409:, which became the deepest explored system in the world (-658m) at that time. The lack of available equipment during the war forced Pierre Chevalier and the rest of the team to develop their own equipment, leading to technical innovation. The scaling-pole (1940), nylon ropes (1942), use of explosives in caves (1947) and mechanical rope-ascenders (Henri Brenot's "monkeys", first used by Chevalier and Brenot in a cave in 1934) can be directly associated to the exploration of the Dent de Crolles cave system.
64:
49:
675:, are necessary to reduce the impact of abrasions, falls, and falling objects. Synthetic fibers and woolens, which dry quickly, shed water, and are warm when wet, are vastly preferred to cotton materials, which retain water and increase the risk of hypothermia. It is also helpful to have several layers of clothing, which can be shed (and stored in the pack) or added as needed. In watery cave passages,
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normal rescue staff are not sufficiently experienced in cave environments), who may themselves be put in jeopardy in effecting the rescue. This said, caving is not necessarily a high-risk sport (especially if it does not involve difficult climbs or diving). As in all physical sports, knowing one's limitations is key.
594:
638:("a type of bacterial infection spread by animals" including rats) is a distinct threat, owing to the presence of rat urine in rainwater or precipitation that enters the caves water system. Complications are uncommon, but can be serious. Safety risks while caving can be minimized by using a number of techniques:
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Cave passages look different from different directions. In long or complex caves, even experienced cavers can become lost. To reduce the risk of becoming lost, it is necessary to memorize the appearance of key navigational points in the cave as they are passed by the exploring party. Each member of a
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During very long trips, it may be necessary to camp in the cave – some cavers have stayed underground for many days, or in particularly extreme cases, for weeks at a time. This is particularly the case when exploring or mapping extensive cave systems, where it would be impractical to retrace the
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can be damaged by even the slightest touch and some by impacts as slight as a breath. Research suggests that increased carbon dioxide levels can lead to "a higher equilibrium concentration of calcium within the drip waters feeding the speleothems, and hence causes dissolution of existing features."
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are most sensitive during the summer months when they are raising their young. For these reasons, visiting caves inhabited by hibernating bats is discouraged during cold months; and visiting caves inhabited by migratory bats is discouraged during the warmer months when they are most sensitive and
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Caving has also been described as an "individualist's team sport" by some, as cavers can often make a trip without direct physical assistance from others but will generally go in a group for companionship or to provide emergency help if needed. Some however consider the assistance cavers give each
1233:
Leptospirosis is a type of bacterial infection spread by animals. It's caused by a strain of bacteria called leptospira. In 90% of cases, leptospirosis only causes mild flu-like symptoms, such as a headache, chills and muscle pain. However, in some cases the infection is more severe and can cause
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are the main risks. Rescuing people from underground is difficult and time-consuming, and requires special skills, training, and equipment. Full-scale cave rescues often involve the efforts of dozens of rescue workers (often other long-time cavers who have participated in specialized courses, as
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Pollution is also of concern. Since water that flows through a cave eventually comes out in streams and rivers, any pollution may ultimately end up in someone's drinking water, and can even seriously affect the surface environment, as well. Even minor pollution such as dropping
175:. Tour companies have established an industry leading and guiding tours into and through caves. Depending on the type of cave and the type of tour, the experience could be adventure-based or ecological-based. There are tours led through lava tubes by a guiding service (e.g.
735:. Cave-dwelling species are accustomed to a near-constant climate of temperature and humidity, and any disturbance can be disruptive to the species' life cycles. Though cave wildlife may not always be immediately visible, it is typically nonetheless present in most caves.
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cave party shares responsibility for being able to remember the route out of the cave. In some caves it may be acceptable to mark a small number of key junctions with small stacks or "cairns" of rocks, or to leave a non-permanent mark such as high-visibility
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is a distinct, and more hazardous, sub-speciality undertaken by a small minority of technically proficient cavers. In an area of overlap between recreational pursuit and scientific study, the most devoted and serious-minded cavers become accomplished at the
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and T-shirts displayed by some cavers: "Cavers rescue spelunkers". Nevertheless, outside the caving community, "spelunking" and "spelunkers" predominately remain neutral terms referring to the practice and practitioners, without any respect to skill level.
522:-pads) are popular for protecting joints during crawls. Depending on the nature of the cave, gloves are sometimes worn to protect the hands against abrasion or cold. In pristine areas and for restoration, clean oversuits and powder-free, non-latex
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lights are most common. Many cavers carry two or more sources of light – one as primary and the others as backup in case the first fails. More often than not, a second light will be mounted to the helmet for quick transition if the primary fails.
754:(WNS), the US Fish & Wildlife Service has called for a moratorium effective March 26, 2009, on caving activity in states known to have hibernacula (MD, NY, VT, NH, MA, CT, NJ, PA, VA, and WV) affected by WNS, as well as adjoining states.
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Some cave passages may be marked with flagging tape or other indicators to show biologically, aesthetically, or archaeologically sensitive areas. Marked paths may show ways around notably fragile areas such as a pristine floor of
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and much effort is put into trying to locate, enter and survey them. In well-explored regions (such as most developed nations), the most accessible caves have already been explored, and gaining access to new caves often requires
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In 2008, researchers found evidence that respiration from cave visitors may generate elevated carbon dioxide concentrations in caves, leading to increased temperatures of up to 3 °C and a dissolution of existing features.
498:) material. Lighter clothing may be worn in warm caves, particularly if the cave is dry, and in tropical caves thin polypropylene clothing is used, to provide some abrasion protection while remaining as cool as possible.
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worn underground varies according to the environment of the cave being explored, and the local culture. In cold caves, the caver may wear a warm base layer that retains its insulating properties when wet, such as a
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uses ladders or single rope technique (SRT) to avoid the need for climbing passages that are too difficult. SRT is a complex skill and requires proper training and well-maintained equipment. Some drops that are
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Using teams of several cavers, preferably at least four. If an injury occurs, one caver stays with the injured person while the other two go out for help, providing assistance to each other on their way
350:, in France, as early as 1889 and the first complete descent of a 110-metre wet vertical shaft at Gaping Gill in 1895. He developed his own techniques based on ropes and metallic ladders. Martel visited
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systems are an older form of illumination, inspired by miner's equipment, and are still used by some cavers, particularly on remote expeditions where electric charging facilities are not available.
117:
and the formal publication of their efforts. These are usually published freely and publicly, especially in the UK and other
European countries, although in the US they are generally more private.
657:
Notifying people outside the cave as to the intended return time. After an appropriate delay without a return, these will then organize a search party (usually made up by other cavers trained in
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which may be thousands of years old, dating from the last time water flowed through the cave. Such deposits may easily be spoiled forever by a single misplaced step. Active formations such as
159:. Physical or biological science is also an important goal for some cavers, while others are engaged in cave photography. Virgin cave systems comprise some of the last unexplored regions on
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are most vulnerable during the winter season, when no food supply exists on the surface to replenish the bat's store of energy should it be awakened from hibernation. Bats which
668:(hands-free) with extra batteries. American cavers recommend a minimum of three independent sources of light per person, but two lights is common practice among European cavers.
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can be similarly marred with a muddy footprint or handprint, and ancient human artifacts, such as fiber products, may even crumble to dust under all but the most gentle touch.
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Cave-dwelling species are also very fragile, and often, a particular species found in a cave may live within that cave alone, and be found nowhere else in the world, such as
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Checking that there is no danger of flooding during the expedition. Rainwater funneled underground can flood a cave very quickly, trapping people in cut-off passages and
432:, that he had developed by adapting the Jumar to vertical caving. Pursuing these developments, Petzl started in the 1970s a caving equipment manufacturing company named
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are worn to protect the head from bumps and falling rocks. The caver's primary light source is usually mounted on the helmet in order to keep the hands free. Electric
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294:…Note that (in this case) the term 'spelunker' denotes someone untrained and unknowledgeable in current exploration techniques, and 'caver' is for those who are.
774:
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Cavers in many countries have created organizations for the administration and oversight of caving activities within their nations. The oldest of these is the
1337:
1280:
Baker, A.; Genty, D. (June 1998). "Environmental pressures on conserving cave speleothems: effects of changing surface land use and increased cave tourism".
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are used to protect the cave itself from contaminants. Ropes are used for descending or ascending pitches (single rope technique or SRT) or for protection.
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2478:
124:," cavers do not commonly use this terminology and typically dislike the term being used in reference to caving, as it implies a disregard for safety.
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The challenges involved in caving vary according to the cave being visited; in addition to the total absence of light beyond the entrance, negotiating
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life-threatening problems, including organ failure and internal bleeding. In its most severe form, leptospirosis is also known as Weil's disease.
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987:
1951:
825:
An international speleological congress was proposed at a meeting in
Valence-sur-Rhone, France in 1949 and first held in 1953 in Paris. The
1012:
795:(originally Société de spéléologie) founded by Édouard-Alfred Martel in 1895, which produced the first periodical journal in speleology,
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and the evolution of mechanical ascension systems extended the practice and safety of vertical exploration to a wider range of cavers.
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424:(SRT) in the late 1950s. In 1958, two Swiss alpinists, Juesi and Marti teamed together, creating the first rope ascender known as the
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made important explorations in the area and in the 1930s, as caving became increasingly popular, small exploration teams both in the
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428:. In 1968 Bruno Dressler asked Fernand Petzl, who worked as a metals machinist, to build a rope-ascending tool, today known as the
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route back to the surface regularly. Such long trips necessitate the cavers carrying provisions, sleeping, and cooking equipment.
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In 1988, concerned that cave resources were becoming increasingly damaged through unregulated use, Congress enacted the
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903:
661:, as even professional emergency personnel are unlikely to have the skills to effect a rescue in difficult conditions).
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2320:
1048:
777:, giving land management agencies in the United States expanded authority to manage cave conservation on public land.
416:(NSS) to advance the exploration, conservation, study and understanding of caves in the United States. American caver
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236:, an American caver of the 1940s, wrote about a group of men and boys who explored and studied caves throughout
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1944:
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267:. It was used freely, without any positive or negative connotations, although only rarely outside the US.
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31:
1368:
Iraola, Roberto (October 2005). "Statutory overview: The
Federal Cave Resources Protection Act of 1988".
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Caving, in certain areas, has also been utilized as a form of eco and adventure tourism, for example
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37:"Potholing" redirects here. The term may also refer to digging small deep holes to look for buried
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974:... people start... as sporting cavers and develop... other interests such as... cave diving...
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cave showing common caving wear: coveralls, helmet-mounted lights, heavy boots and gloves.
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799:. The first University-based speleological institute in the world was founded in 1920 in
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In addition to the equipment already described, cavers frequently carry packs containing
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may be worn if the cave is particularly wet or involves stream passages. On the feet
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988:"Extreme Caving - Gorgeous settings present dangers and challenges in Omnimax film"
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are also commonly carried. On longer trips, containers for securely transporting
490:("furry") suit or polypropylene underwear, and an oversuit of hard-wearing (e.g.,
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in the US was founded in 1941 (originally formed as the
Speleological Society of
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vulnerable. Due to an affliction affecting bats in the northeastern US known as
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them. In the UK, drowning accounts for almost half of all caving fatalities (see
627:, a fungal infection that is contracted from bird or bat droppings. It can cause
386:
were prominent figures of that time, surveying mostly caves in
Southwest France.
374:) transformed cave exploration into both a scientific and recreational activity.
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807:, a Romanian biologist, zoologist, speleologist and explorer of Antarctica.
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are worn – hiking-style boots in drier caves, or rubber boots (such as
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255:("cave, cavern, den"). This is regarded as the first use of the word in the
128:
94:
1293:
1206:
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among experienced enthusiasts. In 1985, Steve
Knutson – editor of the
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kits, emergency equipment, and food. Containers for securely transporting
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or for physical exercise, as well as original exploration, similar to
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1996:
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A caver begins rope descent of a vertical shaft using an abseil rack.
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562:. In some cases cavers may choose to bring and use a flexible metal
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346:(1859–1938), who first achieved the descent and exploration of the
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are one such fragile species of cave-dwelling animal. Bats which
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and can disseminate in the body to cause continued infections.
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down may be as deep as several hundred meters (for example
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in 1847–8, returning there in the 1870s. In the mid-1880s,
101:
is the scientific study of caves and the cave environment.
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Caving in warmer climates carries the risk of contracting
1185:
Stenn, Frederick (1960). "Cave
Disease or Speleonosis".
679:
thermal underwear or wetsuits may be required to avoid
412:
In 1941, American cavers organized themselves into the
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and in the karstic high plateaus of southwest France (
1275:
1273:
896:"Many find caving's challenges, thrills illuminating"
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Caving is often undertaken for the enjoyment of the
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2784:
Southern
African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
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1974:
1967:
1883:
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420:, known as "Vertical Bill", further developed the
127:Many caving skills overlap with those involved in
85:(United Kingdom and Ireland), is the recreational
342:Caving as a specialized pursuit was pioneered by
263:was the general term used for exploring caves in
120:Although caving is sometimes categorized as an "
108:, squeezes, and water hazards can be difficult.
715:Many cave environments are very fragile. Many
401:, Charles Petit-Didier and others explored the
292:
728:can have a dramatic effect on the cave biota.
358:in October 1912. In the 1920s famous US caver
335:. One of the oldest established caving clubs,
331:and in the 1890s, Balch was introduced to the
27:Recreational pastime of exploring cave systems
1945:
1423:
8:
607:Caves can be dangerous places; hypothermia,
30:"Caver" redirects here. For other uses, see
2759:Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
671:Sturdy clothing and footwear, as well as a
249:
2732:History of hard rock miners' organizations
2610:
2230:
1971:
1952:
1938:
1930:
1430:
1416:
1408:
856: – Science of cave and karst systems
2717:American Society of Reclamation Sciences
2564:North American Aerospace Defense Command
1338:"U.S Fish and Wildlife Service Advisory"
1307:Northeast Region Web Development Group.
1013:"Plunge into Roanoke's real underground"
923:
921:
290: – made the following distinction:
195:other as a typical team sport activity.
62:
1119:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1065:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
890:
888:
886:
878:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
866:
240:. This group referred to themselves as
315:explored potholes in England, notably
775:Federal Cave Resources Protection Act
211:, a word originating in the north of
7:
1199:10.1001/archinte.1960.00270140003001
514:socks ("wetsocks") in wetter caves.
1282:Journal of Environmental Management
2657:Journey to the Center of the Earth
2559:Naples underground geothermal zone
1259:. 2016. p. 11. Archived from
1231:from the original on Oct 3, 2017.
25:
2774:Research Centre for Deep Drilling
2769:International Union of Speleology
1449:Glossary of caving and speleology
827:International Union of Speleology
812:British Speleological Association
550:. Ropes are usually rigged using
298:This sentiment is exemplified by
67:Stephens Gap, a vertical cave in
1370:Fordham Environmental Law Review
1090:Yorkshire Rambler's Club Website
814:was established in 1935 and the
530:commonly used in caving are the
2764:Institution of Mining Engineers
2529:Underground Great Wall of China
1838:Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings
1092:. YRC Committee. Archived from
986:Chiacchia, Ken (6 April 2001).
793:French Federation of Speleology
311:In the mid-nineteenth century,
207:refers to the act of exploring
93:systems (as distinguished from
81:(United States and Canada) and
2779:Society of Economic Geologists
2747:National Speleological Society
2697:Wonderland (fictional country)
1257:National Speleological Society
1019:. 7 March 2008. Archived from
816:National Speleological Society
414:National Speleological Society
284:National Speleological Society
115:surveying and mapping of caves
1:
2204:Subterranean rivers of London
1249:A Guide to Responsible Caving
1187:Archives of Internal Medicine
934:Stuff.co.nz - Fairfax NZ News
902:. 8 June 2008. Archived from
615:, falling rocks and physical
581:out of the cave are carried.
393:, an alpine team composed of
52:Caving in a muddy section of
2737:National Mine Map Repository
2179:Jewel Cave National Monument
1891:List of UK caving fatalities
1343:. 2009-03-26. Archived from
1115:Caving equipment and culture
648:List of UK caving fatalities
634:In many parts of the world,
2742:National Mining Association
2569:Raven Rock Mountain Complex
1049:Online Etymology Dictionary
829:(UIS) was founded in 1965.
2941:
2682:Tunnels in popular culture
2524:Underground City, Montreal
2519:Underground City (Beijing)
2464:816 Nuclear Military Plant
2194:Mammoth Cave National Park
963:British Caving Association
784:
600:
447:
436:. The development of the
356:Mammoth Cave National Park
244:, a term derived from the
36:
29:
2489:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
1914:
1446:
1246:"What to Bring: Lights".
333:caves of the Mendip Hills
288:American Caving Accidents
179:, the oceanic islands of
2855:Underground construction
2727:Cave Research Foundation
1867:Cave of Forgotten Dreams
820:the District of Columbia
337:Yorkshire Ramblers' Club
270:In the 1960s, the terms
259:. Throughout the 1950s,
2341:Missile launch facility
2214:Wind Cave National Park
1860:Diving into the Unknown
1132:"Minimum-Impact Caving"
992:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
930:"Caving in New Zealand"
494:) or waterproof (e.g.,
339:, was founded in 1892.
278:began to be considered
226:Caving in the north of
2494:Chicago Tunnel Company
2133:Subterranean waterfall
1906:Tham Luang cave rescue
1901:Riesending cave rescue
1294:10.1006/jema.1998.0208
1161:"How Spelunking Works"
598:
463:
444:Practice and equipment
296:
250:
230:
71:
60:
32:Caver (disambiguation)
2509:Kőbánya cellar system
2499:Houston tunnel system
2479:Almadén Mercury Mines
2474:The Caves of Ægissíða
1874:The Underground Eiger
959:british-caving.org.uk
874:Caving in New Zealand
849:List of deepest caves
844:List of longest caves
691:tied to a projection.
666:helmet-mounted lights
596:
518:-pads (and sometimes
457:
422:single-rope technique
344:Édouard-Alfred Martel
225:
66:
51:
2904:Subterranean warfare
2677:Subterranea (comics)
2662:Moria (Middle-earth)
2642:Allegory of the cave
2626:Subterranean fiction
880:, Accessed 2012-11.)
787:Caving organizations
781:Caving organizations
2860:Tunnel construction
2584:Subterranean Toledo
2579:Subterranean London
2469:Caves of Maastricht
1896:Alpazat cave rescue
1541:Types and formation
1096:on 31 December 2013
752:white nose syndrome
733:Alabama cave shrimp
2882:Mining engineering
2867:Underground living
2692:Underland (Narnia)
2607:Fictional features
2386:Underground hangar
2128:Subterranean river
2123:Subterranean fauna
1823:Cave-dwelling Jews
1570:Estavelle/Inversac
1392:www.uis-speleo.org
1388:"What is the UIS?"
1068:A Latin Dictionary
599:
464:
348:Gouffre de Padirac
286:(NSS) publication
231:
215:for predominantly
89:of exploring wild
72:
61:
2912:
2911:
2800:Cave conservation
2705:
2704:
2602:
2601:
2448:Ventilation shaft
2227:Man-made features
2222:
2221:
1927:
1926:
1705:(Cave formations)
1468:Cave conservation
1042:Harper, Douglas.
906:on March 26, 2013
822:on May 6, 1939).
711:Cave conservation
405:cave system near
329:Wookey Hole Caves
137:urban exploration
43:vacuum excavation
16:(Redirected from
2932:
2877:Mine exploration
2652:Greek Underworld
2611:
2589:Turda Salt Mines
2574:Shanghai tunnels
2438:Smuggling tunnel
2381:Underground base
2376:Underground city
2291:Dugout (shelter)
2241:Air raid shelter
2231:
2189:Lechuguilla Cave
2169:Castellana Caves
2138:Underground lake
1972:
1968:Natural features
1954:
1947:
1940:
1931:
1550:Anchihaline cave
1532:Caves by country
1432:
1425:
1418:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1315:. Archived from
1304:
1298:
1297:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1138:. Archived from
1128:
1122:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1082:
1076:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
983:
977:
976:
971:
969:
951:
945:
944:
942:
940:
925:
916:
915:
913:
911:
892:
881:
871:
726:organic material
544:alpine butterfly
450:Caving equipment
395:Pierre Chevalier
384:Norbert Casteret
327:began exploring
325:Herbert E. Balch
253:
168:or cave diving.
149:outdoor activity
97:). In contrast,
77:, also known as
54:Black Chasm Cave
39:public utilities
21:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2788:
2701:
2630:
2598:
2504:Kosvinsky Kamen
2452:
2311:Fallout shelter
2281:Crypt Mausoleum
2218:
2209:Veryovkina Cave
2199:Reed Flute Cave
2152:
2059:Solutional cave
2007:Communal burrow
1963:
1958:
1928:
1923:
1910:
1879:
1852:Popular culture
1847:
1806:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1637:Solutional cave
1542:
1536:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1406:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1309:"Page Redirect"
1306:
1305:
1301:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1252:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1221:"Leptospirosis"
1219:
1218:
1214:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1073:Perseus Project
1061:
1057:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1011:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
985:
984:
980:
967:
965:
953:
952:
948:
938:
936:
928:Pearson, Anna.
927:
926:
919:
909:
907:
894:
893:
884:
872:
868:
863:
835:
789:
783:
713:
695:Vertical caving
605:
591:
532:figure-of-eight
524:surgical gloves
452:
446:
418:Bill Cuddington
403:Dent de Crolles
309:
300:bumper stickers
201:
177:Lava River Cave
145:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2938:
2936:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2852:
2850:Trench warfare
2847:
2845:Tunnel network
2842:
2840:Tunnel warfare
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2793:Related topics
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2549:Mount Yamantau
2546:
2541:
2539:Mines of Paris
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2406:Secret passage
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2174:Hang Sơn Đoòng
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2081:Lava tree mold
2078:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:Cave monastery
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1782:Speleoseismite
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1555:Breathing cave
1552:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1379:
1360:
1329:
1299:
1288:(2): 165–175.
1269:
1266:on 2016-04-18.
1238:
1212:
1193:(2): 181–183.
1177:
1152:
1123:
1107:
1077:
1055:
1034:
1004:
978:
955:"About Caving"
946:
917:
882:
865:
864:
862:
859:
858:
857:
851:
846:
841:
834:
831:
803:, Romania, by
785:Main article:
782:
779:
712:
709:
708:
707:
692:
684:
669:
662:
655:
651:
625:histoplasmosis
590:
587:
536:figure-of-nine
448:Main article:
445:
442:
376:Robert de Joly
308:
305:
217:vertical caves
200:
197:
173:in New Zealand
153:mountaineering
144:
141:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2937:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:Civil defense
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:Cave painting
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:Organisations
2708:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Mustang Caves
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:Semi-basement
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:Subway system
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:Utility vault
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:Rock-cut tomb
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Passage grave
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Earth shelter
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2266:Blast shelter
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Kazumura Cave
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Volcanic pipe
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Maternity den
2089:
2087:
2086:Magma chamber
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:Burrow fossil
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1737:Dogtooth spar
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:Calcite rafts
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1522:Speleogenesis
1520:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:Cave painting
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1463:Biospeleology
1461:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1350:on 2022-08-29
1346:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1319:on 2008-02-09
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1166:
1165:HowStuffWorks
1162:
1156:
1153:
1142:on 2021-06-28
1141:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1023:on 2011-12-08
1022:
1018:
1017:Roanoke Times
1014:
1008:
1005:
993:
989:
982:
979:
975:
964:
960:
956:
950:
947:
935:
931:
924:
922:
918:
905:
901:
897:
891:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
867:
860:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
839:List of caves
837:
836:
832:
830:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
805:Emil Racovita
802:
798:
794:
788:
780:
778:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
755:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
734:
729:
727:
721:
718:
710:
705:
704:Harwoods Hole
701:
696:
693:
690:
689:flagging tape
685:
682:
678:
677:polypropylene
674:
670:
667:
663:
660:
656:
652:
649:
645:
641:
640:
639:
637:
636:leptospirosis
632:
630:
626:
621:
618:
614:
610:
604:
595:
588:
586:
582:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:Italian hitch
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
510:) often with
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
479:
477:
472:
468:
461:
456:
451:
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
399:Fernand Petzl
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
380:Guy de Lavaur
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:Floyd Collins
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:John Birkbeck
306:
304:
301:
295:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
229:
224:
220:
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2667:Nome Kingdom
2621:Hollow Earth
2534:Maginot Line
2433:Storm cellar
2251:Burial vault
2113:Rock shelter
2024:Glacier cave
1872:
1865:
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1818:Cave dweller
1732:Cave popcorn
1671:Underground
1590:Karst spring
1580:Glacier cave
1482:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:
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481:The type of
480:
476:Carbide lamp
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458:Caver in an
411:
391:World War II
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2887:Mole people
2872:Mine rescue
2820:Cave rescue
2810:Cave diving
2554:Mogao Caves
2484:Coober Pedy
2443:Spider hole
2421:Septic tank
2361:Root cellar
2012:Paleoburrow
1961:Subterranea
1697:Speleothems
1610:Exploration
1510:Troglofauna
1478:Cave survey
1456:Main topics
1027:12 November
997:12 November
939:12 November
910:12 November
801:Cluj-Napoca
717:speleothems
681:hypothermia
603:Cave rescue
438:rappel rack
430:Petzl Croll
317:Gaping Gill
238:New England
110:Cave diving
2899:Speleology
2892:in fiction
2672:Pellucidar
2514:Kome Caves
2164:Balve Cave
2108:Pit crater
2064:Talus cave
1987:Ant colony
1833:Kome Caves
1797:Stalagnate
1792:Stalagmite
1787:Stalactite
1777:Soda straw
1767:Shelfstone
1727:Cave pearl
1702:Speleogens
1667:Talus cave
1600:Ley tunnel
1527:Speleology
1505:Stygofauna
1397:2019-04-28
1354:2022-10-10
1323:2009-04-09
1171:2021-03-01
1146:2021-06-28
1100:10 January
1086:"The Club"
861:References
854:Speleology
617:exhaustion
601:See also:
560:carabiners
272:spelunking
265:US English
261:spelunking
242:spelunkers
234:Clay Perry
143:Motivation
99:speleology
95:show caves
79:spelunking
58:California
2815:Cave gate
2687:Underdark
2635:Exemplars
2457:Exemplars
2396:Wine cave
2271:Catacombs
2157:Exemplars
2054:Show cave
2044:Lava tube
2039:Lava cave
1884:Incidents
1811:Dwellings
1752:Helictite
1747:Frostwork
1742:Flowstone
1712:Anthodite
1685:Waterfall
1657:Suffosion
1642:Show cave
1627:Salt cave
1595:Lava cave
1543:processes
1493:Equipment
1376:: 89–271.
1136:caves.org
1044:"spelunk"
968:31 August
768:flowstone
743:hibernate
629:pneumonia
571:first-aid
538:-) loop,
467:Hard hats
276:spelunker
205:potholing
203:The term
199:Etymology
129:canyoning
83:potholing
18:Potholing
2919:Category
2428:Stepwell
2416:Sewerage
2326:Hypogeum
2306:Erdstall
2296:Dry well
2276:Casemate
2256:Borehole
2246:Basement
2118:Sinkhole
2049:Pit Cave
2034:Ice cave
1919:Category
1772:Snottite
1762:Rimstone
1757:Moonmilk
1647:Sinkhole
1632:Sea cave
1617:Pit cave
1585:Ice cave
1229:Archived
1207:13834312
1063:spelunca
833:See also
797:Spelunca
700:abseiled
644:drowning
613:flooding
512:neoprene
500:Wetsuits
407:Grenoble
372:Pyrenees
352:Kentucky
321:Alum Pot
280:déclassé
257:Americas
251:spēlunca
209:potholes
181:Tenerife
2722:Bergamt
2647:Batcave
2594:Yaodong
2331:Manhole
2321:Foxhole
2286:Dungeon
1992:Aquifer
1843:Yaodong
1717:Boxwork
1560:Cave-in
1313:fws.gov
747:migrate
664:Use of
609:falling
540:bowline
508:wellies
492:cordura
483:clothes
460:Alabama
389:During
368:Causses
307:History
228:England
213:England
185:Iceland
106:pitches
87:pastime
69:Alabama
2925:Caving
2830:Caving
2752:Grotto
2366:Tunnel
2351:Quarry
2261:Bunker
2148:Warren
2071:Cenote
2029:Grotto
1997:Burrow
1982:Alcove
1652:Spring
1565:Cenote
1488:Diving
1483:Caving
1441:topics
1205:
1117:(from
900:NewsOK
876:(from
673:helmet
589:Safety
564:ladder
558:, and
556:slings
546:, and
534:- (or
488:fleece
189:Hawaii
157:diving
75:Caving
41:: see
2614:Types
2316:Fogou
2234:Types
2076:Karst
1975:Types
1680:River
1622:Ponor
1575:Foiba
1517:Karst
1500:Fauna
1348:(PDF)
1341:(PDF)
1264:(PDF)
1253:(PDF)
579:feces
575:urine
552:bolts
528:Knots
520:elbow
504:boots
434:Petzl
426:Jumar
246:Latin
161:Earth
2391:Well
2336:Mine
2096:Nest
2019:Cave
1700:and
1675:Lake
1662:Sump
1605:Mine
1439:Cave
1203:PMID
1102:2014
1029:2012
999:2012
970:2018
941:2012
912:2012
810:The
764:silt
760:sand
739:Bats
654:out.
516:Knee
382:and
370:and
364:Alps
274:and
187:and
135:and
133:mine
131:and
91:cave
2101:Bee
1802:Vug
1290:doi
1225:NHS
1195:doi
1191:105
1071:on
762:or
496:PVC
471:LED
191:).
155:or
56:in
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