566:
untenable and independent entry of the
Russian trade unions into their industrial federations affiliated with the IFTU, the sole option remaining, in Solomon Lozovsky's view, was to attempt to achieve some sort of fusion of the two Internationals through an international conference. Lozovsky contended that unity was not to be achieved through the sacrifice of the Profintern's program or tactics and the blind acceptance of reformism, but rather was to be accompanied by the penetration of communist ideas into the minds of the rank-and-file trade unionists of the European unions.
39:
395:. The IWW's perspective was joined by syndicalist trade unionists that were part of the French and Spanish delegations. Ultimately, however, the syndicalist elements proved a small minority and the Congress approved a resolution sponsored by Mann and Rosmer which called for "the closest possible link" between the Profintern and Comintern, including joint sessions of the organizations, as well as "real and intimate revolutionary unity" between the Red unions and the
626:"The British leaders had little interest in Profintern, which they secretly regarded, from the experience of the British movement, either as a nuisance or as a sham, and wished, by reconciling the Soviet trade unions with the existing International. to strengthen it and give it a turn to the Left. The British delegates probably shocked their Soviet colleagues by coming out openly in favour of the affiliation of the Russian unions to IFTU."
432:
403:
rather to remain in the existing unions in order to "revolutionize" them. The founding
Congress's official resolution on organization declared that the withdrawal from the existing mass unions and abandonment of their memberships to their often conservative leaderships "plays into the hands of the counter-revolutionary trade union bureaucracy and therefore should be sharply and categorically rejected."
660:
construct a world revolutionary movement. Amsterdam had paid scant attention to Asia, leaving the field open to the
Profintern's efforts, Lozovsky noted in his report to the Comintern Executive. RILU did make an effort to break new organizational ground outside of Europe as early as February 1922 when it established a Moscow office comparable to the Comintern's Eastern Bureau, headed by
352:
1925:
547:
594:. From the Soviet standpoint the British unionists were positively affected by their visit, publishing an extensive and generally favorable report of the Soviet situation upon their return to the UK. This month-long visit of the British trade union delegation would be the prototype for a series of similar visits of the Soviet Union by western union leaders.
652:
launching upon conclusion of the
Comintern event. And just as the Comintern began making use of shorter, smaller, and less formal international conventions called "Enlarged Plenums of the Executive Committee" to handle international policy-making, similar gatherings were adopted for RILU, called "Sessions of the Central Council."
298:"It was a step taken in a moment of hot-headed enthusiasm and the firm conviction of the imminence of the European revolution; and a device designed to bridge a short transition and prepare the way for the great consummation had unexpected and fatal consequences when the interim period dragged on into months and years."
516:
with invitations extended to the parties of the Second
International and the unions of the Amsterdam International, but only a few Social Democrats attended, the overwhelming majority of the gathering being Communists. Delegates from Germany, Soviet Russia, France, and Britain united to denounce the
422:
The
Profintern's International Propaganda Committees proved ineffectual in changing the opinions of union memberships. Unions began to expel their radical dissidents and international unions began to expel those national sections which participated in the activities of the Profintern, exemplified by
414:
As part of its strategy for winning over the existing unions, the
Profintern decided to establish a network of what it called "International Propaganda Committees" (IPCs), international associations of radical unions and organized fractional minorities in unions that were established on the basis of
342:
relatively united, on the offensive, and unbowed. Even before the
Profintern was launched, the line in the sand was clearly drawn, with the Amsterdam International declaring at a May 1921 executive session that it was "not permissible for trade union organizations to be affiliated to two trade union
715:, chief representative of the Comintern in China was lost following Sun's death in Beijing on March 12, 1925. After the leader's death, jockeying began between left and right factions in the KMT; tension between the KMT and the Chinese Communist Party began to build without Sun's calming influence.
363:
The
Founding Congress of the Red International of Trade Unions was convened in Moscow on July 3, 1921. The gathering was attended by 380 delegates from around the world, including 336 with voting rights, claiming to represent 17 million of the 40 million trade union members worldwide. The gathering
618:
went without comment owing to the AFL's ongoing refusal to affiliate with the
Amsterdam International. These objections by the IFTU failed to stymie continued development of bilateral Soviet-British ties, however, as in April 1925 Tomsky returned to London as part of an effort to establish a joint
573:
of France calling for a World Unity Congress of the Red and Amsterdam Internationals, and a committee of 35 delegates was selected to debate the proposal and to flesh out the practical details. Following two days of debate, the commission reported back to the assembled Congress, bringing with it a
481:
In Bulgaria the All-Bulgarian Federation of unions chose to affiliate with the Profintern outright, but even that movement was split when opponents established a rival organization called the Free Federation of Trade Unions. Spain, too, saw its national labor movement formally divided. The climate
322:
Grandiose claims were made about the new organization, with Lozovsky declaring in a speech in May 1921 that already unions representing 14 million workers had proclaimed their allegiance to the forthcoming Red International. Zinoviev ferociously declared the Amsterdam International to be "the last
454:
policy to the trade union movement. With the prospects for imminent world revolution on the wane, RILU head Solomon Lozovsky proposed an international conference bringing together leaderships of RILU, the Amsterdam International, and various unaffiliated unions — a gathering which was to echo the
659:
came to a close. At both of these gatherings Solomon Lozovsky had delivered reports which identified Great Britain — where a miners' strike was in the air — and in particular the countries of Asia and the Pacific as areas presenting the greatest opportunities for the Profintern in its attempt to
565:
The most contentious issue debated by the Congress related to the strategy and tactics of seeking unity with the Amsterdam International, thereby bringing an end to the disruption suffered by the labor movement as a result of the split into two internationals. With forcing the IFTU to capitulate
581:
With relations between the Profintern and the IFTU at the point of insoluble stalemate, Soviet trade union authorities began to concentrate on bilateral relationships with social democratic union movements. Particular attention was placed on the unions of Great Britain, with Russian union chief
402:
Despite the initiative of starting a new trade union international in direct competition with the previously existing Amsterdam international, the Profintern in its initial phase continued to insist that its strategy was not to "snatch out of the unions the best and most conscious workers," but
302:
As the plan for a new labor international moved forward, Mezhsovprof established propaganda bureaus in different countries in an attempt to win the existing unions affiliated to the rival "Amsterdam International," as the International Federation of Trade Unions was commonly known, over to the
651:
As was the case with the Communist International, formal World Congresses of RILU happened with decreasing frequency over the life of the organization. This stands to reason, since RILU World Congresses were scheduled in conjunction with the World Congresses of the Comintern itself, generally
642:
in full swing in Soviet Russia, with its associated liberalization of culture and trade, the position of the Soviet trade union movement with relationship to social democratic unions in the West was secure and orderly, despite the failure of efforts to parlay with top leaders of the Amsterdam
473:
Additional headway was made in Czechoslovakia, where a majority of trade union members similarly affiliated with RILU, following a campaign of expulsions of Communist individuals and unions by the Social Democratic leadership. In October 1922 the Czech Red unions held a congress of their own,
675:
Best of all, from the perspective of the Profintern, was the situation in China, with a young and radical worker's movement beginning to spring to life. Soviet prestige and influence had grown in China throughout the early 1920s, particularly from 1924, when diplomatic recognition by the
314:
of that year. An appeal was issued to the trade unions of the world who were "opposed to the Amsterdam International" and called for their affiliation to the new organization. This conclave was ultimately postponed until July, however, so that it could be synchronized with the scheduled
224:, commonly known by its Russian acronym, Mezhsovprof. This organizing committee — including members of the Russian, Italian, British, Bulgarian, and French delegations to the Comintern Congress — was presented with the task of organizing "an international congress of Red trade unions.
278:
camps. This desire for a new exclusive international of explicitly "Red" union represented a fundamental contradiction with the Comintern's firm insistence that Communists should work within the structure of existing trade unions — an important detail noted at the time by delegate
343:
International at the same time" and adding that "every organization which affiliates to the political trade union International of Moscow places itself outside the International Federation of Trade Unions." The great civil war within the world trade union movement had begun.
411:" the existing unions in order to disassociate the full organizations from Amsterdam and for Moscow. Such tactics insured bitter internal division as non-Communist members of the rank-and-file and their elected union leaderships sought to maintain existing affiliations.
597:
While the groundwork for ties between the Soviet and western trade union movement began to be successfully laid, the situation between the international organizations based in Amsterdam and Moscow festered. The Second International and the IFTC held a joint meeting in
303:
forthcoming "Red International." These bureaus attracted the most rebellious and dissident trade unionists to their banner while at the same time alienating sometimes conservative union leaderships, already raising charges that what was actually being proffered was
497:. As was the case with the meeting of the three political Internationals earlier in the year, the session ended in failure, with accusations flying in both directions and Lozovsky's plea for a united front arbitrarily dismissed as a transparent tactical ploy.
537:
in April 1923, at which he claimed that the Profintern represented 13 million unionists against 14 or 15 million for the rival Amsterdam International. This figure is regarded by at least one serious historian of the matter as "probably exaggerated."
406:
Still, the Profintern insisted upon a real split of the labor movement, establishing conditions for admission which included "a break with the yellow Amsterdam International." The organization effectively advocated that radicalized workers engage in
1784:
2009, Vol. 17 Issue 4, pp 164–176, review (in English) of a German language study by Reiner Tosstorff* Josephine Fowler, "From East to West and West to East: Ties of Solidarity in the Pan-Pacific Revolutionary Trade Union Movement, 1923–1934."
574:
unity proposal that had been accepted in the preliminary hearings with one sole dissenting vote. The final proposal for a unity congress proved little more than a platitude, however, with the resolution declaring that such a gathering "
700:(KMT) were said to be communists and the disciplined and centralized party established at that time clearly drew upon the Soviet Communist model. In June 1924 Sun's KMT government in Canton established its own military academy at
730:" erupted throughout the region. On June 19 a general strike was called in Canton, followed four days later by another incident in which troops fired upon demonstrators in the streets, resulting in a new spate of casualties.
419:. The IPCs were to attempt to raise funds to help sustain their efforts, with the governing Executive Bureau of Profintern subsidizing their publications. By August 1921 a total of 14 IPCs had been established.
529:
levied against Germany. The die had been cast, however, and no joint activities between the political or union leaders of the Social Democratic and Communist Internationals would be result from the initiative.
415:
their specific industry. These groups were intended to conduct conferences and publish and distribute pamphlets and periodicals in order to propagandize for the idea of revolution and for the establishment the
561:
The 1924 Congress formally marked a hardening of the Communist attitude towards the Social Democratic labor movement, declaring that "fascism and democracy are two forms of the bourgeois dictatorship."
558:(June 17 to July 8, 1924). Seventy delegates from the Profintern were made "consultative" (non-voting) delegates to the Comintern gathering, assuring a very close connection between the two gatherings.
470:(CGT) attempted to discipline and expel its syndicalist members but ended up causing a full scale organizational split in which the majority of French trade unionists affiliated with a new "Red" union.
684:
was achieved. A Chinese labor movement began to take shape, driven by the efforts of railway workers and seamen to organize, backed with Moscow's support. In the South, a breakaway government based in
747:, Egypt and "other Eastern countries" were growing and that "the time is drawing near when the Western powers will have to bury themselves in the grave they have dug for themselves in the East."
294:
argues that the decision to launch a Red International of Labor Unions at all was a byproduct of the era of heady revolutionary fervor that world revolution was around the corner, declaring:
534:
811:
1847:(The Red International of Trade Unions and the Struggle for Implementation of the Leninist Tactic of the United Front, 1921–1923). Saratov: Izdatel'stvo Saratovskogo universiteta, 1976.
466:
In retrospect, 1922 marked the high-water mark for the Profintern's size and influence in Europe, with a sizable new contingent joining the organization's ranks in France when the
818:
550:
Soviet trade union chief Mikhail Tomsky was the key figure in a Soviet effort to establish close bilateral relations with the British union movement during the middle 1920s.
264:
This decision was to mark a split of the international trade union movement that followed the recently achieved split of the international socialist political movement into
243:
1841:(The Red International of Trade Unions: History of the Origins and First Activities of the Profintern, 1920–1924). Saratov: Izdatel'stvo Saratovskogo universiteta, 1976.
1738:
He does not make adequately clear that the exact words used by Stalin repeat those of his interlocutor and that Stalin is merely concurring with the sentiment expressed.
622:
If Tomsky had the ulterior motive of seeking to win British unionists to the ranks of the Profintern, he was met with a surprising reversal, as E.H. Carr noted in 1964:
460:
722:
of radical students protesting the arrest of some of their fellows who had been supporting a strike at a cotton mill was fired on by police, killing 12 protestors. A
167:. Formally established in 1921, the Profintern aimed to act as a counterweight to the influence of the so-called "Amsterdam International", the social-democratic
2003:
737:, beginning to emerge over the Comintern's Grigory Zinoviev as top leader of the USSR, who in early July 1925 agreed with a reporter for the Tokyo newspaper
376:. These delegates sought the new Red International of Labor Unions to be fully independent of the Communist International, seen as a political organization.
485:
The professed desire of the Profintern for a united front came to fruition of sorts in December 1922, when the organization met at a peace conference in
802:
630:
Tomsky, although diplomatic in his reply, rejected the British suggestion out of hand as an abject surrender to the Amsterdam International akin to the
1998:
1943:
733:
The rapid growth of the May 30 Movement fueled the Comintern's interest in the revolutionary ferment in China. This new perspective was emphasized by
490:
467:
254:
168:
482:
was acrimonious as bitter charges and counter-charges levying responsibility for the shattering the trade union movement flew in all directions.
478:
was an extremely large organization in this period, claiming 170,000 members in 1922, dwarfing all but a few Communist parties around the world.
996:
500:
This failure was followed up in January 1923 by a joint appeal of the Comintern and Profintern for the creation of an "action committee against
1055:
The Trade Unions, the Party and the State: Extracts of Speeches by Comrade Tomsky at the III Session of the Profintern on June 29, 1923, and...
578:
after suitable preparation of the masses" prove appropriate. There was no firm directive instructing the Profintern Executive Board to action.
310:
On January 9, 1921, ECCI decided that the launch of a new Red International of Trade Unions would take place at a conference to be convened on
1892:
790:
444:
316:
227:
213:
197:
179:. After entering a period of decline in the middle 1930s, the Profintern was finally dissolved in 1937 with the advent of Comintern's "
603:
1909:
821:(ITUCNW) was also founded in 1928 as a section of the Profintern that acted as a radical transnational platform for black workers in
1072:
Problems of Strike Strategy: Decisions of the International Conference on Strike Strategy, held in Strassburg, Germany, January 1929
554:
The 3rd World Congress of the Profintern opened on July 8, 1924, having been scheduled to begin in Moscow immediately following the
475:
1032:
1912:
DoJ/BoI Investigative Files, NARA collection M-1085, reel 936, file 202600-1350-2. Corvallis, OR: 1000 Flowers Publishing, 2007.
450:
As might be expected, the 1922 RILU Congress spent much of its time shaping the application of the Comintern's recently adopted
1012:
The 'Reds' in Congress: Preliminary Report of the First World Congress of the Red International of Trade and Industrial Unions.
602:
during the first week of January 1925 and emerged with a scathing denunciation of the Soviet Union and its sympathizers in the
416:
384:
1948:
845:
615:
439:
was the face of the "united front" efforts of the Comintern and Profintern following the 2nd World Congress of RILU in 1922.
586:
traveling to the UK in 1924, followed by a reciprocal visit in November of that year of a high-level delegation headed by
555:
1040:
Resolutions and Decisions of the Second World Congress of the Red International of Labor Unions: Moscow — November 1922.
611:
463:, and the Comintern in Berlin "to work out parallel forms and methods of struggle against the offensive of capitalism."
287:. Tanner's objection was brushed aside as Grigory Zinoviev denied him the floor, referring his complaints to committee.
280:
1793:
221:
1070:
1005:
Constitution of the Red International of Labour Unions: Adopted at the First World Congress Held in Moscow, July 1921.
701:
505:
998:
The Communist Internationale to the IWW: An Appeal of the Executive Committee of the Third Internationale at Moscow.
672:, and H. Eiduss. But now, even as European prospects dimmed, the situation looked brighter in Asia and the Pacific.
1938:
833:
607:
1854:
The Czech Red Unions, 1918-1929: A Study in Their Relation with the Communist Party and the Moscow Internationals.
1839:
Krasnyi Internatsional profsoiuzov: Istoriia vozniknoveniia i pervye gody deiatel'nosti Profinterna, 1920-1924 gg.
1038:
1969:
837:
739:
656:
423:
the October 1921 expulsion of the Dutch Transport Workers' Federation from its international trade organization.
368:
perspective that sought to avoid politics and participation in the existing trade unions altogether, in favor of
1953:
853:
693:
681:
841:
1930:
1770:(The Red International of Trade Unions: Studies in the History of the Profintern.) Moscow: Profizdat, 1971.
631:
526:
217:
160:
137:
115:
38:
1026:
Resolutions and Decisions of the First International Congress of Revolutionary Trade and Industrial Unions.
1845:
Krasnyi internatsional profsouzov v bor'be za osushchestvlenie leninskoi taktiki edinogo fronta 1921-1923.
1752:
History of the Three Internationals: The World Socialist and Communist Movements from 1848 to the Present.
685:
522:
284:
261:
as a "yellow" organization and inviting them to join a new revolutionary international union association.
1174:
First Report on the Activities of the International Federation of Trade Unions (July 1919-December 1921).
591:
379:
Among those expressing such a desire for the organizational independence of RILU from the Comintern was
1832:
A History of Soviet Russia, Volume 14: Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926-1929, Volume 3, Part 3.
1825:
A History of Soviet Russia, Volume 13: Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926-1929, Volume 3, Part 2.
1818:
A History of Soviet Russia, Volume 12: Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926-1929, Volume 3, Part 1.
665:
518:
456:
364:
was neither homogeneous nor harmonious, as it quickly became clear that a number of delegates held a
832:
RILU established national sections around the world. In Britain, the Bureau worked closely with the
1988:
704:, aided by 3 million rubles in Soviet aid for the purpose as well as Soviet instructors, headed by
669:
639:
373:
172:
1965:
1058:
Moscow: Commission for Foreign Relations of the Central Council of Trade Unions of the USSR, 1927.
1993:
570:
513:
408:
380:
359:
This journal was soon supplanted by a variety of publications produced by RILU's member sections.
1867:
1053:
655:
The 4th Session of the Central Council, held in Moscow from March 9–15, 1926, began just as the
1033:"Constitution of the Red International of Labor Unions, as of 2nd World Congress — Nov. 1922."
661:
1811:
A History of Soviet Russia, Volume 8: Socialism in One Country, 1924-1926, Volume 3, Part 2.
1804:
A History of Soviet Russia, Volume 7: Socialism in One Country, 1924-1926, Volume 3, Part 1.
1024:
764:
443:
The 2nd World Congress of RILU was held in Moscow in November 1922, in conjunction with the
251:
231:
209:
152:
128:
101:
1734:
vol. 3, pt. 2, pg. 628, providing his own translation from the Russian edition of Stalin's
1730:
Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1954; pg. 235. E.H. Carr cites this passage in
512:. An international conference of this group was called to be held later that same month in
319:— travel to and from Soviet Russia being a difficult and dangerous process in these years.
1062:
727:
712:
705:
696:— an estimated 40 of the 200 delegates at the January 20, 1924 founding convention of the
474:
formalizing the split with the Social Democratic unions. It is worthy of mention that the
396:
1047:
Resolutions and Decisions, RILU, 1923: Resolution on the Report of the Executive Bureau.
826:
760:
723:
583:
332:
97:
1794:"The Red Trade Union International: The First World Congress of Revolutionary Unions,"
770:
In addition to its Moscow headquarters, RILU soon established four overseas offices —
1982:
865:
807:
756:
734:
635:
587:
392:
369:
304:
239:
180:
1468:(Ten Years of the Profintern in Resolutions). Moscow: 1930; pg. 144. Cited in Carr,
864:
The Profintern was dissolved in 1937 as Stalin's foreign policy shifted towards the
431:
1001:
Foreword by Tom Glynn. Melbourne: Proletarian Publishing Association, October 1920.
509:
494:
451:
247:
164:
69:
936:
Adopts weak and non-binding call for unity congress with Amsterdam International.
806:(CSLA) as the Latin American branch of RILU — the first general labor movement in
351:
849:
689:
365:
339:
328:
952:
Lozovsky identifies Britain and the East as main areas for Profintern success.
1920:
975:
697:
291:
265:
196:
176:
105:
1780:
Birchall, Ian. "Profintern: Die Rote Gewerkschaftsinternationale 1920–1937,"
1893:"Moscow or Amsterdam? The Red International of Labour Unions, 1920/21-1937."
486:
388:
338:
For their own part, the Social Democratic trade union movement emerged from
324:
275:
272:
268:
258:
205:
848:, succeeded in 1929 by a more radical variant which attempted to establish
546:
1910:"Brief Report on the 1st World Congress of RILU: Moscow, July 3-19, 1921."
1035:
Labor Herald Library no. 6. Chicago: Trade Union Educational League, 1923.
794:
779:
719:
599:
235:
1924:
1876:—First published as "Kommunismus und kommunistische Gewerkschaften" in
677:
501:
311:
1856:
Boulder, CO: East European Monographs/Columbia University Press, 1988.
234:
was named president of this new council, assisted by British unionist
960:
944:
928:
912:
904:
Establishes RILU. Attended by 380 delegates, 336 with voting rights.
896:
822:
783:
771:
744:
163:(Comintern) with the aim of coordinating communist activities within
65:
920:
Formally adopts "united front" policy for the trade union movement.
606:
that were organized in a RILU-subsidized organization known as the
171:(founded in 1919), an organization which the Comintern branded as "
775:
545:
430:
350:
195:
1049:
n.c.: Red International of Labor Unions. Executive Bureau, n.d. .
1014:
London: British Bureau, Red International of Labour Unions, 1921.
1007:
London: British Bureau, Red International of Labour Unions, 1921.
355:
The short-lived official organ of RILU, published in Moscow, was
1768:
Krasnyi internatsional profsoiuzov: Ocherki istorii Profinterna.
200:
Solomon Lozovsky, head of the Red International of Labor Unions.
1799:(New York), v. 4, whole no. 192 (Oct. 15, 1921), pp. 9–10.
755:
The full-time secretariat of RILU consisted of the Spaniard,
246:(ECCI) directed the new council to issue a manifesto to "all
692:
pursued anti-imperialist objectives in conjunction with the
619:
committee for trade union unity between the two countries.
632:
1918 forced surrender of Soviet Russia to Imperial Germany
1021:
British Bureau, Red International of Labour Unions, 1921.
1903:
The Red International of Labour Unions (RILU) 1920-1937.
797:
as RILU's coordinating center for Asia and the Pacific.
504:," followed in March with the establishment of a formal
711:
The working alliance forged between KMT leader Sun and
1878:
Internationales Handworterbuch des Gewerkschaftswesen,
1178:
Socialism in One Country, 1924-1926: Volume 3, Part 1.
387:(IWW) — an individual already living in Moscow after
142:
1632:
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1965; pg. 214.
819:
International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers
875:
812:
Confederación de los Trabajadores de América Latina
111:
91:
75:
61:
53:
45:
1905:Ben Fowkes, trans. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2018.
1884:Geoffrey Swain, "Was the RILU Really Necessary?,"
1754:New York: International Publishers, 1955; pg. 326.
244:Executive Committee of the Communist International
1868:"Communism and the Communist Trade Unions" (1932)
743:that the revolutionary movement in China, India,
535:12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (b)
307:and a destructive split of the existing unions.
159:), was an international body established by the
1346:
1344:
1787:International Labor and Working-Class History,
1102:The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1923: Volume 3.
1064:What is the Red International of Labor Unions?
1043:Chicago: Trade Union Educational League, 1923.
1176:Amsterdam: n.d.; pg. 73. Cited in E.H. Carr,
391:to avoid a lengthy prison sentence under the
8:
1863:PhD dissertation. Columbia University, 1964.
1746:
1744:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1611:
1609:
1595:
1593:
1553:
1551:
1511:
1509:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1435:
1433:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1401:
1399:
1304:
1302:
1288:
1286:
1272:
1270:
1188:
1186:
972:International Conference on Strike Strategy
844:. The American section began in 1922 as the
726:was declared in the city in response and a "
533:Lozovsky reported on RILU's progress to the
19:
1217:
1215:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1075:New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1929.
840:established a national section called the
37:
18:
1067:Red International of Labor Unions, 1927.
493:, presided over by British union leader
255:International Federation of Trade Unions
169:International Federation of Trade Unions
1466:Desiat' let Profinterna v rezoliutsiakh
1084:
810:. This group was the forerunner of the
803:Confederación Sindical Latino-Americana
16:International labor union confederation
1944:Revolutionäre Gewerkschafts Opposition
335:to social democratic trade unionists.
1896:Communist History Network Newsletter,
1774:Die Rote Gewerkschaftsinternationale,
7:
1974:—Links to multiple articles on RILU.
2004:Trade unions disestablished in 1937
941:4th Session of the Central Council
791:Pan-Pacific Trade Union Secretariat
680:government and an agreement on the
556:5th World Congress of the Comintern
445:4th World Congress of the Comintern
317:3rd World Congress of the Comintern
489:with representatives of the rival
357:The Red Labor Union International.
144:Krasnyi internatsional profsoyuzov
14:
1630:The Rise of Indonesian Communism.
1427:London: Macmillan, 1954; pg. 161.
1180:London: Macmillan, 1964; pg. 526.
1104:London: Macmillan, 1953; pg. 207.
525:by France to enforce the onerous
476:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
468:Confédération Genérale du Travail
222:International Trade Union Council
125:Red International of Labor Unions
26:Red International of Labor Unions
1999:Trade unions established in 1921
1923:
668:, Bulgarian-American IWW member
506:Action Committee Against Fascism
133:Красный интернационал профсоюзов
32:Красный интернационал профсоюзов
1880:Berlin, 1932, pp. 979–984.
1789:no. 66 (2004), pp. 99–117.
455:April 1922 meeting between the
417:dictatorship of the proletariat
385:Industrial Workers of the World
347:The foundation congress of 1921
204:In July 1920, at the behest of
147:, RILU), commonly known as the
1966:"Profintern Internet Archive,"
1949:Trade Union Educational League
846:Trade Union Educational League
616:Trade Union Educational League
542:The 3rd World Congress of 1924
435:Veteran activist Clara Zetkin
427:The 2nd World Congress of 1922
250:of the world", condemning the
1:
1972:, Retrieved August 17, 2023.
1888:No. 1 (1987), pp. 57–77.
814:(CTAL), established in 1936.
774:("Central European Bureau"),
759:, the Russian trade unionist
718:On May 30, 1925, a strike in
1029:n.c. : Voice of Labor, 1921.
980:
974:
971:
964:
959:
956:
948:
943:
940:
932:
927:
924:
916:
911:
908:
900:
895:
892:
612:American Federation of Labor
610:. A similar presence in the
604:British trade union movement
461:Two-and-a-Half International
374:workers' control of industry
1886:European History Quarterly,
1874:www.whatnextjournal.co.uk/
1772:—Translated into German as
1671:vol. 3, pt. 2, pp. 698-699.
1645:vol. 3, pt. 2, pp. 719-720.
1545:vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 569-570.
1503:vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 564-565.
1425:The Interregnum, 1923-1924.
1354:vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 171-172.
1264:vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 531-532.
800:In 1928, RILU launched the
657:6th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI
143:
2020:
1939:National Minority Movement
1861:The RILU: Origins to 1923.
1643:Socialism in One Country,
834:National Minority Movement
608:National Minority Movement
175:" and as an impediment to
1970:Marxists Internet Archive
1732:Socialism in One Country,
1715:Socialism in One Country,
1702:Socialism in One Country,
1682:Socialism in One Country,
1669:Socialism in One Country,
1656:Socialism in One Country,
1617:Socialism in One Country,
1601:Socialism in One Country,
1585:Socialism in One Country,
1572:Socialism in One Country,
1559:Socialism in One Country,
1543:Socialism in One Country,
1530:Socialism in One Country,
1517:Socialism in One Country,
1501:Socialism in One Country,
1488:Socialism in One Country,
1470:Socialism in One Country,
1454:Socialism in One Country,
1441:The Bolshevik Revolution,
1407:The Bolshevik Revolution,
1391:Socialism in One Country,
1378:Socialism in One Country,
1365:Socialism in One Country,
1352:Socialism in One Country,
1336:The Bolshevik Revolution,
1323:The Bolshevik Revolution,
1310:The Bolshevik Revolution,
1294:Socialism in One Country,
1278:Socialism in One Country,
1262:Socialism in One Country,
1249:Socialism in One Country,
1236:Socialism in One Country,
1223:Socialism in One Country,
1207:The Bolshevik Revolution,
1194:The Bolshevik Revolution,
1162:The Bolshevik Revolution,
1142:The Bolshevik Revolution,
1120:The Bolshevik Revolution,
965:March 17 - April 3, 1928
884:
881:
878:
838:Communist Party of Canada
156:
132:
36:
31:
24:
1954:Trade Union Unity League
1834:London: Macmillan, 1978.
1827:London: Macmillan, 1976.
1820:London: Macmillan, 1976.
1813:London: Macmillan, 1964.
1806:London: Macmillan, 1964.
854:Trade Union Unity League
694:Communist Party of China
682:Chinese Eastern Railroad
220:established a temporary
192:Preliminary organization
1931:Organized labour portal
1782:Historical Materialism,
1717:vol. 3, pt. 2, pg. 628.
1704:vol. 3, pt. 2, pg. 719.
1684:vol. 3, pt. 2, pg. 702.
1658:vol. 3, pt. 2, pg. 720.
1619:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 592.
1603:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 577.
1587:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 576.
1574:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 573.
1561:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 572.
1532:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 570.
1519:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 565.
1490:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 564.
1472:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 84n.
1393:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 538.
1380:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 536.
1367:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 170.
1296:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 533.
1280:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 532.
1251:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 531.
1238:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 528.
1225:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 527.
569:A proposal was made by
519:Versailles Peace Treaty
491:Amsterdam International
399:at the national level.
218:Communist International
161:Communist International
116:Communist International
1870:, Mike Jones, trans.,
1728:Works: Volume 7, 1925.
1456:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 70.
782:("Balkan Bureau") and
763:and General Secretary
751:Personnel and branches
628:
551:
523:Occupation of the Ruhr
440:
360:
300:
285:Shop Stewards Movement
201:
187:Organizational history
173:class-collaborationist
917:Nov. 19-Dec. 2, 1922
842:Workers' Unity League
624:
592:Trades Union Congress
549:
508:in Berlin, headed by
434:
354:
327:of the international
296:
199:
1325:vol. 3, pp. 459-460.
1196:vol. 3, pp. 399-400.
786:("British Bureau").
457:Second International
273:electorally-oriented
1898:issue 8, July 2000.
1750:William Z. Foster,
957:4th World Congress
925:3rd World Congress
909:2nd World Congress
893:1st World Congress
793:was established in
740:Nichi Nichi Shimbun
670:George Andreytchine
640:New Economic Policy
614:in the form of the
230:trade union leader
21:
1901:Reiner Tosstorff:
1891:Reiner Tosstorff,
1866:Arthur Rosenberg,
778:("Latin Bureau"),
638:. Still, with the
571:Gaston Monmousseau
552:
514:Frankfurt, Germany
441:
409:boring from within
381:"Big Bill" Haywood
361:
214:2nd World Congress
202:
1975:
1881:
1852:Kevin McDermott,
1792:Earl R. Browder,
1777:
987:
986:
949:March 9–15, 1926
789:In May 1927, the
662:Buffalo, New York
397:Communist parties
252:social democratic
141:
121:
120:
2011:
1973:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1875:
1837:B.A. Karpachev,
1771:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1724:
1718:
1711:
1705:
1698:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1613:
1604:
1597:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1546:
1539:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1513:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1484:
1473:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1443:vol. 3, pg. 461.
1437:
1428:
1421:
1410:
1409:vol. 3, pg. 462.
1403:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1348:
1339:
1338:vol. 3, pg. 460.
1332:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1312:vol. 3, pg. 459.
1306:
1297:
1290:
1281:
1274:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1210:
1209:vol. 3, pg. 400.
1203:
1197:
1190:
1181:
1171:
1165:
1164:vol. 3, pg. 399.
1158:
1145:
1144:vol. 3, pg. 398.
1138:
1123:
1122:vol. 3, pg. 208.
1116:
1105:
1098:
933:July 8-XX, 1924
901:July 3–19, 1921
876:
765:Solomon Lozovsky
647:RILU in the East
521:and the related
232:Solomon Lozovsky
210:Grigory Zinoviev
158:
146:
136:
134:
102:Solomon Lozovsky
84:
41:
22:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1979:
1978:
1962:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1908:Evan E. Young,
1766:G.M. Adibekov,
1763:
1761:Further reading
1758:
1749:
1742:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1699:
1688:
1679:
1675:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1607:
1598:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1549:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1307:
1300:
1291:
1284:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1213:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1184:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1148:
1139:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1086:
1082:
1019:Russia in 1921.
992:
874:
862:
753:
728:May 30 Movement
713:Mikhail Borodin
706:Vasily Blyukher
666:Boris Reinstein
649:
643:International.
544:
429:
349:
283:of the British
242:of France. The
194:
189:
104:
100:
94:
87:
82:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2017:
2015:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1961:
1960:External links
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1889:
1882:
1864:
1859:Albert Resis,
1857:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1790:
1778:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1740:
1719:
1706:
1686:
1673:
1660:
1647:
1634:
1621:
1605:
1589:
1576:
1563:
1547:
1534:
1521:
1505:
1492:
1474:
1458:
1445:
1429:
1411:
1395:
1382:
1369:
1356:
1340:
1327:
1314:
1298:
1282:
1266:
1253:
1240:
1227:
1211:
1198:
1182:
1166:
1146:
1124:
1106:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1044:
1036:
1030:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1002:
991:
988:
985:
984:
982:
979:
973:
969:
968:
966:
963:
958:
954:
953:
950:
947:
942:
938:
937:
934:
931:
926:
922:
921:
918:
915:
910:
906:
905:
902:
899:
894:
890:
889:
886:
883:
880:
873:
870:
861:
858:
827:Atlantic World
761:Mikhail Tomsky
752:
749:
724:general strike
648:
645:
584:Mikhail Tomsky
543:
540:
428:
425:
348:
345:
333:fighting words
193:
190:
188:
185:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
98:Mikhail Tomsky
95:
92:
89:
88:
86:
85:
79:
77:
73:
72:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
34:
33:
29:
28:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2016:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1776:Berlin, 1973.
1775:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:J.V. Stalin,
1723:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:A. Lozovsky,
1060:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:J.T. Murphy,
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:G. Zinoviev,
994:
993:
989:
983:
981:January 1929
977:
970:
967:
962:
955:
951:
946:
939:
935:
930:
923:
919:
914:
907:
903:
898:
891:
887:
877:
871:
869:
867:
866:Popular Front
859:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
808:Latin America
805:
804:
798:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
750:
748:
746:
742:
741:
736:
735:Joseph Stalin
731:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
673:
671:
667:
663:
658:
653:
646:
644:
641:
637:
636:Brest-Litovsk
633:
627:
623:
620:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
595:
593:
589:
585:
579:
577:
572:
567:
563:
559:
557:
548:
541:
539:
536:
531:
528:
524:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
483:
479:
477:
471:
469:
464:
462:
458:
453:
448:
446:
438:
433:
426:
424:
420:
418:
412:
410:
404:
400:
398:
394:
393:Espionage Act
390:
389:skipping bail
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
370:direct action
367:
358:
353:
346:
344:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
320:
318:
313:
308:
306:
305:dual unionism
299:
295:
293:
288:
286:
282:
277:
274:
270:
267:
266:revolutionary
262:
260:
256:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Alfred Rosmer
237:
233:
229:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
198:
191:
186:
184:
182:
181:Popular Front
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
154:
150:
145:
139:
130:
126:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
96:
90:
83:International
81:
80:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
35:
30:
23:
1902:
1895:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1860:
1853:
1844:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1773:
1767:
1751:
1736:Sochineniia.
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1714:
1709:
1701:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1663:
1655:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1628:Ruth McVey,
1624:
1616:
1600:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1558:
1542:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1500:
1495:
1487:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1440:
1424:
1406:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1335:
1330:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1293:
1277:
1261:
1256:
1248:
1243:
1235:
1230:
1222:
1206:
1201:
1193:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1141:
1119:
1101:
1071:
1063:
1054:
1046:
1039:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:Publications
863:
831:
816:
801:
799:
788:
769:
754:
738:
732:
717:
710:
674:
654:
650:
629:
625:
621:
596:
588:A.A. Purcell
580:
575:
568:
564:
560:
553:
532:
510:Clara Zetkin
499:
484:
480:
472:
465:
452:united front
449:
442:
436:
421:
413:
405:
401:
378:
362:
356:
337:
321:
309:
301:
297:
289:
263:
248:trade unions
226:
203:
165:trade unions
148:
124:
122:
112:Affiliations
70:Soviet Union
62:Headquarters
49:July 3, 1921
1830:E.H. Carr,
1823:E.H. Carr,
1816:E.H. Carr,
1809:E.H. Carr,
1802:E.H. Carr,
1423:E.H. Carr,
1363:E.H. Carr,
1350:E.H. Carr,
1100:E.H. Carr,
1052:M. Tomsky,
860:Dissolution
850:dual unions
690:Sun Yat-sen
527:reparations
495:J.H. Thomas
372:leading to
366:syndicalist
340:World War I
329:bourgeoisie
281:Jack Tanner
1989:Profintern
1983:Categories
1872:What Next.
1797:The Toiler
1017:Tom Mann,
976:Strasbourg
879:Gathering
757:Andrés Nin
698:Kuomintang
292:E. H. Carr
290:Historian
183:" policy.
177:revolution
157:Профинтерн
149:Profintern
106:Andreu Nin
93:Key people
20:Profintern
1994:Comintern
1080:Footnotes
978:, France
882:Location
664:druggist
487:The Hague
325:barricade
276:Socialist
269:Communist
259:Amsterdam
257:based in
206:Comintern
138:romanized
54:Dissolved
1917:See also
872:Meetings
825:and the
795:Shanghai
780:Bulgaria
720:Shanghai
600:Brussels
236:Tom Mann
76:Location
702:Whampoa
688:led by
590:of the
502:fascism
383:of the
312:May Day
216:of the
153:Russian
140::
129:Russian
46:Founded
1713:Carr,
1700:Carr,
1680:Carr,
1667:Carr,
1654:Carr,
1641:Carr,
1615:Carr,
1599:Carr,
1583:Carr,
1570:Carr,
1557:Carr,
1541:Carr,
1528:Carr,
1515:Carr,
1499:Carr,
1486:Carr,
1452:Carr,
1439:Carr,
1405:Carr,
1389:Carr,
1376:Carr,
1334:Carr,
1321:Carr,
1308:Carr,
1292:Carr,
1276:Carr,
1260:Carr,
1247:Carr,
1234:Carr,
1221:Carr,
1205:Carr,
1192:Carr,
1160:Carr,
1140:Carr,
1118:Carr,
961:Moscow
945:Moscow
929:Moscow
913:Moscow
897:Moscow
888:Notes
852:, the
836:. The
823:Africa
784:London
772:Berlin
745:Persia
686:Canton
678:Peking
576:might,
459:, the
437:(left)
228:Soviet
212:, the
66:Moscow
885:Date
776:Paris
208:head
817:The
331:" —
271:and
238:and
123:The
57:1937
1968:at
634:at
1985::
1743:^
1689:^
1608:^
1592:^
1550:^
1508:^
1477:^
1432:^
1414:^
1398:^
1343:^
1301:^
1285:^
1269:^
1214:^
1185:^
1149:^
1127:^
1109:^
1087:^
868:.
856:.
829:.
767:.
708:.
447:.
155::
135:,
131::
68:,
407:"
151:(
127:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
