:
586:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
556:
554:
552:
547:
545:
541:
533:
532:
527:
520:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
484:
479:
472:
470:
468:
464:
461:
457:
453:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:
427:
425:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:
400:
396:
393:
388:
377:
367:
361:
325:
315:
309:
307:
301:
299:
293:
291:
290:
283:
281:
280:
273:
271:
270:
263:
262:
260:
255:
250:
245:
239:
237:Superfamily:
236:
235:
232:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:Sauropterygia
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
139:
136:
135:
129:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
45:
41:
40:Late Triassic
33:
30:
19:
18:Plesiosauroid
4572:
4534:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4477:Aristonectes
4475:
4468:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4428:Morenosaurus
4426:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4398:Fresnosaurus
4396:
4391:Futabasaurus
4389:
4382:
4375:
4351:
4344:
4339:Nakonanectes
4337:
4329:
4324:Fluvionectes
4322:
4317:Elasmosaurus
4315:
4308:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4224:Orophosaurus
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4196:Lagenanectes
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4028:
4021:
4001:
3993:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3954:Edgarosaurus
3952:
3930:Vectocleidus
3928:
3922:Umoonasaurus
3920:
3912:
3907:Leptocleidus
3905:
3897:
3892:Brancasaurus
3890:
3869:
3861:
3850:Leptocleidia
3814:
3806:
3801:Picrocleidus
3799:
3792:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3753:Cryptoclidus
3751:
3733:Spitrasaurus
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3705:Abyssosaurus
3703:
3683:
3656:Cryptoclidia
3629:
3594:Cryptoclidia
3581:
3574:
3569:Microcleidus
3567:
3560:
3553:
3533:
3528:Plesiosaurus
3526:
3521:Plesiopterys
3519:
3514:Plesiopharos
3512:
3505:
3498:
3493:Eretmosaurus
3491:
3484:
3472:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3384:Acostasaurus
3382:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3315:Liopleurodon
3313:
3306:
3299:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3256:Marmornectes
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3228:Arminisaurus
3226:
3219:
3208:Pliosauridae
3194:
3187:
3182:Stratesaurus
3180:
3173:
3166:
3161:Meyerasaurus
3159:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3110:Avalonnectes
3108:
3103:Atychodracon
3101:
3094:
3088:Anningasaura
3086:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3036:
3031:Anningasaura
3029:
3017:Plesiosauria
3004:Plesiosauria
2977:
2942:Plesiosauria
2931:Yunguisaurus
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2790:
2783:
2776:Simosauridae
2763:
2755:
2748:
2724:
2717:
2712:Qianxisaurus
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2656:Honghesaurus
2654:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2619:Dawazisaurus
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2578:Cymatosaurus
2576:
2569:
2478:Sinocyamodus
2476:
2471:Psephosaurus
2469:
2462:
2455:
2450:Psephochelys
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2379:
2372:
2367:Paraplacodus
2365:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2283:
2275:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2105:
2028:Times Online
2027:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1940:
1936:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1847:Elasmosaurus
1846:
1833:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1791:
1770:
1732:
1729:Paleobiology
1728:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1689:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1530:The Mosasaur
1529:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1487:
1483:
1472:Sea Dragons'
1471:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1389:
1385:
1357:. Retrieved
1353:the original
1342:
1324:cite journal
1313:. Retrieved
1277:
1273:
1261:
1236:
1232:
1219:
1186:
1183:Paleobiology
1182:
1176:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1122:. Retrieved
1086:
1082:
1070:
1057:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1008:. Retrieved
1002:
973:(in press).
970:
966:
956:
942:
940:
933:
925:
919:
840:
825:
814:Leptocleidia
800:
775:
764:Cryptoclidia
751:Plesiopterys
749:
748:
726:
710:
709:
695:Eretmosaurus
693:
692:
671:Plesiosaurus
669:
668:
656:
644:
636:
623:
606:
600:
584:Cryptoclidus
582:
560:
548:
537:
529:
488:
482:
456:pliosauroids
451:Plesiosaurus
449:
428:
412:
323:
322:
298:Cryptoclidia
289:Plesiopharos
287:
277:
267:
243:
221:
215:Plesiosauria
195:Superorder:
134:Elasmosaurus
132:
49:210–66
29:
4679:Plesiosaurs
4597:Wikispecies
4491:Morturneria
4449:Zarafasaura
4377:Aphrosaurus
4346:Styxosaurus
4276:Cardiocorax
4238:Scanisaurus
4203:Leivanectes
4182:Goniosaurus
4112:Martinectes
4071:Scalamagnus
4064:Polycotylus
4030:Sulcusuchus
3899:Hastanectes
3863:Hastanectes
3726:Pantosaurus
3405:Kronosaurus
3336:Peloneustes
3301:Eardasaurus
3132:Eurycleidus
2924:Wangosaurus
2910:Pistosaurus
2840:Nothosaurus
2826:Lariosaurus
2785:Paludidraco
2598:Anarosaurus
2457:Psephoderma
2436:Placochelys
2429:Parahenodus
2422:Macroplacus
2408:Glyphoderma
2354:Placodontia
2239:Palatodonta
2110:Neodiapsida
1855:Polycotylus
1811:: 174–178.
1621:(3): 19–32.
1553:(2): 14–24.
1146:(1): 1–23.
929:cephalopods
638:Styxosaurus
551:endothermic
521:Description
495:Hugh Miller
491:Mary Anning
467:Gastroliths
399:carnivorous
4673:Categories
4442:Vegasaurus
4414:Kawanectes
4283:Libonectes
4210:Mauisaurus
4119:Unktaheela
3961:Manemergus
3836:Xenopsaria
3808:Tricleidus
3774:Tatenectes
3719:Djupedalia
3603:see below↓
3562:Lusonectes
3364:Simolestes
3357:Pliosaurus
3345:Pliosaurus
3242:Cryonectes
3154:Maresaurus
3147:Macroplata
3139:Lindwurmia
3053:Lindwurmia
3045:Bobosaurus
2951:see below↓
2896:Chinchenia
2889:Bobosaurus
2792:Simosaurus
2648:Hanosaurus
2571:Corosaurus
2502:see below↓
2255:Hanosaurus
2166:see below↓
2141:Sauropsida
2126:Sauropsida
2099:Subclass:
2095:Sauropsida
1798:: 219–228.
1707:: 155–180.
1628:Paludicola
1414:Paludicola
1359:2011-08-15
1315:2011-08-15
1124:2011-08-15
1036:: 109–129.
1010:2010-06-10
949:References
789:Xenopsaria
608:Mauisaurus
563:pistosaurs
446:Cretaceous
438:Sinemurian
421:Cretaceous
257:Subgroups
4498:Wunyelfia
4484:Kaiwhekea
4217:Ogmodirus
3555:Hydrorion
2605:Chusaurus
2306:Hemilopas
2081:Kingdom:
1929:129889740
1119:206525584
647:cladogram
577:period;
557:Evolution
165:Kingdom:
159:Eukaryota
4617:46559661
4588:Q1619550
4582:Wikidata
3975:Thililua
3419:Makhaira
3349:andrewsi
3221:Anguanax
2401:Cyamodus
2381:Placodus
2374:Pararcus
2101:Diapsida
2089:Chordata
2087:Phylum:
2083:Animalia
1829:, 2 fig.
1757:85810360
1661:86051586
1602:86124216
1536:: 41–46.
1519:: 24–27.
1466:: 92–93.
1447:86037286
1310:36165835
1302:21836013
1211:85810360
1168:19710180
1160:23581455
1111:20538946
910:Behavior
581:, (e.g.
567:families
544:flippers
503:Somerset
460:Mesozoic
417:Jurassic
405:reptiles
189:Reptilia
179:Chordata
175:Phylum:
169:Animalia
155:Domain:
4630:5758900
3412:Luskhan
3398:Eiectus
2415:Henodus
2093:Class:
1907:Bibcode
1885:, 4 pl.
1869:Bibcode
1825:3623798
1737:Bibcode
1722:: 1–63.
1695:: 1-32.
1615:PalArch
1547:PalArch
1504:3627940
1370:Sources
1282:Bibcode
1274:Science
1241:Bibcode
1233:Lethaia
1191:Bibcode
1091:Bibcode
1083:Science
463:diapsid
424:periods
392:extinct
376:plēsios
371:πλησιος
208:Order:
185:Class:
4656:380399
1927:
1853:, and
1823:
1764:Press.
1755:
1671:
1659:
1600:
1502:
1445:
1308:
1300:
1209:
1166:
1158:
1117:
1109:
436:(late
434:Period
402:marine
387:sauros
382:σαυρος
251:, 1825
4651:WoRMS
4643:38172
4189:Jucha
2106:Clade
1925:S2CID
1863:. 4.
1821:JSTOR
1753:S2CID
1657:S2CID
1598:S2CID
1500:JSTOR
1443:S2CID
1382:(PDF)
1306:S2CID
1229:(PDF)
1207:S2CID
1164:S2CID
1115:S2CID
511:Filey
409:snake
395:clade
366:Greek
222:Clade
2139:see
1941:17.3
1669:ISBN
1334:link
1330:link
1298:PMID
1156:PMID
1107:PMID
936:swan
540:tail
419:and
249:Gray
57:PreꞒ
4612:EoL
1915:doi
1877:doi
1813:doi
1777:pp.
1745:doi
1720:213
1705:347
1693:145
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1645:110
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1435:doi
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