1358:
1529:
147:
707:
1331:
1383:
216:
130:
735:
174:
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1346:
1432:
718:, sides, breasts, bellies, and across their throats. Adult males are 1.3–1.5 m (4 ft 3 in – 4 ft 11 in) long from nose to tail, stand 81–104 cm (2 ft 8 in – 3 ft 5 in) high at the shoulder, and weigh 40–65 kg (88–143 lb). The females are the same height as males, but weigh 34–48 kg (75–106 lb). The feet have two
398:
937:
1308:. Females usually bear within a few days of each other. Twin fawns are common. Newborn pronghorns weigh 2–4 kg (4–9 lb), most commonly 3 kg (7 lb). In their first 21–26 days, fawns spend time hiding in vegetation. Fawns interact with their mothers for 20–25 minutes a day; this continues even when the fawn joins a
1284:, and challenging intruders. In these systems, territorial males have access to better resources than bachelor males. Females also employ different mating strategies. "Sampling" females visit several males and remain with each for a short time before switching to the next male at an increasing rate as
1422:' mode of hunting them is to form a large, strong pen or fold, from which a fence made of bushes gradually widens on each side. The animals are surrounded by the hunters, and gently driven towards this pen, in which they imperceptibly find themselves enclosed, and are then at the mercy of the hunters.
1417:
Of all the animals we have seen the
Antelope seems to possess the most wonderful fleetness. Shy and timorous they generally repose only on the ridges, which command a view of all the approaches of an enemy ... When they first see the hunters they run with great velocity ... The Indians near the Rocky
1288:
approaches. "Inciting" females behave as samplers until estrous, and then incite conflicts between males, watching and then mating with the winners. Before fighting, males try to intimidate each other. If intimidation fails, they lock horns and try to injure each other. "Quiet" females remain with a
848:
evasion through running. The top speed is dependent upon the length of time over which it is measured. It can run 56 km/h (35 mph) for 6.5 km (4 mi), 68 km/h (42 mph) for 1.5 km (1 mi), and 88.5 km/h (55 mph) for 800 m (0.5 mi). Although it
927:
When a pronghorn sees something that alarms it, the white hair on the rump flairs open and exposes two highly odoriferous glands that releases a compound described as having an odour "reminiscent of buttered popcorn." This sends a message to other pronghorns by both sight and smell about a present
1524:
after learning that the Boone and
Crockett Club and the National Audubon Society were underwriting the private land buyout. On January 26, 1931, Hoover signed the executive order for the refuge. On December 31, 1936, President Franklin Roosevelt signed an executive order creating a 222,000-hectare
682:
up one prong Short the other round & Sharp arched, and is immediately above its Eyes the Color is a light gray with black behind its ears down the neck, and its face white round its neck, its Sides and its rump round its tail which is Short & white; Verry actively made, has only a pair of
1275:
Adult males either defend a fixed territory that females may enter, or defend a harem of females. A pronghorn may change mating strategies depending on environmental or demographic conditions. Where precipitation is high, adult males tend to be territorial and maintain their territories with
1512:. About 2900 acres of land were jointly purchased by the two organizations and subsequently turned over to the Biological Survey as a pronghorn refuge. This donation was contingent upon the government's adding 30,000 acres of surrounding public lands. On June 20, 1929, United States
2763:
955:
of the prairie habitat, as well as other climatic zones. The amount of wildlife was considered to be so vast at one time that the prehistoric
American Prairie—and as recently as 200 to 300 years ago—has been dubbed the "American Serengeti", due to the once-millions-strong herds of
912:
Pronghorns are built for speed, not for jumping. Since their ranges are sometimes affected by sheep ranchers' fences, they can be seen going under fences, sometimes at high speed. For this reason, the
Arizona Antelope Foundation and others are in the process of removing the bottom
1272:, and adult males living solitarily. Some female bands share the same summer range, and bachelor male bands form between spring and fall. Females form dominance hierarchies with few circular relationships. Dominant females aggressively displace other females from feeding sites.
1594:). The Sonoran pronghorn has an estimated population of fewer than 300 in the United States and 200–500 in Mexico, while there are approximately 200 Peninsula pronghorn in Baja California. Populations of the Sonoran pronghorn in Arizona and Mexico are protected under the
827:
which is on the sides of the head. The major chemical component in this gland's secretion is the highly odoriferous compound, 2-ethyl-3-methylpyrazine. This compound is also the major volatile component found on the animal's back in the male's medial gland.
1357:
1466:, in a letter to fellow member Grinnell, wrote, "Personally, I think that the antelope are doomed, yet every attempt should be made to save them." Although the club had begun their efforts to save the pronghorn in 1910 by funding and restocking the
1197:
says "This study shows that pronghorn are the true marathoners of the
American West. With these new findings, we can confirm that Idaho supports a major overland mammal migration - an increasingly rare phenomenon in the U.S. and worldwide."
1539:
The protection of habitat and hunting restrictions have allowed pronghorn numbers to recover to an estimated population between 500,000 and 1,000,000 since the 1930s. Some recent decline has occurred in a few localized populations, due to
2769:
1412:
Merriwether Lewis and
William Clark made several other observations on the behavior of the pronghorn and how the local tribes hunted them. They described the animal, which they referred to as the "Antelope" or the "Goat", as follows:
780:
Each horn of the pronghorn is composed of a slender, laterally flattened blade of bone which is thought to grow from the frontal bones of the skull, or from the subcutaneous tissues of the scalp, forming a permanent core. As in the
793:
and regrown annually. Males have a horn sheath about 12.5–43 cm (5–17 in) (average 25 cm or 10 in) long with a prong. Females have smaller horns that range from 3–15 cm (1–6 in) (average 12 cm or
831:
Pronghorns have well developed glands on each hoof. Like many ungulates, these interdigital (hoof) glands of pronghorn contain chemical compounds that are known to have antimicrobial activity against soil and mammalian pathogens.
885:
found that while
American cheetahs seemed to subsist on pronghorns, they did not do so exclusively. In fact, pronghorns were also important prey of American lions and wolves. Compared to its body size, the pronghorn has a large
1303:
of 7–8 months, which is longer than is typical for North
American ungulates. They breed in mid-September, and the doe carries her fawn until late May. The gestation period is around six weeks longer than that of the
1570:
until just recently. They are legally hunted in western states for purposes of population control and food. No major range-wide threats exist, although localized declines are taking place, particularly to the
1575:, mainly as a result of livestock grazing, the construction of roads, fences, and other barriers that prevent access to historical habitat, illegal hunting, insufficient forage and water, and lack of
1129:
Pronghorns prefer open, expansive terrain at elevations varying between 900 and 1,800 m (3,000 and 5,900 ft), with the densest populations in areas receiving around 250–400 mm (10–
672:
I walked on shore to find an old
Vulcanoe ... in my walk I killed a Buck Goat of this Countrey, about the height of the Grown Deer, its body Shorter the horns which is not very hard and forks
1296:
on the pronghorn are on either side of the jaw, between the hooves, and on the rump. A receptive female remains motionless, sniffs his scent gland, and then allows the male to mount her.
683:
hoofs to each foot, his brains on the back of his head, his
Nostrals large, his eyes like a Sheep he is more like the Antilope or Gazelle of Africa than any other Species of Goat.
1312:. The females nurse, groom, and lead their young to food and water, as well as keep predators away from them. Females usually nurse the young about three times a day. Males are
928:
danger. This scent has been observed by humans 20 to 30 meters downwind from alarmed animals. The major odour compound identified from this gland is 2-pyrrolidinone.
1170:
Healthy pronghorn populations tend to stay within 5.0–6.5 km (3–4 mi) of a water source. The majority are found within 5 mi (8 km) of a water source.
3162:
Brunton BB: Kootenai. In: Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 12: Plateau. edn. Edited by Walker DE, Jr. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution; 1998: 223-228.
1174:
2870:
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1409:, pronghorn was hunted as a principal food source by the local people. The pronghorn has also featured prominently in Native American mythology and oral history.
8762:
8652:
8440:
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1292:
When courting an estrous female, a male pronghorn approaches her while softly vocalizing and waving his head side to side, displaying his cheek patches. The
1490:, most of the efforts were doomed since experience demonstrated that after initial increases the pronghorns would die off because of the fenced enclosures.
8777:
2059:
2024:
1989:
1954:
1919:
1857:
1406:
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1055:, pronghorn can be found in inland counties, ranging from neighboring Nevada and Oregon, as well as the central coastal grasslands, further south. In
8719:
8587:
8336:
2790:
J. Cancino; R. Rodríguez-Estrella; A. Ortega (1995). "First Aerial Survey of Historical Range for Peninsular Pronghorn of Baja California, Mexico".
2568:. Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming, U.S.A. Records a Detailed Faunal, Floral, aDNA, Isotopic, and Geologic Record of the Late Quaternary. 647–648: 81–87.
1521:
909:
Male pronghorn tend to have a higher level of physical activity than females and apparently also have a greater blood volume relative to body size.
8626:
8375:
1517:
1458:, Grinnell stated, "The Club is much concerned about the fate of the pronghorn which appears to be everywhere rapidly diminishing." By the 1920s,
1455:
1181:
shows an overland migration route that covers more than 260 km (160 mi). The migrating pronghorn start travel from the foothills of the
636:
Pronghorns were first seen and described by Spanish explorers in the 16th century, the species was not formally recorded or scrutinized until the
2842:
1330:
3330:
1268:
Pronghorns form mixed-sex herds in the winter. In early spring, the herds break up, with young males forming bachelor groups, females forming
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8772:
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2336:
2234:
2209:
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The pronghorn is the fastest land mammal in the Americas, with running speeds of up to 88.5 km/h (55 mph). It is the symbol of the
2849:
1598:(since 1967), and a recovery plan for this subspecies has been prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Mexican animals are listed on
552:
epoch, about 11 other antilocaprid species existed in North America, many with long or spectacularly-twisted horns. Three other genera (
2700:
1528:
3221:
3128:
Min, S.E. (1997). "The effect of variation in male sexually dimorphic traits on female behavior in pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)".
8787:
8767:
3188:
1382:
668:. Clark was among the first Euro-Americans to publish the experience of killing a pronghorn, and described his experience as follows:
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3167:
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and the blocking of traditional routes. In a migration study conducted by Lava Lake Institute for Science and Conservation and the
2360:
8401:
1505:
605:
3010:
Fairbanks, W.S. (1994). "Dominance, age and aggression among female pronghorn, Antilocapra americana (Family: Antilocapridae)".
1143: in) of rainfall per year. They eat a wide variety of plant foods, often including plants unpalatable or toxic to domestic
2986:
2406:
Wood, William F. (2011). "2-Ethyl-3-methylpyrazine in the subauricular and median glands of pronghorn, Antilocapra americana".
1602:
Appendix I. Pronghorns have game-animal status in all of the western states of the United States, and permits are required to
898:
have two long, cushioned, pointed toes which help absorb shock when running at high speeds. They also have an extremely light
8644:
8419:
3264:
3064:
2185:
1595:
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8380:
3243:
2874:
3682:
1556:
1194:
1178:
8782:
7759:
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1256:) also likely prey on pronghorns in their native range in the southwestern United States and in northern Mexico. In the
2924:
2817:
8639:
8548:
8414:
8274:
2669:. Malpai Co-operative Fence Project (newsletter). Vol. 18. Arizona Antelope Foundation. p. 5. Archived from
363:
215:
3118:." The behaviour of ungulates and its relationship to management (GEIST, V. & WALTHER, F., eds) (1974): 356-364.
2096:"Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution, and conservation"
1646:
146:
8797:
8792:
8757:
3751:
3323:
2441:
Wood, William F. (2001). "Antibacterial compounds in the interdigital glands of pronghorn, Antilocapra americana".
637:
1289:
single male in an isolated area throughout estrous. Females continue this mating behavior for two to three weeks.
706:
8657:
8445:
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6728:
3673:
3664:
1533:
1502:
1463:
1337:
1182:
1119:
381:
8256:
3115:
1498:
6515:
2073:
2038:
2003:
1968:
1933:
1869:
2670:
2256:
A New Geographical, Historical, and Commercial Grammar and Present State of the Several Kingdoms of the World
7809:
7164:
6677:
6557:
4453:
4113:
3594:
1642:
1483:
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1368:
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1865:
688:
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1345:
8678:
8479:
8279:
8088:
4620:
3849:
3733:
3316:
2931:
2694:
Wood, William F. (2002). "2-Pyrrolidinone, a putative alerting pheromone from rump glands of pronghorn,
2068:
2033:
1998:
1963:
1928:
1576:
1552:
811:
Males are further differentiated from females in having a small patch of black hair at the angle of the
330:
8553:
7365:
6395:
1079:, in north-central regions of the country, albeit in gradually diminishing populations. They have been
1111:
947:
Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the pronghorn was particularly abundant in the regions west of the
375:
8328:
8300:
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3885:
3137:
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The present-day range of the pronghorn is generally west of the Mississippi, extending from southern
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7059:
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White, P. J.; Barnowe-Meyer, Kerey K.; Garrott, Robert A.; Byers, John A. Reid, Charissa O. (ed.).
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pressure had reduced the pronghorn population to about 13,000. Boone and Crockett Club member
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882:
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387:
369:
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7751:
3219:
New Long Distance Migration Route for Pronghorn Found in Idaho by WCS and Lava Lake Institute
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comprised 40%, grass 22%, forbs 20%, and shrubs 18%. Pronghorns also chew and eat (ruminate)
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2117:
2107:
1806:
1718:
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1300:
952:
894:
and lungs to allow it to take in large amounts of air when running. Additionally, pronghorn
866:
858:
824:
641:
539:
531:
465:
459:
424:
1525:(549,000-acre) tract; this was the true beginning for pronghorn recovery in North America.
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8393:
7819:
7462:
7453:
7401:
7392:
7173:
6030:
6021:
5498:
5094:
4146:
4056:
3894:
3706:
3585:
3558:
3549:
3247:
3225:
2292:
1907:
1374:
1321:
1317:
1269:
747:
418:
7929:
3141:
3023:
2736:
2713:
2454:
2419:
1897:
8243:
8174:
7977:
7924:
7824:
7804:
7662:
7600:
7230:
7221:
6746:
6695:
6616:
6607:
6548:
6386:
6088:
5910:
5901:
5456:
5423:
5405:
4893:
4703:
4578:
4417:
3405:
3377:
3149:
3031:
2562:"Were pronghorns (Antilocapra) primary prey for North American cheetahs (Miracinonyx)?"
2122:
2095:
1513:
1402:
1309:
891:
755:
661:
617:
542:
297:
287:
277:
2721:
2600:"Comparison of selected cardiopulmonary parameters between the pronghorn and the goat"
2462:
1320:
is reached at 15 to 16 months, though males rarely breed until three years old. Their
129:
8741:
8388:
8139:
8113:
8012:
7957:
7904:
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7829:
7814:
7287:
7269:
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7092:
7083:
6142:
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5531:
5522:
5507:
5372:
5336:
5291:
5228:
5219:
4736:
4694:
4587:
4553:
4543:
4444:
4426:
4089:
4038:
3948:
3512:
3080:
Byers, J.A.; J.D. Moodie; N. Hall (1994). "Pronghorn females choose vigorous mates".
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1709:
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984:
878:
870:
715:
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183:
178:
73:
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1260:, jaguars would likely be dangerous to pronghorns as a short-range ambush predator.
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8292:
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7909:
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6479:
6413:
6175:
6133:
6048:
5859:
5579:
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5432:
5363:
5252:
5243:
4985:
4754:
4435:
4390:
4357:
4128:
4020:
3987:
3903:
1559:, at one point, the migration corridor bottlenecks to an area only 200 yards wide.
1487:
1241:
1225:
1032:
1020:
972:
862:
808: in) and sometimes barely visible; they are straight and very rarely pronged.
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1431:
8566:
8524:
2573:
2534:
2112:
1446:
had determined that the extinction of the pronghorn was likely. In a letter from
8600:
8533:
8497:
8427:
8406:
8349:
8223:
8149:
7849:
7302:
7050:
6212:
6166:
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6058:
5919:
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5354:
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4242:
4164:
4047:
3972:
3963:
3340:
3251:
1293:
1257:
914:
774:
560:
549:
307:
267:
118:
48:
3240:
924:, including one reaching nearly 7.3 m (23 ft 11 in) per stride.
8037:
8032:
7972:
7934:
7894:
6909:
6809:
6634:
6226:
5648:
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5019:
4796:
4602:
4519:
4510:
4285:
4276:
4155:
4080:
3621:
3442:
3308:
3297:
3285:
3273:
2427:
1389:
1080:
1016:
853:, it can sustain top speeds much longer than cheetahs. The pronghorn may have
782:
695:
649:
566:
554:
347:
93:
58:
8214:
2623:
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2285:
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7383:
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6124:
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5480:
5414:
5300:
4815:
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4224:
4104:
3655:
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1674:
1442:
At the turn of the 20th century, members of the wildlife conservation group
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527:
397:
227:
98:
42:
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1418:
Mountains hunt these animals on horseback, and shoot them with arrows. The
2871:"Pronghorn Antelope Migration Route: 160 Miles Plus : Discovery News"
2146:
1450:, Boone and Crockett Club chairman of the game preservation committee, to
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17:
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6308:
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4309:
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1471:
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1008:
992:
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507:
247:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
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American Pronghorn: Social Adaptations and the Ghosts of Predators Past
2536:
American Pronghorn: Social adaptations and the ghosts of predators past
2361:"Formation, structure, and function of extra-skeletal bones in mammals"
1820:
1563:
1479:
1459:
1436:
1313:
1156:
1048:
1004:
988:
976:
887:
850:
786:
785:, skin covers the bony cores, but in the pronghorn, it develops into a
750:(eye sockets) are prominent and set high on the skull. Their teeth are
723:
625:
594:
578:
571:
155:
103:
78:
3257:
2376:
936:
8605:
8354:
8251:
8098:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8027:
7987:
7567:
7136:
7041:
6864:
6854:
6470:
5982:
5822:
5804:
5795:
5681:
5603:
5555:
5546:
5004:
4995:
4930:
4921:
4911:
4833:
4366:
4179:
4029:
3365:
3353:
1544:
which is spread from sheep, but the overall trend has been positive.
1509:
1419:
1249:
1233:
1217:
1201:
1160:
1072:
1056:
1028:
1012:
1000:
980:
857:
its running ability to escape from now-extinct predators such as the
586:
499:
257:
237:
138:
8185:
2741:. San Diego, California: The West Coast Publishing Company. p.
2259:. Vol. 2. Philadelphia, USA: Johnson & Warner. p. 308.
1794:
8579:
8318:
3298:"The Remarkable Pronghorn Antelope Of North America | Wild America"
1811:
964:, hundreds of thousands of pronghorn, as well as other now-extinct
8492:
8042:
7997:
7591:
7549:
7124:
6794:
6785:
6079:
6006:
5997:
5928:
5657:
5612:
5471:
5396:
5276:
5267:
4778:
4769:
4261:
4252:
3461:
3452:
1599:
1527:
1430:
1152:
1036:
996:
957:
935:
920:
The pronghorn has been observed to have at least 13 distinct
874:
733:
705:
582:
200:
194:
2560:
Higgins, Pennilyn; Meachen, Julie; Lovelace, David (2023-02-20).
1656:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
8007:
6737:
6067:
5955:
5937:
5594:
5447:
4851:
4718:
4534:
3808:
3769:
1659:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 671–2.
1148:
1098:
Other regional subspecies include the Rocky Mountain pronghorn (
1084:
1040:
951:(still its primary range today). Pronghorn herds filled a vital
921:
903:
899:
895:
816:
770:
719:
590:
8305:
8189:
7755:
7647:
7515:
7121:
6204:
5739:
5196:
4658:
3804:
3390:
3312:
2925:
Yellowstone Pronghorn: Recovering from the Brink of Extirpation
7992:
7347:
5946:
5892:
4824:
4206:
2229:. Nebraska, USA: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 81–2.
1164:
1562:
Pronghorns are now quite numerous, and outnumbered people in
1493:
In 1927, Grinnell spearheaded efforts along with the help of
1147:, though they also compete with them for food. In one study,
477:
7863:
445:
917:
from the fences, and/or installing a barbless bottom wire.
480:
439:
3059:
David MacDonald (ed.) Oxford University Press pp. 528-529
436:
570:) existed when humans entered North America but are now
1516:
included the required public lands upon request of the
2190:. Animal Diversity Web. Last retrieved 24 October 2013
726:. Their body temperature is 38 °C (100 °F).
656:, Lewis and Clark came across the pronghorn near the
448:
526:, because it closely resembles the antelopes of the
474:
471:
433:
430:
8694:
8508:
8198:
8122:
8051:
7948:
7875:
7787:
7722:
7694:
7670:
7661:
7589:
7538:
7529:
7475:
7451:
7427:
7418:
7300:
7267:
7243:
7210:
7186:
7144:
7135:
7081:
7039:
6862:
6853:
6807:
6783:
6759:
6717:
6666:
6642:
6633:
6605:
6581:
6574:
6528:
6468:
6444:
6357:
6306:
6282:
6258:
6234:
6225:
6155:
6056:
6047:
6019:
5995:
5890:
5830:
5821:
5793:
5769:
5760:
5694:
5670:
5592:
5568:
5544:
5520:
5469:
5445:
5394:
5289:
5265:
5241:
5217:
5172:
5160:
5148:
5120:
5111:
5074:
5050:
5017:
4993:
4984:
4956:
4947:
4919:
4910:
4864:
4804:
4795:
4767:
4716:
4683:
4674:
4600:
4566:
4532:
4508:
4484:
4388:
4355:
4331:
4298:
4274:
4250:
4241:
4177:
4126:
4102:
4069:
4018:
3985:
3961:
3829:
3820:
3780:
3768:
3695:
3653:
3629:
3620:
3538:
3529:
3474:
3450:
3441:
3413:
3404:
1582:
Three subspecies are considered endangered in all (
510:, it is known colloquially in North America as the
468:
442:
427:
3274:"Pronghorns Face Modern Challenges | Nat Geo Wild"
3116:Courtship in the pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)
1248:) have been reported to prey on fawns and adults.
1896:Smithsonian Institution. North American Mammals:
624:, unlike the horns of species from the ox family
577:The pronghorn's closest living relatives are the
2792:Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science
1858:"Pronghorns - Survivors of the American Savanna"
1175:Lava Lake Institute for Science and Conservation
840:The pronghorn is the fastest land mammal in the
620:sheaths that branch and have a forward-pointing
2331:. University of California Press. p. 485.
2204:. New York, USA: Facts On File. pp. 31–2.
2094:Upham, N.S.; Esselstyn, J.A.; Jetz, W. (2019).
1415:
670:
585:. The Antilocaprids are part of the infraorder
2202:Encyclopedia of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
2147:"About ASM | American Society of Mammalogists"
1324:is typically up to 10 years, rarely 15 years.
865:North American predators. Carbon and nitrogen
861:, since its speed greatly exceeds that of all
7767:
3324:
3075:
3073:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1724:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T1677A50181848.en
1067:) subspecies may be found from the state of
8:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
2896:"Pronghorn migration circuit found in Idaho"
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
1699:IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) .
714:Pronghorns have distinct white fur on their
2635:
2633:
502:indigenous to interior western and central
8186:
7782:Game animals and shooting in North America
7774:
7760:
7752:
7667:
7658:
7644:
7535:
7526:
7512:
7424:
7141:
7132:
7118:
6859:
6639:
6578:
6231:
6222:
6201:
6053:
5827:
5766:
5757:
5736:
5214:
5193:
5117:
4990:
4953:
4916:
4801:
4680:
4671:
4655:
4247:
3826:
3817:
3801:
3626:
3535:
3447:
3410:
3401:
3387:
3331:
3317:
3309:
3114:Bromley, Peter T., and David W. Kitchen. "
2902:. Blogs.nationalgeographic.com. 2009-11-02
2325:Verts, B. J.; Carraway, Leslie N. (1998).
2248:
2246:
2136:See Fig. S10 in Supplementary Information.
396:
172:
145:
128:
31:
2918:
2916:
2121:
2111:
1810:
1722:
538:. It is the only surviving member of the
3292:. CBS Sunday Morning. December 12, 2021.
3206:A History of the Boone and Crockett Club
2513:. Vol. 211, no. 1. p. 22.
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2320:
2318:
2227:Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1634:
1615:
1363:Doe with fawns about an hour old, near
1326:
869:comparisons between pronghorn, horses,
27:Species of North American hoofed mammal
2303:
2301:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
1795:"The American Antelope, or Prong Buck"
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
742:They have very large eyes with a 320°
2850:Texas Parks & Wildlife Department
2593:
2591:
2509:Klesius, M. (2007). "Losing ground".
1240:) are major predators of pronghorns.
1187:Craters of the Moon National Monument
7:
8763:Extant Pleistocene first appearances
2873:. News.discovery.com. Archived from
8748:IUCN Red List least concern species
2701:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
2664:AAF Pronghorn 4th Quarter 2012
2443:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
2408:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
1710:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
687:The pronghorn was first officially
648:. Following the discovery of a few
589:, making them distant relatives of
8778:Fauna of the Western United States
3150:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1997.tb00182.x
3032:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1994.tb01047.x
2488:. New York: Sterling. p. 11.
2253:Guthrie, W.; Ferguson, J. (1815).
616:The animal gets its name from its
25:
2953:Switek, Brian (August 25, 2010).
2200:Woodger, E.; Toporov, B. (2004).
1118:), and the critically endangered
1771:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
1381:
1356:
1344:
1329:
1316:2–3 weeks earlier than females.
1264:Social behavior and reproduction
606:American Society of Mammalogists
464:
423:
214:
3683:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
2987:The University of Chicago Press
2843:"Appendix K Pronghorn Antelope"
2662:Dickens, Glen (December 2012).
1837:. Time Life Books. pp. 126, 136
1091:in the United States, and from
4472:Central American red brocket (
3265:New International Encyclopedia
3181:Native American Animal Stories
2295:Last retrieved 24 October 2013
815:. Pronghorns have a distinct,
1:
3304:. Real Wild. October 2, 2023.
2722:10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00097-7
2598:McKean, T; Walker, B (1974).
2463:10.1016/S0305-1978(00)00060-0
1856:Hawes, Alex (November 2001).
1557:Wildlife Conservation Society
1195:Wildlife Conservation Society
1179:Wildlife Conservation Society
1151:comprised 62% of their diet,
987:, primarily in the states of
8803:Mammals of the United States
8773:Fauna of the Rocky Mountains
5179:Large subfamily listed below
5167:Large subfamily listed below
5155:Large subfamily listed below
3286:"Nature: Pronghorn antelope"
2955:"Of Pronghorn and Predators"
2765:Expanded Diary of Pedro Font
2616:10.1016/0034-5687(74)90066-8
2574:10.1016/j.quaint.2022.08.003
2539:. Chicago University Press.
2113:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494
1590:), or part of their ranges (
1401:In regions inhabited by the
3674:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
3665:Indian spotted chevrotain (
3057:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
2683:– via azantelope.org.
1622:Only populations of Mexico.
1427:Population and conservation
849:is slower than the African
8824:
3208:. Boone and Crockett Club.
2818:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
2029:Roosevelt and Burden 1934"
1522:Department of the Interior
1193:. Dr. Scott Bergen of the
844:, being built for maximum
154:Adult female pronghorn in
8788:Mammals described in 1815
8768:Fauna of the Great Plains
7861:
7657:
7643:
7610:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
7601:Domestic Bactrian camel (
7525:
7511:
7165:North Sulawesi babirusa (
7131:
7117:
6221:
6200:
5756:
5735:
5213:
5192:
4670:
4654:
4454:Amazonian brown brocket (
3816:
3800:
3787:Large family listed below
3775:Large family listed below
3752:Williamson's mouse-deer (
3400:
3386:
3348:
3204:Sheldon, Charles (1955).
2484:Carwardine, Mark (2008).
2428:10.1016/j.bse.2011.01.015
2359:Nasoori, Alireza (2020).
1773:(3rd ed.), Longman,
1534:Yellowstone National Park
1518:Department of Agriculture
1503:Charles Alexander Sheldon
1464:Charles Alexander Sheldon
1456:Secretary of the Interior
1338:Yellowstone National Park
1120:Baja California pronghorn
404:
395:
360:
355:
336:
329:
211:Scientific classification
209:
192:
170:
161:
153:
144:
136:
127:
34:
8808:Taxa named by George Ord
5851:Domestic water buffalo (
4216:Central Asian red deer (
3841:Bornean yellow muntjac (
3250:Documentary produced by
3179:Bruchac, Joseph (1992).
2822:explorer.natureserve.org
2566:Quaternary International
2027:Stockoceros onusrosagris
1532:Male adult pronghorn in
1514:President Herbert Hoover
1499:National Audubon Society
1397:Relationship with humans
1173:An ongoing study by the
710:Profile of an adult male
137:Adult male pronghorn in
6729:Bates' pygmy antelope (
6516:Soemmerring's gazelle (
4621:Yucatan brown brocket (
3850:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
3734:Philippine mouse-deer (
2981:Byers, John A. (1997).
2735:Frank Stephens (1906).
2649:animals.sandiegozoo.org
2533:Byers, John A. (1997).
2225:Cutright, P.R. (2003).
1799:The American Naturalist
1769:Wells, John C. (2008),
1484:Wind Cave National Park
1444:Boone and Crockett Club
1405:tribes, as well as the
1230:Ursus arctos horribilis
1159:15%, while in another,
983:south into the western
890:, heart, blood volume,
773:, pronghorns possess a
405:Range of the pronghorn
7988:Cougar (mountain lion)
7869:
7439:White-lipped peccary (
7375:Philippine warty pig (
7000:Yellow-backed duiker (
6964:Black-fronted duiker (
6937:White-bellied duiker (
6558:Przewalski's gazelle (
5781:Four-horned antelope (
4579:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
4138:Visayan spotted deer (
3997:European fallow deer (
3940:Northern red muntjac (
3886:Southern red muntjac (
3183:. Fulcrum Publishing.
3094:10.1006/anbe.1994.1005
2647:Animals & Plants.
2604:Respiration Physiology
2328:Land mammals of Oregon
1653:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
1596:Endangered Species Act
1566:and parts of northern
1536:
1439:
1424:
944:
825:preorbital scent gland
739:
711:
685:
644:and Second Lieutenant
8679:Paleobiology Database
8480:Paleobiology Database
8257:antilocapra-americana
8230:Antilocapra americana
8200:Antilocapra americana
7867:
7619:Wild Bactrian camel (
7321:Bornean bearded pig (
7312:Palawan bearded pig (
6901:White-legged duiker (
6327:Red-fronted gazelle (
4006:Persian fallow deer (
3922:Roosevelt's muntjac (
3595:Himalayan musk deer (
3504:Reticulated giraffe (
2932:National Park Service
2696:Antilocapra americana
2310:Antilocapra americana
2187:Antilocapra americana
2151:www.mammalsociety.org
2069:Paleobiology Database
2034:Paleobiology Database
1999:Paleobiology Database
1992:Stockoceros conklingi
1964:Paleobiology Database
1929:Paleobiology Database
1900:Antilocapra americana
1793:Caton, J. D. (1876).
1717:: e.T1677A115056938.
1703:Antilocapra americana
1553:habitat fragmentation
1531:
1434:
939:
877:, American cheetahs,
738:Head of an adult male
737:
709:
638:expedition in 1804-06
491:Antilocapra americana
340:Antilocapra americana
7840:Snipe (common snipe)
7820:Ring-necked pheasant
7706:Pygmy hippopotamus (
7366:Oliver's warty pig (
6991:Red-flanked duiker (
6396:Erlanger's gazelle (
6116:Harnessed bushbuck (
5842:Wild water buffalo (
5319:East Caucasian tur (
5310:West Caucasian tur (
4463:Little red brocket (
3931:Truong Son muntjac (
3743:Vietnam mouse-deer (
3725:Greater mouse-deer (
3604:Siberian musk deer (
1833:Farb, Peter (1970).
1746:"Appendices | CITES"
1647:"Order Artiodactyla"
1606:or hunt pronghorns.
1476:National Bison Range
1448:George Bird Grinnell
881:, and wolves of the
530:and fills a similar
498:(even-toed, hoofed)
8783:Herbivorous mammals
8696:Antilope americanus
7835:Sharp-tailed grouse
7805:Hungarian partridge
7339:Celebes warty pig (
7330:Visayan warty pig (
6946:Red forest duiker (
6678:Günther's dik-dik (
6540:Mongolian gazelle (
6345:Heuglin's gazelle (
6336:Thomson's gazelle (
5490:Long-tailed goral (
4885:Mountain reedbuck (
4876:Southern reedbuck (
4728:East African oryx (
4630:White-tailed deer (
4409:Small red brocket (
4376:South Andean deer (
4319:Siberian roe deer (
4310:European roe deer (
4147:Philippine sambar (
4114:Père David's deer (
3716:Lesser mouse-deer (
3577:Kashmir musk deer (
3280:. January 27, 2018.
3142:1997Ethol.103..732M
3024:1994Ethol..97..278F
2714:2002BioSE..30..361W
2511:National Geographic
2455:2001BioSE..29..417W
2420:2011BioSE..39..159W
1922:Capromeryx furcifer
1549:migration corridors
1468:Wichita Game Refuge
1069:Baja California Sur
1053:Northern California
654:sharp-tailed grouse
164:Conservation status
8059:American alligator
7870:
7487:Collared peccary (
7357:Flores warty pig (
7198:Giant forest hog (
7060:Maxwell's duiker (
6982:Ruwenzori duiker (
6928:Jentink's duiker (
6837:Sharpe's grysbok (
6593:Tibetan antelope (
6498:Bright's gazelle (
6432:Goitered gazelle (
6405:Mountain gazelle (
6378:Cuvier's gazelle (
6318:Mongalla gazelle (
5706:Pyrenean chamois (
5132:Tibetan antelope (
5086:Black wildebeest (
3913:Reeves's muntjac (
3877:Sumatran muntjac (
3868:Gongshan muntjac (
3641:Water chevrotain (
3568:Alpine musk deer (
3495:Southern giraffe (
3486:Northern giraffe (
3246:2017-11-08 at the
3228:, November 2, 2009
3224:2011-07-13 at the
2738:California Mammals
2365:Biological Reviews
2291:2010-06-22 at the
2284:Mammals of Texas:
2062:Tetrameryx shuleri
1906:2016-01-22 at the
1588:A. a. peninsularis
1551:are threatened by
1542:bluetongue disease
1537:
1495:T. Gilbert Pearson
1440:
1351:Herd of pronghorns
1299:Pronghorns have a
1191:Continental Divide
1124:A. a. peninsularis
945:
842:Western Hemisphere
740:
712:
632:European discovery
536:parallel evolution
520:pronghorn antelope
494:) is a species of
382:A. a. peninsularis
8798:Mammals of Mexico
8793:Mammals of Canada
8758:Canadian Prairies
8735:
8734:
8666:Open Tree of Life
8467:Open Tree of Life
8192:Taxon identifiers
8183:
8182:
8155:Waterfowl hunting
8003:White-tailed deer
7868:Waterfowl hunters
7749:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7718:
7717:
7639:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7507:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7463:Chacoan peccary (
7414:
7413:
7402:Javan warty pig (
7393:Timor warty pig (
7200:H. meinertzhageni
7174:Togian babirusa (
7113:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7069:Walter's duiker (
7009:Abbott's duiker (
6973:Ogilby's duiker (
6919:Harvey's duiker (
6883:Brooke's duiker (
6849:
6848:
6629:
6628:
6570:
6569:
6507:Peter's gazelle (
6489:Grant's gazelle (
6423:Speke's gazelle (
6196:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6073:
6043:
6042:
6031:African buffalo (
5862:B. depressicornis
5817:
5816:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5499:Himalayan goral (
5321:C. cylindricornis
5188:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5144:
5143:
5107:
5106:
5095:Blue wildebeest (
5029:Common tsessebe (
4980:
4979:
4943:
4942:
4906:
4905:
4818:K. ellipsiprymnus
4791:
4790:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4590:P. mephistophiles
4546:P. mephistophiles
4237:
4236:
3933:M. truongsonensis
3895:Pu Hoat muntjac (
3796:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3764:
3763:
3707:Java mouse-deer (
3616:
3615:
3586:Black musk deer (
3559:Dwarf musk deer (
3550:Anhui musk deer (
3525:
3524:
3488:G. camelopardalis
3437:
3436:
3259:"Pronghorn"
2900:NatGeo News Watch
2546:978-0-226-08699-6
2377:10.1111/brv.12597
2338:978-0-520-21199-5
2236:978-0-8032-6434-2
2211:978-1-4381-1023-3
1666:978-0-8018-8221-0
1610:Explanatory notes
1584:A. a. sonoriensis
1573:Sonoran pronghorn
1407:Northwest Plateau
1388:Juvenile fawn in
1367:, 1947. Photo by
1365:Fort Davis, Texas
1306:white-tailed deer
1246:Aquila chrysaetos
1183:Pioneer Mountains
1104:Mexican pronghorn
1065:A. a. sonoriensis
1061:Sonoran pronghorn
949:Mississippi River
942:Fort Rock, Oregon
932:Range and ecology
883:Natural Trap Cave
664:, in present-day
512:American antelope
409:
408:
388:A. a. sonoriensis
322:A. americana
204:
187:
122:
16:(Redirected from
8815:
8728:
8727:
8715:
8714:
8713:
8687:
8686:
8674:
8673:
8661:
8660:
8648:
8647:
8635:
8634:
8622:
8621:
8609:
8608:
8596:
8595:
8583:
8582:
8570:
8569:
8557:
8556:
8544:
8543:
8542:
8529:
8528:
8527:
8501:
8500:
8488:
8487:
8475:
8474:
8462:
8461:
8449:
8448:
8436:
8435:
8423:
8422:
8410:
8409:
8397:
8396:
8384:
8383:
8371:
8370:
8358:
8357:
8345:
8344:
8332:
8331:
8322:
8321:
8309:
8308:
8296:
8295:
8283:
8282:
8270:
8269:
8260:
8259:
8247:
8246:
8234:
8233:
8232:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8187:
8135:Big-game hunting
7920:Northern pintail
7776:
7769:
7762:
7753:
7668:
7659:
7645:
7536:
7527:
7513:
7425:
7231:Common warthog (
7222:Desert warthog (
7142:
7133:
7119:
7018:Weyns's duiker (
6892:Peters' duiker (
6874:Aders's duiker (
6860:
6747:Royal antelope (
6705:Salt's dik-dik (
6696:Silver dik-dik (
6687:Kirk's dik-dik (
6640:
6617:Saiga antelope (
6579:
6518:N. soemmerringii
6387:Dorcas gazelle (
6232:
6223:
6216:
6202:
6089:Mountain nyala (
6072:
6071:
6063:
6054:
6009:P. nghetinhensis
5911:European bison (
5902:American bison (
5828:
5767:
5758:
5751:
5737:
5613:Domestic sheep (
5457:Himalayan tahr (
5424:Mainland serow (
5406:Japanese serow (
5215:
5208:
5194:
5118:
4991:
4954:
4917:
4894:Bohor reedbuck (
4802:
4781:A. nasomaculatus
4704:Sable antelope (
4681:
4672:
4665:
4656:
4418:Merida brocket (
4248:
4189:Thorold's deer (
4041:A. calamianensis
3924:M. rooseveltorum
3870:M. gongshanensis
3827:
3818:
3811:
3802:
3627:
3536:
3515:G. tippelskirchi
3448:
3411:
3402:
3388:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3310:
3305:
3293:
3281:
3269:
3261:
3229:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3176:
3170:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3125:
3119:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3082:Animal Behaviour
3077:
3068:
3053:
3036:
3035:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2929:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2847:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2768:. Archived from
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2668:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2530:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2322:
2313:
2305:
2296:
2282:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2197:
2191:
2183:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2125:
2115:
2106:(12): e3000494.
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2072:. Archived from
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2037:. Archived from
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2002:. Archived from
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1967:. Archived from
1957:Capromeryx minor
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1932:. Archived from
1916:
1910:
1894:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1868:. Archived from
1853:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1696:
1679:
1678:
1639:
1623:
1620:
1452:Walter L. Fisher
1385:
1360:
1348:
1336:Pronghorn herd,
1333:
1301:gestation period
1142:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1112:Oregon pronghorn
953:ecological niche
859:American cheetah
807:
806:
802:
799:
789:sheath which is
768:
767:
766:
763:
681:
680:
676:
642:Meriwether Lewis
532:ecological niche
524:prairie antelope
506:. Though not an
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
463:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
422:
400:
342:
219:
218:
198:
181:
176:
175:
149:
132:
116:
115:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
8823:
8822:
8818:
8817:
8816:
8814:
8813:
8812:
8738:
8737:
8736:
8731:
8723:
8718:
8709:
8708:
8703:
8690:
8682:
8677:
8669:
8664:
8656:
8651:
8643:
8638:
8630:
8625:
8617:
8612:
8604:
8599:
8591:
8586:
8578:
8573:
8565:
8560:
8552:
8547:
8538:
8537:
8532:
8523:
8522:
8517:
8504:
8496:
8491:
8483:
8478:
8470:
8465:
8457:
8454:Observation.org
8452:
8444:
8439:
8431:
8426:
8418:
8413:
8405:
8400:
8392:
8387:
8379:
8374:
8366:
8361:
8353:
8348:
8340:
8335:
8327:
8325:
8317:
8312:
8304:
8299:
8291:
8286:
8278:
8273:
8265:
8263:
8255:
8250:
8242:
8237:
8228:
8227:
8222:
8213:
8212:
8207:
8194:
8184:
8179:
8118:
8047:
7978:Bison (buffalo)
7944:
7871:
7859:
7810:Prairie chicken
7783:
7780:
7750:
7737:
7714:
7690:
7653:
7627:
7585:
7521:
7495:
7471:
7447:
7410:
7377:S. philippensis
7314:S. ahoenobarbus
7296:
7288:Red river hog (
7263:
7239:
7206:
7182:
7156:Buru babirusa (
7127:
7101:
7093:Common duiker (
7077:
7035:
6845:
6803:
6779:
6755:
6713:
6662:
6625:
6601:
6566:
6551:P. picticaudata
6524:
6464:
6440:
6434:G. subgutturosa
6353:
6302:
6278:
6254:
6217:
6206:
6184:
6151:
6143:Cape bushbuck (
6136:T. strepsiceros
6065:
6064:
6062:
6039:
6015:
5991:
5886:
5878:Mountain anoa (
5813:
5807:B. tragocamelus
5789:
5783:T. quadricornis
5752:
5741:
5723:
5690:
5666:
5622:Bighorn sheep (
5588:
5564:
5540:
5532:Mountain goat (
5516:
5508:Chinese goral (
5465:
5441:
5426:C. sumatraensis
5390:
5373:Siberian ibex (
5337:Domestic goat (
5285:
5261:
5237:
5229:Barbary sheep (
5209:
5198:
5180:
5168:
5156:
5140:
5103:
5070:
5046:
5013:
4976:
4939:
4902:
4860:
4787:
4763:
4737:Scimitar oryx (
4712:
4695:Roan antelope (
4666:
4660:
4638:
4596:
4588:Northern pudu (
4562:
4554:Southern pudu (
4544:Northern pudu (
4528:
4504:
4480:
4445:Pygmy brocket (
4427:Dwarf brocket (
4384:
4351:
4327:
4294:
4270:
4233:
4173:
4122:
4098:
4065:
4039:Calamian deer (
4014:
4008:D. mesopotamica
3981:
3957:
3951:M. vuquangensis
3949:Giant muntjac (
3859:Fea's muntjac (
3812:
3806:
3788:
3776:
3760:
3691:
3649:
3612:
3570:M. chrysogaster
3521:
3513:Masai giraffe (
3470:
3433:
3396:
3382:
3344:
3337:
3296:
3284:
3272:
3256:
3248:Wayback Machine
3237:
3232:
3226:Wayback Machine
3217:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3161:
3157:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3109:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3055:"Pronghorn" in
3054:
3039:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2880:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2775:
2773:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2747:
2745:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2532:
2531:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2371:(4): 986–1019.
2358:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2306:
2299:
2293:Wayback Machine
2283:
2264:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2042:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2007:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1908:Wayback Machine
1895:
1884:
1875:
1873:
1855:
1854:
1841:
1832:
1828:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1698:
1697:
1682:
1667:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1506:Antelope Refuge
1429:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1375:Helmut Buechner
1361:
1352:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1318:Sexual maturity
1266:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1100:A. a. americana
1077:San Luis Potosí
934:
838:
804:
800:
797:
795:
760:
759:
744:field of vision
732:
704:
678:
674:
673:
634:
614:
467:
458:
457:
426:
417:
416:
385:
379:
373:
367:
364:A. a. americana
351:
344:
338:
325:
213:
205:
188:
177:
173:
166:
123:
114:
113:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8821:
8819:
8811:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8740:
8739:
8733:
8732:
8730:
8729:
8716:
8700:
8698:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8688:
8675:
8662:
8649:
8636:
8623:
8610:
8597:
8584:
8571:
8558:
8545:
8530:
8514:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8502:
8489:
8476:
8463:
8450:
8437:
8424:
8411:
8398:
8385:
8372:
8359:
8346:
8333:
8323:
8310:
8297:
8284:
8271:
8261:
8248:
8244:Antilocapridae
8235:
8220:
8204:
8202:
8196:
8195:
8190:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8177:
8175:Upland hunting
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8126:
8124:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8055:
8053:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7954:
7952:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7881:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7862:
7860:
7858:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7795:Bobwhite quail
7791:
7789:
7785:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7778:
7771:
7764:
7756:
7747:
7746:
7743:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7728:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7716:
7715:
7713:
7712:
7708:C. liberiensis
7702:
7700:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7688:
7682:Hippopotamus (
7678:
7676:
7665:
7663:Hippopotamidae
7655:
7654:
7648:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7616:
7612:C. dromedarius
7607:
7597:
7595:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7574:
7565:
7556:
7546:
7544:
7533:
7523:
7522:
7516:
7509:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7501:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7483:
7481:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7459:
7457:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7435:
7433:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7399:
7395:S. timoriensis
7390:
7381:
7372:
7363:
7354:
7348:Domestic pig (
7345:
7336:
7327:
7318:
7308:
7306:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7285:
7275:
7273:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7251:
7249:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7237:
7228:
7224:P. aethiopicus
7218:
7216:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7204:
7194:
7192:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7176:B. togeanensis
7171:
7162:
7152:
7150:
7139:
7129:
7128:
7122:
7115:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7089:
7087:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7066:
7057:
7047:
7045:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7027:Zebra duiker (
7024:
7015:
7006:
7002:C. silvicultor
6997:
6988:
6979:
6970:
6961:
6955:Black duiker (
6952:
6943:
6939:C. leucogaster
6934:
6925:
6916:
6907:
6898:
6889:
6880:
6870:
6868:
6857:
6851:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6834:
6828:Cape grysbok (
6825:
6815:
6813:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6791:
6789:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6771:Klipspringer (
6767:
6765:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6744:
6735:
6725:
6723:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6702:
6698:M. piacentinii
6693:
6684:
6674:
6672:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6650:
6648:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6613:
6611:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6589:
6587:
6576:
6572:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6560:P. przewalskii
6555:
6546:
6536:
6534:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6513:
6504:
6495:
6486:
6480:Dama gazelle (
6476:
6474:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6452:
6450:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6429:
6420:
6414:Rhim gazelle (
6411:
6402:
6393:
6384:
6375:
6365:
6363:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6342:
6333:
6324:
6314:
6312:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6290:
6288:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6272:A. marsupialis
6266:
6264:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6242:
6240:
6229:
6219:
6218:
6205:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6176:Common eland (
6173:
6163:
6161:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6140:
6134:Greater kudu (
6131:
6122:
6113:
6104:
6095:
6086:
6076:
6074:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6027:
6025:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6003:
6001:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5980:
5971:
5962:
5953:
5947:Domestic yak (
5944:
5935:
5926:
5917:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5875:
5871:B. mindorensis
5866:
5860:Lowland anoa (
5857:
5848:
5838:
5836:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5801:
5799:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5777:
5775:
5764:
5754:
5753:
5740:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5712:
5702:
5700:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5678:
5676:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5655:
5646:
5637:
5628:
5619:
5610:
5600:
5598:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5580:Nilgiri tahr (
5576:
5574:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5552:
5550:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5528:
5526:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5505:
5496:
5487:
5477:
5475:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5453:
5451:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5433:Taiwan serow (
5430:
5421:
5412:
5402:
5400:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5379:
5370:
5364:Iberian ibex (
5361:
5352:
5343:
5334:
5325:
5316:
5307:
5297:
5295:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5273:
5271:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5253:Arabian tahr (
5249:
5247:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5225:
5223:
5211:
5210:
5197:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5128:
5126:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5092:
5082:
5080:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5058:
5056:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5035:
5025:
5023:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5001:
4999:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4964:
4962:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4927:
4925:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4891:
4887:R. fulvorufula
4882:
4872:
4870:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4849:
4840:
4831:
4822:
4812:
4810:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4775:
4773:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4755:Arabian oryx (
4752:
4743:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4701:
4691:
4689:
4678:
4668:
4667:
4659:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:O. virginianus
4627:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4551:
4540:
4538:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4516:
4514:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4498:O. bezoarticus
4492:
4490:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4469:
4460:
4451:
4442:
4438:M. gouazoubira
4436:Gray brocket (
4433:
4424:
4415:
4406:
4396:
4394:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4373:
4363:
4361:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4337:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4316:
4306:
4304:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4258:
4256:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4222:
4213:
4204:
4195:
4191:C. albirostris
4185:
4183:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4110:
4108:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4087:
4077:
4075:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4003:
3993:
3991:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:E. cephalophus
3969:
3967:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3919:
3910:
3904:Leaf muntjac (
3901:
3897:M. puhoatensis
3892:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3824:
3814:
3813:
3805:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3754:T. williamsoni
3749:
3740:
3731:
3722:
3713:
3703:
3701:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3680:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3606:M. moschiferus
3601:
3597:M. leucogaster
3592:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3561:M. berezovskii
3556:
3546:
3544:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3408:
3406:Antilocapridae
3398:
3397:
3391:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3378:Laurasiatheria
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3294:
3282:
3270:
3254:
3236:
3235:External links
3233:
3231:
3230:
3211:
3196:
3190:978-1555911270
3189:
3171:
3155:
3136:(9): 732–743.
3120:
3107:
3069:
3037:
3018:(4): 278–293.
3002:
2995:
2989:. p. 11.
2973:
2945:
2912:
2887:
2862:
2834:
2809:
2782:
2754:
2727:
2708:(4): 361–363.
2686:
2654:
2629:
2610:(3): 365–370.
2587:
2552:
2545:
2516:
2501:
2494:
2486:Animal Records
2476:
2449:(4): 417–419.
2433:
2414:(2): 159–169.
2398:
2351:
2337:
2314:
2297:
2262:
2242:
2235:
2217:
2210:
2192:
2163:
2138:
2086:
2051:
2016:
1981:
1946:
1911:
1882:
1839:
1826:
1812:10.1086/271628
1805:(4): 193–205.
1785:
1779:
1761:
1737:
1680:
1665:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1592:A. a. mexicana
1501:to create the
1497:of Grinnell's
1435:Pronghorns in
1428:
1425:
1403:Plains Indians
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1265:
1262:
1108:A. a. mexicana
940:Pronghorns in
933:
930:
900:bone structure
879:American lions
837:
834:
821:mark territory
756:dental formula
731:
728:
703:
700:
662:Niobrara River
633:
630:
613:
610:
543:Antilocapridae
407:
406:
402:
401:
393:
392:
370:A. a. mexicana
358:
357:
353:
352:
345:
334:
333:
327:
326:
319:
317:
313:
312:
305:
301:
300:
295:
291:
290:
288:Antilocaprinae
285:
281:
280:
278:Antilocapridae
275:
271:
270:
265:
261:
260:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
207:
206:
193:
190:
189:
171:
168:
167:
162:
159:
158:
151:
150:
142:
141:
134:
133:
125:
124:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
46:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8820:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8726:
8721:
8717:
8712:
8706:
8702:
8701:
8699:
8697:
8693:
8685:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8667:
8663:
8659:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8589:
8585:
8581:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8550:
8546:
8541:
8535:
8531:
8526:
8520:
8516:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8507:
8499:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8481:
8477:
8473:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8416:
8412:
8408:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8324:
8320:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8262:
8258:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8240:
8236:
8231:
8225:
8221:
8216:
8210:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8188:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8140:Bison hunting
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8121:
8115:
8114:Snowshoe hare
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8089:Gray squirrel
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8050:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8013:Mountain goat
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7958:Bighorn sheep
7956:
7955:
7953:
7951:
7947:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7905:Greater scaup
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7874:
7866:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7845:Spruce grouse
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7830:Ruffed grouse
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7815:Mourning dove
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7786:
7777:
7772:
7770:
7765:
7763:
7758:
7757:
7754:
7734:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7721:
7711:
7709:
7704:
7703:
7701:
7699:
7698:
7693:
7687:
7685:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7646:
7642:
7624:
7622:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7603:C. bactrianus
7599:
7598:
7596:
7594:
7593:
7588:
7582:
7580:
7575:
7573:
7571:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7557:
7555:
7553:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7514:
7510:
7492:
7490:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7474:
7468:
7466:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7455:
7450:
7444:
7442:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7431:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7417:
7407:
7405:
7404:S. verrucosus
7400:
7398:
7396:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7350:S. domesticus
7346:
7344:
7342:
7341:S. celebensis
7337:
7335:
7333:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7304:
7299:
7293:
7291:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7270:Potamochoerus
7266:
7260:
7258:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7247:
7242:
7236:
7234:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7203:
7201:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7190:
7185:
7179:
7177:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7167:B. celebensis
7163:
7161:
7159:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7120:
7116:
7098:
7096:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7085:
7080:
7074:
7072:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7051:Blue duiker (
7049:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7038:
7032:
7030:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6966:C. nigrifrons
6962:
6960:
6958:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6948:C. natalensis
6944:
6942:
6940:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6926:
6924:
6922:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6894:C. callipygus
6890:
6888:
6886:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6842:
6840:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6821:R. campestris
6817:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6800:
6798:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6776:
6774:
6773:O. oreotragus
6769:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6763:
6758:
6752:
6750:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6710:
6708:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6665:
6659:
6657:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6622:
6620:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6598:
6596:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6577:
6573:
6563:
6561:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6521:
6519:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6461:
6459:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6437:
6435:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6416:G. leptoceros
6412:
6410:
6408:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6350:
6348:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6320:E. albonotata
6316:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6299:
6297:
6296:A. cervicapra
6292:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6275:
6273:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6251:
6249:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6214:
6210:
6203:
6199:
6181:
6179:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6167:Giant eland (
6165:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6148:
6146:
6145:T. sylvaticus
6141:
6139:
6137:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6107:Lesser kudu (
6105:
6103:
6101:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6069:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6036:
6034:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6012:
6010:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5988:
5986:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5922:B. domesticus
5920:Bali cattle (
5918:
5916:
5914:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5881:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5810:
5808:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5786:
5784:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5745:
5738:
5734:
5720:
5718:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5687:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5663:
5661:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5624:O. canadensis
5620:
5618:
5616:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5585:
5583:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5571:Nilgiritragus
5567:
5561:
5559:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5537:
5535:
5534:O. americanus
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5459:H. jemlahicus
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5438:
5436:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5387:
5385:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5355:Nubian ibex (
5353:
5351:
5349:
5346:Alpine ibex (
5344:
5342:
5340:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5282:
5280:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5258:
5256:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5202:
5195:
5191:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5137:
5135:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5113:Pantholopinae
5110:
5100:
5098:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5064:A. buselaphus
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5043:
5041:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5010:
5008:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4973:
4971:
4968:Grey rhebok (
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4936:
4934:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:Aepycerotinae
4909:
4899:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4855:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4843:Nile lechwe (
4841:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4758:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4676:Hippotraginae
4673:
4669:
4664:
4657:
4653:
4635:
4633:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4522:B. dichotomus
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4499:
4496:Pampas deer (
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4456:M. nemorivaga
4452:
4450:
4448:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4400:Red brocket (
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4369:H. antisensis
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4209:C. canadensis
4205:
4203:
4201:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4158:R. timorensis
4154:
4152:
4150:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4116:E. davidianus
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4083:R. duvaucelii
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4048:Bawean deer (
4046:
4044:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3973:Tufted deer (
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3906:M. putaoensis
3902:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3852:M. crinifrons
3848:
3846:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3803:
3799:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3745:T. versicolor
3741:
3739:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3552:M. anhuiensis
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3506:G. reticulata
3502:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3168:0-16-049514-8
3165:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3003:
2998:
2996:0-226-08698-4
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2974:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2877:on 2012-09-29
2876:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2851:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2783:
2772:on 2011-07-17
2771:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2755:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2676:on 2013-12-24
2672:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2645:San Diego Zoo
2642:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2495:9781402756238
2491:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2399:
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2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2352:
2340:
2334:
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2329:
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2319:
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2312:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2076:on 2022-05-22
2075:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2055:
2052:
2041:on 2022-05-27
2040:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2020:
2017:
2006:on 2022-05-26
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1982:
1971:on 2023-10-04
1970:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1950:
1947:
1936:on 2023-10-04
1935:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1924:Matthew 1902"
1923:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1872:on 2009-07-13
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1780:9781405881180
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1619:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:scent marking
1273:
1271:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:Panthera onca
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:Golden eagles
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:grizzly bears
1223:
1222:Canis latrans
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:Puma concolor
1203:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:A. a. oregona
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:east through
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:. In extreme
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
959:
954:
950:
943:
938:
931:
929:
925:
923:
918:
916:
910:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:Bighorn sheep
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
843:
835:
833:
829:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
792:
788:
784:
778:
776:
772:
757:
753:
749:
745:
736:
729:
727:
725:
721:
717:
708:
701:
699:
697:
694:
693:ornithologist
690:
684:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:William Clark
643:
639:
631:
629:
627:
623:
619:
611:
609:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
568:
563:
562:
557:
556:
551:
546:
544:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:North America
501:
497:
493:
492:
485:
461:
453:
420:
414:
403:
399:
394:
391:
390:
389:
384:
383:
378:
377:
376:A. a. oregona
372:
371:
366:
365:
359:
354:
349:
343:
341:
335:
332:
331:Binomial name
328:
324:
323:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:Antilocaprini
296:
293:
292:
289:
286:
283:
282:
279:
276:
273:
272:
269:
266:
263:
262:
259:
256:
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
217:
212:
208:
202:
196:
191:
185:
180:
179:Least Concern
169:
165:
160:
157:
152:
148:
143:
140:
135:
131:
126:
120:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
33:
30:
19:
8695:
8509:
8199:
8170:Wolf hunting
8145:Deer hunting
8130:Bear hunting
8079:Fox squirrel
8052:Other quarry
8022:
7930:Ross's goose
7910:Lesser scaup
7890:Canada goose
7707:
7695:
7684:H. amphibius
7683:
7673:Hippopotamus
7671:
7651:Whippomorpha
7620:
7611:
7602:
7590:
7578:
7569:
7560:
7551:
7539:
7488:
7476:
7464:
7452:
7440:
7428:
7403:
7394:
7385:
7376:
7367:
7358:
7349:
7340:
7332:S. cebifrons
7331:
7322:
7313:
7301:
7289:
7280:
7268:
7256:
7244:
7233:P. africanus
7232:
7223:
7213:Phacochoerus
7211:
7199:
7187:
7175:
7166:
7158:B. babyrussa
7157:
7145:
7094:
7082:
7070:
7062:P. maxwellii
7061:
7053:P. monticola
7052:
7040:
7028:
7019:
7010:
7001:
6993:C. rufilatus
6992:
6983:
6974:
6965:
6956:
6947:
6938:
6929:
6920:
6911:
6910:Bay duiker (
6903:C. crusalbum
6902:
6893:
6884:
6875:
6863:
6855:Cephalophini
6838:
6830:R. melanotis
6829:
6820:
6808:
6796:
6784:
6772:
6760:
6748:
6740:N. moschatus
6739:
6730:
6718:
6706:
6697:
6688:
6680:M. guentheri
6679:
6667:
6656:D. megalotis
6655:
6643:
6618:
6606:
6595:P. hodgsonii
6594:
6582:
6559:
6550:
6542:P. gutturosa
6541:
6529:
6517:
6508:
6499:
6490:
6481:
6469:
6457:
6445:
6433:
6424:
6415:
6406:
6398:G. erlangeri
6397:
6388:
6379:
6371:G. bennettii
6370:
6358:
6346:
6338:E. thomsonii
6337:
6329:E. rufifrons
6328:
6319:
6307:
6295:
6283:
6271:
6259:
6247:
6235:
6177:
6169:T. derbianus
6168:
6156:
6144:
6135:
6126:
6117:
6108:
6100:T. eurycerus
6099:
6090:
6081:
6057:
6049:Tragelaphini
6032:
6020:
6008:
5996:
5984:
5975:
5967:B. javanicus
5966:
5957:
5949:B. grunniens
5948:
5939:
5931:B. frontalis
5930:
5921:
5912:
5903:
5891:
5879:
5870:
5861:
5852:
5843:
5831:
5806:
5794:
5782:
5770:
5717:R. rupicapra
5716:
5708:R. pyrenaica
5707:
5695:
5683:
5671:
5659:
5650:
5649:Snow sheep (
5641:
5632:
5631:Dall sheep (
5623:
5614:
5605:
5593:
5582:N. hylocrius
5581:
5569:
5558:O. moschatus
5557:
5545:
5533:
5521:
5509:
5500:
5491:
5482:
5470:
5458:
5446:
5434:
5425:
5416:
5407:
5395:
5383:
5382:Walia ibex (
5374:
5366:C. pyrenaica
5365:
5356:
5347:
5338:
5330:C. falconeri
5329:
5320:
5311:
5302:
5290:
5279:B. taxicolor
5278:
5266:
5254:
5242:
5230:
5218:
5134:P. hodgsonii
5133:
5121:
5096:
5087:
5077:Connochaetes
5075:
5063:
5062:Hartebeest (
5051:
5039:
5030:
5018:
5006:
4994:
4986:Alcelaphinae
4970:P. capreolus
4969:
4957:
4932:
4920:
4895:
4886:
4878:R. arundinum
4877:
4865:
4853:
4845:K. megaceros
4844:
4835:
4826:
4817:
4805:
4780:
4768:
4756:
4747:
4738:
4729:
4717:
4705:
4696:
4684:
4631:
4622:
4613:
4601:
4589:
4580:
4567:
4555:
4545:
4533:
4521:
4520:Marsh deer (
4509:
4497:
4485:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4437:
4428:
4419:
4410:
4402:M. americana
4401:
4389:
4377:
4368:
4358:Hippocamelus
4356:
4344:
4332:
4320:
4312:C. capreolus
4311:
4299:
4287:
4286:Water deer (
4275:
4263:
4251:
4226:
4217:
4208:
4199:
4190:
4178:
4166:
4157:
4149:R. mariannus
4148:
4139:
4127:
4115:
4103:
4091:
4090:Eld's deer (
4082:
4081:Barasingha (
4070:
4058:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4019:
4007:
3998:
3986:
3974:
3962:
3950:
3942:M. vaginalis
3941:
3932:
3923:
3914:
3905:
3896:
3887:
3878:
3869:
3860:
3851:
3843:M. atherodes
3842:
3830:
3753:
3744:
3736:T. nigricans
3735:
3726:
3717:
3709:T. javanicus
3708:
3696:
3684:
3675:
3666:
3654:
3643:H. aquaticus
3642:
3630:
3605:
3596:
3587:
3578:
3569:
3560:
3551:
3539:
3514:
3505:
3496:
3487:
3475:
3464:O. johnstoni
3463:
3451:
3427:A. americana
3426:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3376:Superorder:
3370:Infraclass:
3341:Artiodactyla
3301:
3289:
3277:
3263:
3214:
3205:
3199:
3180:
3174:
3158:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3110:
3085:
3081:
3056:
3015:
3011:
3005:
2982:
2976:
2966:September 1,
2964:. Retrieved
2958:
2948:
2938:September 1,
2936:. Retrieved
2934:. p. 21
2904:. Retrieved
2899:
2890:
2879:. Retrieved
2875:the original
2865:
2855:September 1,
2853:. Retrieved
2837:
2825:. Retrieved
2821:
2812:
2798:(1): 46–50.
2795:
2791:
2785:
2774:. Retrieved
2770:the original
2764:
2762:Pedro Font.
2757:
2746:. Retrieved
2737:
2730:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2678:. Retrieved
2671:the original
2657:
2648:
2607:
2603:
2565:
2555:
2535:
2510:
2504:
2485:
2479:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2344:17 September
2342:. Retrieved
2327:
2309:
2255:
2226:
2220:
2201:
2195:
2186:
2155:. Retrieved
2153:. 2011-03-16
2150:
2141:
2103:
2100:PLOS Biology
2099:
2089:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:the original
2067:
2061:
2054:
2043:. Retrieved
2039:the original
2032:
2026:
2019:
2008:. Retrieved
2004:the original
1997:
1991:
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1969:the original
1962:
1959:Taylor 1911"
1956:
1949:
1938:. Retrieved
1934:the original
1927:
1921:
1914:
1899:
1874:. Retrieved
1870:the original
1861:
1834:
1829:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1770:
1764:
1753:. Retrieved
1749:
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1714:
1708:
1702:
1655:
1651:Wilson, D.E.
1637:
1618:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1561:
1546:
1538:
1508:in northern
1492:
1488:South Dakota
1441:
1416:
1411:
1400:
1298:
1294:scent glands
1291:
1274:
1267:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1200:
1172:
1169:
1128:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1064:
1033:South Dakota
1021:North Dakota
973:Saskatchewan
970:
946:
926:
919:
911:
908:
892:erythrocites
839:
830:
819:odor. Males
810:
779:
754:, and their
741:
713:
691:by American
686:
671:
635:
615:
603:
576:
565:
559:
553:
547:
523:
519:
515:
511:
490:
489:
412:
410:
386:
380:
374:
368:
362:
361:
339:
337:
321:
320:
308:
268:Artiodactyla
29:
8601:iNaturalist
8540:Antilocapra
8534:Wikispecies
8510:Antilocapra
8428:NatureServe
8350:iNaturalist
8224:Wikispecies
8150:Fox hunting
7561:L. guanicoe
7420:Tayassuidae
7384:Wild boar (
7323:S. barbatus
7281:P. larvatus
7257:P. salvania
7255:Pygmy hog (
7189:Hylochoerus
7042:Philantomba
6930:C. jentinki
6912:C. dorsalis
6865:Cephalophus
6749:N. pygmaeus
6707:M. saltiana
6645:Dorcatragus
6619:S. tatarica
6509:N. petersii
6447:Litocranius
6347:E. tilonura
6294:Blackbuck (
6270:Springbok (
6213:Antilopinae
6211:(subfamily
6158:Taurotragus
6125:Sitatunga (
6118:T. scriptus
6109:T. imberbis
6066:(including
6059:Tragelaphus
5880:B. quarlesi
5762:Boselaphini
5746:(subfamily
5651:O. nivicola
5492:N. caudatus
5481:Red goral (
5472:Naemorhedus
5435:C. swinhoei
5415:Red serow (
5397:Capricornis
5375:C. sibirica
5312:C. caucasia
5303:C. aegagrus
5301:Wild goat (
5255:A. jayakari
5244:Arabitragus
5203:(subfamily
5174:Antilopinae
5097:C. taurinus
5040:D. pygargus
4933:A. melampus
4854:K. vardonii
4816:Waterbuck (
4757:O. leucoryx
4686:Hippotragus
4614:O. hemionus
4612:Mule deer (
4511:Blastocerus
4420:M. bricenii
4378:H. bisulcus
4345:R. tarandus
4321:C. pygargus
4243:Capreolinae
4225:Sika deer (
4167:R. unicolor
4156:Rusa deer (
4059:A. porcinus
3879:M. montanus
3676:M. kathygre
3425:Pronghorn (
3416:Antilocapra
3252:Wyoming PBS
2641:"Pronghorn"
1994:Stock 1930"
1866:Smithsonian
1577:recruitment
1369:Smithsonian
1258:Pleistocene
1214:Canis lupus
1095:in Canada.
915:barbed wire
902:and hollow
775:gallbladder
702:Description
640:by Captain
561:Stockoceros
550:Pleistocene
548:During the
496:artiodactyl
356:Subspecies
309:Antilocapra
284:Subfamily:
119:Pleistocene
41:2.5–0
8753:Pronghorns
8742:Categories
8711:Q125144268
8038:Polar bear
8033:Dall sheep
7973:Brown bear
7963:Black bear
7935:Snow goose
7895:Canvasback
7885:Black duck
7788:Game birds
7697:Choeropsis
7579:L. vicugna
7465:C. wagneri
7368:S. oliveri
7359:S. heureni
7095:S. grimmia
7084:Sylvicapra
7071:P. walteri
6984:C. rubidis
6975:C. ogilbyi
6921:C. harveyi
6885:C. brookei
6839:R. sharpei
6819:Steenbok (
6810:Raphicerus
6762:Oreotragus
6635:Neotragini
6584:Pantholops
6500:N. notatus
6458:L. walleri
6407:G. gazella
6380:G. cuvieri
6369:Chinkara (
6261:Antidorcas
6248:A. clarkei
6237:Ammodorcas
6227:Antilopini
6127:T. spekeii
6091:T. buxtoni
6082:T. angasii
5974:Wild yak (
5958:B. indicus
5913:B. bonasus
5853:B. bubalis
5796:Boselaphus
5772:Tetracerus
5642:O. gmelini
5510:N. griseus
5483:N. baileyi
5448:Hemitragus
5417:C. rubidus
5408:C. crispus
5357:C. nubiana
5220:Ammotragus
5123:Pantholops
5053:Alcelaphus
5038:Bontebok (
5031:D. lunatus
5020:Damaliscus
5007:B. hunteri
4896:R. redunca
4797:Reduncinae
4748:O. gazella
4697:H. equinus
4623:O. pandora
4603:Odocoileus
4487:Ozotoceros
4343:Reindeer (
4288:H. inermis
4277:Hydropotes
4200:C. elaphus
4198:Red deer (
4140:R. alfredi
4057:Hog deer (
3915:M. reevesi
3888:M. muntjak
3718:T. kanchil
3685:M. meminna
3632:Hyemoschus
3622:Tragulidae
3579:M. cupreus
3497:G. giraffa
3443:Giraffidae
3394:Ruminantia
3241:Migrations
3065:0816064946
2930:(Report).
2906:2010-07-21
2881:2010-07-21
2776:2011-01-30
2748:2011-01-30
2680:2013-12-23
2157:2019-10-31
2080:2015-11-21
2064:Lull 1921"
2045:2015-11-23
2010:2015-11-21
1975:2015-11-21
1940:2015-11-21
1898:Pronghorn
1876:2015-11-21
1755:2022-01-14
1630:References
1547:Pronghorn
1482:, and the
1390:New Mexico
1282:vocalizing
1238:Lynx rufus
1081:extirpated
1045:Washington
1017:New Mexico
787:keratinous
783:Giraffidae
722:, with no
696:George Ord
650:subspecies
567:Tetrameryx
555:Capromeryx
516:prong buck
197:Appendix I
18:Pronghorns
8525:Q19817351
8023:Pronghorn
8018:Mule deer
7968:Razorback
7940:Wood duck
7877:Waterfowl
7825:Ptarmigan
7649:Suborder
7559:Guanaco (
7531:Camelidae
7517:Suborder
7489:D. tajacu
7478:Dicotyles
7454:Catagonus
7441:T. pecari
7386:S. scrofa
7290:P. porcus
7279:Bushpig (
7147:Babyrousa
7123:Suborder
7020:C. weynsi
7011:C. spadix
6876:C. adersi
6797:O. ourebi
6731:N. batesi
6720:Neotragus
6689:M. kirkii
6491:N. granti
6456:Gerenuk (
6425:G. spekei
6389:G. dorcas
6246:Dibatag (
6033:S. caffer
5998:Pseudoryx
5985:B. taurus
5965:Banteng (
5940:B. gaurus
5869:Tamaraw (
5715:Chamois (
5697:Rupicapra
5684:P. nayaur
5660:O. vignei
5640:Mouflon (
5339:C. hircus
5328:Markhor (
5231:A. lervia
4996:Beatragus
4922:Aepyceros
4746:Gemsbok (
4739:O. dammah
4581:P. carlae
4474:M. temama
4465:M. rufina
4429:M. chunyi
4411:M. bororo
4301:Capreolus
4227:C. nippon
4218:C. hanglu
4105:Elaphurus
4050:A. kuhlii
3964:Elaphodus
3832:Muntiacus
3667:M. indica
3656:Moschiola
3588:M. fuscus
3531:Moschidae
3392:Suborder
3352:Kingdom:
3088:: 33–43.
2624:0034-5687
2582:1040-6182
2393:216556342
2286:Pronghorn
1750:cites.org
1730:31 August
1643:Grubb, P.
1372:zoologist
1155:23%, and
1145:livestock
1089:Minnesota
966:megafauna
769:. Unlike
752:hypsodont
698:in 1815.
689:described
612:Etymology
528:Old World
413:pronghorn
316:Species:
234:Kingdom:
228:Eukaryota
35:Pronghorn
8705:Wikidata
8645:14200467
8519:Wikidata
8493:Species+
8433:2.100336
8420:14200468
8368:10197228
8264:BioLib:
8209:Wikidata
8123:See also
8084:Gray fox
7950:Big game
7855:Woodcock
7621:C. ferus
7577:Vicuña (
7570:L. pacos
7568:Alpaca (
7552:L. glama
7519:Tylopoda
7029:C. zebra
6957:C. niger
6531:Procapra
6309:Eudorcas
6285:Antilope
6022:Syncerus
5983:Cattle (
5976:B. mutus
5904:B. bison
5844:B. arnee
5805:Nilgai (
5682:Bharal (
5673:Pseudois
5633:O. dalli
5615:O. aries
5606:O. ammon
5604:Argali (
5556:Muskox (
5523:Oreamnos
5501:N. goral
5384:C. walie
5268:Budorcas
5205:Caprinae
5150:Caprinae
5005:Hirola (
4949:Peleinae
4931:Impala (
4836:K. leche
4834:Lechwe (
4730:O. beisa
4706:H. niger
4367:Taruca (
4334:Rangifer
4264:A. alces
4165:Sambar (
4092:R. eldii
4072:Rucervus
4030:Chital (
3822:Cervinae
3809:Cervidae
3770:Cervidae
3698:Tragulus
3372:Eutheria
3366:Mammalia
3360:Chordata
3358:Phylum:
3354:Animalia
3244:Archived
3222:Archived
3130:Ethology
3102:53157415
3012:Ethology
2804:40024301
2471:11182489
2385:32338826
2289:Archived
2132:31800571
1904:Archived
1675:62265494
1645:(2005).
1568:Colorado
1520:and the
1472:Oklahoma
1322:lifespan
1185:through
1177:and the
1093:Manitoba
1025:Oklahoma
1009:Nebraska
993:Colorado
888:windpipe
846:predator
836:Movement
813:mandible
746:. Their
724:dewclaws
666:Nebraska
599:moschids
508:antelope
274:Family:
258:Mammalia
248:Chordata
244:Phylum:
238:Animalia
224:Domain:
184:IUCN 3.1
121:– Recent
8725:2440905
8619:1061825
8593:2440901
8407:1006129
8342:2440902
8215:Q187943
8165:Fishing
8160:Whaling
8109:Red fox
8104:Raccoon
8094:Opossum
7983:Caribou
7925:Redhead
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7733:Cetacea
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