569:, is associated with qualities like lucidity, tranquility, wisdom, discrimination, detachment, happiness, and peacefulness when expressed in the mind (citta). Rajas is characterized by traits like hankering, power, and various forms of movement and creative activity. Tamas is marked by qualities such as ignorance, delusion, lethargy, and disinclination toward constructive activity. These psychological attributes reveal the nature of the
232:
152:
In Sāṃkhya puruṣa signifies the observer, the 'witness'. Prakṛti includes all the cognitive, moral, psychological, emotional, sensorial and physical aspects of reality. It is often mistranslated as 'matter' or 'nature' – in non-Sāṃkhyan usage it does mean 'essential nature' – but that distracts from
448:, exists in equilibrium before the cosmos manifests, neutralizing each other's properties. Samkhya argues that the complex and purposeful nature of the world suggests that it exists for the sake of something else, particularly the conscious souls. This view suggests that
131:(Sanskrit: प्रकृति) is an early Indic concept meaning "making or placing before or at first, the original or natural form or condition of anything, original or primary substance". The term is discussed by
153:
the heavy Sāṃkhyan stress on prakṛti's cognitive, mental, psychological and sensorial activities. Moreover, subtle and gross matter are its most derivative byproducts, not its core. Only prakṛti acts.
433:
is associated with concepts of energy, activity, and passion; so that, depending on how it is used, it can either have a supportive or hindering effect on the evolution of the soul.
62:
school, where it does not refer to matter or nature, but "includes all the cognitive, moral, psychological, emotional, sensorial and physical aspects of reality", stressing "
437:
is commonly associated with inertia, darkness, insensitivity. Souls who are more
Tamasic are considered imbued in darkness and take the longest to reach liberation.
1266:
817:"Ludo Rocher: The Purā as. (A History of Indian Literature. Vol. ii, fasc. 3.) [vii], 282 pp. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1986. DM 120"
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as the "primal motive force". It is the essential constituent of the universe and is at the basis of all the activity of the creation.
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refers to "the material world, nature, matter, physical and psychological character, constitution, temper, disposition". According to
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561:- sattva, rajas, and tamas. However, the emphasis within the text primarily is on the psychological manifestations of these guṇas.
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Earth, water, fire, air, space, mind, intellect, and the sense of ego comprise the eight component parts of my energy known as
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2408:
2007:
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1872:
400:, and is considered "that form of matter which covers the perfections of the soul (jiva) and prevents its liberation".
1832:
1238:
932:
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the
Bhagavad-Gita, a New Translation and Commentary, Chapter 1-6. Penguin Books, 1969, p. 220
472:
as His own power, through which He manifests in the world. In
Chapter 7 verse 4 and 5, Krishna mentions two types of
52:) is "the original or natural form or condition of anything, original or primary substance". It is a key concept in
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is described as encompassing the entire cosmos including its physical aspects. It is characterized by the three
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Monier Monier-Williams (1899), Monier
William's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press,
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as the material energy of the universe, created and controlled by God (Krishna), and its distinction from
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is the feminine aspect of existence, the personified will and energy of the
Supreme (Brahman); while in
192:
1378:
452:, though unconscious, serves to aid the liberation of the soul, similar to how milk nourishes a calf.
172:
refers to the feminine aspect of all life forms, and more specifically a woman is seen as a symbol of
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is the potency that brings about evolution and change in the empirical universe. It is described in
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James G. Lochtefeld (2001), The
Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Rosen Publishing,
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Prakr̥ti in
Samkhya-yoga: Material Principle, Religious Experience, Ethical Implications
654:
629:
A Sanskrit-English dictionary: with special reference to cognate Indo-European languages
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1967:
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According to
Samkhya and the Bhagavad Gita Prakrti or Nature is composed of the three
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consciousness. The term is also found in the texts of other Indian religions such as
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526:(spirit) have no beginning. You should also know that all transformations and the
195:, five Hindu goddesses are considered as the complete feminine personification of
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A Concise
Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English
685:
492:, which is distinct from it. This is the element of life, O mighty one, the
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331:
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145:. It connotes "nature, body, matter, phenomenal universe" in Hindu texts.
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In Chapter 13 verses 19-23, Krishna discusses the eternal nature of both
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The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation and Commentary
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Buddhism: Yogācāra, the epistemological tradition and Tathāgatagarbha
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704:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–33. GGKEY:B0FNE81JRLY.
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66:'s cognitive, mental, psychological and sensorial activities".
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in different verses. In Chapter 4 verse 6, Krishna describes
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The Concise Yoga Vāsiṣṭha, Swami Venkatesananda, 1984, p.94
183:
is thoroughly mentioned. According to Sanskrit scriptures,
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938:
349:, but not identical with it and inextricably related to
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encompasses qualities of goodness, light, and harmony.
821:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
273:
is the conscious witness in every living being, while
1089:. London ; New York: Continuum. pp. 83–84.
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which are tendencies or modes of operation, known as
335:(qualities) are the attributes of primordial Nature (
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383:Prakriti is closely associated with the concept of
261:, in the dualistic system of the Samkhya school, "
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249:philosophical literatures, it is contrasted with
219:. Together these five goddesses are worshiped as
496:, by means of which this world is held in place.
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150:
265:is the principle of pure consciousness, while
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740:
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8:
761:Knut A. Jacobsen (2008). Bron Taylor (ed.).
767:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 1299–1300.
488:, but you should also know about my higher
1342:
1267:
1253:
1245:
649:
647:
794:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 332–333.
460:The Bhagavad Gita emphasize the role of
788:Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006).
618:
345:. These qualities are inseparable from
1196:. State University of New York Press.
1157:
1145:
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956:
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920:The Bhagavad Gita: Songs of the Master
70:has three different innate qualities (
7:
1087:An introduction to Indian philosophy
974:. Editorial Kier. 1987. p. 40.
897:. Penguin Books India. p. 312.
339:), and not its constituents, unlike
1217:. Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies.
764:Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature
539:Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 13, verse 19
501:Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 7, verse 4-5
269:is the principle of matter", where
25:
164:In Indian languages derived from
102:, in this school, contrasts with
1028:. Nilgiri Press. pp. 221–.
1001:. Peter Lang. pp. 151–162.
870:. Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd.
626:Monier-Williams, Monier (1899).
518:You should understand that both
227:Application in Indian philosophy
1177:. New York: North Point Press.
894:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide
1607:Progressive utilization theory
1055:. Nilgiri Press. p. 221.
514:as well as their distinction.
235:Elements in Samkhya philosophy
108:, which is pure awareness and
1:
321:is one of the six substances
253:(spirit, consciousness), and
2495:Hindu philosophical concepts
179:In Hinduism, the concept of
922:. pp. 159 footnote 36.
686:Prakriti: Indian philosophy
632:. Ocford, England: Oxford.
396:" is used in its theory of
361:) whereas it's infinite in
148:According to Dan Lusthaus,
141:, and is found in numerous
47:
2511:
862:Chaturvedi, B. K. (1900).
1211:Sutton, Nicholas (2016).
1173:Bryant, Edwin F. (2009).
1049:Easwaran, Eknath (2007).
995:Knut A. Jacobsen (1999).
833:10.1017/S0041977X00114958
721:. Routledge. p. 20.
688:, Encyclopædia Britannica
300:. In Samkhya-Yoga texts,
292:is presented as both the
38:
1794:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
1241:(bhagavadgitaasitis.com)
1192:Grimes, John A. (1996).
1112:, pp. 70, 114, 201.
1022:Eknath Easwaran (2007).
791:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
551:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
1724:Samkhyapravachana Sutra
1085:Bartley, C. J. (2011).
971:Preceptos de Perfección
815:Smith, John D. (1988).
484:. This is the inferior
444:, comprising the three
376:is the material cause (
315:Vishishtadvaita Vedanta
277:is the manifest world.
1460:Early Buddhist schools
891:Dalal, Roshen (2010).
715:Paul Williams (2005).
542:
504:
236:
185:Brahma Vaivarta Purana
155:
868:Brahmavaivarta Purana
676:, Pages 224, 265, 520
530:have their origin in
392:In Jainism the term "
234:
193:Devi Bhagavata Purana
124:Etymology and meaning
1898:Brihadratha Ikshvaku
1735:Sarvadarsanasangraha
1512:Acintya bheda abheda
1239:Bhagavad Gita 13.1-2
419:(preservation), and
389:within Hindu texts.
280:In Hindu cosmology,
56:, formulated by its
1958:Dayananda Saraswati
1532:Nimbarka Sampradaya
1456:Buddhist philosophy
701:Outlines Of Jainism
1569:Pashupata Shaivism
1399:Pashupata Shaivism
959:, p. 236-237.
918:Charles Johnston.
237:
27:Nature in Hinduism
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2481:
2334:Pratītyasamutpāda
1495:
1494:
1276:Indian philosophy
1224:978-1-366-61059-1
1096:978-1-84706-448-6
1052:The Bhagavad Gita
1035:978-1-58638-023-6
1025:The Bhagavad Gita
1008:978-0-8204-3465-0
904:978-0-14-341421-6
877:978-93-5296-763-6
864:"Prakriti Khanda"
801:978-0-8160-7564-5
774:978-1-4411-2278-0
728:978-0-415-33231-6
76:panchamahabhootas
16:(Redirected from
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1988:Satyakama Jabala
1923:Akshapada Gotama
1873:Gārgī Vāchaknavī
1853:Vāchaspati Misra
1711:Nyayakusumanjali
1645:Bhagavata Purana
1602:Radical Humanism
1574:Shaiva Siddhanta
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2309:Parinama-vada
2307:
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2177:
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2167:
2165:
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2147:
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2027:
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2019:
2015:
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1838:Maṇḍana Miśra
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1828:Abhinavagupta
1826:
1824:
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1801:Yoga Vasistha
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1697:
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1694:All 108 texts
1692:
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1664:Dharmashastra
1661:
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1638:Bhagavad Gita
1635:
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1621:
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1592:Integral yoga
1590:
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1537:Shuddhadvaita
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1214:Bhagavad-Gita
1209:
1205:
1199:
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1186:
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1159:
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1127:
1124:, p. 70.
1123:
1118:
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1072:
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1062:9781586380236
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981:9789501701463
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586:
584:
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576:
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568:
565:, the purest
564:
560:
556:
552:
544:
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529:
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522:(matter) and
521:
515:
513:
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497:
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456:Bhagavad Gita
455:
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368:According to
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307:Bhagavad Gita
303:
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291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:Knut Jacobsen
256:
252:
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244:
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198:
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189:Devi Mahatmya
186:
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134:
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69:
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61:
60:
55:
51:
49:
43:
36:
32:
19:
2409:Iccha-mrityu
2374:Satkaryavada
2323:
2274:Nididhyasana
2259:Matsya Nyaya
1993:Madhvacharya
1823:Adi Shankara
1816:Philosophers
1799:
1792:
1775:
1756:
1749:
1740:Shiva Sutras
1730:Sangam texts
1722:
1715:
1706:Nyāya Sūtras
1686:
1679:
1662:
1652:Brahma Sutra
1651:
1643:
1636:
1631:Arthashastra
1629:
1622:
1564:Pratyabhijna
1444:Anekantavada
1213:
1193:
1174:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1051:
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1024:
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964:
952:
928:
919:
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893:
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824:
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783:
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628:
621:
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531:
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493:
489:
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479:
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469:
465:
461:
459:
449:
445:
441:
440:In Samkhya,
439:
434:
430:
426:
420:
414:
413:(creation),
408:
404:
402:
393:
391:
384:
382:
378:Satkaryavada
373:
367:
362:
359:nityavibhuti
358:
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346:
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318:
312:
305:
301:
297:
281:
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196:
180:
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151:
147:
136:
128:
127:
110:metaphysical
103:
99:
71:
67:
63:
57:
45:
30:
29:
2454:Vivartavada
2344:Rājamaṇḍala
2299:Paramananda
2099:Apauruṣheyā
2094:Anupalabdhi
1953:Vivekananda
1918:Dharmakirti
1878:Buddhaghosa
1868:Yājñavalkya
1675:Jain Agamas
1670:Hindu texts
1549:Navya-Nyāya
1485:Svatantrika
1480:Sautrāntika
1369:Vaisheshika
1167:Works Cited
1158:Bryant 2009
1146:Sutton 2016
1134:Sutton 2016
1122:Sutton 2016
1110:Sutton 2016
957:Grimes 1996
945:Grimes 1996
545:Yoga Sutras
143:Hindu texts
2404:Svātantrya
2294:Paramatman
2249:Kshetrajna
2224:Ishvaratva
2164:Cittabhumi
2159:Chidabhasa
2109:Asiddhatva
2029:Abhasavada
2003:Guru Nanak
1938:Vasubandhu
1764:Upanishads
1758:Tirukkuṟaḷ
1717:Panchadasi
1522:Bhedabheda
1470:Madhyamaka
1310:Monotheism
1203:0791430677
827:(2): 355.
748:, page 654
609:References
494:jiva bhuta
2264:Mithyatva
2154:Chaitanya
2149:Catuṣkoṭi
2114:Asatkalpa
2089:Anavastha
2064:Aishvarya
1983:Sakayanya
1978:Sadananda
1943:Gaudapada
1928:Nagarjuna
1883:Patañjali
1699:Principal
1681:Kamasutra
1475:Yogachara
1394:Raseśvara
849:161845090
841:0041-977X
638:704040338
614:Citations
573:in Yoga.
201:Saraswati
2489:Category
2429:Tanmatra
2424:Tajjalan
2414:Syādvāda
2314:Pradhana
2289:Padārtha
2254:Lakshana
2199:Ekagrata
2044:Adrishta
2039:Adarsana
2017:Concepts
1998:Mahavira
1963:Ramanuja
1913:Chanakya
1848:Avatsara
1843:Valluvar
1783:Vedangas
1597:Gandhism
1500:Medieval
1449:Syādvāda
1434:Charvaka
1406:Pāṇiniya
1300:Idealism
603:Ammavaru
577:See also
555:prakriti
537:—
532:prakriti
520:prakriti
512:purusha,
508:prakriti
499:—
490:prakriti
486:prakriti
482:prakriti
474:prakriti
470:prakriti
462:prakriti
450:prakriti
442:prakriti
394:Prakriti
302:Prakriti
296:and the
286:Shaktism
275:Prakriti
267:Prakriti
255:Prakriti
197:Prakriti
181:Prakriti
174:Prakriti
170:Prakriti
166:Sanskrit
129:Prakriti
118:Buddhism
100:Prakriti
68:Prakriti
54:Hinduism
35:Sanskrit
31:Prakriti
18:Prakruti
2474:More...
2444:Upekkhā
2439:Uparati
2419:Taijasa
2394:Śūnyatā
2364:Saṃsāra
2359:Samadhi
2324:Prakṛti
2279:Nirvāṇa
2229:Jivatva
2219:Ikshana
2174:Devatas
2144:Bhumika
2134:Brahman
2124:Avyakta
2069:Akrodha
2049:Advaita
2008:More...
1903:Jaimini
1807:More...
1517:Advaita
1507:Vedanta
1465:Śūnyatā
1424:Ājīvika
1416:Nāstika
1384:Vedanta
1379:Mīmāṃsā
1359:Samkhya
1339:Ancient
1295:Atomism
1290:Atheism
655:Samkhya
583:Purusha
549:In the
524:purusha
466:purusha
374:Prakṛti
363:Sāṅkhya
355:Prakṛti
351:Ishvara
347:Prakṛti
342:Sāṅkhya
337:Prakṛti
319:Prakṛti
298:Prakṛti
294:Brahman
290:Goddess
282:Prakṛti
271:Purusha
263:Purusha
251:Purusha
242:Sāṅkhya
239:In the
213:Gayatri
209:Parvati
205:Lakshmi
168:roots,
138:Nirukta
114:Jainism
96:Pruthvi
78:namely
64:Prakṛti
59:Sāṅkhya
48:Prakṛti
39:प्रकृति
2449:Utsaha
2399:Sutram
2389:Sthiti
2384:Sphoṭa
2354:Sakshi
2339:Puruṣa
2319:Prajna
2284:Niyama
2244:Kasaya
2189:Dravya
2179:Dharma
2139:Bhuman
2129:Bhrama
2084:Ananta
2079:Anatta
2074:Aksara
2059:Ahimsa
2034:Abheda
2024:Abhava
1973:Raikva
1893:Kapila
1888:Kanada
1585:Modern
1559:Shaiva
1527:Dvaita
1429:Ajñana
1389:Shaiva
1347:Āstika
1330:Moksha
1283:Topics
1221:
1200:
1181:
1093:
1059:
1032:
1005:
978:
901:
874:
847:
839:
798:
771:
725:
672:
636:
598:Shakti
588:Akasha
563:Sattva
427:Sattva
416:sattva
329:. The
325:dravya
288:, the
105:Puruṣa
80:Akasha
2464:Yamas
2459:Viraj
2434:Tyāga
2369:Satya
2269:Mokṣa
2239:Karma
2194:Dhrti
2119:Ātman
2104:Artha
1908:Vyasa
1788:Vedas
1769:Minor
1616:Texts
1364:Nyaya
1355:Hindu
1325:Artha
1305:Logic
845:S2CID
571:gunas
559:gunas
528:gunas
446:gunas
435:Tamas
431:Rajas
422:tamas
410:rajas
405:guṇas
398:Karma
332:guṇas
217:Radha
133:Yāska
72:guṇas
2469:Yoga
2234:Kama
2214:Idam
2209:Hitā
2204:Guṇa
2169:Dāna
2054:Aham
1458:and
1439:Jain
1374:Yoga
1320:Kama
1219:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1030:ISBN
1003:ISBN
976:ISBN
899:ISBN
872:ISBN
837:ISSN
796:ISBN
769:ISBN
723:ISBN
670:ISBN
634:OCLC
567:guna
510:and
386:Maya
247:Yoga
245:and
215:and
191:and
116:and
92:Jala
88:Agni
84:Vayu
42:IAST
2349:Ṛta
2184:Dhi
829:doi
313:In
2491::
1357::
937:^
866:.
843:.
835:.
825:51
823:.
819:.
753:^
737:^
661:^
646:^
553:,
476::
372:,
365:.
353:.
317:,
223:.
211:,
207:,
203:,
199:–
187:,
176:.
120:.
98:.
94:,
90:,
86:,
82:,
44::
37::
1268:e
1261:t
1254:v
1227:.
1206:.
1187:.
1099:.
1065:.
1038:.
1011:.
984:.
907:.
880:.
851:.
831::
804:.
777:.
731:.
640:.
534:.
327:)
323:(
33:(
20:)
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