354:
995:, including inspiratory and expiratory flow-volume loops usually represent late disease. Patterns consistent with either extrathoracic or intrathoracic obstruction (or both) may occur in this disease. Pulmonary function tests (flow-volume loops) provide a useful noninvasive means of quantifying and following the degree of extrathoracic airway obstruction in relapsing polychondritis.
48:
1233:
483:
metacarpophalangeal joints, proximal interphalangeal joints and knees. After which is followed by the ankles, wrists, metatarsophalangeal joints and the elbows. Any involvement of the axial skeleton is considered to be very rare. Tests for rheumatoid factor are negative in affected persons with RP, unless there is a co-morbidity with RA.
1179:
There are no prospective randomized controlled trials studying therapies for relapsing polychondritis. Evidence for efficacy of treatments is based on many case reports and series of small groups of patients. There are case reports that non-steroidal anti-inflammatories are effective for mild disease
123:
Though any cartilage in the body may be affected in persons with relapsing polychondritis, in many cases the disease affects several areas while sparing others. The disease may be variable in its signs and symptoms, resulting in a difficult diagnosis which may leads to delayed recognition for several
1325:
In 2017 a physician also a patient with the disease became a rheumatologist to study the disease. Since then there have been increase in awareness as well as different studies that helping to advance the field. There has been little research on neurological problems related to RP. If these cartilage
132:
There are several other overlapping diseases associated with RP, that should also be taken into account. About one-third of people with RP might be associated with other autoimmune diseases, vasculitides and hematologic disorders. Systemic vasculitis is the most common association with RP, followed
412:
Inflammation occurs in the laryngeal, tracheal and bronchial cartilages. Both of these sites are involved in 10% of persons with RP at presentation and 50% over the course of this autoimmune disease, and is more common among females. The involvement of the laryngotracheobronchial cartilages may be
948:
Patients presenting with acute episodes often have high levels of inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein, ESR or CRP. Patients often have cartilage-specific antibodies present during acute relapsing polychondritis episodes. Antinuclear antibody reflexive
773:
There is no specific test for relapsing polychondritis. Some people may exhibit abnormal lab results while others may have completely normal labs even during active flares. Patients with ear, and nose chondritis with hematological abnormalities including macrocytic anemia and thrombocytopenia,
1244:
His patient was a 32-year-old male brewer who presented with fever, asymmetric polyarthritis, and the ears and nose showed signs of swelling, deformity and were painful. Biopsy of nasal cartilage revealed loss of the cartilage matrix and a hyperplastic mucous membrane. Jaksch von
Wartenhorst
1248:
Since then, the disease has received many names. The following table shows the history of the nomenclature of relapsing polychondritis. The current name, Relapsing
Polychondritis (RP), was introduced by Pearson and his colleagues in 1960 to emphasize the episodic course of the disease.
365:
is a specific symptom of the disease and affects most people. It is present in about 20% of persons with RP at presentation and in 90% at some point. Both ears are often affected but the inflammation may alternate between either ear during a relapse. It is characteristic for the entire
482:
At presentation, around 33% of people have joint symptoms that involve
Polyarthralgia and/or polyarthritis or oligoarthritis that affects various parts of the body and often appears to be episodic, asymmetric, migratory and non-deforming. The most common sites of involvement are the
2338:
2323:
1212:
Relapsing polychondritis occurs as often in men as in women. In a Mayo Clinic series, the annual incidence was about 3.5 cases per million. The highest incidence is between the ages of 40 and 50 years, but it may occur at any age.
652:
in 26%. Involvement of the kidney often indicates a worse prognosis, with a 10-year survival rate of 30%. The most common histopathologic finding is mild mesangial proliferation, that is followed by focal and segmental necrotizing
974:
Biopsy of the cartilage tissue (for example, ear) may show tissue inflammation and destruction, however is not helpful the diagnosis. The Biopsy of cartilage in patients with relapsing polychondritis may demonstrate
403:
may eventually develop secondarily during the disease, this appears gradual and is not easily noticed. This can result in collapse of the nasal septum with saddle-nose deformity, which is painless but irreversible.
1245:
considered this was an undescribed degenerative disorder of cartilage and named it
Polychondropathia. He even took his patient's occupation into consideration, and related the cause to excessive alcohol intake.
394:
involves the bridge of the nose and is often less marked than the ears. Statistics show that this clinical manifestation is present in 15% of persons with RP and occurs at some point in 65% of persons with RP.
373:
The inflammation of the ear usually lasts a few days or more, rarely a few weeks, and then resolves spontaneously and recurs at various intervals. Because of the loss of cartilage, after several flares
2044:"Utility of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for early diagnosis and evaluation of disease activity of relapsing polychondritis: a case series and literature review"
512:
Involvement of the eye is rarely the initial symptom but develops in 60% of persons with RP. The most common forms of ocular involvement are usually mild and often consist of unilateral or bilateral
588:
is relatively rare and only occurs in 3% of persons affected with RP, and is sometimes seen in a relation with concomitant vasculitis. The most common neurological manifestation are palsies of the
471:
Relapsing polychondritis may affect many different organ systems of the body. At first, some people with the disease may have only nonspecific symptoms such as fever, weight loss, and malaise.
2042:
Yamashita, H; Takahashi, H; Kubota, K; Ueda, Y; Ozaki, T; Yorifuji, H; Bannai, E; Minamimoto, R; Morooka, M; Miyata, Y; Okasaki, M; Takahashi, Y; Kaneko, H; Kano, T; Mimori, A (August 2014).
961:(PET) may be useful to detect the condition early. Other imaging studies including MRI, CT scans, and X-rays may reveal inflammation and/or damaged cartilage facilitating diagnosis.
463:. Symptoms include chest wall pain or, less often, swelling of the involved cartilage. The involvement of the ribs is seen in 35% of persons with RP but is rarely the first symptom.
447:
The symptoms consist of dyspnea, wheezing, a nonproductive cough. Obstructive respiratory failure may develop as the result of either permanent tracheal or bronchial narrowing or
337:(technically known as chondritis) that is relapsing is very characteristic of the disease. These recurrent episodes of inflammation over the course of the disease may result in
3011:
1946:
1828:
Zeuner, M; Straub, RH; Rauh, G; Albert, ED; Schölmerich, J; Lang, B (January 1997). "Relapsing polychondritis: clinical and immunogenetic analysis of 62 patients".
1651:
Cantarini, L; Vitale, A; Brizi, MG; Caso, F; Frediani, B; Punzi, L; Galeazzi, M; Rigante, D (2014). "Diagnosis and classification of relapsing polychondritis".
154:
2007:
Michet CJ, Jr; McKenna, CH; Luthra, HS; O'Fallon, WM (January 1986). "Relapsing polychondritis. Survival and predictive role of early disease manifestations".
949:
panel, rheumatoid factor, and antiphospholipid antibodies are tests that may assist in the evaluation and diagnosis of autoimmune connective-tissue diseases.
490:, leading to a difficult diagnosis for this disease. The appearance of erosions and destruction, however, is exceedingly rare and this may point instead to
2441:
991:
Are usually not useful, in most cases changes on the pulmonary function test will not correlate with tracheomalacia, therefore findings on the full set of
479:
The second most common clinical finding of this disease is joint pain with or without arthritis, after chondritis. All synovial joints may be affected.
1204:
Many individuals have mild symptoms, which recur infrequently, while others may have persistent problems that become debilitating or life-threatening.
794:
modified them in 1986. See the following table for these diagnostic clinical criteria and the number of conditions required for an official diagnosis.
41:
Atrophic polychondritis, systemic chondromalacia, chronic atrophic polychondritis, Meyenburg-Altherr-Uehlinger syndrome, generalized chondromalacia
2674:
2872:
2134:
1359:
444:
Tracheobronchial involvement may or may not be accompanied with laryngeal chondritis and is potentially the most severe manifestation of RP.
1714:
413:
severe and life-threatening; it causes one-third of all deaths among persons with RP. Laryngeal chondritis is manifested as pain above the
520:, that is often anterior and could be lingering or relapsing. Scleritis that is necrotizing is found to be exceedingly rare. Less often,
3006:
504:
have been reported in small numbers of people with RP. During the course of the disease, around 80% of people develop joint symptoms.
1067:
150:
133:
by rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. The following table displays the main diseases in association with RP.
2735:
2434:
2255:
197:
1180:
and that corticosteroids are effective for treatment of severe relapsing polychondritis. There are multiple case reports that
2669:
451:
with expiratory collapse of the tracheobronchial tree. Endoscopy, intubation, or tracheotomy has been shown to hasten death.
486:
Less often it has been reported that persons may experience arthralgia, monoarthritis, or chronic polyarthritis that mimics
2704:
1157:
2884:
2996:
2699:
1107:
958:
293:
189:
2237:
2232:
259:
217:
170:
345:
of cartilage. The signs and symptoms of cartilage inflammation in various parts of the body will be described first.
2600:
2427:
730:
726:
525:
221:
2628:
1165:
2840:
2694:
1326:
structures get inflamed, they could press against nerves and cause a variety of problems that is seen in RP like
1161:
1146:
581:
304:
213:
2662:
2489:
2353:
992:
2955:
2930:
702:
Skin and mucous membranes: 20 to 30% of people with relapsing polychondritis have skin involvement, including
205:
786:
introduced the clinical criteria for RP in 1976. These clinical criteria have later been expanded by
Damiani
3001:
2551:
2508:
1134:
1040:
669:. Immunofluorescence studies most often reveal faint deposits of C3, IgG or IgM in the primarily mesangium.
338:
166:
2565:
2478:
1099:
755:
666:
585:
378:
deformity may result. The outer part of the ear may be either floppy or hardened by calcifications of the
244:
201:
1184:
is effective in doses from 25 mg/day to 200 mg/day. Corticosteroid-sparing medications such as
1142:
162:
2806:
2583:
1327:
1048:
625:
353:
382:
that replaces the cartilage. These cauliflower ear deformities occur in about 10% of persons with RP.
2723:
2679:
1515:
Puéchal, X; Terrier, B; Mouthon, L; Costedoat-Chalumeau, N; Guillevin, L; Le Jeunne, C (March 2014).
1138:
1020:
491:
487:
232:
193:
158:
2889:
2638:
2342:
1087:
1056:
715:
640:
The involvement of the kidney can be caused by primary renal parenchymal lesions, or an underlying
629:
613:
278:
236:
178:
2142:
1192:
may be used to minimize steroid doses and limit the side effects of steroids. For severe disease
2711:
2657:
2283:
1989:
1928:
1810:
1544:
1003:
A differential diagnosis should be taken into account with the following main RP manifestations.
743:
711:
686:
658:
654:
609:
537:
320:
308:
240:
174:
2904:
628:. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the brain shows multifocal areas of enhancement consistent with
524:
occurs. There are also other ocular manifestations that occur in persons with RP, these include
370:
except the earlobe to be swollen, red, or less often purplish, warm and painful to light touch.
312:
1857:"Relapsing polychondritis in the Department of Defense population and review of the literature"
2899:
2450:
2364:
2275:
2209:
2115:
2065:
2024:
1981:
1920:
1876:
1837:
1802:
1710:
1664:
1536:
1408:
1355:
1237:
1222:
644:, or another associated autoimmune disease. Actual kidney involvement is quite rare, elevated
396:
316:
274:
112:
103:
The diagnosis is reached on the basis of the symptoms and supported by investigations such as
89:
60:
2918:
2605:
2271:
2267:
2199:
2191:
2107:
2055:
2016:
1973:
1910:
1868:
1794:
1656:
1528:
1398:
1388:
1193:
1071:
759:
707:
533:
1899:"Relapsing polychondritis: prospective study of 23 patients and a review of the literature"
608:
have been reported in scientific literature. Very rare neurological manifestations include
2850:
2832:
2811:
2785:
2754:
2689:
2615:
703:
662:
460:
375:
367:
209:
1225:
first discovered relapsing polychondritis while working in Prague and initially named it
2087:(3e ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. Chapter 28, relapsing polychondritis.
2965:
2747:
2742:
2684:
2541:
2407:
2347:
2204:
2179:
2111:
1403:
1376:
1032:
605:
589:
569:
561:
521:
448:
426:
255:
1964:
Damiani, JM; Levine, HL (June 1979). "Relapsing polychondritis--report of ten cases".
2990:
2519:
1977:
1915:
1898:
1872:
1548:
1095:
1083:
747:
557:
501:
107:
and sometimes other investigations. Treatment may involve symptomatic treatment with
2291:
2287:
1993:
1932:
1814:
425:. Because this disease is relapsing, recurrent laryngeal inflammation may result in
2768:
2730:
2595:
2578:
2573:
2536:
2458:
2393:
1709:(19th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 389: Relapsing Polychondritis.
1189:
1185:
976:
513:
497:
97:
81:
65:
55:
Ear inflammation with sparing of ear lobe in a person with relapsing polychondritis
2060:
2043:
2358:
1532:
648:
levels are reported in approximately 10% of people with RP, and abnormalities in
2546:
2494:
1123:
1119:
690:
553:
549:
438:
93:
2396:
2369:
2020:
1660:
2777:
2623:
2590:
2529:
2524:
2402:
2332:
1798:
1232:
1044:
980:
649:
645:
641:
593:
334:
104:
69:
17:
2717:
2388:
1052:
751:
541:
529:
517:
418:
270:
108:
85:
47:
2213:
2119:
2069:
1880:
1806:
1750:
1668:
1540:
1516:
1412:
2279:
2028:
1841:
1393:
782:
There are several clinical criteria used to diagnose this disease. McAdam
2467:
2419:
2195:
1985:
1924:
722:
678:
621:
601:
565:
430:
282:
1181:
1103:
1091:
434:
422:
414:
400:
342:
2315:
2233:"A Doctor Asks Two Strange Questions That Reveal a Mysterious Disease"
2633:
2327:
1947:"Relapsing Polychondritis: Autoimmune Disorders of Connective Tissue"
1785:
Chopra R, Chaudhary N, Kay J (May 2013). "Relapsing polychondritis".
1036:
706:, genital ulcers, and a number of non-specific skin rashes including
617:
597:
1856:
111:
or anti-inflammatory medications, and more severe cases may require
2879:
1231:
682:
545:
352:
1350:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
1897:
McAdam, LP; O'Hanlan, MA; Bluestone, R; Pearson, CM (May 1976).
391:
379:
2423:
1196:
is often given in addition to high dose intravenous steroids.
362:
2163:
Jaksch Von
Wartenhorst, Rudolf (1923). "Polychondropathia".
1051:, overexposure to extreme cold temperatures or to sunlight,
80:
is a systemic disease characterized by repeated episodes of
721:
Cardiovascular system: Relapsing polychrondritis may cause
657:
with crescents. Other abnormalities that are found include
774:
should be tested for a new disease called VEXAS syndrome.
2098:
Rapini RP, Warner NB (2006). "Relapsing polychondritis".
568:
also is reported in relation to either the disease or to
100:
are affected. The exact mechanism is poorly understood.
1855:
Mathew, SD; Battafarano, DF; Morris, MJ (August 2012).
1700:
1698:
754:
tissues in the body. It has been postulated that both
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
2305:
1377:"Relapsing polychondritis following alopecia areata"
2941:
2915:
2858:
2849:
2831:
2824:
2799:
2776:
2767:
2647:
2614:
2564:
2505:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2379:
2309:
2180:"Atrophic polychondritis with the report of a case"
877:
Positive response to corticosteroids or dapsone (C)
693:. They mostly occur during a severe disease flare.
59:
37:
32:
1892:
1890:
2085:CURRENT Rheumatology Diagnosis & Treatment
2435:
459:Involvement of the rib cartilages results in
155:eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
88:. The disease can be life-threatening if the
8:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1236:The discoverer of relapsing polychondritis
865:Non-erosive sero-negative polyarthritis (A)
3012:Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions
2855:
2828:
2773:
2472:
2463:
2442:
2428:
2420:
2306:
1787:Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America
1707:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1375:Starr, JC; Taneja, N; Brasher, GW (2010).
1345:
1343:
1274:Von Meyenburg in 1936 and Altherr in 1936
935:1 out of 3 (A) criteria and 2 (B) criteria
913:Laryngotracheal cartilage inflammation (A)
46:
29:
2203:
2059:
1914:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1402:
1392:
765:Reasons for disease onset are not known.
390:The inflammation of the cartilage of the
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1251:
1005:
796:
725:. It can also cause leaky heart valves (
135:
2675:Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
2272:10.7326/0003-4819-129-2-199807150-00011
1339:
1749:Drosos, Alexandros A. (October 2004).
1266:Rudolf Jaksch von Wartenhorst in 1923
1079:Nose cartilage involvement/saddle nose
830:Non-erosive seronegative polyarthritis
1306:Pearson, Kline, and Newcomer in 1960
441:as a temporary or permanent measure.
361:Inflammation of the cartilage of the
7:
1861:Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
907:Auricular cartilage inflammation (A)
2231:Sanders, Lisa (14 November 2021) .
2178:Davies HR, Kelsall AR (June 1961).
1298:Bean, Drevets, and Chapman in 1958
1287:Polychondritis chronica atrophicans
84:and in some cases deterioration of
2112:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.07.018
1082:Granulomatosis with polyangiitis,
856:Bilateral auricular chondritis (A)
25:
1951:Merck Manual Home Health Handbook
750:begins to attack and destroy the
421:with a hoarse voice or transient
2254:Trentham DE, Le CH (July 1998).
2184:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
2165:Wiener Archiv fĂĽr Innere Medizin
1978:10.1288/00005537-197906000-00009
1916:10.1097/00005792-197605000-00001
1873:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2011.12.007
1314:Rhys Davies and Kelsall in 1961
1068:Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
910:Nasal cartilage inflammation (A)
862:Respiratory tract chondritis (A)
859:Nasal cartilage inflammation (A)
677:These symptoms could consist of
417:gland and, more importantly, as
151:Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
113:suppression of the immune system
2736:Infantile cortical hyperostosis
1295:Chronic atrophic polychondritis
1118:Prior endotracheal intubation,
871:Audiovestibular involvement (A)
742:Relapsing polychondritis is an
198:mixed connective tissue disease
2670:Complex regional pain syndrome
821:Bilateral auricular chondritis
1:
1290:Bober and Czarniecki in 1955
1238:Rudolf Jaksch von Wartenhorst
1223:Rudolf Jaksch von Wartenhorst
1158:Posterior circulation infarct
1533:10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.01.001
1108:systemic lupus erythematosus
959:positron emission tomography
827:Respiratory tract chondritis
564:that can lead to blindness.
294:Familial Mediterranean fever
229:Other Rheumatologic diseases
190:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2238:The New York Times Magazine
2141:. RASPF Inc. Archived from
2061:10.1093/rheumatology/keu147
2009:Annals of Internal Medicine
1830:The Journal of Rheumatology
1705:Langford, Carol A. (2015).
925:Sero-negative arthritis (B)
922:Vestibulary dysfunction (B)
874:Histologic confirmation (B)
790:in 1979 and finally Michet
532:(rarely with ulcerations),
437:that may require emergency
357:A cauliflower ear deformity
260:myeloproliferative neoplasm
218:autoimmune hemolytic anemia
171:leukocytoclastic vasculitis
3028:
3007:Connective tissue diseases
2873:Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease
2256:"Relapsing polychondritis"
2021:10.7326/0003-4819-104-1-74
1661:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.01.026
1517:"Relapsing polychondritis"
932:2 out of 3 (A) criteria or
731:mitral valve regurgitation
727:aortic valve regurgitation
526:keratoconjunctivitis sicca
124:months, years or decades.
2841:Osteochondritis dissecans
1799:10.1016/j.rdc.2013.03.002
1352:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
1162:benign paroxysmal vertigo
1147:antiphospholipid syndrome
1064:Airway/kidney involvement
723:inflammation of the aorta
399:is not a common feature.
305:Primary biliary cirrhosis
290:Autoinflammatory diseases
214:antiphospholipid syndrome
142:Specific type of disease
54:
45:
2885:Osgood–Schlatter disease
2791:Relapsing polychondritis
2663:Osteonecrosis of the jaw
2490:Osteitis fibrosa cystica
2408:Relapsing polychondritis
1381:Case Reports in Medicine
1303:Relapsing polychondritis
993:pulmonary function tests
987:Pulmonary function tests
78:Relapsing polychondritis
33:Relapsing polychondritis
2601:Paget's disease of bone
2552:Vertebral osteomyelitis
1653:Journal of Autoimmunity
1311:Atrophic polychondritis
1041:insect bites and stings
1012:Differential diagnosis
916:Ocular inflammation (B)
868:Ocular inflammation (A)
673:Constitutional symptoms
620:, focal or generalized
580:The involvement of the
502:inflammation of tendons
429:or permanent laryngeal
222:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
2451:Bone and joint disease
1241:
1100:paracoccidioidomycosis
999:Differential diagnosis
983:, and perichondritis.
890:2 (A) criteria and (C)
836:Audiovestibular damage
756:cell-mediated immunity
667:interstitial nephritis
586:central nervous system
358:
335:Cartilage inflammation
330:Cartilage inflammation
245:polymyalgia rheumatica
202:autoimmune thyroiditis
2931:Scheuermann's disease
2807:Slipping rib syndrome
2629:Hajdu–Cheney syndrome
1755:Orphanet Encyclopedia
1328:peripheral neuropathy
1235:
1049:cystic chondromalacia
626:intracranial aneurysm
368:outer part of the ear
356:
267:Dermatologic diseases
252:Hematologic disorders
2724:Aneurysmal bone cyst
2680:Nonossifying fibroma
2196:10.1136/ard.20.2.189
2083:Stone, J.H. (2013).
1354:. St. Louis: Mosby.
1139:polyarteritis nodosa
1135:Takayasu's arteritis
1131:Vascular involvement
1028:Auricular chondritis
1021:Rheumatoid arthritis
841:3 out of 6 criteria
806:Conditions required
746:in which the body's
492:rheumatoid arthritis
488:rheumatoid arthritis
467:Other manifestations
233:Rheumatoid arthritis
194:systemic scleroderma
167:Takayasu's arteritis
159:polyarteritis nodosa
2997:Autoimmune diseases
1394:10.1155/2010/623158
1258:Author(s) and year
1115:Subglottic stenosis
1088:congenital syphilis
1057:congenital syphilis
1009:Manifestation of RP
944:Laboratory findings
833:Ocular inflammation
778:Diagnostic criteria
716:erythema multiforme
630:cerebral vasculitis
614:meningoencephalitis
279:lichen ruber planus
237:spondyloarthropathy
186:Autoimmune diseases
179:systemic vasculitis
128:Associated diseases
2956:Kienböck's disease
2712:Skeletal fluorosis
2658:Avascular necrosis
2380:External resources
2133:Ferrada, Marcela.
1972:(6 Pt 1): 929–46.
1242:
1154:Vestibular disease
744:autoimmune disease
712:livedo reticularis
659:glomerulosclerosis
655:glomerulonephritis
610:aseptic meningitis
538:retinal vasculitis
359:
321:pulmonary fibrosis
309:ulcerative colitis
241:reactive arthritis
206:Sjögren's syndrome
175:temporal arteritis
119:Signs and symptoms
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2820:
2819:
2763:
2762:
2695:Fibrous dysplasia
2560:
2559:
2417:
2416:
1361:978-1-4160-2999-1
1318:
1317:
1263:Polychondropathia
1227:Polychondropathia
1172:
1171:
1166:Ménière's disease
941:
940:
884:3 (A) criteria or
762:are responsible.
433:with inspiratory
408:Respiratory tract
397:Nasal obstruction
327:
326:
317:diabetes mellitus
275:atopic dermatitis
90:respiratory tract
75:
74:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3019:
2946:
2922:
2890:Blount's disease
2863:
2856:
2829:
2774:
2639:Gorham's disease
2606:Hypophosphatasia
2513:
2483:
2473:
2464:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2421:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2290:. Archived from
2260:Ann. Intern. Med
2250:
2248:
2246:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1966:The Laryngoscope
1961:
1955:
1954:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1918:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1782:
1759:
1758:
1746:
1721:
1720:
1716:978-0-07-1802161
1702:
1673:
1672:
1648:
1553:
1552:
1521:Joint Bone Spine
1512:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1396:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1347:
1282:Harders in 1954
1252:
1194:cyclophosphamide
1160:, vestibulitis,
1143:Behçet's disease
1072:bronchial asthma
1006:
919:Hearing loss (B)
887:1 (A) and (B) or
824:Nasal chondritis
797:
760:humoral immunity
708:erythema nodosum
592:V and VII. Also
534:anterior uveitis
163:Behçet's disease
139:Class of disease
136:
50:
30:
21:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3016:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2972:
2942:
2937:
2916:
2911:
2905:Sever's disease
2859:
2845:
2833:Osteochondritis
2816:
2812:Tietze syndrome
2795:
2786:Costochondritis
2759:
2755:Pycnodysostosis
2690:Stress fracture
2643:
2616:Bone resorption
2610:
2556:
2506:
2501:
2476:
2453:
2448:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2375:
2374:
2318:
2297:
2295:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2230:
2227:
2225:Further reading
2222:
2221:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1784:
1783:
1762:
1748:
1747:
1724:
1717:
1704:
1703:
1676:
1655:. 48–49: 53–9.
1650:
1649:
1556:
1514:
1513:
1420:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1330:and many more.
1323:
1219:
1210:
1202:
1177:
1001:
989:
972:
967:
955:
953:Imaging studies
946:
780:
771:
740:
704:aphthous ulcers
699:
675:
663:IgA nephropathy
638:
632:in some cases.
578:
510:
477:
469:
461:costochondritis
457:
410:
388:
376:cauliflower ear
351:
332:
313:Crohn's disease
210:dermatomyositis
130:
121:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3002:Chondropathies
2999:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2966:Panner disease
2960:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2923:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2900:Köhler disease
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2866:
2864:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2748:Melorheostosis
2743:Osteosclerosis
2740:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2692:
2687:
2685:Pseudarthrosis
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2542:Brodie abscess
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2516:
2514:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2486:
2484:
2470:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2399:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2361:
2350:
2335:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:Classification
2304:
2303:
2251:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2170:
2155:
2125:
2100:Clin. Dermatol
2090:
2075:
2054:(8): 1482–90.
2034:
1999:
1956:
1938:
1909:(3): 193–215.
1886:
1847:
1820:
1760:
1722:
1715:
1674:
1554:
1418:
1367:
1360:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:Chondromalacia
1268:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:Suggested name
1218:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1033:perichondritis
1029:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1000:
997:
988:
985:
971:
968:
966:
963:
954:
951:
945:
942:
939:
938:
937:
936:
933:
928:
927:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
903:
894:
893:
892:
891:
888:
885:
880:
879:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
852:
843:
842:
839:
838:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
817:
808:
807:
804:
801:
779:
776:
770:
767:
739:
736:
735:
734:
719:
698:
695:
674:
671:
637:
634:
606:polyneuropathy
590:cranial nerves
577:
574:
570:glucocorticoid
562:optic neuritis
522:conjunctivitis
509:
506:
476:
473:
468:
465:
456:
453:
449:chondromalacia
427:laryngomalacia
409:
406:
387:
384:
350:
347:
331:
328:
325:
324:
302:
298:
297:
291:
287:
286:
268:
264:
263:
256:Myelodysplasia
253:
249:
248:
230:
226:
225:
187:
183:
182:
148:
144:
143:
140:
129:
126:
120:
117:
73:
72:
63:
57:
56:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
18:Polychondritis
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3024:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2520:Osteomyelitis
2518:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2294:on 2014-11-08
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2266:(2): 114–22.
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2190:(2): 189–93.
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2145:on 2018-10-28
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:"What is RP?"
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1836:(1): 96–101.
1835:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:(2): 263–76.
1792:
1788:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:(2): 118–24.
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:Panchondritis
1278:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:aspergillosis
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:leishmaniasis
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
998:
996:
994:
986:
984:
982:
978:
969:
965:Special tests
964:
962:
960:
952:
950:
943:
934:
931:
930:
929:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
905:
904:
902:
901:
896:
895:
889:
886:
883:
882:
881:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
854:
853:
851:
850:
845:
844:
840:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
819:
818:
816:
815:
810:
809:
805:
802:
799:
798:
795:
793:
789:
785:
777:
775:
768:
766:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
748:immune system
745:
737:
732:
729:in 4 to 10%,
728:
724:
720:
717:
714:, hives, and
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:
696:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
672:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
647:
643:
635:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
575:
573:
571:
567:
563:
560:and ischemic
559:
558:iridocyclitis
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
528:, peripheral
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
493:
489:
484:
480:
474:
472:
466:
464:
462:
454:
452:
450:
445:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
407:
405:
402:
398:
393:
385:
383:
381:
377:
371:
369:
364:
355:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
329:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
303:
300:
299:
295:
292:
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176:
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146:
145:
141:
138:
137:
134:
127:
125:
118:
116:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
98:blood vessels
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
71:
67:
64:
62:
58:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2943:
2917:
2860:
2790:
2731:Hyperostosis
2716:
2596:Osteomalacia
2579:Osteoporosis
2574:Bone density
2537:Sesamoiditis
2507:
2477:
2468:Inflammation
2401:
2387:
2363:
2352:
2337:
2322:
2296:. Retrieved
2292:the original
2263:
2259:
2243:. Retrieved
2241:. p. 22
2236:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2167:(6): 93–100.
2164:
2158:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:the original
2138:
2128:
2106:(6): 482–5.
2103:
2099:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2051:
2048:Rheumatology
2047:
2037:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1906:
1902:
1867:(1): 70–83.
1864:
1860:
1850:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1790:
1786:
1754:
1706:
1652:
1524:
1520:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1351:
1324:
1247:
1243:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1208:Epidemiology
1203:
1190:methotrexate
1186:azathioprine
1178:
1106:inhalation,
1055:of the ear,
1002:
990:
977:chondrolysis
973:
956:
947:
899:
897:
848:
846:
813:
811:
791:
787:
783:
781:
772:
764:
741:
676:
639:
579:
576:Neurological
514:episcleritis
511:
496:
494:as a cause.
485:
481:
478:
470:
458:
446:
443:
411:
389:
372:
360:
333:
147:Vasculitides
131:
122:
102:
94:heart valves
82:inflammation
77:
76:
66:Rheumatology
2705:Polyostotic
2547:Periostitis
2495:Brown tumor
2245:10 November
2015:(1): 74–8.
1124:sarcoidosis
1120:amyloidosis
1031:Infectious
691:weight loss
554:retinopathy
550:keratoconus
439:tracheotomy
380:scar tissue
109:painkillers
105:blood tests
38:Other names
2991:Categories
2778:Chondritis
2700:Monostotic
2654:Ischaemia
2624:Osteolysis
2591:Osteopenia
2530:Involucrum
2525:Sequestrum
2403:Patient UK
2365:DiseasesDB
2298:2006-06-20
2149:2018-03-21
1387:: 623158.
1334:References
1045:erysipelas
981:chondritis
650:urinalysis
646:creatinine
642:vasculitis
594:hemiplegia
582:peripheral
572:exposure.
70:Immunology
2718:bone cyst
2566:Metabolic
2509:infection
2479:endocrine
2389:eMedicine
1549:205754989
1221:In 1923,
1200:Prognosis
1175:Treatment
1053:frostbite
1017:Arthritis
769:Diagnosis
752:cartilage
542:proptosis
530:keratitis
518:scleritis
419:dysphonia
339:breakdown
271:Psoriasis
86:cartilage
61:Specialty
2825:Combined
2584:Juvenile
2397:derm/375
2394:med/2000
2288:31763543
2214:13720099
2120:17113965
2070:24681839
1994:44519663
1933:13590794
1903:Medicine
1881:22417894
1815:34909385
1807:23597963
1669:24461536
1541:24556284
1413:20672055
1321:Research
847:Damiani
803:Criteria
687:anorexia
679:asthenia
622:seizures
602:myelitis
566:Cataract
498:Diseases
431:stenosis
283:vitiligo
2359:D011081
2280:9669970
2205:1007204
2029:3484422
1842:9002018
1404:2905706
1217:History
1182:dapsone
1104:cocaine
1092:leprosy
898:Michet
812:McAdam
800:Authors
733:in 2%).
516:and/or
435:dyspnea
423:aphonia
415:thyroid
401:Atrophy
2962:elbow
2952:wrist
2634:Ainhum
2348:733.99
2286:
2278:
2212:
2202:
2118:
2068:
2027:
1992:
1986:449538
1984:
1931:
1925:775252
1923:
1879:
1840:
1813:
1805:
1751:"Prof"
1713:
1667:
1547:
1539:
1411:
1401:
1358:
1043:, ear
1037:injury
970:Biopsy
900:et al.
849:et al.
814:et al.
792:et al.
788:et al.
784:et al.
738:Causes
697:Others
689:, and
636:Kidney
618:stroke
598:ataxia
544:, lid
301:Others
2919:spine
2896:foot
2880:tibia
2851:Child
2800:Other
2769:Joint
2648:Other
2370:10248
2333:M94.1
2284:S2CID
2139:RASPF
1990:S2CID
1929:S2CID
1811:S2CID
1545:S2CID
683:fever
546:edema
475:Joint
96:, or
2944:arm:
2869:hip
2861:leg:
2459:Bone
2354:MeSH
2343:9-CM
2276:PMID
2247:2021
2210:PMID
2116:PMID
2066:PMID
2025:PMID
1982:PMID
1921:PMID
1877:PMID
1838:PMID
1803:PMID
1711:ISBN
1665:PMID
1537:PMID
1409:PMID
1385:2010
1356:ISBN
957:FDG
758:and
665:and
624:and
604:and
500:and
455:Ribs
392:nose
386:Nose
343:loss
341:and
177:and
2339:ICD
2324:ICD
2268:doi
2264:129
2200:PMC
2192:doi
2108:doi
2056:doi
2017:doi
2013:104
1974:doi
1911:doi
1869:doi
1795:doi
1657:doi
1529:doi
1399:PMC
1389:doi
1188:or
584:or
508:Eye
363:ear
349:Ear
2993::
2406::
2392::
2368::
2357::
2346::
2331::
2328:10
2282:.
2274:.
2262:.
2258:.
2235:.
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2198:.
2188:20
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2182:.
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2114:.
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2102:.
2064:.
2052:53
2050:.
2046:.
2023:.
2011:.
1988:.
1980:.
1970:89
1968:.
1949:.
1927:.
1919:.
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1889:^
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1863:.
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