296:. American soldiers and supplies had been assisting British and Soviet operations for almost a year by this point, and the United States had thus "chosen a side", but due to the political climate in the States at the time and some campaign promises made by Roosevelt that he would not send American troops to fight in foreign wars, Roosevelt could not declare war for fear of public backlash. The attack on Pearl Harbor united the American people's resolve against the Axis powers and created the bellicose atmosphere in which to declare war.
146:
135:
120:). This oft-repeated phrase was the ultimate conclusion of all logical argument in every oration, regardless of the subject of the speech. This pattern persisted until his death in 149, which was the year in which the Third Punic War began. In other words, any subject became a pretext for reminding his fellow senators of the dangers Carthage represented.
60:
213:"house tranquility") ... This incident of the inscription was, of course, a mere pretext, but Ieyasu realized that he could not enjoy the power he had usurped as long as Hideyori lived, and consequently, although the latter more than once Hideyori dispatched his vassal Katagiri Kastumoto to Ieyasu's residence (
110:(234â149 BC). For Cato, every public speech became a pretext for a comment about Carthage. The Roman statesman had come to believe that the prosperity of ancient Carthage represented an eventual and inevitable danger to Rome. In the Senate, Cato famously ended every speech by proclaiming his opinion that
28:) is an excuse to do something or say something that is not accurate. Pretexts may be based on a half-truth or developed in the context of a misleading fabrication. Pretexts have been used to conceal the true purpose or rationale behind actions and words. They are often heard in political speeches.
39:
case for the proffered evidence, the opposing party must prove that these reasons were "pretextual" or false. This can be accomplished by directly demonstrating that the motivations behind the presentation of evidence is false, or indirectly by evidence that the motivations are not "credible". In
74:
As one example of pretext, in the 1880s, the
Chinese government raised money on the pretext of modernizing the Chinese navy. Instead, these funds were diverted to repair a ship-shaped, two-story pavilion which had been originally constructed for
348:
uses a pretext to elicit information fraudulently from a target. The pretext in this case includes research into the identity of a certain authorized person or personality type in order to establish legitimacy in the mind of the target.
48:
because the evidence was not sufficient that the defendant's reasons were "pretextual". That is, the defendant's evidence was either undisputed, or the plaintiff's was "irrelevant subjective assessments and opinions".
157:
were unsettled, with warring factions battling for power. The causes for the fighting were in part pretextural, but the outcome brought diminished armed conflicts after the
627:
190:): A new bronze bell for the HÅkÅ-ji was cast successfully; but despite the dedication ceremony planning, Ieyasu forbade any further actions concerning the great bell:
804:
749:
716:
696:
641:
35:, a pretext usually describes false reasons that hide the true intentions or motivations for a legal action. If a party can establish a
532:
514:
789:
373:
303:, later revealed to have been partly provoked and partly not to have happened, was used to bring the United States fully into the
245:
The next two-and-a-half centuries of
Japanese history were comparatively peaceful under the successors of Tokugawa Ieyasu and the
568:
413:
799:
784:
481:
52:
A "pretextual" arrest by law enforcement officers is one carried out for illegal purposes such as to conduct an unjustified
345:
341:
335:
554:
501:
314:
318:
277:
was blamed on the
Spanish, despite early reports of it having been an accident, contributing to U.S. entry into the
461:
708:
654:
278:
665:
604:
32:
763:
759:
300:
358:
289:
768:
721:
363:
285:
76:
139:
116:
84:
741:
645:
794:
154:
99:), is "moored" on Lake Kunming in what the empress renamed the "Garden for Cultivating Harmony" (
53:
745:
712:
692:
682:
637:
608:
205:
affect to take umbrage, alleging that it was intended as a curse on him for the character å® (
688:
536:
518:
274:
80:
45:
731:
674:
633:
587:
368:
202:
439:
145:
754:
650:
310:
158:
107:
778:
623:
259:
293:
281:. The slogan "Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!" was used as a rallying cry.
214:
173:
67:
735:
702:
425:
304:
134:
106:
Another example of pretext was demonstrated in the speeches of the Roman orator
92:
63:
36:
678:
629:
Pretext for War: 9/11, Iraq, and the Abuse of
America's Intelligence Agencies.
263:
129:
392:
684:
Hubris: The Inside Story of Spin, Scandal, and the
Selling of the Iraq War
209:"peace") was placed between the two characters composing his own name 家康 (
201:(meaning "the country and the house, peace and tranquility"), and at this
669:
426:
Criminal law - Pretextual arrests and alternatives to the objective tests
322:
111:
59:
267:
246:
44:, an employment discrimination case, a jury award was reversed by a
197:"he tablet over the Daibutsu-den and the bell bore the inscription
533:"Detail | Old Japanese Photographs in Bakumatsu-Meiji Period"
515:"Detail | Old Japanese Photographs in Bakumatsu-Meiji Period"
262:
was often accused of using impressment of
American sailors by the
144:
133:
88:
58:
664:
trans, William Davis Hooper and
Harrison Boyd Ash. Cambridge:
177:
292:
by
Japanese forces on December 7, 1941 as a pretext to enter
83:. This pretext and the Marble Barge are famously linked with
440:"Pretextual traffic stops: injustice for minority drivers"
217:) with profuse apologies, Ieyasu refused to be placated."
769:
569:"BOOKS OF THE TIMES; on Dec. 7, Did We Know We Knew?"
737:
Day of Deceit: The Truth about FDR and Pearl Harbor
172:): The Shogun vanquished Hideyori and set fire to
609:"Pretexting: Your Personal Information Revealed."
317:and faulty intelligence about the existence of
588:"Book says CIA tried to provoke Saddam to war"
284:Some have argued that United States President
309:Critics have accused United States President
8:
414:Defining "pretext" in discrimination cases
176:, and then he returned for the winter to
442:. The University of Dayton School of Law
567:Bernstein, Richard (15 December 1999).
384:
496:
494:
149:Inscription on bell at Hokoji in Kyoto
21:
258:During the War of 1812, US President
229:KeichÅ 19, 25th day of the 10th month
130:False flag § As pretexts for war
7:
393:"Pretext Law & Legal Definition"
188:KeichÅ 19, 19th day of the 7th month
724:, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1956).
586:Borger, Julian (6 September 2006).
231:): A strong earthquake shook Kyoto.
14:
728:Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.
488:(online version of Loeb edition).
374:Causes of the Franco-Prussian War
726:Kyoto, the Old Capital of Japan,
551:Kyoto, the Old Capital of Japan,
549:Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956).
275:sinking of the USS Maine in 1889
764:Annales des empereurs du Japon.
241:): Osaka Summer Battle begins.
1:
805:Social engineering (security)
336:Social engineering (security)
315:September 11th, 2001 attacks
319:weapons of mass destruction
249:government he established.
153:The early years of Japan's
821:
416:by Karen Sutherland (2013)
333:
127:
709:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
790:Knowledge representation
666:Harvard University Press
605:Federal Trade Commission
301:Gulf of Tonkin incident
266:as a pretext to invade
800:Attack on Pearl Harbor
476:Hooper, William Davis
359:Genocide justification
290:attack on Pearl Harbor
150:
142:
71:
785:Propaganda techniques
701:Min, Anchee. (2007).
460:Min, Anchee. (2007).
364:Plausible deniability
321:as a pretext for the
286:Franklin D. Roosevelt
148:
137:
128:Further information:
114:had to be destroyed (
91:, known today as the
87:. This architectural
62:
42:Griffith v. Schnitzer
760:Nipon o daï itsi ran
742:Simon & Schuster
279:SpanishâAmerican War
117:Carthago delenda est
85:Empress Dowager Cixi
757:, Isaac. (1834). ,
438:O'Day, Kathleen M.
734:Robert B. (2001).
653:, Marcus Porcius.
573:The New York Times
553:p. 292; Titsingh,
428:by Robert D. Snook
342:social engineering
330:Social engineering
155:Tokugawa shogunate
151:
143:
72:
54:search and seizure
750:978-0-7432-0129-2
717:978-0-618-53146-2
704:The Last Empress.
697:978-0-307-34681-0
642:978-0-385-50672-4
626:, James. (2004).
463:The Last Empress,
812:
689:Crown Publishers
612:
602:
596:
595:
583:
577:
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558:
547:
541:
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535:. Archived from
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517:. Archived from
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225:October 18, 1614
81:Qianlong Emperor
46:Court of Appeals
23:
820:
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670:OCLC 230499252
634:Doubleday Books
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482:"Introduction,"
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369:Proximate cause
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203:Tokugawa Ieyasu
184:August 24, 1614
138:Temple bell at
132:
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124:Uses in warfare
12:
11:
5:
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677:, Michael and
672:
660:De agricultura
656:On Agriculture
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619:
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614:
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611:February 2006.
597:
578:
559:
542:
539:on 2016-03-03.
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521:on 2016-03-03.
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486:De Agricultura
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334:Main article:
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311:George W. Bush
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221:
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161:in 1614â1615.
159:Siege of Osaka
125:
122:
108:Cato the Elder
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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722:Ponsonby-Fane
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646:OCLC 55068034
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395:. uslegal.com
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260:James Madison
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253:United States
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592:The Guardian
591:
581:
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537:the original
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519:the original
509:
485:
477:
472:
462:
456:
444:. Retrieved
433:
421:
409:
397:. Retrieved
387:
339:
294:World War II
244:
238:
234:
228:
224:
215:Sunpu Castle
210:
206:
199:"Kokka ankÅ"
198:
187:
183:
174:Osaka Castle
169:
165:
152:
115:
105:
100:
96:
73:
70:near Beijing
68:Kunming Lake
51:
41:
30:
25:
17:
15:
555:p. 410
465:pp. 155-156
323:war in Iraq
305:Vietnam War
93:Marble Boat
64:Marble Boat
37:prima facie
779:Categories
740:New York:
707:New York:
687:New York:
679:David Corn
632:New York:
618:References
500:Titsingh,
484:in Cato's
346:pretexting
340:A type of
264:Royal Navy
77:the mother
26:pretextual
795:Cognition
299:The 1964
288:used the
239:KeichÅ 20
170:KeichÅ 19
755:Titsingh
732:Stinnett
681:. 2006.
607:(FTC):
480:(1934).
446:13 March
399:13 March
353:See also
211:"ka-kÅ",
112:Carthage
101:Yiheyuan
767:Paris:
675:Isikoff
624:Bamford
344:called
140:HÅkÅ-ji
97:Shifang
79:of the
18:pretext
762:; ou,
748:
715:
695:
640:
502:p. 410
478:et al.
268:Canada
247:bakufu
33:US law
380:Notes
89:folly
746:ISBN
713:ISBN
693:ISBN
651:Cato
638:ISBN
448:2013
401:2013
273:The
235:1615
166:1614
22:adj.
207:an,
178:Edo
103:).
66:on
31:In
781::
744:.
711:.
691:.
668:.
644:;
636:.
590:.
571:.
493:^
56:.
24::
16:A
771:.
662:)
658:(
594:.
575:.
557:.
504:.
467:;
450:.
403:.
325:.
270:.
237:(
227:(
186:(
180:.
168:(
95:(
20:(
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