2678:
corruption that accompanied those sales, according to research released by the World Bank there has been increased operating efficiency, daily petty corruption is, or would be, larger without privatization, and that corruption is more prevalent in non-privatized sectors. Furthermore, according to the World Bank extralegal and unofficial activities are more prevalent in countries that privatized less. Other research suggests that privatization in Russia resulted in a dramatic rise in the level of economic inequality and a collapse in GDP and industrial output.
3228:. When contracts are complete, institutions such as (private or public) property are difficult to explain, since every desired incentive structure can be achieved with sufficiently complex contractual arrangements, regardless of the institutional structure. All that matters is who are the decision makers and what is their available information. In contrast, when contracts are incomplete, institutions matter. A leading application of the incomplete contract paradigm in the context of privatization is the model by
3240:(1997). In their model, a manager can make investments to increase quality (but they may also increase costs) and investments to decrease costs (but they may also reduce quality). It turns out that it depends on the particular situation whether private ownership or public ownership is desirable. The Hart-Shleifer-Vishny model has been further developed in various directions, e.g. to allow for mixed public-private ownership and endogenous assignments of the investment tasks.
2187:
580:
7844:
2312:
2287:
2162:
2262:
2212:
2882:
2400:
1572:
556:
1584:
568:
2868:
sold to foreign investors. In 1993, 265 companies were privatized, followed by 604 in 1994. Two companies were sold to foreign investors during this period, one each in 1993 and 1994. At the start of 1999, 4,330 companies were left to be privatized, with 5,476 having been sold during 1993–1998. At the end of 1998, only 2.4% of privatized companies had foreign participation.
2386:
debt, typically because governments do not have the needed time to wait for a return. Another economic factor that influences this area is the resulting efficiency of SOEs once privatised. Commonly, governments aren’t able to provide the required investments required to ensure profitability for various reasons. These factors may lead to a government deciding to privatize.
2337:
2237:
2669:
the commission found that the UK rail network (which was privatized from 1994 to 1997) was most improved out of all the 27 EU nations from 1997 to 2012. The report examined a range of 14 different factors and the UK came top in four of the factors, second and third in another two and fourth in three, coming top overall. Nonetheless, the
3032:
efficient investments by private companies, instead of cross-subsidizing them with the overall credit-risk of the country. Investment decisions are then governed by market interest rates. State-owned industries have to compete with demands from other government departments and special interests. In either case, for smaller markets,
2763:(NCPCR) – Utilization of Free Medical Services by Children Belonging to the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) in Private Hospitals in New Delhi, 2011–12: A Rapid Appraisal – indicates under-utilization of the free beds available for EWS category in private hospitals in Delhi, though they were allotted land at subsidized rates.
2510:
insufficiently developed, however, it would be difficult to find enough buyers. The shares may have to be underpriced, and the sales may not raise as much capital as would be justified by the fair value of the company being privatized. Many governments, therefore, elect for listings in more sophisticated markets, for example,
3201:
flawed (e.g. lack of transparency leading to state-owned assets being appropriated at minuscule amounts by those with political connections, absence of regulatory institutions leading to transfer of monopoly rents from public to private sector, improper design and inadequate control of the privatization process leading to
3031:
Capital: a privately held companies can sometimes more easily raise investment capital in the financial markets when such local markets exist and are suitably liquid. While interest rates for private companies are often higher than for government debt, this can serve as a useful constraint to promote
3013:
Accountability: managers of privately owned companies are accountable to their owners/shareholders and to the consumer, and can only exist and thrive where needs are met. Managers of publicly owned companies are required to be more accountable to the broader community and to political "stakeholders".
2740:
emphasizes the societal concerns of self-regulating markets through a concept known as a "double movement". In essence, whenever societies move towards increasingly unrestrained, free-market rule, a natural and inevitable societal correction emerges to undermine the contradictions of capitalism. This
2867:
Romania's first privatization took place on 3 August 1992. There was "very little" privatization during 1992: only 22 state-owned enterprises were privatized. The pace picked up throughout the following year, with more than 260 companies privatized. Four of the 22 enterprises privatized in 1992 were
2588:
of the loan, while the proceeds from the underlying asset correspond to secured interest payments—the transaction can be considered substantively the same as a secured loan, though it is structured as a sale. This interpretation is particularly argued to apply to recent municipal transactions in the
1801:
There are also private entities that may perform public functions. These entities could also be described as privatized. Privatization may mean the government sells state-owned businesses to private interests, but it may also be discussed in the context of the privatization of services or government
3105:
Job gains: as the economy becomes more efficient, more profits are obtained and no government subsidies and less taxes are needed, there will be more private money available for investments and consumption and more profitable and better-paid jobs will be created than in the case of a more regulated
2563:
In one study assimilating some of the literature on "privatization" that occurred in
Russian and Czech Republic transition economies, the authors identified three methods of privatization: "privatization by sale", "mass privatization", and "mixed privatization". Their calculations showed that "mass
1642:
when a heavily regulated private company or industry becomes less regulated. Government functions and services may also be privatised (which may also be known as "franchising" or "out-sourcing"); in this case, private entities are tasked with the implementation of government programs or performance
3200:
Privatization and poverty: it is acknowledged by many studies that there are winners and losers with privatization. The number of losers—which may add up to the size and severity of poverty—can be unexpectedly large if the method and process of privatization and how it is implemented are seriously
3135:
and disease control. Some national constitutions in effect define their governments' "core businesses" as being the provision of such things as justice, tranquility, defense, and general welfare. These governments' direct provision of security, stability, and safety, is intended to be done for the
2668:
argues that privatisation in Europe had mixed effects on service quality and has achieved only minor productivity gains, driven mainly by lower labour input combined with other cost cutting strategies that led to a deterioration of employment and working conditions. Meanwhile, a different study by
2660:
points to the absence of any productivity shock resulting strictly from ownership change. Instead, the impact on the previously nationalized companies of the UK productivity leap under the
Conservatives varied in different industries. In some cases, it occurred prior to privatization, and in other
2632:
More recent research and literature review performed by
Professor Saul Estrin and Adeline Pelletier concluded that "the literature now reflects a more cautious and nuanced evaluation of privatization" and that "private ownership alone is no longer argued to automatically generate economic gains in
2385:
There are various reasons why a government may decide to privatize; commonly due to economic reasons. The economic factors that influence a government's decision to privatize assume this will lower government debt. Studies have shown that governments are more likely to privatise with higher public
1931:
between 1933 and 1937: "It is a fact that the government of the
National Socialist Party sold off public ownership in several state-owned firms in the middle of the 1930s. The firms belonged to a wide range of sectors: steel, mining, banking, local public utilities, shipyard, ship-lines, railways,
3042:
Lack of market discipline: poorly managed state companies are insulated from the same discipline as private companies, which could go bankrupt, have their management removed, or be taken over by competitors. Private companies are also able to take greater risks and then seek bankruptcy protection
2766:
In
Australia a "People's Inquiry into Privatisation" (2016/17) found that the impact of privatisation on communities was negative. The report from the inquiry "Taking Back Control" made a range of recommendations to provide accountability and transparency in the process. The report highlighted
2567:
However, in economies "characterized by shortages" and maintained by the state bureaucracy, wealth was accumulated and concentrated by "gray/black market" operators. Privatizing industries by sale to these individuals did not mean a transition to "effective private sector owners state assets".
1806:
has written that: "Private entities provide a vast array of social services for the government; administer core aspects of government programs; and perform tasks that appear quintessentially governmental, such as promulgating standards or regulating third-party activities." Metzger mentions an
2571:
Through privatization by direct asset sale or the stock market, bidders compete to offer higher prices, generating more revenue for the state. Voucher privatization, on the other hand, could represent a genuine transfer of assets to the general population, creating a sense of participation and
3158:
Corruption: government ministers and civil servants are bound to uphold the highest ethical standards, and standards of probity are guaranteed through codes of conduct and declarations of interest. However, the selling process could lack transparency, allowing the purchaser and civil servants
3211:
Reduced wages and benefits: a 2014 report by In the Public
Interest, a resource center on privatization, argues that "outsourcing public services sets off a downward spiral in which reduced worker wages and benefits can hurt the local economy and overall stability of middle and working class
1793:
may mean different things depending on the context in which it is used. It can mean moving something from the public sphere into the private sphere, but it may also be used to describe something that was always private, but heavily regulated, which becomes less regulated through a process of
2790:
than those in the private sector. In Chile, women are disproportionately affected by the privatization of the pension system because factors such as "women's longer life expectancy, earlier retirement age, and lower rates of labor-force participation, lower salaries" affect their ability to
2677:
Privatizations in Russia and Latin
America were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state-owned companies. Those with political connections unfairly gained large wealth, which has discredited privatization in these regions. While media have widely reported the grand
2703:
during the 1990s, although a further study suggested that there were errors in their method and "correlations reported in the original article are simply not robust." A subsequent body of scholarship, while still controversial, demonstrates that rapid privatization schemes associated with
3180:
Cuts in essential services: if a government-owned company providing an essential service (such as the water supply) to all citizens is privatized, its new owner(s) could lead to the abandoning of the social obligation to those who are less able to pay, or to regions where this service is
2509:
and the political and firm-specific factors. Privatization through the stock market is more likely to be the method used when there is an established capital market capable of absorbing the shares. A market with high liquidity can facilitate the privatization. If the capital markets are
2568:
Rather than mainly participating in a market economy, these individuals could prefer elevating their personal status or prefer accumulating political power. Instead, outside foreign investment led to the efficient conduct of former state assets in the private sector and market economy.
2079:
were rapidly sold off to the private sector. In the 1990s, privatization revenue from 18 Latin
American countries totaled 6% of gross domestic product. Private investment in infrastructure from 1990 and 2001 reached $ 360.5 billion, $ 150 billion more than in the next emerging economy.
7334:
3097:
for their products, or by reducing costs). Private corporations typically profit more if they serve the needs of their clients well. Corporations of different sizes may target different market niches in order to focus on marginal groups and satisfy their demand. A company with good
2648:. Yet, some empirical literature suggests that privatization could also have very modest effects on efficiency and quite regressive distributive impact. In the first attempt at a social welfare analysis of the British privatization program under the Conservative governments of
2083:
While economists generally give favorable evaluations of the impact of privatization in Latin
America, opinion polls and public protests across the countries suggest that a large segment of the public is dissatisfied with or have negative views of privatization in the region.
1932:
etc. In addition to this, delivery of some public services produced by public administrations prior to the 1930s, especially social services and services related to work, was transferred to the private sector, mainly to several organizations within the Nazi Party."
3143:
Although private companies may provide a similar good or service alongside the government, opponents of privatization are critical about completely transferring the provision of public goods, services and assets into private hands for the following reasons:
3057:
Concentration of wealth: ownership of and profits from successful enterprises tend to be dispersed and diversified—particularly in voucher privatization. The availability of more investment vehicles stimulates capital markets and promotes liquidity and job
3176:
Capital: governments can raise money in the financial markets most cheaply to re-lend to state-owned enterprises, although this preferential access to capital markets risks undermining financial discipline because of the assurance of a bailout from the
4126:
Alen Jugovič, Ante Bistričić & Borna Debelić (2010) Economic
Effects of Privatisation of Public Services Sector in the Republic of Croatia Emphasising MaritimePassenger Traffic, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 23:4, 114–126, DOI:
3009:
issues) in a state-run corporation affects the ongoing asset stream and company performance, whereas any corruption that may occur during the privatization process is a one-time event and does not affect ongoing cash flow or performance of the
2712:
contributing to the debate by stating "IMF economic reform programs are associated with significantly worsened tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates in post-communist Eastern European and former Soviet countries." Historian
2593:
for 75 years. It is argued that this is motivated by "politicians' desires to borrow money surreptitiously", due to legal restrictions on and political resistance to alternative sources of revenue, viz, raising taxes or issuing debt.
3820:"Privatization in Latin America: The rapid rise, recent fall, and continuing puzzle of a contentious economic policy" by John Nellis, Rachel Menezes, Sarah Lucas. Center for Global Development Policy Brief, Jan 2004, p. 1.
3073:
reasons. Examples include making an industry buy supplies from local producers (when that may be more expensive than buying from abroad), forcing an industry to freeze its prices/fares to satisfy the electorate or control
4555:"If, in 1987–1988, 2 percent of the Russian people lived in poverty (i.e., survived on less than $ 4 a day), by 1993–1995 the number reached 50 percent: in just seven years half the Russian population became destitute
5604:
An Applied Research Project Submitted to the Department of Political Science, Texas State University–San Marcos, in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Public Administration, Spring
5578:
An Applied Research Project Submitted to the Department of Political Science, Texas State University-San Marcos, in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Public Administration, Spring
2673:
has been the subject of much debate, with the stated benefits including improved customer service, and more investment; and stated drawbacks including higher fares, lower punctuality and increased rail subsidies.
3829:"The Distributive Impact of Privatization in Latin America: Evidence from Four Countries" by David McKenzie, Dilip Mookherjee, Gonzalo Castañeda and Jaime Saavedra. Brookings Institution Press, 2008, p. 162.
3162:
Accountability: the public has less control and oversight of private companies although these remain answerable to various stakeholders, including shareholders, clients, suppliers, regulators, employees and
2689:-backed rapid privatization schemes saw half the Russian population fall into destitution in just several years as unemployment climbed to double digits by the early to mid 1990s. A 2009 study published in
2767:
privatisation in healthcare, aged care, child care, social services, government departments, electricity, prisons and vocational education featuring the voices of workers, community members and academics.
4782:
3208:
Job loss: due to the additional financial burden placed on privatized companies to succeed without any government help, unlike the public companies, jobs could be lost to keep more money in the company.
2998:
Improvements: conversely, the government may put off improvements due to political sensitivity and special interests—even in cases of companies that are run well and better serve their customers' needs.
2138:'s privatization index rated transition countries from 1 (maximum progress) to 7 (no progress). The table below shows the privatization index for various Eastern European countries in 1998 and 2002:
5461:
2087:
In the 1990s, the governments in Eastern and Central Europe engaged in extensive privatization of state-owned enterprises in Eastern and Central Europe and Russia, with assistance from the
2068:, but the subsequent sale of state-run firms saw the number of shareholders double by 1985. By the time of her resignation in 1990, there were more than 10 million shareholders in Britain.
3017:
Civil-liberty concerns: a company controlled by the state may have access to information or assets which may be used against dissidents or any individuals who disagree with their policies.
1850:—for example, much of the grain was eventually produced on estates owned by the Emperor. David Parker and David S. Saal suggest that the cost of bureaucracy was one of the reasons for the
2864:
had sold almost everything, having only 65 firms left to privatize as of December 1994. More than 80% of the privatized businesses were bought by foreigners (chiefly West Germans – 75%).
2799:
India says "The privatization of public services...implies limited or no access to essential services for women living in poverty, who are often the ones more in need of these services."
3039:
Security: governments have had the tendency to "bail out" poorly run businesses, often due to the sensitivity of job losses, when economically, it may be better to let the business fold.
2856:
had privatized 8,175 companies, with 5,950 left on hand (4,340 remaining to be sold and the remainder to be liquidated). June 1992 was also when the last East German on the board of the
7675:
2105:'s privatization in 1987 involved the largest share offering in financial history at the time. 15 of the world's 20 largest public share offerings have been privatizations of telecoms.
2060:
when many state-run firms were sold off to the private sector. The privatization received very mixed views from the public and the parliament. Even former Conservative prime minister
4140:
4330:
Evenson, Robert E.; Megginson, William L. (2006). "Reviewed work: The Great Divestiture: Evaluating the Welfare Impact of the British Privatizations, 1979–1997, Massimo Florio".
3757:
3377:
2640:
Although typically there are many costs associated with these efficiency gains, many economists argue that these can be dealt with by appropriate government support through
1638:) can mean several different things, most commonly referring to moving something from the public sector into the private sector. It is also sometimes used as a synonym for
2760:
4050:
3014:
This can reduce their ability to directly and specifically serve the needs of their customers, and can bias investment decisions away from otherwise profitable areas.
2584:
and are criticized as a "particularly noxious form of governmental debt". In this interpretation, the upfront payment from the privatization sale corresponds to the
6325:
6181:
610:
3906:
2071:
Privatization in Latin America was extensive in the 1980s and 1990s, as a result of a Western liberal economic policy. Companies providing public services such as
1731:, in April 1923, in a translation of a German speech referring to the potential for German state railroads to be bought by American companies. In German, the word
1182:
6095:
4789:
5625:
4110:
7252:
1614:
2621:, the more competitive the industry, the greater the improvement in output, profitability, and efficiency. Such efficiency gains mean a one-off increase in
7512:
2670:
2116:
started allowing privatization of the centrally planned economy. Large privatization of the Soviet economy occurred over the next few years as the country
2030:
351:
4813:
4157:
Kikeri, Sunita; Nellis, John (June 2002). "Privatisation in Competitive Sectors: The Record to Date, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2860".
2987:
has the ability to focus all relevant human and financial resources onto specific functions. A state-owned firm does not have the necessary resources to
2606:, "it is somewhere between difficult and impossible to separate the effects of privatisation from the effects of such things as trends in the economy".
5458:
6862:
1666:
to private investors; in this case shares may be traded in the public market for the first time, or for the first time since an enterprise's previous
2695:
medical journal has found that as many as a million working men died as a result of economic shocks associated with mass privatization in the former
2602:
Privatization had different outcomes around the world. Results of privatization may vary depending on the privatization model employed. According to
4481:
Privatisation in Competitive Sectors: The Record to Date. Sunita Kikeri and John Nellis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2860, June 2002.
4384:
4147:. Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), Beesley series. Presentation at London Business School, 7 Nov 2000, Beesley series of lectures on regulation.
3005:; decisions are made primarily for political reasons, personal gain of the decision-maker (i.e. "graft"), rather than economic ones. Corruption (or
5415:
3119:
should remain primarily in the hands of government in order to ensure that everyone in society has access to them (such as law enforcement, basic
1770:
4180:
3464:
2807:
2803:
306:
5834:
4208:
2980:
Increased efficiency: private companies and firms have a greater incentive to produce goods and services more efficiently to increase profits.
6088:
6068:
5937:
5918:
5773:
5743:
5703:
5319:
3784:
3653:
3491:
2537:
more often resort to direct asset sales to a few investors, partly because those countries do not yet have a stock market with high capital.
2708:
economic reforms did result in poorer health outcomes in former Eastern Bloc countries during the transition to markets economies, with the
1709:. Before and after this process the company is privately owned, but after the buyout its shares are withdrawn from being traded at a public
7463:
6162:
6108:
2065:
4675:
4137:
2064:
was critical of the policy, likening it to "selling the family silver". There were around 3 million shareholders in Britain when Thatcher
5713:
Hoppe, Eva I.; Schmitz, Patrick W. (2010). "Public versus private ownership: quantity contracts and the allocation of investment tasks".
5542:
Hoppe, Eva I.; Schmitz, Patrick W. (2010). "Public versus private ownership: Quantity contracts and the allocation of investment tasks".
4757:
3215:
Inferior quality products: private, for-profit companies cut corners on providing quality goods and services in order to maximize profit.
2617:
in the early 2000s, privatization in competitive industries with well-informed consumers, consistently improved efficiency. According to
1896:
began once more to practice privatization, especially with regards to their manufacturing industries. This was a reversal of the earlier
7443:
7086:
5154:
5112:
5069:
5026:
4984:
3314:
2942:
Proponents of privatization argue that, over time, this can lead to lower prices, improved quality, more choices, less corruption, less
603:
346:
5325:
5282:
5240:
5197:
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functions, where private entities are tasked with the implementation of government programs or the performance of government services.
5999:
4731:
4697:
4548:
4368:
3173:
Goals: the government may seek to use state companies as instruments to further social goals for the benefit of the nation as a whole.
2483:: distribution of vouchers, which represent part ownership of a corporation, to all citizens, usually for free or at a very low price.
1962:
in the United States that privatization gained worldwide momentum. Notable privatization attempts in the UK included privatization of
535:
311:
4567:
4239:
Saul Estrin; Adeline Pelletier (22 March 2018). "Privatization in Developing Countries: What Are the Lessons of Recent Experience?".
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31:
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3385:
1877:(無為), literally meaning "do nothing". The rulers were counseled by the Taoist clergy that a strong ruler was virtually invisible.
1798:. The term may also be used descriptively for something that has always been private, but could be public in other jurisdictions.
7886:
7858:
7417:
6981:
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Vom Niedergang des unternehmerisch tätigen Staates: Privatisierungspolitik in Großbritannien, Frankreich, Italien und Deutschland
2770:
Some reports show that the results of privatization are experienced differently between men and women for numerous reasons: when
2057:
1851:
1607:
288:
4358:
3155:
Improvements: the government is motivated to performance improvements as well run businesses contribute to the State's revenues.
7906:
7765:
7145:
5368:
4485:
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investors, which is more often called "going private". The buyout withdraws the company's shares from being traded at a public
3191:
Concentration of wealth: profits from successful enterprises end up in private hands instead of being available for public use.
2732:
results. On the other hand, however, privatisation has been largely met with a negative criticism and citizen coalitions. This
2117:
177:
157:
7407:
5900:
4746:"Why is Sector Reform So Unpopular in Latin America?" by Mary Shirley. The Ronald Coase Institute Working Paper, 2004, p. 1.
4409:
3838:"Why is Sector Reform So Unpopular in Latin America?" by Mary Shirley. The Ronald Coase Institute Working Papers, 2004, p. 1.
3737:
2977:. A political government may only be motivated to improve a function when its poor performance becomes politically sensitive.
2963:
2903:
2899:
2421:
2417:
2102:
1643:
of government services that had previously been the purview of state-run agencies. Some examples include revenue collection,
596:
5822:
Clarke, Thomas and Pitelis, Christos (eds.) (1995) "The Political Economy of Privatisation" London and New York: Routledge,
5812:
Clarke, Thomas (ed.) (1994) "International Privatisation: Strategies and Practices" Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter,
3440:
4598:
4256:"Liberalization and privatization of public utilities: origins of the debate, current issues and challenges for the future"
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and wealth concentration in the top percentile "had been made possible by the transfer of state assets to private owners."
7896:
7438:
6855:
6691:
6025:
2725:
2498:
2096:
1663:
1373:
1031:
268:
4461:
3194:
Political influence: governments may more easily exert pressure on state-owned firms to help implement government policy.
6275:
6117:
5424:
3903:
3344:
3152:, and is motivated to safeguarding the assets of the nation. The profit motive may be subordinated to social objectives.
3140:, opponents of privatization claim that they aren't subject to fair competition, and better administrated by the state.
1847:
1423:
1413:
477:
331:
273:
3006:
7713:
7155:
7028:
6800:
6340:
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reported on Nazi Germany's sale of nationalized banks back to public shareholders following the 1931 economic crisis.
1600:
1119:
1056:
989:
967:
336:
210:
4295:
2560:. Additionally, privatization from below had made important contribution to economic growth in transition economies.
5636:
3089:
Profits: corporations exist to generate profits for their shareholders. Private companies make a profit by enticing
7192:
7170:
6507:
4723:
3339:
2641:
1683:
1428:
944:
6112:
5599:
5573:
147:
7901:
7891:
7286:
6635:
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Performance: a democratically elected government is accountable to the people through a legislature, Congress or
2946:, and/or quicker delivery. Many proponents do not argue that everything should be privatized. According to them,
2709:
2373:, most of the public began to call for re-nationalization, citing allegations of the privatized firms practicing
2003:
1737:
has been used since at least the 19th century. Ultimately, the word came to German through French from the Latin
1202:
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167:
102:
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suggests that implementing a less efficient but more politically mindful approach could be more sustainable.
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7076:
6780:
6674:
6210:
6124:
Parker, David (1991). "Privatisation ten years on : a critical analysis of its rationale and results".
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Chowdhury, F. L. ‘’Corrupt Bureaucracy and Privatisation of Tax Enforcement’’, 2006: Pathak Samabesh, Dhaka.
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its goods and services as a result of the general products provided to the greatest number of people in the
2892:
2545:
2519:
2410:
2053:
1368:
1014:
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694:
530:
97:
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call for international bidding, reflecting the assumption that foreign investment would play a major role.
2822:
in the former Central and Eastern Europe, the rapid privatization preferred by international institutions (
2572:
inclusion. A market could be created if the government permits transfer of vouchers among voucher holders.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20120623162706/http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/harold-macmillan-2/
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6487:
6410:
6395:
6280:
6195:
6096:
Does Fiscal Stress Induce Privatization? Correlates of Private and Intermunicipal Contracting, 1992–2002
6018:
5655:
Black, Bernard; et al. (2000). "Russian Privatization and Corporate Governance: What Went Wrong?".
5412:
5224:
Democratising Capitalism?: The Political Economy of Post-Communist Transformations in Romania, 1989–2001
4966:
Mitchell Alexander Orenstein, Stephen R. Bloom, Nicole Lindstrom, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008,
4719:
The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century
4084:
4044:
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1916:
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316:
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127:
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Making Russia and Turkey Great Again?: Putin and Erdogan in Search of Lost Empires and Autocratic Power
5574:"Contracting Through the Lens of Classical Pragmatism: An Exploration of Local Government Contracting"
5439:
Race to the Bottom: How Outsourcing Public Services Rewards Corporations and Punishes the Middle Class
4191:
2501:: distribution of shares for free or at a very low price to workers or management of the organization.
2495:: purchase of public shares by management of the company, sometimes by borrowing from external lenders
7689:
7023:
6885:
6427:
6390:
6265:
6230:
4571:
3128:
3099:
3002:
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2819:
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1991:
1807:
expansion of privatization that includes health and welfare programs, public education, and prisons.
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1147:
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1079:
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87:
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1900:
policies, which had themselves overturned earlier policies in favor of more rigorous state control.
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Civil-liberty concerns: a democratically elected government is accountable to the people through a
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1004:
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4296:"Winners and Losers: Assessing the Distributional Impact of Privatisation, CGD Working Paper No 6"
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1162:
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909:
864:
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739:
719:
510:
3593:
2748:
Privatization in Latin America has invariably experienced increasing push-back from the public.
2728:, economic indicators, including firm profitability, productivity, and growth, project positive
1834:
private individuals and companies performed the majority of services including tax collection (
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6993:
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3269:
3132:
3115:
Opponents of privatization in general—or of certain privatizations in particular—believe that
3050:
does not mean that these sectors must be state owned. Governments can enact or are armed with
2649:
2625:, but through improved incentives to innovate and reduce costs also tend to raise the rate of
2492:
2113:
2037:. This has been reverted by the same party in Britain in the early 2020s with the state-owned
1983:
1955:
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72:
40:
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2017:
Such efforts culminated in 1993 when British Rail was privatized under Thatcher's successor,
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6502:
6492:
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6442:
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6129:
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5899:
Megginson and Netter, From state to market: A survey of empirical studies on privatization,
5799:
5722:
5672:
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5551:
5508:
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2014:
their homes (at a heavily discounted rate). One million purchased their residences by 1986.
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1305:
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1207:
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709:
572:
482:
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182:
82:
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2736:
criticism highlights the ongoing conflict between varying visions of economic development.
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7604:
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7339:
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4602:
4575:
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4465:
4144:
4097:
3910:
3329:
3294:
3289:
3264:. Depending on the involvement of internal and external investors, it may occur through a
3233:
3225:
3202:
3136:
common good (in the public interest) with a long-term (for posterity) perspective. As for
2852:
2714:
2626:
2049:
2026:
2007:
1999:
1987:
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205:
116:
67:
6118:
Reports of the Public Services International Research Unit at the University of Greenwich
4689:
3863:
Norman A. Graham, Folke Lindahl, Timur Kocaoglu, Rowman & Littlefield, Mar 19, 2021,
3412:
2934:
Arguments for and against the controversial subject of privatization are presented here.
1954:
to small investors in public share offerings in 1961. However, it was in the 1980s under
5346:
7697:
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3334:
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3253:
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2771:
2700:
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United States, particularly for fixed term, such as the 2008 sale of the proceeds from
2553:
2506:
2192:
1947:
1939:
1915:). Significant privatizations of this nature occurred from 1760 to 1820, preceding the
1831:
1827:
1727:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1541:
1526:
1496:
1418:
1280:
914:
759:
749:
679:
664:
659:
472:
321:
162:
142:
5696:
La privatisation au Liban : allocation des ressources et efficacité de la gestion
5486:
4640:
4623:
1765:
The word became common in the late 1970s and early 1980s as part of UK prime minister
579:
7875:
7787:
7754:
7532:
7483:
7160:
7140:
7081:
6998:
6895:
6765:
6640:
6558:
6462:
6300:
6270:
6061:
Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism
6056:
5969:
5438:
5385:
Dagdeviren (2006). "Revisiting privatisation in the context of poverty alleviation".
5309:
Constructing Capitalisms: Transforming Business Systems in Central and Eastern Europe
4281:
4272:
4255:
4013:
3796:
3722:
3696:
3507:
3324:
3131:
when the government provides society at large with public goods and services such as
3054:
and bodies to deal with anti-competitive behavior of all companies public or private.
2779:
2729:
2682:
2603:
2366:
2135:
1959:
1935:
1870:
1774:
1758:
1733:
1531:
1403:
1363:
1235:
899:
799:
467:
457:
432:
172:
137:
122:
48:
5528:
5365:
4657:
4482:
3555:
7759:
7735:
7702:
7683:
7664:
7619:
7592:
7585:
7567:
7505:
7281:
7235:
7230:
7133:
7118:
6961:
6711:
6665:
6645:
6576:
6437:
6385:
6220:
5946:
5459:
How a Bogus, Industry-Funded Study Helped Spur a Privatization Disaster in Michigan
3742:
3304:
3299:
3273:
3083:
3079:
2974:
2737:
2696:
2581:
2460:
2121:
2034:
2022:
2011:
1967:
1928:
1897:
1889:
1843:
1795:
1639:
1453:
1393:
1320:
1104:
879:
789:
487:
384:
132:
77:
5726:
5626:"Water for sale: how business and the market can resolve the world's water crisis"
5555:
4504:"The Necessity of Gangster Capitalism: Primitive Accumulation in Russia and China"
4413:
4111:
U. of C. professor argues privatization of public assets just like borrowing money
4029:
3942:
3570:
1830:, when governments contracted out almost everything to the private sector. In the
5973:
5910:
Benchmarking Privatization: the building of privatization index using fuzzy logic
4536:
The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism
4519:
2033:, as doubling of passenger numbers and investment was balanced by an increase in
1857:
Perhaps one of the first ideological movements towards privatization came during
7727:
7527:
7412:
7301:
7276:
7264:
7245:
7128:
7108:
7018:
6915:
6830:
6615:
6591:
6538:
6528:
6405:
6355:
6305:
6255:
5908:
4595:
3120:
3062:
2881:
2399:
2109:
1995:
1943:
1881:
1862:
1766:
1679:
1536:
1438:
1358:
1114:
847:
809:
764:
734:
689:
525:
283:
278:
258:
107:
5991:
4458:
1869:
came into prominence for the first time at a state level, and it advocated the
7820:
7707:
7324:
6905:
6650:
6625:
6563:
6350:
6171:
5835:"The Financial and Operating Performance of Privatised Firms during the 1990s"
3197:
Profit: private companies do not have any goal other than to maximize profits.
3167:
3149:
3102:
will therefore be incentivized to meet the needs of its customers efficiently.
2992:
2831:
2792:
2733:
2705:
2691:
2653:
2645:
2610:
2088:
2018:
1951:
1516:
1225:
1046:
977:
635:
356:
253:
215:
112:
6009:
5520:
3976:
3850:
The Financial Economics of Privatisation By William L. Megginson, pp. 205–206
3714:
17:
7721:
7522:
7473:
7456:
7394:
7376:
7150:
7064:
6825:
6755:
6725:
6655:
6400:
6345:
6320:
6285:
5512:
4963:
Orenstein, Mitchell Alexander; Bloom, Stephen R.; Lindstrom, Nicole (2008).
4828:"Privatisation and Women's Human Rights : Factsheet for CSW63 advocacy"
3124:
3093:
to buy their products in preference to their competitors' (or by increasing
3075:
3066:
3061:
Political influence: nationalized industries are prone to interference from
3021:
2787:
2775:
2359:
1904:
1769:. She was drawing on the work of the pro-privatization Member of Parliament
1571:
1556:
1546:
1491:
1315:
1250:
1094:
842:
649:
555:
263:
62:
5876:
4649:
3184:
Natural monopolies: privatization will not result in true competition if a
2774:
are privatized women are expected to take on the health and social care of
2724:
In Latin America, on the one hand, according to John Nellis's research for
2044:
The United Kingdom's largest public share offerings were privatizations of
4306:
2802:
The increase in privatization since the 1980s has been a factor in rising
2006:(1988), and the regional water authorities (mostly in 1989). After 1979,
1583:
567:
7609:
7542:
7478:
7361:
7291:
7269:
7165:
7113:
6871:
5804:
5677:
5448:
Web Archives. In the Public Interest, 3 June 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
4941:
4469:
3801:
3738:"Forget the nostalgia for British Rail – our trains are better than ever"
3546:
3529:
3277:
3090:
3070:
3025:
2984:
2943:
2557:
2511:
2474:
2317:
2292:
2167:
2092:
2045:
1971:
1652:
1383:
1290:
744:
654:
341:
187:
5760:
Beito, David T.; Peter Gordon; Alexander Tabarrok; Paul Johnson (2002).
5738:. Jefferson City, NC and London: McFarland & Co., Inc., Publishers.
4937:"The new Gilded Age: 2,750 people have more wealth than half the planet"
4357:
Dominik Sobczak; Elke Loeffler; Frankie Hine-hughes (10 November 2012).
4343:
4071:
Roin, Julie (2011-07-06). "Privatization and the Sale of Tax Revenues".
4021:
3958:"Privatization: Implications of a Shift from State to Private Ownership"
1946:
government embarked on large-scale privatization, including sale of the
7562:
7356:
7349:
7214:
7010:
6706:
6568:
5686:
5608:
5582:
3617:
3530:"The Coining of "Privatization" and Germany's National Socialist Party"
3309:
2906: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2470:
2424: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2267:
2217:
1975:
1963:
684:
5785:"The coining of 'privatisation´and Germany's National Socialist Party"
5487:"The Proper Scope of Government: Theory and an Application to Prisons"
4181:"From State To Market: A Survey Of Empirical Studies On Privatisation"
3995:"Methods of privatization and economic growth in transition economies"
3705:
3020:
Goals: a political government tends to run an industry or company for
7537:
7489:
7258:
6360:
5768:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press/The Independent Institute.
5736:
Privatization: The Provision of Public Services by the Private Sector
5398:
3929:
Ramamurti, Ravi (1992). "Why Are Developing Countries Privatizing?".
2549:
2342:
2242:
1885:
1874:
1866:
1773:, who was himself drawing on the Austrian-American management expert
6133:
6120:
Research database with many articles on the effects of privatization
5668:
5138:
Revolution and Change in Central and Eastern Europe: Revised Edition
3860:
Graham, Norman A.; Lindahl, Folke; Kocaoglu, Timur (19 March 2021).
3609:
2029:
of private rail companies. The privatization was controversial, and
5913:. Valladolid: International Conference on Modeling and Simulation.
5600:"Assessing the Ethical Issues Found in the Contracting Out Process"
3224:
In economic theory, privatization has been studied in the field of
7626:
7222:
6041:
von Weizsäcker, Ernst, Oran Young, and Matthias Finger (editors):
4677:
Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions
4624:"Did mass privatisation really increase post-communist mortality?"
2796:
2661:
cases, it occurred upon privatization or several years afterward.
2580:
Some privatization transactions can be interpreted as a form of a
2489:: start of new private businesses in formerly socialist countries.
1893:
1858:
769:
5784:
5096:
Going Global: Transition from Plan to Market in the World Economy
4860:"An International Perspective of Privatization and Women Workers"
3758:"Great British Railways : The Williams-Shapps Plan for Rail"
2958:
prefer that every function of the state be privatized, including
5413:
Privatizing Government Services Doesn’t Only Hurt Public Workers
2823:
2618:
2585:
1903:
In Britain, the privatization of common lands is referred to as
6844:
6144:
5136:
Roger East, Jolyon Pontin, Bloomsbury Publishing, Oct 6, 2016,
2791:
accumulate funds for retirement which leads to lower pensions.
2637:, liberalization and privatization has produced mixed results.
7599:
4607:
4305:. Center for Global Development. March 9, 2006. Archived from
4138:
A review of privatisation and regulation experience in Britain
3915:
3678:"Against the mainstream: Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany1"
2875:
2827:
2686:
2633:
developing economies". According to a 2008 study published in
2393:
6140:
5010:
Socialist Economies and the Transition to the Market: A Guide
4968:
Transnational Actors in Central and East European Transitions
2842:
Contrasting cases in Eastern Europe: Romania and East Germany
5051:
Volker Schneider, Burkard Eberlein, Springer, May 26, 2015,
2091:, the U.S. Agency for International Development, the German
27:
Transferring something from the public sphere to the private
6840:
5877:"Privatisation and the Federal Government: An Introduction"
4190:. Journal of Economic Literature. June 2001. Archived from
2786:, and the women in the public sector are more likely to be
1979:
1927:
The first mass privatization of state property occurred in
1693:
Separately, privatization can refer to the purchase of all
5485:
Hart, Oliver; Shleifer, Andrei; Vishny, Robert W. (1997).
3666:
Bouye, Thomas M., Manslaughter, markets, and moral economy
2969:
Proponents of privatization make the following arguments:
1658:
Another definition is that privatization is the sale of a
5053:
Complex Democracy: Varieties, Crises, and Transformations
4254:
Giuseppe Bognetti; Gabriel Obermann (11 September 2008).
7676:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
5764:
The voluntary city: choice, community, and civil society
5222:
Liliana Pop, Manchester University Press, Sep 19, 2006,
3378:"Musselburgh Co-op in crisis as privatization bid fails"
3170:, and can intervene when civil liberties are threatened.
2469:: asset divestiture to a strategic investor, usually by
1725:
first appeared in English, with quotation marks, in the
4906:
Stinson, Jane. "Why Privatization is a Women's Issue".
1842:), religious sacrifices and construction. However, the
5833:
D'Souza, Juliet; Megginson, William L. (August 1999).
2358:
The largest public shares offering in France involved
1884:, most of Europe was still by and large following the
5347:"Review of Kosanke's Instead of Politics – Don Stacy"
3993:
John Bennett, Saul Estrin, and Giovanni Urga (2007).
3001:
Corruption: a state-monopolized function is prone to
2795:
women face an even greater burden; Anjela Taneja, of
5048:
Schneider, Volker; Eberlein, Burkard (26 May 2015).
4459:
Have train fares gone up or down since British Rail?
3248:
Privatization can also refer to the purchase of all
7635:
7437:
7317:
7203:
7052:
7009:
6954:
6878:
6719:
6673:
6609:
6520:
6369:
6188:
2782:employs a larger proportion of women than does the
5761:
4882:"Five facts on gender equity in the public sector"
4410:"Performance and punctuality (PPM) – Network Rail"
2761:National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
2132:Freedom House's privatization index, 1998 and 2002
6113:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
4502:Holmstrom, Nancy; Richard Smith (February 2000).
2452:There are several main methods of privatization:
6083:, Buenos Aires/Madrid, Katz editores S.A, 2008,
6326:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
3904:"In Egypt, Revolution Moves Into The Factories"
3846:
3844:
2717:, a specialist in ancient history, posits that
2505:The choice of sale method is influenced by the
2365:Egypt undertook widespread privatization under
6128:. Cranfield University, School of Management.
5881:Report from the Congressional Research Service
5366:Central Europe's Mass-Production Privatization
5133:East, Roger; Pontin, Jolyon (6 October 2016).
4622:Earle, John S.; Gehlbach, Scott (2010-01-30).
2778:, women have less access to privatized goods,
2564:privatization" was the most effective method.
1982:(gradually privatized between 1979 and 1987),
6856:
6156:
4363:. Publications Office of the European Union.
3652:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLiZheng2001 (
3036:may add substantially to the cost of capital.
2973:Performance: state-run industries tend to be
2540:Voucher privatization occurred mainly in the
1670:. This type of privatization can include the
1608:
604:
8:
6026:Haiti: Workers Protest Privatisation Layoffs
5356:Libertarian Papers Vol. 3, ART. NO. 3 (2011)
4756:Perappadan, Bindu shajan (August 17, 2013).
4568:"Death surge linked with mass privatisation"
4049:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3571:"Privatization and Political Accountability"
1751:
5307:Roderick Martin, OUP Oxford, Mar 28, 2013,
4758:"Private hospitals shun destitute children"
3631:
3629:
3627:
3043:against creditors if those risks turn sour.
2850:East Germany, by the end of June 1992, the
2671:impact of the privatisation of British Rail
1756:), was used frequently in the mid-1930s as
1738:
352:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
7207:
6863:
6849:
6841:
6163:
6149:
6141:
5179:Stephen D. Roper, Routledge, Aug 2, 2004,
4360:Liberalisation and privatisation in the EU
4260:Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics
4117:Ameet Sachdev's Chicago Law, Ameet Sachdev
3988:
3986:
2635:Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics
1966:(1982), the radioactive-chemicals company
1615:
1601:
622:
611:
597:
35:
5803:
5676:
5502:
4919:
4639:
4271:
4188:William L. Megginson and Jeffry M. Netter
3931:Journal of International Business Studies
3816:
3814:
3812:
3704:
3545:
2922:Learn how and when to remove this message
2440:Learn how and when to remove this message
1750:, again translated directly from German (
5607:. Texas State University. Archived from
5581:. Texas State University. Archived from
4864:Journal of International Women's Studies
4612:15 January 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
3159:controlling the sale to gain personally.
2140:
1826:The history of privatization dates from
5008:Ian Jeffries, Routledge, May 27, 1993,
4214:. 2010-02-22. p. 9. Archived from
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
3919:, April 20, 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-20.
3647:
3636:International Handbook on Privatization
3360:
2609:According to research performed by the
2544:in Central and Eastern Europe, such as
634:
47:
4812:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4805:
4492:. David Martimort and Stéphane Straub.
4093:
4082:
4042:
3465:"Asserts Americans 'Plot' With French"
2128:introduced non-communist governments.
1705:investors, which is more often called
307:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
5328:from the original on December 4, 2022
5285:from the original on December 4, 2022
5264:OECD, OECD Publishing, Oct 29, 2002,
5243:from the original on December 4, 2022
5200:from the original on December 4, 2022
5157:from the original on December 4, 2022
5072:from the original on December 4, 2022
5029:from the original on December 4, 2022
4853:
4851:
4209:"Privatising State-owned Enterprises"
3884:from the original on December 4, 2022
3486:(in German). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
3441:"Why Do Public Companies Go Private?"
3046:Natural monopolies: the existence of
1767:Margaret Thatcher's economic policies
7:
5387:Journal of International Development
3523:
3521:
3434:
3432:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3078:, increasing its staffing to reduce
2904:adding citations to reliable sources
2422:adding citations to reliable sources
5932:. e-privatization.com publication.
5266:OECD Economic Surveys: Romania 2002
5176:Roper, Stephen D. (2 August 2004).
4634:(9712): 372, author reply 372–374.
4514:(9). Monthly Review Foundation: 1.
3315:List of nationalizations by country
347:North American Free Trade Agreement
6098:. Governance 22.3 (July): 459–481.
5975:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
5491:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
5304:Martin, Roderick (28 March 2013).
5219:Pop, Liliana (19 September 2006).
5181:Romania: The Unfinished Revolution
4935:Picchi, Aimee (December 7, 2021).
4690:10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001
3244:Privatization of private companies
2124:countries followed suit after the
536:Criticism of intellectual property
312:Bank for International Settlements
25:
6036:Globalization and Its Discontents
4674:; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2021).
4596:Privatisation 'raised death rate'
4436:"92% of UK trains arrive on time"
3320:List of privatizations by country
2810:inequality in the United States.
2369:. Following his overthrow in the
2031:its impact is still debated today
2010:tenants in the UK were given the
1888:economic model. By contrast, the
32:List of privatizations by country
7843:
7842:
5792:Journal of Economic Perspectives
4973:. University of Pittsburgh Pre.
4303:Nancy Birdsall & John Nellis
4273:10.1111/j.1467-8292.2008.00367.x
4241:The World Bank Research Observer
4014:10.1111/j.1468-0351.2007.00300.x
3765:Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
3697:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00473.x
3534:Journal of Economic Perspectives
2880:
2834:) and other foreign banks was a
2398:
2335:
2310:
2285:
2260:
2235:
2210:
2185:
2160:
1582:
1570:
578:
566:
554:
289:Economic liberalization in India
5930:The privatization leaders guide
5457:Joshua Holland (17 July 2014).
5229:. Manchester University Press.
5115:from the original on 2022-12-04
4987:from the original on 2022-12-04
3592:Metzger, Gillian (2003-01-01).
2954:could be problematic. However,
2891:needs additional citations for
2409:needs additional citations for
178:Structural Adjustment Programme
7408:Right of way (property access)
6063:. Princeton University Press.
5901:Journal of Economic Literature
5094:Padma Desai, MIT Press, 1997,
4332:Journal of Economic Literature
4127:10.1080/1331677X.2010.11517437
3638:by David Parker, David S. Saal
3082:, or moving its operations to
2664:A 2012 study published by the
2103:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
1:
6692:Critique of political economy
5867:von Hayek, Friedrich, (1960)
5727:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.009
5556:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.009
5005:Jeffries, Ian (27 May 1993).
4641:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60159-6
4159:John Nellis and Sunita Kikeri
3943:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490266
3594:"Privatization as Delegation"
2726:Center for Global Development
2097:non-governmental organization
2095:, and other governmental and
1664:municipally owned corporation
1374:Critique of political economy
1032:Critique of political economy
6276:History of capitalist theory
5624:Segerfeldt, Fredrik (2006).
5411:David Moberg (6 June 2014).
4520:10.14452/MR-051-09-2000-02_1
4483:Privatisation and Corruption
4385:"European rail study report"
3870:. Rowman & Littlefield.
3797:"Thatcher years in graphics"
3569:Beerman, Jack (2001-01-01).
3482:Kämmerer, Jörn Axel (2001).
3384:. 2005-11-01. Archived from
3345:Privately owned public space
2818:Due to low levels of native
2656:during the 1980s and 1990s,
1424:Periodizations of capitalism
332:Greater Arab Free Trade Area
274:Positive non-interventionism
7714:Two Treatises of Government
5870:The Constitution of Liberty
5715:Journal of Public Economics
5544:Journal of Public Economics
4541:University of Chicago Press
3736:Birrell, Ian (2013-08-15).
3685:The Economic History Review
3471:. 7 April 1923 . p. 4.
2052:during the 1980s under the
1120:Simple commodity production
337:International Monetary Fund
7923:
5992:10.4135/9781412965811.n244
5903:39(2), June 2001, 321–389.
5598:Dovalina, Jessica (2006).
4858:Prizzia, Ross (Nov 2005).
4724:Princeton University Press
3528:Bel, Germa (Summer 2006).
3413:"Going Private Definition"
3340:Private sector development
2983:Specialization: a private
2860:left. By the end of 1994,
2759:In India, a survey by the
2754:The Ronald Coase Institute
1958:in the United Kingdom and
1814:
1684:public-private partnership
1429:Perspectives on capitalism
158:Public–private partnership
29:
7838:
7210:
6636:Labour market flexibility
6311:Multinational corporation
6178:
6045:. Earthscan, London 2005
5964:Poole, Robert W. (2008).
5951:Economia pubblica rimossa
5572:Alexander, Jason (2009).
5271:. OECD. 29 October 2002.
4533:Mattei, Clara E. (2022).
3676:Bel, Germà (2010-02-01).
3575:Fordham Urban Law Journal
3117:public goods and services
2710:World Health Organization
2457:Share issue privatization
2381:Reasons for privatization
2025:had been formed by prior
2004:British Steel Corporation
103:Foreign direct investment
7766:The Great Transformation
7124:Labor theory of property
5889:, VS Verlag, Wiesbaden,
5875:Kosar, Kevin R. (2006),
5694:Feghali, Khalil (2013).
4908:Canadian Women's Studies
3977:10.1177/0149206320988356
2743:2000 Cochabamba protests
2598:Results of privatization
2487:Privatization from below
2467:Asset sale privatization
1852:fall of the Roman Empire
1779:The Age of Discontinuity
700:Economic interventionism
521:Authoritarian capitalism
362:World Trade Organization
93:Economic interdependence
7887:Economics of regulation
7335:Forest-dwelling (India)
7297:restraint on alienation
7077:Common good (economics)
6781:Individualist anarchism
6094:Zullo, Roland. (2009).
6043:Limits to Privatisation
5928:Onses, Richard (2004).
5907:Onses, Richard (2004).
5734:Kemp, Roger L. (2007).
5513:10.1162/003355300555448
5475:Retrieved 20 July 2014.
5429:Retrieved 28 June 2014.
5375:, Heritage Lecture #352
4682:Oxford University Press
4002:Economics of Transition
3084:marginal constituencies
1848:state-owned enterprises
1369:Criticism of capitalism
531:Criticism of capitalism
98:Economic liberalization
7907:Management cybernetics
7774:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
7548:Primitive accumulation
7403:Right of way (transit)
7188:Tragedy of the commons
7070:fictitious commodities
6746:Collectivist anarchism
6661:Social venture capital
6631:Freedom of association
6028:. Inter Press Service.
5885:Mayer, Florian (2006)
5778:. editors and forward.
5698:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
4574:. 2009. Archived from
4092:Cite journal requires
3956:Radíc, Mislav (2021).
3052:anti-trust legislation
2591:Chicago parking meters
2390:Forms of privatization
2377:under the old regime.
2075:, transportation, and
2039:Great British Railways
1968:Amersham International
1942:in the 1950s, and the
1817:List of privatizations
1752:
1739:
1660:state-owned enterprise
1399:Exploitation of labour
1110:Primitive accumulation
7827:The Wealth of Nations
7807:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
7799:The Ethics of Liberty
6811:Post-scarcity economy
6786:Libertarian socialism
6771:Free-market socialism
6702:Market fundamentalism
6687:Capitalist propaganda
6281:Industrial Revolution
6196:Anarchy of production
6019:The Wealth of Nations
5978:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
5091:Desai, Padma (1997).
4440:Global Railway Review
3965:Journal of Management
3350:Structural adjustment
2814:Foreign privatization
2481:Voucher privatization
2459:: shares sale on the
1917:Industrial Revolution
1861:'s golden age of the
1577:Capitalism portal
1389:Culture of capitalism
1344:Capitalist propaganda
1100:Industrial Revolution
1090:Commercial Revolution
561:Capitalism portal
541:Market fundamentalism
317:European Central Bank
148:Mundell–Fleming model
128:Intellectual property
7897:Monopoly (economics)
7690:Progress and Poverty
7024:Common-pool resource
6266:Financial Revolution
6231:Economic development
6109:Privatization's Rise
5986:. pp. 143–144.
5805:10.1257/jep.20.3.187
5471:Moyers & Company
4572:University of Oxford
4543:. pp. 301–302.
4136:Stelzer, I. (2000).
3547:10.1257/jep.20.3.187
3129:positive externality
3100:corporate governance
2900:improve this article
2820:capital accumulation
2741:was the case in the
2615:William L. Megginson
2542:transition economies
2535:transition countries
2531:developing countries
2418:improve this article
1923:20th century onwards
1907:(in Scotland as the
1840:military contractors
1552:Right-libertarianism
1482:Classical liberalism
1449:Venture philanthropy
1085:Capitalism and Islam
1080:Age of Enlightenment
675:Capital accumulation
573:Economics portal
395:Adam Smith Institute
390:World Economic Forum
380:Mont Pelerin Society
88:Economic integration
7813:The Social Contract
7501:population transfer
7418:prior-appropriation
7097:homestead principle
6741:Anarcho-syndicalism
6736:Anarcho-primitivism
6621:Economic inequality
6236:Economic liberalism
6024:Sprague, Jeb 2007.
6016:Smith, Adam (1776)
5783:Bel, Germà (2006).
5657:Stanford Law Review
5446:Library of Congress
4888:. 27 September 2021
4886:blogs.worldbank.org
3648:Li & Zheng 2001
3256:private company by
2956:anarcho-capitalists
2719:economic inequality
2666:European Commission
2126:Revolutions of 1989
2066:took office in 1979
1913:Highland Clearances
1688:joint-stock company
1686:in order to form a
1676:mutual organization
1589:Business portal
705:Economic liberalism
695:Competitive markets
585:Politics portal
516:Alter-globalization
249:Fiscal conservatism
7793:Murray N. Rothbard
7104:Free-rider problem
6761:Economic democracy
6582:Private foundation
5842:Journal of Finance
5464:2014-07-23 at the
5444:2014-06-04 at the
5418:2014-06-25 at the
5371:2009-10-18 at the
5352:2018-10-01 at the
4601:2016-03-06 at the
4488:2011-07-18 at the
4464:2018-03-14 at the
4416:on 8 December 2015
4143:2018-02-20 at the
3909:2018-03-08 at the
3469:The New York Times
3250:outstanding shares
3138:natural monopolies
3048:natural monopolies
3024:goals rather than
2964:dispute resolution
2952:natural monopolies
2681:Russian President
2077:telecommunications
1909:Lowland Clearances
1838:), army supplies (
1804:Gillian E. Metzger
1695:outstanding shares
1349:Capitalist realism
740:Goods and services
720:Fictitious capital
511:Anti-globalization
7869:
7868:
7780:What Is Property?
7573:human trafficking
7558:Regulatory taking
7433:
7432:
7178:Right to property
6838:
6837:
6731:Anarcho-communism
6602:Spontaneous order
6597:Social alienation
6554:Economic mobility
6241:Economic planning
6089:978-84-96859-46-3
6070:978-0-691-13566-3
5953:, Milan, Giuffrè
5939:978-84-607-9613-8
5920:978-84-688-7867-6
5855:on 2 October 2005
5775:978-0-472-08837-9
5745:978-0-7864-3250-9
5705:978-2-343-00839-4
5633:Stockholm Network
5321:978-0-19-965766-7
4472:, 22 January 2013
4113:, July 22, 2011,
3493:978-3-16-147515-3
3411:Fernando, Jason.
3382:Co-operative News
3270:management buyout
2932:
2931:
2924:
2650:Margaret Thatcher
2576:Secured borrowing
2526:stock exchanges.
2493:Management buyout
2450:
2449:
2442:
2356:
2355:
2114:Mikhail Gorbachev
2058:Margaret Thatcher
1984:British Aerospace
1980:British Petroleum
1956:Margaret Thatcher
1919:in that country.
1653:prison management
1625:
1624:
1444:Spontaneous order
1414:History of theory
1057:New institutional
1027:Market monetarism
962:Economic theories
795:Supply and demand
730:Free price system
621:
620:
463:Yasuhiro Nakasone
453:Margaret Thatcher
443:James M. Buchanan
73:Denationalization
16:(Redirected from
7914:
7902:Public economics
7892:Market structure
7846:
7845:
7750:John Stuart Mill
7670:Friedrich Engels
7651:Frédéric Bastiat
7644:
7496:Forced migration
7464:Collectivization
7208:
7087:First possession
7060:Bundle of rights
6865:
6858:
6851:
6842:
6821:Social anarchism
6796:Market socialism
6791:Market anarchism
6697:Critique of work
6587:Private property
6549:Economic freedom
6544:Decentralization
6522:Cultural aspects
6483:Regulated market
6261:Financial crisis
6246:Entrepreneurship
6165:
6158:
6151:
6142:
6137:
6081:Democracia S. A.
6074:
6032:Stiglitz, Joseph
6013:
5943:
5924:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5854:
5848:. Archived from
5839:
5809:
5807:
5789:
5779:
5767:
5749:
5730:
5721:(3–4): 258–268.
5709:
5690:
5680:
5663:(6): 1731–1808.
5651:
5649:
5647:
5641:
5635:. Archived from
5630:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5560:
5559:
5550:(3–4): 258–268.
5539:
5533:
5532:
5506:
5497:(4): 1127–1161.
5482:
5476:
5455:
5449:
5436:
5430:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5399:10.1002/jid.1244
5382:
5376:
5363:
5357:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4855:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4832:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4811:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4794:
4788:. Archived from
4787:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4714:Scheidel, Walter
4710:
4704:
4703:
4672:Ghodsee, Kristen
4668:
4662:
4661:
4643:
4619:
4613:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4499:
4493:
4479:
4473:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4412:. Archived from
4406:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4387:. Archived from
4381:
4375:
4374:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4311:
4300:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4275:
4266:(3–4): 461–485.
4251:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4220:
4213:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4185:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4154:
4148:
4134:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4115:Chicago Tribune,
4108:
4102:
4101:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4080:
4068:
4055:
4054:
4048:
4040:
4038:
4036:
3999:
3990:
3981:
3980:
3971:(6): 1596–1629.
3962:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3926:
3920:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3839:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3807:
3806:
3793:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3762:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3708:
3682:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3622:
3621:
3604:(6): 1367–1502.
3589:
3583:
3582:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3549:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3439:Dumont, Marvin.
3436:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3408:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3278:hostile takeover
3266:leveraged buyout
3186:natural monopoly
2927:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2907:
2884:
2876:
2586:principal amount
2445:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2402:
2394:
2375:crony capitalism
2345:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2141:
2073:water management
2062:Harold Macmillan
1986:(1985 to 1987),
1978:ferries (1984),
1822:Pre-20th century
1755:
1753:Reprivatisierung
1742:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1587:
1586:
1575:
1574:
1379:Critique of work
1354:Capitalist state
1037:Critique of work
920:Regulated market
822:Economic systems
775:Private property
725:Financial market
715:Entrepreneurship
710:Economic surplus
623:
613:
606:
599:
583:
582:
571:
570:
559:
558:
483:Alberto Fujimori
478:Hernando de Soto
448:Augusto Pinochet
423:Ludwig von Mises
183:Supranationalism
83:Economic freedom
36:
21:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7872:
7871:
7870:
7865:
7834:
7638:
7637:
7631:
7581:husband-selling
7518:Illegal logging
7513:Illegal fishing
7442:
7429:
7340:Freedom to roam
7313:
7226:(agrarian land)
7199:
7156:Property rights
7048:
7005:
6967:Estate (landed)
6950:
6874:
6869:
6839:
6834:
6816:Sharing economy
6806:Post-capitalism
6776:Green anarchism
6715:
6682:Anti-capitalism
6669:
6605:
6516:
6508:State-sponsored
6365:
6341:Property rights
6316:Nationalization
6226:Economic bubble
6184:
6174:
6169:
6126:Cranfield CERES
6123:
6105:
6071:
6055:
6002:
5966:"Privatization"
5963:
5940:
5927:
5921:
5906:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5837:
5832:
5787:
5782:
5776:
5759:
5746:
5733:
5712:
5706:
5693:
5669:10.2307/1229501
5654:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5628:
5623:
5614:
5612:
5611:on 25 June 2010
5597:
5588:
5586:
5585:on 21 June 2010
5571:
5568:
5563:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5504:10.1.1.318.7133
5484:
5483:
5479:
5466:Wayback Machine
5456:
5452:
5437:
5433:
5420:Wayback Machine
5410:
5406:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5373:Wayback Machine
5364:
5360:
5354:Wayback Machine
5345:
5341:
5331:
5329:
5322:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5288:
5286:
5279:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5237:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5203:
5201:
5194:
5175:
5174:
5170:
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4796:
4792:
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4783:"Archived copy"
4781:
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4755:
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4726:. p. 222.
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3902:Amos, Deborah,
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3591:
3590:
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3563:
3527:
3526:
3519:
3508:"Privatisieren"
3506:
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3330:Nationalization
3295:Corporatization
3290:Commodification
3286:
3254:publicly traded
3246:
3226:contract theory
3222:
3220:Economic theory
3203:asset stripping
3113:
3007:principal–agent
2948:market failures
2940:
2928:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2897:
2885:
2874:
2853:Treuhandanstalt
2844:
2816:
2772:public services
2715:Walter Scheidel
2627:economic growth
2600:
2578:
2529:Governments in
2499:Employee buyout
2473:or through the
2446:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2415:
2403:
2392:
2383:
2371:2011 revolution
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2186:
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2161:
2159:
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2145:
2134:
2046:British Telecom
2027:nationalization
2000:British Leyland
1972:British Telecom
1938:privatized its
1925:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1787:
1748:reprivatization
1719:
1707:"going private"
1699:publicly traded
1672:demutualization
1668:nationalization
1645:law enforcement
1636:British English
1621:
1581:
1569:
1562:
1561:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1434:Post-capitalism
1339:Anti-capitalism
1334:
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1125:
1124:
1075:
1067:
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945:State-sponsored
823:
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814:
680:Capital markets
645:
617:
577:
565:
553:
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506:Anti-capitalism
501:
493:
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438:Milton Friedman
428:Walter Lippmann
418:Friedrich Hayek
413:
405:
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375:
367:
366:
327:Federal Reserve
302:
294:
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244:
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206:Austrian School
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163:School vouchers
68:Balanced budget
58:
41:politics series
34:
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12:
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7698:Garrett Hardin
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7469:Eminent domain
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7452:Bioprospecting
7448:
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7444:redistribution
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7146:Natural rights
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6610:Social aspects
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6534:American Dream
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6318:
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6296:Market failure
6293:
6291:Market economy
6288:
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6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6251:Ecopreneurship
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6243:
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6208:
6206:Centralization
6203:
6201:Business cycle
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6170:
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6145:
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6104:
6103:External links
6101:
6100:
6099:
6092:
6069:
6057:Wolin, Sheldon
6053:
6039:
6029:
6022:
6014:
6001:978-1412965804
6000:
5984:Cato Institute
5970:Hamowy, Ronald
5961:
5944:
5938:
5925:
5919:
5904:
5897:
5883:
5873:
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5810:
5798:(3): 187–194.
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5477:
5450:
5431:
5425:In These Times
5404:
5393:(4): 469–488.
5377:
5358:
5339:
5320:
5314:. OUP Oxford.
5296:
5277:
5254:
5235:
5211:
5192:
5168:
5149:
5143:. Bloomsbury.
5125:
5107:
5083:
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5040:
5021:
4997:
4979:
4955:
4927:
4898:
4873:
4847:
4819:
4774:
4748:
4739:
4733:978-0691165028
4732:
4705:
4699:978-0197549247
4698:
4684:. p. 84.
4663:
4614:
4588:
4559:
4550:978-0226818399
4549:
4525:
4508:Monthly Review
4494:
4474:
4451:
4427:
4401:
4376:
4370:978-9279216367
4369:
4349:
4338:(1): 172–174.
4322:
4287:
4246:
4231:
4200:
4197:on 2005-10-02.
4172:
4149:
4129:
4119:
4103:
4094:|journal=
4056:
4008:(4): 661–683.
3982:
3948:
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3831:
3822:
3808:
3788:
3777:
3749:
3728:
3668:
3659:
3640:
3623:
3584:
3561:
3540:(3): 187–194.
3517:
3499:
3492:
3484:Privatisierung
3474:
3456:
3428:
3398:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3335:Private prison
3332:
3327:
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3307:
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3292:
3285:
3282:
3262:stock exchange
3258:private equity
3245:
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3218:
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3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3182:
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3174:
3171:
3164:
3163:collaborators.
3160:
3156:
3153:
3127:). There is a
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3095:primary demand
3087:
3059:
3055:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3034:political risk
3029:
3018:
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2999:
2996:
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2888:
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2812:
2784:private sector
2701:Eastern Europe
2658:Massimo Florio
2642:redistribution
2599:
2596:
2577:
2574:
2554:Czech Republic
2507:capital market
2503:
2502:
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2360:France Télécom
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2200:
2197:
2193:Czech Republic
2179:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2056:government of
1948:majority stake
1940:steel industry
1924:
1921:
1832:Roman Republic
1828:Ancient Greece
1823:
1820:
1812:
1809:
1786:
1783:
1777:'s 1969 book,
1734:Privatisierung
1728:New York Times
1718:
1715:
1711:stock exchange
1703:private equity
1623:
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1542:Ordoliberalism
1539:
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1419:Market economy
1416:
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1391:
1386:
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1371:
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1335:
1333:Related topics
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1203:State monopoly
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760:Liberalization
757:
752:
750:Invisible hand
747:
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737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
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702:
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665:Businessperson
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660:Business cycle
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508:
502:
500:Related topics
499:
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491:
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485:
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475:
473:Alan Greenspan
470:
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322:European Union
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143:Market economy
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26:
24:
14:
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10:
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3:
2:
7919:
7908:
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7903:
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7898:
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7893:
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7888:
7885:
7883:
7882:Privatization
7880:
7879:
7877:
7860:
7857:
7856:
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7852:
7850:
7847:Categories:
7841:
7840:
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7789:
7788:David Ricardo
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7762:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7755:Elinor Ostrom
7753:
7751:
7748:
7744:
7743:
7739:
7738:
7737:
7734:
7730:
7729:
7725:
7724:
7723:
7720:
7716:
7715:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7692:
7691:
7687:
7686:
7685:
7682:
7678:
7677:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7659:
7658:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7642:
7634:
7628:
7625:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7602:
7601:
7598:
7594:
7591:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7565:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7553:Privatization
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7533:Legal plunder
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7491:
7487:
7485:
7484:Expropriation
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7445:
7440:
7436:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7397:
7396:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7316:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7260:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7221:
7219:
7218:(watercourse)
7217:
7213:
7212:
7209:
7206:
7202:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7161:primogeniture
7159:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7141:Legal plunder
7139:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7092:appropriation
7090:
7089:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7082:Excludability
7080:
7078:
7075:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7051:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7008:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6866:
6861:
6859:
6854:
6852:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6766:Eco-socialism
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6718:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6672:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6641:Labour supply
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6559:Individualism
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6417:Laissez-faire
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6381:Authoritarian
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6331:Privatization
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6301:Merchantilism
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6271:Globalization
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6177:
6173:
6166:
6161:
6159:
6154:
6152:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6052:
6051:1-84407-177-4
6048:
6044:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5967:
5962:
5960:
5959:88-14-10088-8
5956:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5931:
5926:
5922:
5916:
5912:
5911:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5896:
5895:3-531-14918-0
5892:
5888:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5836:
5831:
5829:
5828:0-415-12705-X
5825:
5821:
5819:
5818:3-11-013569-8
5815:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5786:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5766:
5765:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5697:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5678:2027.42/41203
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5642:on 2011-07-16
5638:
5634:
5627:
5622:
5610:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5584:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5538:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5426:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5362:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5343:
5340:
5332:September 28,
5327:
5323:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5300:
5297:
5289:September 28,
5284:
5280:
5278:9789264194120
5274:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5258:
5255:
5247:September 28,
5242:
5238:
5236:9780719070945
5232:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5215:
5212:
5204:September 28,
5199:
5195:
5193:9781135287580
5189:
5186:. Routledge.
5185:
5184:
5180:
5172:
5169:
5161:September 28,
5156:
5152:
5150:9781474287487
5146:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5129:
5126:
5114:
5110:
5108:9780262041614
5104:
5101:. MIT Press.
5100:
5099:
5095:
5087:
5084:
5076:September 28,
5071:
5067:
5065:9783319158501
5061:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5044:
5041:
5033:September 28,
5028:
5024:
5022:9781134903603
5018:
5015:. Routledge.
5014:
5013:
5009:
5001:
4998:
4986:
4982:
4980:9780822973447
4976:
4972:
4971:
4970:, pp. 116–117
4967:
4959:
4956:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4931:
4928:
4922:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4899:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4836:
4835:World-psi.org
4829:
4823:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4795:on 2020-01-29
4791:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4592:
4589:
4578:on 2014-07-02
4577:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4529:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4455:
4452:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4391:on 2015-11-17
4390:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4323:
4312:on 2005-06-23
4308:
4304:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4247:
4242:
4235:
4232:
4221:on 2011-09-09
4217:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4182:
4176:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4104:
4099:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3883:
3879:
3877:9781793610232
3873:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3856:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3805:. 2005-11-18.
3804:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3766:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3732:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3650:, p. 241
3649:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3598:Colum. L. Rev
3595:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3388:on 2017-12-22
3387:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Marketization
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3212:communities."
3210:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3181:unprofitable.
3179:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2935:
2926:
2923:
2915:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2889:This section
2887:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2848:reunification
2841:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2780:public sector
2777:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2730:microeconomic
2727:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2683:Boris Yeltsin
2679:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2604:Irwin Stelzer
2597:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2444:
2441:
2433:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2407:This section
2405:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:Hosni Mubarak
2363:
2361:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:Privatization
2143:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Freedom House
2133:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:In 1988, the
2106:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2008:council house
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:Ronald Reagan
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:Great Britain
1933:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1873:principle of
1872:
1871:laissez-faire
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1846:also created
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1791:privatization
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1775:Peter Drucker
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1759:The Economist
1754:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:privatisation
1629:
1628:Privatization
1618:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1573:
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1565:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1532:Neoliberalism
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:Authoritarian
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
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1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:Globalization
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:Crisis theory
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1322:
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1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
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1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:Intellectuals
1217:
1216:
1209:
1208:Technological
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:Institutional
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
984:
981:
980:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
959:
958:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
860:
859:Laissez-faire
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
833:Authoritarian
831:
829:
826:
825:
819:
818:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
800:Surplus value
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
780:Privatization
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
641:
640:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:
614:
609:
607:
602:
600:
595:
594:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
574:
569:
564:
562:
557:
552:
551:
550:
549:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
497:
496:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
468:Roger Douglas
466:
464:
461:
459:
458:Ronald Reagan
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
433:Louis Rougier
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
409:
408:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
374:Organizations
371:
370:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
298:
297:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
269:New Democrats
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
240:
239:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
197:
196:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
173:Single market
171:
169:
168:Shock therapy
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
153:Privatization
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
138:Marketization
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
123:Globalization
121:
118:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
54:
53:
50:
49:Neoliberalism
46:
42:
38:
37:
33:
19:
18:Privatisation
7854:Property law
7825:
7811:
7797:
7778:
7764:
7760:Karl Polanyi
7740:
7736:Marcel Mauss
7726:
7712:
7703:David Harvey
7688:
7684:Henry George
7674:
7665:Ronald Coase
7655:
7640:
7586:wife selling
7568:bride buying
7552:
7506:repatriation
7488:
7439:Disposession
7393:
7282:Property law
7257:
7253:Forest types
7223:
7215:
7204:Applications
7134:rent-seeking
7119:Gift economy
6977:Intellectual
6712:Wage slavery
6666:Unemployment
6646:Productivity
6577:Philanthropy
6438:Mercantilist
6415:
6386:Conservative
6330:
6221:Deregulation
6182:perspectives
6180:Aspects and
6125:
6080:
6076:
6060:
6042:
6034:
6017:
5974:
5950:
5947:Nico Perrone
5929:
5909:
5886:
5880:
5868:
5857:. Retrieved
5850:the original
5845:
5841:
5795:
5791:
5763:
5735:
5718:
5714:
5695:
5660:
5656:
5644:. Retrieved
5637:the original
5632:
5613:. Retrieved
5609:the original
5603:
5587:. Retrieved
5583:the original
5577:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5494:
5490:
5480:
5469:
5453:
5434:
5423:
5407:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5361:
5342:
5330:. Retrieved
5310:
5306:
5299:
5287:. Retrieved
5267:
5263:
5257:
5245:. Retrieved
5225:
5221:
5214:
5202:. Retrieved
5182:
5178:
5171:
5159:. Retrieved
5139:
5135:
5128:
5117:. Retrieved
5097:
5093:
5086:
5074:. Retrieved
5058:. Springer.
5054:
5050:
5043:
5031:. Retrieved
5011:
5007:
5000:
4989:. Retrieved
4969:
4965:
4958:
4946:. Retrieved
4940:
4930:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4890:. Retrieved
4885:
4876:
4867:
4863:
4838:. Retrieved
4834:
4822:
4797:. Retrieved
4790:the original
4777:
4765:. Retrieved
4761:
4751:
4742:
4718:
4708:
4680:. New York:
4676:
4666:
4631:
4627:
4617:
4606:
4591:
4580:. Retrieved
4576:the original
4562:
4554:
4535:
4528:
4511:
4507:
4497:
4477:
4454:
4443:. Retrieved
4439:
4430:
4418:. Retrieved
4414:the original
4404:
4393:. Retrieved
4389:the original
4379:
4359:
4352:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4314:. Retrieved
4307:the original
4302:
4290:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4240:
4234:
4223:. Retrieved
4216:the original
4203:
4192:the original
4187:
4175:
4158:
4152:
4132:
4122:
4114:
4106:
4085:cite journal
4045:cite journal
4033:. Retrieved
4022:10419/140745
4005:
4001:
3968:
3964:
3951:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3914:
3898:
3886:. Retrieved
3866:
3862:
3855:
3834:
3825:
3800:
3791:
3780:
3768:. Retrieved
3764:
3752:
3743:The Guardian
3741:
3731:
3691:(1): 34–55.
3688:
3684:
3671:
3662:
3643:
3635:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3537:
3533:
3511:
3502:
3483:
3477:
3468:
3459:
3448:. Retrieved
3445:Investopedia
3444:
3420:. Retrieved
3417:Investopedia
3416:
3390:. Retrieved
3386:the original
3372:
3363:
3305:Equitisation
3300:Deregulation
3274:tender offer
3247:
3223:
3142:
3123:, and basic
3114:
3080:unemployment
2975:bureaucratic
2968:
2941:
2933:
2918:
2909:
2898:Please help
2893:verification
2890:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2835:
2817:
2801:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2750:Mary Shirley
2747:
2738:Karl Polanyi
2723:
2697:Soviet Union
2690:
2680:
2676:
2663:
2644:and perhaps
2639:
2634:
2631:
2608:
2601:
2582:secured loan
2579:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2539:
2528:
2504:
2461:stock market
2451:
2436:
2427:
2416:Please help
2411:verification
2408:
2384:
2364:
2357:
2332:
2307:
2282:
2257:
2232:
2207:
2182:
2157:
2131:
2130:
2122:Eastern Bloc
2107:
2101:
2086:
2082:
2070:
2054:Conservative
2043:
2035:rail subsidy
2023:British Rail
2016:
2012:right to buy
1934:
1929:Nazi Germany
1926:
1902:
1898:Song dynasty
1890:Ming dynasty
1879:
1856:
1844:Roman Empire
1825:
1800:
1796:deregulation
1790:
1788:
1778:
1771:David Howell
1764:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1706:
1692:
1657:
1649:water supply
1640:deregulation
1631:
1627:
1626:
1454:Wage slavery
1394:Evergreening
1105:Mercantilism
1052:Neoclassical
880:Mercantilist
857:
790:Rent seeking
779:
755:Visible hand
488:Bill Clinton
385:Chicago boys
231:Trickle-down
221:Neoclassical
152:
133:Laffer curve
108:Free markets
78:Deregulation
39:Part of the
7728:Das Kapital
7615:progressive
7605:inheritance
7528:Land reform
7302:real estate
7277:Land tenure
7265:Inheritance
7193:anticommons
7129:Law of rent
7109:Game theory
7039:Information
7019:Common land
6916:Cooperative
6831:Syndicalism
6751:Communalism
6616:Corporatism
6592:Rule of law
6539:Consumerism
6529:Advertising
6428:Libertarian
6406:Free-market
6376:Anglo-Saxon
6356:Wage labour
6306:Meritocracy
6256:Externality
6211:Competition
4948:December 9,
4420:20 November
3177:government.
3121:health care
3063:politicians
2110:perestroika
2050:British Gas
1996:Rover Group
1992:Rolls-Royce
1988:British Gas
1944:West German
1882:Renaissance
1880:During the
1863:Han dynasty
1836:tax farming
1723:privatizing
1701:company by
1680:cooperative
1537:Objectivism
1522:Libertarian
1439:Speculation
1359:Consumerism
1193:Progressive
1132:Development
1115:Physiocracy
1062:Supply-side
870:Libertarian
848:Free-market
828:Anglo-Saxon
810:Wage labour
765:Marginalism
735:Free market
690:Corporation
526:Blatcherism
284:Rogernomics
279:Reaganomics
259:Thatcherism
226:Supply-side
7876:Categories
7859:by country
7821:Adam Smith
7708:John Locke
7372:indigenous
7367:aboriginal
7287:alienation
6982:indigenous
6972:Intangible
6886:Collective
6720:Antithesis
6651:Prosperity
6626:Employment
6573:Mainstream
6564:Liberalism
6488:Regulatory
6463:Neoliberal
6411:Humanistic
6396:Democratic
6351:Regulation
6216:Depression
6172:Capitalism
6077:Trad. esp.
5859:31 October
5646:31 October
5615:31 October
5589:31 October
5566:References
5119:2022-09-28
4991:2022-09-28
4892:2021-11-29
4799:2018-12-03
4628:The Lancet
4582:2015-06-28
4445:2019-01-16
4395:2016-02-01
4316:2005-06-23
4225:2011-07-11
3937:(2): 229.
3888:October 6,
3706:2445/11716
3581:(5): 1507.
3450:2021-08-05
3422:2021-08-05
3392:2008-05-21
3168:parliament
3150:Parliament
3111:Opposition
3003:corruption
2993:population
2989:specialize
2832:World Bank
2793:Low-income
2776:dependents
2734:neoliberal
2706:neoliberal
2692:The Lancet
2654:John Major
2646:retraining
2611:World Bank
2514:, and the
2112:policy of
2089:World Bank
2019:John Major
1998:(formerly
1952:Volkswagen
1815:See also:
1785:Definition
1630:(rendered
1517:Liberalism
1502:Humanistic
1487:Democratic
1466:Ideologies
1301:Schumpeter
1047:Monetarist
978:Chartalism
925:Regulatory
900:Neoliberal
853:Humanistic
636:Capitalism
357:World Bank
301:Governance
254:Fujimorism
216:Monetarism
113:Free trade
30:See also:
7722:Karl Marx
7523:Land Back
7474:Enclosure
7457:biopiracy
7395:Bergregal
7377:squatting
7151:Ownership
7065:Commodity
7044:Knowledge
6955:By nature
6911:Customary
6901:Community
6826:Socialism
6801:Mutualism
6756:Communism
6726:Anarchism
6675:Criticism
6656:Syndicate
6391:Corporate
6346:Recession
6321:Oligopoly
6286:Invention
6111:from the
6010:750831024
5754:Unindexed
5521:0033-5533
5499:CiteSeerX
4916:CiteSeerX
4914:: 18–22.
4767:21 August
4762:The Hindu
4282:153538881
3723:154486694
3715:1468-0289
3125:education
3091:consumers
3076:inflation
3067:political
3058:creation.
3022:political
2912:July 2011
2788:unionized
2524:Hong Kong
2430:June 2016
2118:dissolved
2002:, 1988),
1905:enclosure
1789:The word
1746:The term
1721:The term
1717:Etymology
1557:Third Way
1547:Privatism
1507:Inclusive
1492:Dirigisme
1286:von Mises
1173:Illiberal
1153:Corporate
1148:Community
1095:Feudalism
1005:Keynesian
995:Classical
838:Corporate
650:Austerity
400:Third Way
264:Third Way
243:Movements
200:Economics
63:Austerity
7849:Property
7742:The Gift
7641:key work
7636:Scholars
7620:property
7577:spousal
7543:Poaching
7479:Eviction
7423:riparian
7384:Littoral
7292:easement
7270:executor
7241:literary
7166:usufruct
7114:Georgism
6994:Tangible
6989:Personal
6896:Communal
6879:By owner
6872:Property
6453:National
6448:Monopoly
6401:Dirigist
6370:Ideology
6134:1826/606
6059:(2008).
5949:(2002),
5529:16270301
5462:Archived
5442:Archived
5416:Archived
5369:Archived
5350:Archived
5326:Archived
5283:Archived
5241:Archived
5198:Archived
5155:Archived
5140:, p. 185
5113:Archived
5098:, p. 187
5070:Archived
5055:, p. 106
5027:Archived
5012:, p. 588
4985:Archived
4942:CBS News
4870:: 54–68.
4808:cite web
4716:(2017).
4658:35337211
4650:20113819
4599:Archived
4486:Archived
4470:BBC News
4462:Archived
4344:30032311
4141:Archived
3907:Archived
3882:Archived
3802:BBC News
3556:33815402
3284:See also
3234:Shleifer
3106:economy.
3071:populist
3026:economic
3010:company.
2985:business
2944:red tape
2862:Treuhand
2858:Treuhand
2846:In post-
2836:de facto
2558:Slovakia
2520:New York
2512:Euronext
2475:Treuhand
2318:Slovenia
2293:Slovakia
2168:Bulgaria
2120:. Other
2093:Treuhand
1994:(1987),
1990:(1986),
1974:(1984),
1970:(1982),
1911:and the
1740:privatus
1384:Cronyism
1296:Rothbard
1271:Marshall
1256:Friedman
1188:Merchant
1143:Consumer
1138:Advanced
973:Austrian
968:American
895:National
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843:Dirigist
745:Investor
655:Business
644:Concepts
628:a series
626:Part of
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188:Tax cuts
7657:The Law
7563:Slavery
7389:Mineral
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7330:Fishing
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7171:women's
7029:Digital
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6707:Marxism
6569:Liberty
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6473:Private
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1811:History
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1472:Anarcho
1409:History
1241:Malthus
1236:Ricardo
1198:Rentier
1183:Marxist
1163:Finance
1074:Origins
1042:Marxist
990:Chicago
950:Welfare
910:Private
865:Liberal
685:Company
670:Capital
7538:Piracy
7490:Farhud
7318:Rights
7259:Huerta
7231:Estate
7053:Theory
7034:Global
6936:Social
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1867:Taoism
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1311:Weaver
1306:Veblen
1281:Walras
1276:Pareto
1266:Keynes
1168:Global
935:Social
905:Nordic
875:Market
785:Profit
412:People
7627:Theft
7413:Water
7307:title
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2797:Oxfam
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