234:
106:
302:, this can happen from the precipitation of new minerals at the same time as the dissolution of existing minerals. The second feature used to identify metasomatism is that it is from the preservation of rocks in its solid state during replacement. The third distinctive feature is from isochemical metamorphism, or the addition or subtraction of major elements other than
1148:
April 1995, p. 909-924. Dickson, F. W., 2000, Chemical emplacement of magma, v. 30, p.475-487. Dickson, F. W., 2005, Role of liquids in irreversible processes in earth and replacement in
Papoose Flat pluton, California. In Rhoden, R. H., Steininger, R. C., and Vikre, R.G., eds: Geol. Soc. Nevada Symposium 2005: Window to the World, Reno, Nevada May, 2005, p. 161-178.
525:
There are two main schemes discussed for the manifestation of metasomatism in nature in granitic systems. Diffusion metasomatism, which was mentioned in the types of metasomatites section, and infiltration metasomatism. Infiltration takes place in cracks or fractures that promote fluid flow in areas
1147:
Dickson, F. W., 1996, Porphyroblasts of barium-zoned K-feldspar and quartz, Papoose Flat
California, genesis and exploration implications. In Coyner,A.R., Fahey, P.I., eds. Geology and Ore Deposits of the American Cordillera: Geological Society of Nevada Symposium Proceedings, Reno/Sparks, Nevada,
533:
These two methods are commonly used for transportation from one region to another. These effected regions can be either enriched or depleted in the components transported relative to the premetasomatic state. Chemical weathering strongly effects the levels and contents of the metasomatic liquid and
49:
and other fluids. It is traditionally defined as metamorphism which involves a change in the chemical composition, excluding volatile components. It is the replacement of one rock by another of different mineralogical and chemical composition. The minerals which compose the rocks are dissolved and
469:
Effects of metasomatism in mantle peridotite can be either modal or cryptic. In cryptic metasomatism, mineral compositions are changed, or introduced elements are concentrated on grain boundaries and the peridotite mineralogy appears unchanged. In modal metasomatism, new minerals are formed.
1134:
Taylor, R.D., Hammarstrom, J.M., Piatak, N.M., and Seal II, R.R., 2012, Arc-related porphyry molybdenum deposit model: Chapter D in
Mineral deposit models for resource assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report USGS Numbered Series 2010-5070-D,
659:, commonly present in the distal areas of porphyry deposits, is a low-temperature assemblage that converts feldspars and some other minerals into clay minerals such as kaolinite and illite. It can overprint older, higher-temperature alteration assemblages.
337:
In such cases, characterising alteration often requires microscope investigation of the mineral assemblage of the rocks to characterise the minerals, any additional mineral growth, changes in protolith minerals, and so on.
931:
Boulvais, Philippe; Ruffet, Gilles; Cornichet, Jean; Mermet, Maxime (January 2007). "Cretaceous albitization and dequartzification of
Hercynian peraluminous granite in the Salvezines Massif (French Pyrénées)".
443:, sodic pyroxenes or amphiboles and often unusual minerals (such as chevkinite or columbite) comprising ordinarily incompatible elements that do not readily become incorporated into a crystal lattice i.e.
473:
Cryptic metasomatism may be caused as rising or percolating melts interact with surrounding peridotite, and compositions of both melts and peridotite are changed. At high mantle temperatures, solid-state
1090:<0921:uteopm>2.3.co;2 "Unraveling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance"
375:
whole-rock replacement in shear zones, resulting in rocks in which the existing mineralogy has been completely recrystallised and replaced by hydrated minerals such as chlorite,
230:. The source region is often largely chemically unaffected compared to the highly hydrated, altered shear zones, but both must have undergone complementary metasomatism.
967:
Engvik, A. K.; Putnis, A.; Fitz Gerald, J. D.; Austrheim, H. (1 December 2008). "Albitization of granitic rocks: The mechanism of replacement of oligoclase by albite".
265:-rich and water-rich fluids, as discussed by Luth (2003). Metasomatism is thought to be particularly important in changing the composition of mantle peridotite below
530:. Rocks altered by infiltration metasomatism will be less altered than rocks altered by diffusion because of the dispersion effects during fluid advection.
686:. Stressed minerals and country rocks of granitic plutons are replaced by porphyroblasts of orthoclase and quartz, in the Papoose Flat quartz monzonites.
188:
components as hydrous minerals break down, with this fluid percolating up into the shallow levels of the crust to chemically change and alter these rocks.
341:
In some cases, geochemical evidence can be found of metasomatic alteration processes. This is usually in the form of mobile, soluble elements such as
478:
can also be effective in changing rock compositions over tens of centimeters adjacent to melt conduits: gradients in mineral composition adjacent to
195:
which is the in-situ mineralogical change of a rock without appreciable change in the chemistry of the rock. Because metamorphism usually requires
298:
Metasomatism can be similar to other endogenic processes and is separated by 4 main features. The first of these is the ion-by-ion replacement in
663:
Rarer types of hydrothermal fluids may include highly carbonic fluids, resulting in advanced carbonation reactions of the host rock typical of
1037:
800:
763:
1022:
Metasomatism and the
Chemical Transformation of Rock: Rock-Mineral-Fluid Interaction in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Environments
748:
Metasomatism and the
Chemical Transformation of Rock: Rock-Mineral-Fluid Interaction in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Environments
497:
has been considered strong evidence of metasomatic processes in the mantle. Formation of minerals less common in peridotite, such as
880:
334:, such that the only evidence of alteration is bleaching, change in colour or change in the crystallinity of micaceous minerals.
233:
1167:
526:
of high permeability. Diffusion takes place when fluid is incorporated into the pores of the rock, this is determined by the
202:
Further, because metasomatism is a mass transfer process, it is not restricted to the rocks which are changed by addition of
1172:
640:
439:, as a variant of metasomatism associated with strongly alkaline or carbonatitic magmatism introducing a variety of
917:
857:
1113:
707:
361:. However, to characterise the alteration properly, it is necessary to compare altered with unaltered samples.
648:
55:
218:
which are the product of focused concentration of fluids derived from many cubic kilometres of dehydrated
631:(adularia) alteration, often quite pervasive and producing distinct salmon-pink alteration vein selvages.
551:
542:
Investigation of altered rocks in hydrothermal ore deposits has highlighted several ubiquitous types of
433:
mafic dykes, containing grossular-andradite garnet, calcic pyroxene, vesuvianite, epidote and scapolite.
402:
914:
Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the
Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: Web version 01.02.07
854:
Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the
Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: Web version 01.02.07
1101:
1062:
976:
941:
635:
292:
281:
191:
This mechanism implies that metasomatism is open system behaviour, which is different from classical
906:
846:
655:
358:
199:
in order to facilitate metamorphic reactions, metamorphism nearly always occurs with metasomatism.
176:
into a zone with lower stress and temperature, with metamorphic hydrothermal solutions acting as a
672:
498:
330:
Metasomatic rocks can be extremely varied. Often, metasomatised rocks are pervasively but weakly
546:
which form distinct groups of metasomatic alteration effects, textures and mineral assemblages.
210:. In all cases, to produce a metasomatic rock some other rock is also metasomatised, if only by
1117:
1033:
876:
796:
759:
246:
207:
1109:
1070:
1025:
984:
949:
788:
751:
416:
380:
203:
169:
165:
875:(Volume 2 Treatise on Geochemistry ed.). Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford. pp. 319–361.
816:
291:
melts are often considered to have been responsible for enrichment of mantle peridotite in
824:
680:
612:
219:
181:
153:
1105:
1074:
1066:
980:
945:
105:
676:
568:
368:
311:
262:
238:
157:
126:
42:
280:. Metasomatism has also been considered critical for enriching source regions of some
1161:
719:
664:
430:
161:
1136:
192:
137:
99:
46:
953:
318:). The last feature is the distinct zones of metasomatism. These are formed from
1089:
1029:
780:
755:
713:
644:
514:
454:
364:
When the process becomes extremely advanced, typical metasomatites can include:
288:
273:
215:
173:
792:
716: – How the various types of mineral deposits form within the Earth's crust
628:
490:
479:
426:
277:
266:
250:
223:
118:
114:
1121:
988:
668:
616:
580:
486:
475:
448:
422:
394:
376:
346:
322:
and metamorphism and form a characteristic pattern of a metasomatic column.
319:
254:
79:
534:
the major element geochemistry and mineralogy of siliciclastic sediments.
77:
can be used as a name for specific varieties of metasomatism (for example
701:
624:
576:
527:
506:
494:
440:
350:
258:
149:
17:
873:
Mantle volatiles - distribution and consequences in The Mantle and Core
695:
620:
598:
564:
502:
444:
412:
408:
390:
354:
299:
185:
177:
145:
130:
122:
95:
51:
728: – Hard, coarse-grained, hydrothermally altered metamorphic rocks
905:
Zharikov V.A.; Pertsev N.N.; Rusinov V.L.; Callegari E.; Fettes D.J.
845:
Zharikov V.A.; Pertsev N.N.; Rusinov V.L.; Callegari E.; Fettes D.J.
683:
602:
594:
590:
572:
560:
510:
458:
436:
342:
110:
94:
Metasomatism can occur via the action of hydrothermal fluids from an
86:
214:
reactions with minimal chemical change. This is best illustrated by
1053:
Roden, Michael F.; Murthy, v. Rama (1985). "Mantle
Metasomatism".
725:
386:
303:
284:
270:
232:
196:
141:
104:
1088:
Fedo, Christopher M.; Wayne
Nesbitt, H.; Young, Grant M. (1995).
180:. This can be envisaged as the metamorphic rocks within the deep
160:
mass. In the metamorphic environment, metasomatism is driven by
556:
398:
372:
227:
58:
and deposition occur simultaneously and the rock remains solid.
643:
and in a disseminated manner; sericite in particular replaces
27:
Chemical alteration of a rock by hydrothermal and other fluids
615:
and lode gold deposits, results in production of micaceous,
1114:
10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0921:uteopm>2.3.co;2
781:"Fluid-Induced Processes: Metasomatism and Metamorphism"
722: – Obsolete geologic term for magma emitting gasses
667:, and silica-hematite fluids resulting in production of
393:
intrusions and adjacent to reactive lithologies such as
563:-bearing hydrothermal fluids, and typically results in
253:
at high temperatures can be changed by infiltration of
710: – Circulation of water driven by heat exchange
517:, is also attributed to melt or fluid metasomatism.
639:, in which these minerals can be deposited both in
493:, and the presence of these minerals in peridotite
222:into thin, often highly metasomatised and altered
698: – Highly altered granitic rock or pegmatite
1137:http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20105070D
1009:. Academy of Sciences Russia. pp. 131–146.
389:and skarnoid rock types, typically adjacent to
485:Modal metasomatism may result in formation of
8:
482:dikes may preserve evidence of the process.
54:formations are deposited in their place.
779:Putnis, A.; Austrheim, H. (2010-12-23).
245:Metasomatism is more complicated in the
41:"body") is the chemical alteration of a
1005:Zharikov, V. A.; et al. (et al.).
907:"9. Metasomatism and metasomatic rocks"
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
847:"9. Metasomatism and metasomatic rocks"
738:
623:in iron-rich rocks, muscovite mica or
7:
1020:Harlov, D.E.; Austrheim, H. (2013).
1000:
998:
746:Harlov, D.E.; Austrheim, H. (2013).
1075:10.1146/annurev.ea.13.050185.001413
140:environment, metasomatism produces
1007:Metasomatism and metasomatic rocks
704: – Group of metamorphic rocks
241:in serpentinite Nelson New Zealand
25:
651:and porphyry molybdenum deposits.
636:Quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration
601:, and typically results in weak
647:and biotite. This is common in
821:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
453:Albitite, from replacement of
1:
249:, because the composition of
954:10.1016/j.lithos.2006.05.001
184:losing fluids and dissolved
121:alteration of metamorphosed
1030:10.1007/978-3-642-28394-9_1
756:10.1007/978-3-642-28394-9_1
154:contact metamorphic aureole
1189:
793:10.1002/9781444394900.ch18
269:as water is driven out of
969:The Canadian Mineralogist
918:British Geological Survey
858:British Geological Survey
587:Albite-epidote alteration
989:10.3749/canmin.46.6.1401
708:Hydrothermal circulation
593:-bearing fluids rich in
206:and minerals or hydrous
675:and pervasive zones of
575:alteration, often with
785:Frontiers in Geofluids
544:alteration assemblages
538:Alteration assemblages
326:Types of metasomatites
242:
133:
1168:Metamorphic petrology
1055:Earth Planet Sci Lett
627:in felsic rocks, and
552:Propylitic alteration
403:banded iron formation
293:incompatible elements
282:silica-undersaturated
236:
108:
61:Synonyms of the word
33:(from the Greek μετά
1173:Geological processes
1024:. Berlin: Springer.
871:Luth, R. W. (2003).
750:. Berlin: Springer.
521:Metasomatism Schemes
1106:1995Geo....23..921F
1067:1985AREPS..13..269R
981:2008CaMin..46.1401E
946:2007Litho..93...89B
656:Argillic alteration
609:Potassic alteration
429:particularly their
359:rare earth elements
71:metasomatic process
673:manto ore deposits
243:
134:
37:"change" and σῶμα
1039:978-3-642-28393-2
802:978-1-4443-3330-5
765:978-3-642-28393-2
619:minerals such as
216:gold ore deposits
204:chemical elements
164:from a volume of
148:, and may affect
16:(Redirected from
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1079:
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1050:
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1017:
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993:
992:
975:(6): 1401–1415.
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605:-silica-epidote.
411:deposits within
166:metamorphic rock
21:
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940:(1–2): 89–106.
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870:
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825:Merriam-Webster
817:"metasomatosis"
815:
814:
810:
803:
778:
777:
773:
766:
745:
744:
740:
735:
692:
679:, typically in
649:porphyry copper
613:porphyry copper
540:
523:
328:
317:
309:
156:adjacent to an
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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764:
737:
736:
734:
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677:silicification
665:calc-silicates
661:
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467:
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451:
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420:
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327:
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315:
312:carbon dioxide
307:
263:carbon dioxide
247:Earth's mantle
237:Metasomatized
158:intrusive rock
127:Stone Mountain
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1185:
1174:
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1016:
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882:0-08-043751-6
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724:
721:
720:Pneumatolysis
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611:, typical of
610:
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589:is caused by
588:
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582:
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555:is caused by
554:
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483:
481:
477:
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438:
435:
432:
431:serpentinized
428:
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385:
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264:
261:melts and by
260:
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231:
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225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
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179:
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171:
167:
163:
162:mass transfer
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
103:
101:
97:
92:
90:
89:-metasomatose
88:
83:
82:-metasomatose
81:
76:
72:
68:
67:metasomatosis
64:
59:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1154:
1143:
1130:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1021:
1015:
1006:
972:
968:
962:
937:
933:
926:
913:
872:
866:
853:
840:
828:. Retrieved
820:
811:
784:
774:
747:
741:
662:
654:
634:
608:
586:
550:
543:
541:
532:
524:
484:
472:
468:
463:albitization
462:
415:margins and
363:
340:
336:
331:
329:
297:
244:
211:
201:
193:metamorphism
190:
135:
109:Metasomatic
93:
85:
78:
75:metasomatose
74:
70:
66:
63:metasomatism
62:
60:
47:hydrothermal
38:
34:
31:Metasomatism
30:
29:
1100:(10): 921.
1061:: 269–296.
787:: 254–269.
714:Ore genesis
645:plagioclase
515:armalcolite
455:plagioclase
425:typical of
289:Carbonatite
274:lithosphere
267:island arcs
224:shear zones
212:dehydration
174:temperature
100:metamorphic
73:. The word
56:Dissolution
1162:Categories
669:jasperoids
629:orthoclase
491:phlogopite
480:pyroxenite
427:ophiolites
381:serpentine
278:subduction
251:peridotite
168:at higher
119:tourmaline
115:hornblende
1122:0091-7613
733:Reference
581:magnetite
495:xenoliths
487:amphibole
476:diffusion
449:zirconium
441:feldspars
423:Rodingite
395:limestone
377:muscovite
357:and some
347:strontium
320:magmatism
255:carbonate
208:compounds
102:source.
830:10 April
702:Hornfels
690:See also
681:dolomite
625:sericite
617:potassic
577:hematite
569:chlorite
528:porosity
507:ilmenite
499:dolomite
369:Chlorite
351:rubidium
300:minerals
259:silicate
150:hornfels
18:Potassic
1102:Bibcode
1094:Geology
1063:Bibcode
977:Bibcode
942:Bibcode
696:Greisen
621:biotite
599:calcium
583:facies.
565:epidote
503:calcite
445:niobium
417:cupolas
413:granite
409:Greisen
391:granite
355:calcium
332:altered
310:O) and
276:during
186:mineral
178:solvent
152:in the
146:greisen
138:igneous
136:In the
131:Atlanta
123:granite
96:igneous
52:mineral
1120:
1036:
934:Lithos
879:
799:
762:
684:strata
603:albite
595:sodium
591:silica
573:pyrite
561:sulfur
513:, and
511:rutile
459:albite
437:Fenite
379:, and
343:barium
285:magmas
170:stress
142:skarns
111:albite
910:(PDF)
850:(PDF)
726:Skarn
641:veins
387:Skarn
304:water
271:ocean
228:lodes
220:crust
197:water
182:crust
1118:ISSN
1034:ISBN
877:ISBN
832:2023
797:ISBN
760:ISBN
597:and
579:and
559:and
557:iron
489:and
401:and
399:marl
373:mica
257:and
239:dike
226:and
172:and
84:and
69:and
65:are
50:new
43:rock
39:sôma
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