120:
365:. All extant turtles studied so far have eight vertebrae in the neck. In the Pleurodira, these vertebrae are narrow in cross-section and spool-shaped with biconvex centra on one or more of the cervicals. These centra act as a double joint, allowing a large degree of sideways movement and providing a means of folding the neck onto itself in the lateral plane. Conversely, in the Cryptodira, the neck bones are wide and flat. The biconvex centra in some of the cryptodiran cervicals allow the neck to fold onto itself in the vertical plane.
330:
144:
351:
296:. The division between these two suborders represents a very deep evolutionary divide between two very different types of turtles. The physical differences between them, although anatomical and largely internal, are nonetheless significant, and the zoogeographic implications of them are substantial. The Pleurodira are known more commonly as the
300:
and the name
Pleurodira quite literally translates to side neck, whereas the Cryptodira are known as hidden-necked turtles. The Pleurodira turtles are currently restricted to freshwater habitats in the Southern Hemisphere, largely to Australia, South America, and Africa. Within the Pleurodira, three
342:
The
Pleurodira are identified by the method with which they withdraw their heads into their shells. In these turtles, the neck is bent in the horizontal plane, drawing the head into a space in front of one of the front legs. A larger overhang of the carapace helps to protect the neck, which remains
408:
genus. This special strategy is referred to as a gape-suck mechanism. The turtle first opens its mouth little by little. Then, when the turtle is within striking range of the prey, it will open its mouth completely, sucking in water at such a rate that the current into its mouth is too strong for
372:
Another difference is in the arrangement of the bones of the shell and the scutes overlaying them. Pleurodiran turtles have 13 scutes on the plastron of the shell, whereas cryptodiran turtles have only 12. The extra scute is called the intergular and is at the front of the plastron between the
724:"Nomenclator reptilium et amphibiorum musei zoologici Berolinensis : Namenverzeichnis der in der zoologischen Sammlung der Koeniglichen Universität zu Berlin aufgestellten Arten von Reptilien und Amphibien nach ihren Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen / (Mit Vorrede von H. Lichtenstein)"
409:
prey to escape and it engulfs the prey within 0.004 seconds. This strategy also circumvents issues to quick capture of underwater prey, such as resistance to rapid movement in water, pressure waves due to a rapid strike, and rapid water intake when feeding.
368:
Pleurodirans also differ from cryptodirans in the emarginations of their skulls. Skull emargination provides room and anchorage for the jaw muscles. The connection points and the position of the emarginations relate to different bones of the skull.
1059:
Joyce, Walter G.; Anquetin, Jérémy; Cadena, Edwin-Alberto; Claude, Julien; Danilov, Igor G.; Evers, Serjoscha W.; Ferreira, Gabriel S.; Gentry, Andrew D.; Georgalis, Georgios L.; Lyson, Tyler R.; Pérez-García, Adán (2021-02-09).
642:
Van Dijk, Peter Paul; Iverson, John; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Bour, Roger; Rhodin, Anders (2012). "Turtles of the World, 2012 Update: Annotated
Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status".
1121:"A new pelomedusoid turtle, Sahonachelys mailakavava, from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar provides evidence for convergent evolution of specialized suction feeding among pleurodires"
909:
Pérez-García, Adán (2016). "A new turtle confirms the presence of
Bothremydidae (Pleurodira) in the Cenozoic of Europe and expands the biostratigraphic range of Foxemydina".
1024:
845:
5107:
5179:
5094:
396:, which have a specially adapted strategy for catching prey. While the majority of the family Chelidae are omnivores, 17 species are carnivorous:
3454:
1252:
3772:
4041:
660:
244:
4950:
3628:
807:
5146:
4156:
4048:
3614:
4450:
4396:
4120:
4019:
119:
4929:
4896:
4879:
4034:
3285:
2368:
5099:
4993:
Turtles of the World 2021 Update: Annotated
Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status
3412:
Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated
Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status
985:
Lemell, P., Lemell, C., Snelderwaard, P., Gumpenberger, M., Wocheslander, R., and
Weisgram, J. (2002). "Feeding patterns of
4792:
4558:
4551:
4464:
3635:
4863:
4846:
4127:
3915:
3898:
3716:
3262:
3410:
1119:
Joyce, Walter G.; Rollot, Yann; Evers, Serjoscha W.; Lyson, Tyler R.; Rahantarisoa, Lydia J.; Krause, David W. (2021).
5184:
4957:
4443:
3421:
1944:
1328:
143:
4964:
4736:
4288:
4012:
3787:
1677:
127:
4991:
5112:
4771:
4729:
4715:
3758:
4785:
4764:
4113:
3621:
3447:
2323:
1245:
3780:
3730:
879:
4806:
4722:
4694:
4661:
4644:
4085:
4055:
3765:
3179:
5011:
4943:
4743:
4134:
3948:
3931:
3151:
1951:
1909:
1549:
678:"Erpétologie générale, ou, Histoire naturelle complète des reptiles / Par A.M.C. Duméril et par G. Bibron"
5133:
4750:
4207:
1895:
1397:
1018:
741:
695:
3683:
313:, also known as the American side-neck river turtles. However, they were cosmopolitan clade during the
5151:
1180:"Phylogeny, biogeography and diversification patterns of side-necked turtles (Testudines: Pleurodira)"
5081:
4604:
4587:
4577:
4243:
4200:
3835:
3820:
3751:
3744:
3137:
1803:
1427:
1191:
1132:
1073:
918:
861:"Evolution of the Side-Necked Turtles: The Families Bothremydidae, Euraxemydidae, and Araripemydidae"
5174:
4778:
4701:
4106:
4099:
3882:
3865:
3440:
3122:
1481:
1238:
513:
223:
378:
4708:
4457:
4403:
4078:
4005:
3849:
3842:
3737:
3675:
2529:
2494:
2361:
2159:
2100:
2070:
942:
891:
839:
777:
624:
359:
334:
285:
232:
138:
2078:
1832:
537:
5138:
546:
329:
5120:
5068:
4799:
4410:
4389:
4375:
4342:
4325:
4251:
4236:
4092:
4027:
3723:
3072:
2055:
2007:
1998:
1881:
1458:
1217:
1160:
1101:
1006:
934:
883:
803:
656:
398:
676:
Duméril, C.; Baird, Spencer
Fullerton; Bibron, Gabriel; Duméril, Auguste Henri André (1834).
4505:
4382:
4309:
3827:
3517:
2864:
2252:
2227:
2188:
2136:
1867:
1412:
1207:
1199:
1150:
1140:
1091:
1081:
998:
926:
875:
727:
681:
648:
5125:
5049:
4757:
4295:
4281:
4259:
4229:
3998:
3312:
2960:
2689:
2657:
2294:
2203:
1979:
1565:
1310:
754:
708:
567:
554:
1062:"A nomenclature for fossil and living turtles using phylogenetically defined clade names"
1195:
1136:
1077:
922:
652:
358:
The different methods of bending the neck require completely different anatomies of the
4829:
4302:
4193:
3207:
3197:
3094:
2944:
2784:
2486:
2431:
2173:
2108:
1648:
1639:
1608:
1516:
1405:
1319:
1212:
1179:
1155:
1120:
573:
506:
442:
350:
310:
248:
860:
5168:
4627:
3597:
3387:
3270:
3170:
3159:
3130:
3044:
2928:
2912:
2872:
2806:
2716:
2681:
2625:
2609:
2593:
2567:
2555:
2539:
2517:
2509:
2316:
2027:
1860:
1721:
1668:
1616:
561:
522:
424:
306:
77:
39:
946:
895:
5073:
4936:
3322:
3247:
3223:
2740:
2617:
2601:
2577:
2478:
2423:
2347:
2263:
2237:
2151:
2062:
2041:
1965:
1930:
1740:
1706:
1573:
1489:
1435:
384:
The jaw closure mechanism has articulation on trochlear surfaces of the pterygoid.
677:
338:
showing typical pleurodiran neck retraction, under the shell and towards the side.
615:
Cope, E. D. (1865). "Third
Contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical America".
5043:
4534:
3699:
3300:
3255:
3101:
3086:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2968:
2848:
2832:
2816:
2732:
2724:
2673:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2501:
2453:
2376:
2301:
2166:
2122:
2048:
2034:
1986:
1843:
1761:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1600:
1542:
1534:
1451:
1443:
1390:
1380:
374:
52:
1178:
Ferreira, Gabriel S.; Bronzati, Mario; Langer, Max C.; Sterli, Juliana (2018).
1086:
1061:
343:
partially exposed after retraction. This differs from the method employed by a
4912:
3379:
3292:
3278:
3239:
3016:
2936:
2904:
2888:
2856:
2794:
2748:
2665:
2470:
2390:
2383:
2331:
2308:
2218:
2085:
1817:
1624:
1557:
1474:
1466:
1369:
1360:
930:
435:
431:
344:
314:
293:
289:
97:
62:
5034:
3432:
1105:
887:
4497:
4480:
4426:
4146:
4067:
3988:
3977:
3668:
3526:
3371:
3231:
3215:
3144:
3108:
3058:
3051:
2976:
2952:
2896:
2840:
2547:
2339:
2287:
2245:
1958:
1916:
1824:
1810:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1747:
1592:
1420:
1002:
732:
723:
686:
404:
362:
155:
102:
46:
1221:
1164:
1010:
938:
17:
5060:
5028:
4677:
4524:
3967:
3803:
3587:
3578:
3544:
3483:
3186:
3115:
3035:
3024:
2920:
2585:
2462:
2354:
2196:
2181:
2143:
2092:
2018:
1923:
1902:
1888:
1874:
1730:
1657:
1526:
1505:
1497:
1279:
453:
393:
318:
302:
175:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
1203:
1145:
1096:
347:, which tucks its head and neck between its forelegs, within the shell.
4358:
3554:
3495:
3489:
3330:
3079:
2984:
2880:
2824:
2404:
2397:
2279:
2129:
2115:
1972:
1937:
1852:
1754:
1294:
1285:
1038:
781:
628:
185:
107:
82:
4271:
4219:
4183:
4172:
3651:
3501:
3477:
3464:
3065:
2708:
1300:
1273:
1261:
768:
Cope, E. D. (1864). "On the Limits and
Relations of the Raniformes".
354:
Differences in neck retraction between cryptodirans and pleurodirans.
195:
165:
5005:
305:, also known as the Austro-South American side-necked turtles, the
3535:
2272:
1339:
349:
328:
802:. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. p. 403.
5086:
1768:
392:
One of the three extant families in this suborder is the family
5009:
3436:
1234:
832:
Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles
770:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
617:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
1230:
321:, and even occurred in marine environments around the world.
859:
Gaffney, Eugene S.; Tong, Haiyan; Meylan, Peter A. (2006).
880:
10.1206/0003-0090(2006)300[1:EOTSTT]2.0.CO;2
798:
Pritchard, Peter Charles Howard; Trebbau, Pedro (1984).
645:
Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises
969:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 772.
5018:
4921:
4910:
4888:
4877:
4855:
4844:
4837:
4828:
4686:
4675:
4653:
4642:
4635:
4626:
4596:
4585:
4576:
4543:
4532:
4523:
4489:
4478:
4435:
4424:
4367:
4356:
4334:
4323:
4269:
4217:
4181:
4170:
4144:
4065:
3986:
3975:
3966:
3940:
3929:
3907:
3896:
3874:
3863:
3812:
3801:
3708:
3697:
3660:
3649:
3606:
3595:
3586:
3577:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3310:
3196:
3169:
3034:
2804:
2782:
2775:
2766:
2699:
2565:
2527:
2452:
2445:
2414:
2262:
2226:
2217:
2017:
1996:
1842:
1729:
1720:
1667:
1647:
1638:
1583:
1515:
1379:
1368:
1359:
1327:
1318:
1309:
309:, also known as the African mud terrapins, and the
868:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
4990:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
3448:
3409:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
1246:
8:
1023:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
844:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5006:
4918:
4885:
4852:
4841:
4834:
4683:
4650:
4639:
4632:
4593:
4582:
4540:
4529:
4486:
4432:
4364:
4331:
4178:
3983:
3972:
3937:
3904:
3871:
3809:
3705:
3657:
3603:
3592:
3583:
3549:
3540:
3531:
3522:
3455:
3441:
3433:
3359:
3352:
2779:
2772:
2449:
2223:
1726:
1644:
1376:
1365:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1253:
1239:
1231:
960:
958:
956:
610:
608:
445:(extinct) (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous)
118:
31:
1211:
1154:
1144:
1095:
1085:
731:
685:
793:
791:
604:
1016:
837:
750:
739:
704:
693:
381:, further differentiating this group.
980:
978:
976:
7:
825:
823:
821:
819:
564:(extinct) (Early Cretaceous-Miocene)
991:The Journal of Experimental Biology
834:. Academic Press. pp. 523–543.
653:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v5.2012
377:. Pelomedusid turtles also possess
830:Vitt, L. and Caldwell, J. (2014).
25:
5180:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
301:living families are represented:
722:Lichtenstein, Heinrich. (1856).
142:
1066:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
438:) (Early Cretaceous-Paleocene)
1:
4864:Erymnochelys madagascariensis
3622:Acanthochelys pallidipectoris
419:After Ferreria, et al. 2018.
550:(extinct) (Early Cretaceous)
541:(extinct) (Early Cretaceous)
509:(extinct) (Early Cretaceous)
3759:Mesoclemmys sabiniparaensis
3422:List of Testudines families
1039:"The Paleobiology Database"
557:(extinct) (Late Cretaceous)
5201:
4897:Peltocephalus dumerilianus
3615:Acanthochelys macrocephala
1184:Royal Society Open Science
1125:Royal Society Open Science
1087:10.1186/s13358-020-00211-x
325:Definition and description
284:are one of the two living
128:Eastern long-necked turtle
4986:
4951:Podocnemis sextuberculata
4930:Podocnemis erythrocephala
3552:
3472:
3405:
1336:
1268:
967:Osteology of the Reptiles
931:10.1007/s00114-016-1375-y
238:
231:
139:Scientific classification
137:
126:
117:
34:
4114:Chelodina kurrichalpongo
3773:Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei
989:(Pleurodira: Childae)".
800:The Turtles of Venezuela
4552:Hydromedusa maximiliani
4086:Chelodina burrungandjii
4056:Chelodina steindachneri
3781:Mesoclemmys vanegasorum
3766:Mesoclemmys tuberculata
3731:Mesoclemmys jurutiensis
3629:Acanthochelys radiolata
1003:10.1242/jeb.205.10.1495
733:10.5962/bhl.title.45245
687:10.5962/bhl.title.45973
4135:Chelodina walloyarrina
4035:Chelodina novaeguineae
965:Romer, Alfred (1956).
749:Cite journal requires
703:Cite journal requires
355:
339:
292:, the other being the
5134:Paleobiology Database
4559:Hydromedusa tectifera
4458:Myuchelys latisternum
4208:Elseya flaviventralis
4013:Chelodina longicollis
3883:Platemys platycephala
911:The Science of Nature
353:
332:
257:- Lichtenstein 1856:2
132:Chelodina longicollis
4779:Pelusios rhodesianus
4730:Pelusios castanoides
4702:Pelusios bechuanicus
4605:Pseudemydura umbrina
4201:Elseya branderhorsti
4042:Chelodina pritchardi
3836:Phrynops paranaensis
3821:Phrynops geoffroanus
3752:Mesoclemmys raniceps
3745:Mesoclemmys perplexa
3636:Acanthochelys spixii
997:(Pt 10): 1495–1506.
4958:Podocnemis unifilis
4751:Pelusios gabonensis
4289:Elseya novaeguineae
4244:Elseya lavarackorum
4107:Chelodina kuchlingi
4100:Chelodina insculpta
1204:10.1098/rsos.171773
1196:2018RSOS....571773F
1146:10.1098/rsos.210098
1137:2021RSOS....810098J
1078:2021SwJP..140....5J
923:2016SciNa.103...50P
502:Pan-Pelomedusoides
402:and species of the
298:side-necked turtles
27:Suborder of turtles
5185:Tetrapod suborders
4944:Podocnemis lewyana
4937:Podocnemis expansa
4807:Pelusios williamsi
4744:Pelusios cupulatta
4723:Pelusios castaneus
4716:Pelusios carinatus
4709:Pelusios broadleyi
4695:Pelusios adansonii
4662:Pelomedusa subrufa
4451:Myuchelys georgesi
4404:Emydura tanybaraga
4397:Emydura subglobosa
4079:Chelodina alanrixi
4049:Chelodina reimanni
4006:Chelodina gunaleni
3850:Phrynops williamsi
3843:Phrynops tuberosus
3788:Mesoclemmys zuliae
3738:Mesoclemmys nasuta
3676:Chelus orinocensis
2530:Nanhsiungchelyidae
2495:Macrocephalochelys
356:
340:
335:Pelomedusa subrufa
5162:
5161:
5121:Open Tree of Life
5012:Taxon identifiers
5003:
5002:
4996:. Key: †=extinct.
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4906:
4905:
4873:
4872:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4793:Pelusios subniger
4786:Pelusios sinuatus
4671:
4670:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4498:Rheodytes leukops
4474:
4473:
4465:Myuchelys purvisi
4420:
4419:
4411:Emydura victoriae
4390:Emydura macquarii
4376:Emydura australis
4352:
4351:
4319:
4318:
4252:Elseya nadibajagu
4166:
4165:
4157:Chelodina oblonga
4121:Chelodina parkeri
4093:Chelodina expansa
4028:Chelodina murrayi
4020:Chelodina mccordi
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3925:
3924:
3916:Ranacephala hogei
3892:
3891:
3859:
3858:
3797:
3796:
3724:Mesoclemmys gibba
3717:Mesoclemmys dahli
3693:
3692:
3684:Chelus colombiana
3645:
3644:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3430:
3429:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2441:
2440:
2213:
2212:
1716:
1715:
1634:
1633:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
987:Chelus fimbriatus
399:Chelus fimbriatus
278:
277:
272:
266:
258:
252:
227:
45:163–present
16:(Redirected from
5192:
5155:
5154:
5142:
5141:
5129:
5128:
5116:
5115:
5103:
5102:
5090:
5089:
5077:
5076:
5064:
5063:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5007:
4965:Podocnemis vogli
4919:
4886:
4853:
4842:
4835:
4800:Pelusios upembae
4737:Pelusios chapini
4684:
4651:
4640:
4633:
4594:
4583:
4541:
4530:
4506:Rheodytes devisi
4487:
4433:
4383:Emydura gunaleni
4365:
4332:
4310:Elseya schultzei
4179:
4128:Chelodina rugosa
3984:
3973:
3949:Rhinemys rufipes
3938:
3905:
3872:
3828:Phrynops hilarii
3810:
3706:
3669:Chelus fimbriata
3658:
3604:
3593:
3584:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3523:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3434:
3360:
3353:
2865:Chupacabrachelys
2780:
2773:
2450:
2228:Carettochelyidae
2224:
1727:
1645:
1377:
1366:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1089:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1014:
982:
971:
970:
962:
951:
950:
906:
900:
899:
865:
856:
850:
849:
843:
835:
827:
814:
813:
795:
786:
785:
765:
759:
758:
752:
747:
745:
737:
735:
719:
713:
712:
706:
701:
699:
691:
689:
673:
667:
666:
639:
633:
632:
612:
317:and most of the
270:
264:
256:
242:
222:
147:
146:
122:
112:
49:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5150:
5145:
5137:
5132:
5124:
5119:
5111:
5106:
5098:
5093:
5085:
5080:
5072:
5067:
5059:
5057:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5014:
5004:
4999:
4970:
4902:
4869:
4812:
4758:Pelusios marani
4667:
4610:
4578:Pseudemydurinae
4564:
4511:
4470:
4444:Myuchelys belli
4416:
4348:
4343:Elusor macrurus
4315:
4296:Elseya orestiad
4282:Elseya caelatus
4265:
4260:Elseya uberrima
4230:Elseya albagula
4213:
4162:
4140:
4061:
3999:Chelodina canni
3954:
3921:
3888:
3855:
3793:
3689:
3641:
3557:
3512:
3468:
3461:
3431:
3426:
3393:
3336:
3313:Sahonachelyidae
3306:
3192:
3165:
3030:
2961:Phosphatochelys
2800:
2754:
2695:
2690:Terlinguachelys
2658:Pneumatoarthrus
2561:
2523:
2437:
2410:
2258:
2209:
2013:
1992:
1980:Siebenrockiella
1838:
1712:
1663:
1630:
1579:
1566:Mesodermochelys
1511:
1372:
1343:
1305:
1264:
1259:
1229:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1015:
984:
983:
974:
964:
963:
954:
908:
907:
903:
863:
858:
857:
853:
836:
829:
828:
817:
810:
797:
796:
789:
767:
766:
762:
748:
738:
721:
720:
716:
702:
692:
675:
674:
670:
663:
641:
640:
636:
614:
613:
606:
602:
568:Podocnemidoidae
555:Sahonachelyidae
519:Pelomedusoides
415:
390:
388:Suction feeding
327:
271:- Cope 1865:186
265:- Cope 1864:181
221:
141:
130:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
44:
43:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5198:
5196:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5167:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5143:
5130:
5117:
5104:
5091:
5078:
5065:
5055:
5040:
5024:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4925:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4892:
4890:
4883:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4859:
4857:
4850:
4839:
4832:
4830:Podocnemididae
4826:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4772:Pelusios niger
4768:
4765:Pelusios nanus
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4690:
4688:
4681:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4657:
4655:
4648:
4637:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4600:
4598:
4591:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4545:
4538:
4527:
4525:Hydromedusinae
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4491:
4484:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4439:
4437:
4430:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4371:
4369:
4362:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4338:
4336:
4329:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4303:Elseya rhodini
4299:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4275:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4223:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4194:Elseya dentata
4189:
4187:
4176:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4152:
4150:
4147:Macrochelodina
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4073:
4071:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3992:
3981:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3944:
3942:
3935:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3911:
3909:
3902:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3878:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3831:
3824:
3816:
3814:
3807:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3712:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3662:
3655:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3608:
3601:
3590:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3416:
3415:. † = extinct.
3406:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3366:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3208:Albertwoodemys
3202:
3200:
3198:Podocnemididae
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3095:Lomalatachelys
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2945:Labrostochelys
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2789:
2787:
2785:Araripemydidae
2777:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2572:
2570:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2487:Emarginachelys
2482:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2432:Sinaspideretes
2427:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2232:
2230:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2109:Hesperotestudo
2104:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1999:Platysternidae
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1651:
1649:Dermatemydidae
1642:
1640:Kinosternoidea
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1609:Procolpochelys
1604:
1596:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1517:Dermochelyidae
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1409:
1406:Carolinochelys
1401:
1394:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1228:
1227:
1170:
1111:
1051:
1030:
972:
952:
901:
851:
815:
808:
787:
776:(4): 181–183.
760:
751:|journal=
714:
705:|journal=
668:
662:978-0965354097
661:
634:
623:(4): 185–198.
603:
601:
598:
597:
596:
595:
594:
593:
592:
591:
590:
589:
588:
587:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:Peiropemydidae
565:
558:
551:
542:
533:
532:
531:
528:
517:
510:
507:Araripemydidae
500:
499:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
446:
443:Platychelyidae
439:
414:
411:
389:
386:
326:
323:
311:Podocnemididae
276:
275:
274:
273:
267:
259:
253:
236:
235:
229:
228:
216:
212:
211:
209:Pan-Pleurodira
206:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
50:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5197:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5153:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5051:
5045:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5008:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4880:Peltocephalus
4876:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4628:Pelomedusidae
4625:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4272:Hanwarachelys
4268:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4237:Elseya irwini
4234:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3598:Acanthochelys
3594:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3458:
3453:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3390:
3389:
3388:Tacuarembemys
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3323:Sahonachelys
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3286:Peltocephalus
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3271:Lapparentemys
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3171:Pelomedusidae
3168:
3162:
3161:
3160:Yaminuechelys
3156:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3131:Prochelidella
3127:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:Acanthochelys
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2929:Kinkonychelys
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2913:Itapecuruemys
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2873:Eotaphrosphys
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2807:Bothremydidae
2803:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2717:Argillochelys
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2682:Santanachelys
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2626:Desmatochelys
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2610:Calcarichelys
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2594:Atlantochelys
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2568:Protostegidae
2564:
2558:
2557:
2556:Jiangxichelys
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:Anomalochelys
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2518:Protochelydra
2514:
2512:
2511:
2510:Planiplastron
2506:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2317:Drazinderetes
2313:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2253:Carettochelys
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2137:Malacochersus
2134:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2028:Aldabrachelys
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1910:Leucocephalon
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1861:Banhxeochelys
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:Testudinoidea
1719:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1669:Kinosternidae
1666:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1617:Protosphargis
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1373:(Sea turtles)
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:(3): 171773.
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:(5): 210098.
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1052:
1041:. Paleodb.org
1040:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
979:
977:
973:
968:
961:
959:
957:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
905:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
862:
855:
852:
847:
841:
833:
826:
824:
822:
820:
816:
811:
809:9780916984113
805:
801:
794:
792:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
761:
756:
743:
734:
729:
725:
718:
715:
710:
697:
688:
683:
679:
672:
669:
664:
658:
654:
650:
646:
638:
635:
630:
626:
622:
618:
611:
609:
605:
599:
584:
582:Peltocephalus
581:
578:
575:
571:
570:
569:
566:
563:
562:Bothremydidae
559:
556:
552:
549:
548:
543:
540:
539:
534:
529:
526:
525:
524:
523:Pelomedusidae
521:
520:
518:
515:
514:Euraxemydidae
511:
508:
504:
503:
501:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
458:Acanthocheyls
457:
456:
455:
452:
451:
450:
447:
444:
440:
437:
433:
429:
428:
427:
426:
425:Panpleurodira
422:
421:
420:
417:
412:
410:
407:
406:
401:
400:
395:
387:
385:
382:
380:
376:
370:
366:
364:
361:
352:
348:
346:
337:
336:
331:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:Pelomedusidae
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
268:
263:
260:
254:
250:
246:
240:
239:
237:
234:
230:
225:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
48:
41:
40:Late Jurassic
33:
30:
19:
5019:
4992:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4911:
4895:
4878:
4862:
4847:Erymnochelys
4845:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4676:
4660:
4643:
4603:
4588:Pseudemydura
4586:
4557:
4550:
4533:
4504:
4496:
4479:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4425:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4357:
4341:
4324:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4270:
4258:
4250:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4220:Pelocomastes
4218:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4182:
4171:
4155:
4145:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4066:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3987:
3976:
3968:Chelodininae
3947:
3930:
3914:
3897:
3881:
3864:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3826:
3819:
3802:
3786:
3779:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3698:
3682:
3674:
3667:
3650:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3596:
3507:
3463:Side-necked
3411:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3329:
3321:
3299:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3263:Erymnochelys
3261:
3254:
3248:Cerrejonemys
3246:
3238:
3230:
3224:Brontochelys
3222:
3214:
3206:
3185:
3178:
3158:
3150:
3143:
3138:Pseudemydura
3136:
3129:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2793:
2767:
2747:
2741:Prionochelys
2739:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2618:Cratochelone
2616:
2608:
2602:Bouliachelys
2600:
2592:
2584:
2578:Alienochelys
2576:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2479:Chelydropsis
2477:
2469:
2461:
2430:
2424:Basilochelys
2422:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2348:Khunnuchelys
2346:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2271:
2264:Trionychidae
2251:
2244:
2238:Allaeochelys
2236:
2202:
2195:
2189:Stigmochelys
2187:
2180:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2152:Megalochelys
2150:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2063:Cylindraspis
2061:
2054:
2047:
2042:Centrochelys
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:Testudinidae
2008:Platysternon
2006:
1987:Vijayachelys
1985:
1978:
1971:
1966:Rhinoclemmys
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1931:Melanochelys
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
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1831:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
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1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1741:Acherontemys
1739:
1707:Sternotherus
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1656:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
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1574:Psephophorus
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1548:
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1533:
1525:
1504:
1496:
1490:Pacifichelys
1488:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1459:Lepidochelys
1457:
1450:
1442:
1436:Gigantatypus
1434:
1428:Eretmochelys
1426:
1419:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1389:
1370:Chelonioidea
1338:
1290:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1097:11336/155192
1069:
1065:
1054:
1043:. Retrieved
1033:
1019:cite journal
994:
990:
986:
966:
914:
910:
904:
871:
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854:
831:
799:
773:
769:
763:
742:cite journal
717:
696:cite journal
671:
644:
637:
620:
616:
579:Erymnochelys
545:
536:
488:Pseudemydura
448:
423:
418:
416:
403:
397:
391:
383:
375:gular scutes
371:
367:
357:
341:
333:
297:
281:
279:
261:
241:Pleuroderes
218:
208:
202:
131:
29:
5044:Wikispecies
4535:Hydromedusa
3899:Ranacephala
3700:Mesoclemmys
3301:Stupendemys
3256:Cordichelys
3102:Mesoclemmys
3087:Hydromedusa
3009:Taphrosphys
3001:Sankuchemys
2993:Rhothonemys
2969:Polysternon
2849:Cearachelys
2833:Azabbaremys
2817:Araiochelys
2733:Ctenochelys
2725:Bashuchelys
2674:Rhinochelys
2650:Ocepechelon
2642:Notochelone
2634:Iserosaurus
2502:Macrochelys
2454:Chelydridae
2377:Palaeoamyda
2302:Cyclanorbis
2167:Psammobates
2160:Oligopherus
2123:Indotestudo
2071:Cymatholcus
2049:Chelonoidis
2035:Astrochelys
1844:Geoemydidae
1762:Deirochelys
1700:Staurotypus
1693:Kinosternon
1686:Hoplochelys
1601:Peritresius
1550:Dermochelys
1543:Cosmochelys
1535:Corsochelys
1452:Itilochelys
1444:Glarichelys
1391:Allopleuron
1381:Cheloniidae
1320:Superfamily
917:(7–8): 50.
479:Mesoclemmys
476:Hydromedusa
379:mesoplastra
345:cryptodiran
269:Pleurodira
255:Pleurodera
42:to present
18:Pleurodiran
5175:Pleurodira
5169:Categories
5050:Pleurodira
5020:Pleurodira
4913:Podocnemis
4645:Pelomedusa
3508:Pleurodira
3506:Suborder:
3502:Testudines
3494:Subclass:
3380:Caririemys
3293:Podocnemis
3279:Latentemys
3240:Carbonemys
3180:Pelomedusa
3017:Ummulisani
2937:Kurmademys
2905:Inaechelys
2889:Galianemys
2857:Chedighaii
2795:Araripemys
2768:Pleurodira
2749:Toxochelys
2666:Protostega
2471:Chelydrops
2391:Pelodiscus
2384:Pelochelys
2332:Gilmoremys
2309:Cycloderma
2219:Trionychia
2086:Geochelone
2079:Floridemys
1945:Notochelys
1833:Wilburemys
1804:Malaclemys
1658:Dermatemys
1625:Puppigerus
1558:Eosphargis
1475:Miocaretta
1467:Mexichelys
1361:Cryptodira
1301:Testudines
1262:Testudines
1045:2012-09-24
600:References
585:Podocnemis
538:Atolchelys
527:Pelomedusa
497:Wollumbina
449:Pleurodira
432:Dortokidae
315:Cretaceous
294:Cryptodira
282:Pleurodira
262:Pleurodera
219:Pleurodira
215:Suborder:
196:Testudines
35:Pleurodira
4481:Rheodytes
4427:Myuchelys
4068:Chelydera
3989:Chelodina
3978:Chelodina
3527:Subfamily
3476:Kingdom:
3420:See also
3372:Caribemys
3232:Caninemys
3216:Bauruemys
3145:Rheodytes
3109:Myuchelys
3052:Chelodina
2977:Puentemys
2953:Nigeremys
2897:Ilatardia
2841:Bothremys
2548:Basilemys
2362:Nilssonia
2340:Hutchemys
2288:Axestemys
2246:Anosteira
2101:Hadrianus
1959:Pangshura
1917:Malayemys
1882:Geoclemys
1825:Trachemys
1818:Terrapene
1811:Pseudemys
1797:Graptemys
1790:Glyptemys
1783:Emydoidea
1776:Actinemys
1748:Chrysemys
1593:Euclastes
1421:Eochelone
1272:Kingdom:
1106:1664-2384
888:0003-0090
874:: 1–698.
840:cite book
576:(extinct)
547:Francemys
516:(extinct)
491:Rheodytes
461:Chelodina
405:Chelodina
363:vertebrae
286:suborders
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
5058:BioLib:
5029:Wikidata
4678:Pelusios
3932:Rhinemys
3866:Platemys
3804:Phrynops
3588:Chelinae
3579:Chelidae
3545:Subgenus
3496:Anapsida
3490:Reptilia
3484:Chordata
3482:Phylum:
3478:Animalia
3187:Pelusios
3152:Rhinemys
3123:Platemys
3116:Phrynops
3036:Chelidae
3025:Zolhafah
2921:Jainemys
2586:Archelon
2463:Chelydra
2355:Lissemys
2197:Stylemys
2182:Solitudo
2144:Manouria
2093:Gopherus
2056:Chersina
1924:Mauremys
1903:Heosemys
1896:Hardella
1889:Geoemyda
1875:Cyclemys
1731:Emydidae
1678:Claudius
1527:Arabemys
1506:Tasbacka
1498:Syllomus
1413:Chelonia
1311:Suborder
1295:Diapsida
1286:Reptilia
1280:Chordata
1278:Phylum:
1274:Animalia
1222:29657780
1165:34035950
1072:(1): 5.
1011:11976360
947:15652309
939:27262289
896:85790134
530:Pelusios
494:Rhinemys
485:Platemys
482:Phrynops
454:Chelidae
413:Taxonomy
394:Chelidae
360:cervical
319:Cenozoic
303:Chelidae
251:1834:354
233:Synonyms
186:Reptilia
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
5152:1339072
5087:4522821
5035:Q621851
4359:Emydura
3555:Species
3500:Order:
3488:Class:
3467:species
3331:Sokatra
3080:Emydura
2985:Rosasia
2881:Foxemys
2825:Arenila
2405:Trionyx
2398:Rafetus
2324:Dogania
2280:Apalone
2204:Testudo
2130:Kinixys
2116:Homopus
1973:Sacalia
1952:Orlitia
1938:Morenia
1853:Batagur
1755:Clemmys
1482:Natator
1398:Caretta
1299:Order:
1284:Class:
1213:5882704
1192:Bibcode
1156:8097199
1133:Bibcode
1074:Bibcode
919:Bibcode
782:4623931
629:4624040
473:Emydura
436:extinct
290:turtles
245:Duméril
192:Order:
182:Class:
5100:948945
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4889:
4856:
4838:
4687:
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4326:Elusor
4184:Elseya
4173:Elseya
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3652:Chelus
3607:
3518:Family
3465:turtle
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3073:Elusor
3066:Elseya
3059:Chelus
2776:
2709:Adocus
2700:
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2295:Chitra
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470:Elusor
467:Elseya
464:Chelus
249:Bibron
226:, 1865
5147:WoRMS
5139:37589
5126:66459
5074:87BW9
5061:16327
3536:Genus
2369:Palea
2273:Amyda
2174:Pyxis
1868:Cuora
1340:Genus
1291:Clade
943:S2CID
892:S2CID
864:(PDF)
778:JSTOR
625:JSTOR
203:Clade
5113:8460
5108:NCBI
5095:ITIS
1769:Emys
1218:PMID
1161:PMID
1102:ISSN
1025:link
1007:PMID
935:PMID
884:ISSN
846:link
804:ISBN
755:help
709:help
657:ISBN
280:The
247:and
224:Cope
53:PreꞒ
5082:EoL
5069:CoL
1208:PMC
1200:doi
1151:PMC
1141:doi
1092:hdl
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