2021:
2112:
193:
1959:
4009:
4015:
4021:
148:
170:
2016:
Glyptodonts are thought to have been herbivores that fed on low lying vegetation, with mixed feeding or grazing based diets. Some glyptodonts were likely selective feeders, while others were likely bulk feeders. Damage to some glyptodont carapaces suggested to be caused by tail club impacts suggests
1987:, with the underside of the body and the top of the head also being protected with osteoderms. This protection reached a thickness of 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in). The vertebrae of the back were extensively fused to each other. The limbs were short and robustly built, with the
1991:
being wide. The head was short and blunt, with deep jaws. The teeth were grooved, and were evergrowing. The tail was covered in rings composed of osteoderms, which allowed the tail to flex. In many glyptodonts (members of the "Austral clade" other than
2334:
Tambusso, P. Sebastián; Varela, Luciano; Góis, Flávio; Moura, Jorge Felipe; Villa, Chiara; Fariña, Richard A. (June 2021). "The inner ear anatomy of glyptodonts and pampatheres (Xenarthra, Cingulata): Functional and phylogenetic implications".
626:, reaching up to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in height, and maximum body masses of around 2 tonnes. They had short, deep skulls, a fused vertebral column, and a large bony carapace made up of hundreds of individual scutes. Some glyptodonts had
2000:), the end of the tail was covered in a completely fused "caudal tube". The end of caudal tubes of at least some glyptodonts are covered in depressions which in life are suggested to have been anchoring points for horny, likely
1407:, which probably originated in Northern South America, while the second is the unnamed "Austral clade", containing the majority of glyptodont diversity, which as the name suggests probably originated in Southern South America.
2099:
display distinctive fracture marks on the skull roof that occurred around the time of death, suggested to have been caused by a deliberate percussive blow to a relatively thin part of the skull by a club or stone tool.
2087:, and the importance of human vs climatic factors in these extinctions has been the subject of contention. Several sites across South America are suggested to document hunting of glyptodonts by the recently arrived
1982:
reached a height of 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) and 4 metres (13 ft) in length, with a body mass of over two tonnes. The body of glyptodonts was covered in a large immobile carapace made up of hundreds of bony
641:, around 38 million years ago, and they spread to southern North America after the continents became connected around 2.7 million years ago. The best-known genus within the group is
2216:
Delsuc, F.; Gibb, G. C.; Kuch, M.; Billet, G.; Hautier, L.; Southon, J.; Rouillard, J.-M.; Fernicola, J. C.; Vizcaíno, S. F.; MacPhee, R. D.E.; Poinar, H. N. (2016-02-22).
2282:
Carlini, Alfredo A.; Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D.; Jaimes, Arturo; Aguilera, Orangel; Zurita, Alfredo E.; Iriarte, José; Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R. (December 2022).
4167:
2140:"Ancient DNA from the extinct South American giant glyptodont Doedicurus sp. (Xenarthra: Glyptodontidae) reveals that glyptodonts evolved from Eocene armadillos"
2508:
Barasoain, Daniel; Zurita, Alfredo E.; Croft, Darin A.; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Contreras, Víctor H.; Miño-Boilini, Ángel R.; Tomassini, Rodrigo L. (June 2022).
2510:"A New Glyptodont (Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the Late Miocene of Argentina: New Clues About the Oldest Extra-Patagonian Radiation in Southern South America"
2454:
Gibb, Gillian C.; Condamine, Fabien L.; Kuch, Melanie; Enk, Jacob; Moraes-Barros, Nadia; Superina, Mariella; Poinar, Hendrik N.; Delsuc, Frédéric (2015).
2830:
4241:
4141:
2032:
2020:
4231:
2004:
spikes, allowing for the tail to function as an effective weapon when swung. These "tail clubs" are similar in construction to those of
709:, along with most other large animals in the Americas. Evidence has been found suggesting that they were hunted by recently arrived
4226:
2823:
161:
2684:
4236:
694:. Other authors have continued to use Glyptodontidae. Based on the morphology of the inner ear, a close relationship with
192:
2080:
2044:
706:
2138:
Mitchell, Kieren J.; Scanferla, Agustin; Soibelzon, Esteban; Bonini, Ricardo; Ochoa, Javier; Cooper, Alan (July 2016).
2405:"Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution and conservation"
2284:"Damaged glyptodontid skulls from Late Pleistocene sites of northwestern Venezuela: evidence of hunting by humans?"
755:
2816:
930:
2617:"Tooth wear and diets of extant and fossil xenarthrans (Mammalia, Xenarthra) – Applying a new mesowear approach"
2557:"The sweet spot of a biological hammer: the centre of percussion of glyptodont (Mammalia: Xenarthra) tail clubs"
2648:"Evaluating Habitats and Feeding Habits Through Ecomorphological Features in Glyptodonts (Mammalia, Xenarthra)"
2084:
4014:
4020:
3890:
3841:
3652:
889:
735:
534:
324:
2647:
2083:, simultaneously with the vast majority of other large mammals in the Americas. These extinctions followed
4040:
4008:
2800:
2782:
913:
733:. For example, an Early Miocene glyptodont with many primitive features (comparatively to other species),
3166:
4193:
4072:
3638:
3386:
1972:
304:
2456:"Shotgun Mitogenomics Provides a Reference PhyloGenetic Framework and Timescale for Living Xenarthrans"
1689:
680:(giant, three-banded and naked-tailed armadillos). For this reason, glyptodonts and all armadillos but
584:
3799:
3517:
524:
4128:
3757:
3736:
3631:
3286:
3256:
3246:
3236:
2952:
2727:
2344:
2295:
2229:
2151:
655:
414:
294:
3581:
3400:
3363:
3196:
4221:
4119:
3965:
3904:
3876:
3869:
3834:
3743:
3687:
3659:
3186:
3146:
3116:
2117:
1831:
1521:
594:
564:
554:
424:
354:
344:
334:
3820:
3156:
3136:
3083:
2938:
2911:
3925:
3785:
3554:
3440:
3296:
3216:
2987:
2959:
2616:
2537:
2379:
2360:
2193:
604:
474:
272:
187:
3450:
3423:
3411:
3276:
3266:
3176:
3126:
2901:
2808:
4198:
4077:
3226:
2646:
Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Cassini, Guillermo H.; Fernicola, Juan C.; Bargo, M. Susana (2011-09-30).
637:
The earliest widely recognised fossils of glyptodonts in South
America are known from the late
4180:
3792:
3379:
2761:
2743:
2714:
Politis, Gustavo G.; Messineo, Pablo G.; Stafford, Thomas W.; Lindsey, Emily L. (March 2019).
2594:
2576:
2529:
2485:
2436:
2313:
2257:
2185:
2177:
2075:
1782:
745:
730:
484:
4185:
4172:
3989:
2716:"Campo Laborde: A Late Pleistocene giant ground sloth kill and butchering site in the Pampas"
654:, with their relationships to modern armadillos being contested. In 2016, an analysis of the
3813:
3708:
3055:
3003:
2789:
2751:
2735:
2696:
2663:
2655:
2628:
2584:
2568:
2521:
2475:
2467:
2426:
2416:
2352:
2303:
2247:
2237:
2167:
2159:
2050:
1634:
1586:
702:
504:
57:
3701:
3571:
3507:
3393:
3040:
2794:
2091:, which may have played a role in their extinction. At the Muaco and Taima-Taima sites in
1988:
1958:
1740:
1395:. The first is the traditional Glyptodontinae, which is includes the well known genera of
1049:
374:
38:
2731:
2348:
2299:
2233:
2155:
2139:
1391:
Glyptodonts are divided into two major groups, which split during or prior to the Early
3911:
3883:
3848:
3544:
3498:
3470:
3017:
2996:
2945:
2756:
2715:
2700:
2589:
2556:
2509:
2480:
2455:
2431:
2404:
1283:
1017:
814:
687:
673:
631:
574:
254:
4215:
3750:
3680:
3591:
3372:
3062:
3033:
2929:
2685:"Tail blow energy and carapace fractures in a large glyptodont (Mammalia, Xenarthra)"
2541:
2364:
2088:
2063:
1461:
1403:
1215:
Analysis of inner ear morphology corroborates this position, while also finding that
750:
726:
710:
701:
Glyptodonts abruptly became extinct approximately 12,000 years ago at the end of the
434:
105:
17:
3936:
3897:
3715:
3535:
3524:
3349:
3069:
3048:
2197:
2005:
1545:
1298:
1261:
1071:
1032:
826:
767:
677:
665:
384:
4063:
2632:
2421:
2356:
4154:
4113:
3862:
3855:
3764:
3722:
3645:
3337:
3306:
3099:
2966:
2659:
2217:
2059:
1807:
1672:
1437:
1341:
1323:
1239:
801:
695:
544:
444:
394:
314:
80:
61:
2525:
2308:
2283:
3979:
3972:
3918:
3827:
3778:
3694:
3673:
3601:
3561:
3487:
3316:
2973:
2380:"Andean Highlands In Chile Yield Ancient South American Armored Mammal Fossil"
2242:
2107:
2071:
2067:
2001:
1984:
1963:
1848:
1723:
1216:
1109:
1085:
995:
841:
759:
660:
514:
464:
364:
179:
125:
90:
4104:
2747:
2580:
2555:
Blanco, R. Ernesto; Jones, Washington W.; Rinderknecht, Andrés (2009-11-22).
2533:
2317:
2181:
3955:
3945:
3806:
3771:
3729:
3076:
3026:
2886:
2871:
2840:
2471:
2055:
1610:
1478:
1397:
1226:
1126:
787:
763:
643:
627:
623:
494:
454:
404:
244:
204:
156:
130:
74:
34:
27:
Subfamily of extinct mammals belonging to the armadillo order of xenarthrans
2765:
2739:
2683:
Alexander, R. McNeill; Fariña, Richard A.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (May 1999).
2598:
2572:
2489:
2440:
2261:
2189:
2092:
650:
Glyptodonts were historically considered to constitute the distinct family
4098:
4057:
3666:
2859:
1569:
224:
120:
115:
100:
95:
85:
65:
686:(long-nosed or naked-tailed armadillos) were relocated to a new family,
147:
4146:
3608:
3430:
3326:
3206:
2668:
2252:
2172:
1392:
865:
682:
664:
found that it was, in fact, nested within the modern armadillos as the
169:
135:
110:
4159:
2793:
2163:
2865:
2853:
2028:
722:
638:
234:
214:
53:
4034:
2053:, all then-living glyptodont species, which belonged to the genera
2019:
2017:
that tail clubs may have been used in combat between rival males.
1957:
741:
669:
619:
281:
31:
2079:, abruptly became extinct around 12,000 years ago as part of the
4133:
4038:
2884:
2812:
2403:
Upham, Nathan S.; Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Jetz, Walter (2019).
2218:"The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts"
2561:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
3985:
3961:
3951:
3619:
3597:
3587:
3577:
3567:
3550:
3513:
3483:
3446:
3436:
3419:
3360:
3345:
3322:
3312:
3302:
3292:
3282:
3272:
3262:
3252:
3242:
3232:
3222:
3212:
3202:
3192:
3182:
3172:
3162:
3152:
3142:
3132:
3122:
3112:
3014:
2984:
2926:
2907:
2897:
1338:
1320:
713:, which may have played a role in their extinction.
600:
590:
580:
570:
560:
550:
540:
530:
520:
510:
500:
490:
480:
470:
460:
450:
440:
430:
420:
410:
400:
390:
380:
370:
360:
350:
340:
330:
320:
310:
300:
290:
4088:
4047:
3935:
3618:
3534:
3497:
3468:
3410:
3359:
3336:
3097:
3013:
2983:
2925:
2095:State in northwestern Venezuela, several skulls of
766:and a number of other types of xenarthrans (e.g.,
2621:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2031:, early Miocene, in the permanent collection of
748:formed about three million years ago, the genus
690:, and glyptodonts were demoted to the subfamily
2824:
8:
2615:Saarinen, Juha; Karme, Aleksis (June 2017).
2211:
2209:
2207:
2085:the first arrival of humans in the Americas
4035:
3476:
3356:
3105:
2922:
2918:
2881:
2831:
2817:
2809:
1219:are the closest relatives of glyptodonts:
168:
146:
45:
2755:
2689:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2667:
2588:
2479:
2430:
2420:
2307:
2251:
2241:
2171:
740:was discovered at a now-elevated site in
2337:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
2125:
1410:Cladogram after Barasoain et al. 2022:
736:Parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis
2610:
2608:
2033:The Children's Museum of Indianapolis
721:Glyptodonts first evolved during the
7:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2329:
2327:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2133:
2131:
2129:
1823:
1799:
1774:
1715:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1626:
1602:
1561:
1537:
1513:
1453:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1313:
1276:
1254:
1232:
1222:
1101:
1077:
1024:
1012:
982:
905:
881:
857:
833:
821:
794:
782:
2783:Glyptodont article at ScienceBlogs
2701:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1999.tb00606.x
25:
2378:Case Western Reserve University.
744:and described in 2007. After the
729:, which remained their center of
4242:Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister
4019:
4013:
4007:
2110:
2081:end-Pleistocene extinction event
1425:Traditional Glyptodontinae
707:end-Pleistocene extinction event
191:
177:Illustration of the skeleton of
2460:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2514:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
2288:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
162:Natural History Museum, Vienna
1:
1978:The largest glyptodonts like
2633:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.03.027
2422:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494
2357:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103189
2045:Late Pleistocene extinctions
754:spread north as part of the
30:Not to be confused with the
622:of large, heavily armoured
4258:
4232:Lutetian first appearances
2526:10.1007/s10914-021-09599-w
2309:10.1186/s13358-022-00253-3
2042:
756:Great American Interchange
29:
4005:
3479:
3108:
2921:
2893:
2880:
2848:
2243:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.039
1845:
1828:
1821:
1804:
1797:
1779:
1772:
1737:
1720:
1713:
1686:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1631:
1624:
1607:
1600:
1583:
1566:
1559:
1542:
1535:
1518:
1511:
1475:
1458:
1451:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1336:
1318:
1311:
1296:
1281:
1274:
1259:
1252:
1237:
1230:
1123:
1106:
1099:
1082:
1075:
1046:
1029:
1022:
1010:
987:
980:
927:
910:
903:
886:
879:
862:
855:
838:
831:
819:
799:
792:
287:
280:
188:Scientific classification
186:
176:
167:
154:
145:
48:
2843:and their extinct allies
698:has also been proposed.
3842:Parapropalaehoplophorus
2660:10.5710/AMGH.v48i3(364)
890:Chaetophractus villosus
776:Cladogram of Cingulata
676:(fairy armadillos) and
535:Parapropalaehoplophorus
4227:Prehistoric cingulates
3891:Pseudoneothoracophorus
2801:Encyclopedia Americana
2740:10.1126/sciadv.aau4546
2573:10.1098/rspb.2009.1144
2035:
1975:
914:Chaetophractus nationi
4194:Paleobiology Database
4073:Paleobiology Database
2472:10.1093/molbev/msv250
2023:
1973:Robert Bruce Horsfall
1961:
1509:"Austral clade"
4237:Holocene extinctions
656:mitochondrial genome
18:Propalaehoplophorini
3877:Propalaehoplophorus
2732:2019SciA....5.4546P
2567:(1675): 3971–3978.
2349:2021JSAES.10803189T
2300:2022SwJP..141...11C
2234:2016CBio...26.R155D
2156:2016MolEc..25.3499M
2118:Paleontology portal
2026:Propalaehoplophorus
1994:Propalaehoplophorus
1522:Propalaehoplophorus
565:Propalaehoplophorus
3387:Parastegosimpsonia
2988:Pachyarmatheriidae
2795:"Glyptodont"
2049:At the end of the
2036:
1976:
4209:
4208:
4181:Open Tree of Life
4041:Taxon identifiers
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3793:Neosclerocalyptus
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3380:Nanoastegotherium
3093:
3092:
2164:10.1111/mec.13695
2150:(14): 3499–3508.
2144:Molecular Ecology
2076:Neosclerocalyptus
1950:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1783:Neosclerocalyptus
1761:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1701:
1700:
1690:Pseudohoplophorus
1499:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1061:
1060:
969:
968:
960:
959:
951:
950:
942:
941:
746:Isthmus of Panama
731:species diversity
705:, as part of the
613:
612:
585:Pseudoplohophorus
485:Neosclerocalyptus
276:
16:(Redirected from
4249:
4202:
4201:
4189:
4188:
4176:
4175:
4163:
4162:
4150:
4149:
4137:
4136:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4081:
4080:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4036:
4023:
4017:
4011:
3987:
3963:
3953:
3814:Palaehoplophorus
3800:Neothoracophorus
3709:Eosclerocalyptus
3621:
3599:
3589:
3579:
3569:
3552:
3518:Chlamydophractus
3515:
3485:
3477:
3448:
3438:
3421:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3324:
3314:
3304:
3294:
3284:
3274:
3264:
3254:
3244:
3234:
3224:
3214:
3204:
3194:
3184:
3174:
3164:
3154:
3144:
3134:
3124:
3114:
3106:
3016:
3004:Pachyarmatherium
2986:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2899:
2882:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2810:
2805:
2797:
2790:Ernest Ingersoll
2770:
2769:
2759:
2720:Science Advances
2711:
2705:
2704:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2505:
2494:
2493:
2483:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2424:
2415:(12): e3000494.
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2279:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2245:
2228:(4): R155–R156.
2213:
2202:
2201:
2175:
2135:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2051:Late Pleistocene
1824:
1800:
1775:
1716:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1635:Eosclerocalyptus
1627:
1603:
1587:Palaehoplophorus
1562:
1538:
1514:
1454:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1340:
1322:
1314:
1277:
1255:
1233:
1223:
1102:
1078:
1050:Calyptophractus
1025:
1013:
983:
906:
882:
858:
834:
822:
795:
783:
773:
772:
703:Late Pleistocene
602:
592:
582:
572:
562:
552:
542:
532:
525:Paraeucinepeltus
522:
512:
505:Palaehoplophorus
502:
492:
482:
472:
462:
452:
442:
432:
422:
412:
402:
392:
382:
372:
362:
352:
342:
332:
322:
312:
302:
292:
271:
266:
196:
195:
172:
150:
140:
77:
58:Late Pleistocene
52:Temporal range:
46:
21:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4197:
4192:
4184:
4179:
4171:
4166:
4158:
4153:
4145:
4140:
4132:
4127:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4084:
4076:
4071:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4043:
4033:
4024:
3995:
3931:
3758:Heteroglyptodon
3737:Glyptodontidium
3702:Eleutherocercus
3632:Andinoglyptodon
3614:
3572:Macroeuphractus
3530:
3508:Calyptophractus
3493:
3473:
3456:
3406:
3394:Riostegotherium
3355:
3332:
3287:Prostegotherium
3257:Mazzoniphractus
3247:Macrochorobates
3237:Lumbreratherium
3102:
3089:
3041:Machlydotherium
3009:
2979:
2953:Parapeltecoelus
2917:
2889:
2876:
2844:
2837:
2788:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2726:(3): eaau4546.
2713:
2712:
2708:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2507:
2506:
2497:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2281:
2280:
2269:
2222:Current Biology
2215:
2214:
2205:
2137:
2136:
2127:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2047:
2041:
2014:
1989:pectoral girdle
1956:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1762:
1753:
1741:Eleutherocercus
1702:
1500:
1491:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1062:
970:
961:
952:
943:
719:
618:are an extinct
415:Glyptodontidium
375:Eleutherocercus
295:Andinoglyptodon
270:
264:
190:
141:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
72:
71:
69:
50:
42:
39:Giant armadillo
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4255:
4253:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4190:
4177:
4164:
4151:
4138:
4125:
4120:Glyptodontidae
4110:
4094:
4092:
4090:Glyptodontidae
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4069:
4053:
4051:
4049:Glyptodontinae
4045:
4044:
4039:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3959:
3949:
3941:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3912:Trachycalyptus
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3884:Protoglyptodon
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3849:Phlyctaenopyga
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3625:
3623:Glyptodontinae
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3595:
3585:
3582:Paleurphractus
3575:
3565:
3558:
3548:
3545:Chaetophractus
3540:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3511:
3503:
3501:
3499:Chlamyphorinae
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3480:
3474:
3471:Chlamyphoridae
3469:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3444:
3434:
3427:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3401:Stegosimpsonia
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3366:
3364:Astegotheriini
3354:
3353:
3342:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3310:
3300:
3290:
3280:
3270:
3260:
3250:
3240:
3230:
3220:
3210:
3200:
3197:Epipeltecoelus
3190:
3180:
3170:
3160:
3150:
3140:
3130:
3120:
3109:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3030:
3022:
3020:
3018:Pampatheriidae
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2997:Neoglyptatelus
2992:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2946:Epipeltephilus
2942:
2934:
2932:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2838:
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2835:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2786:
2778:
2777:External links
2775:
2772:
2771:
2706:
2675:
2638:
2604:
2547:
2520:(2): 263–282.
2495:
2466:(3): 621–642.
2446:
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2370:
2323:
2267:
2203:
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2121:
2105:
2102:
2043:Main article:
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2010:
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1284:Chlamyphorinae
1280:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
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1265:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
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1058:
1055:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1018:Chlamyphorinae
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
991:Glyptodontinae
986:
981:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
967:
966:
963:
962:
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957:
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871:
870:
861:
856:
854:
851:
850:
847:
846:
837:
832:
830:
820:
818:
815:Chlamyphoridae
810:
809:
806:
805:
798:
793:
791:
781:
778:
777:
718:
715:
692:Glyptodontinae
688:Chlamyphoridae
674:Chlamyphorinae
672:consisting of
652:Glyptodontidae
611:
610:
609:
608:
598:
588:
578:
575:Protoglyptodon
568:
558:
548:
538:
528:
518:
508:
498:
488:
478:
468:
458:
448:
438:
428:
418:
408:
398:
388:
378:
368:
358:
348:
338:
328:
318:
308:
298:
285:
284:
278:
277:
268:Glyptodontinae
262:
258:
257:
255:Chlamyphoridae
252:
248:
247:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
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208:
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202:
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184:
183:
174:
173:
165:
164:
152:
151:
143:
142:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
78:
73:38–0.011
51:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4254:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4010:
3992:
3991:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3966:Pedrolypeutes
3960:
3958:
3957:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3905:Stromatherium
3902:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3870:Prodaedicurus
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3835:Paraglyptodon
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3751:Glyptotherium
3748:
3746:
3745:
3744:Glyptostracon
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3688:Daedicuroides
3685:
3683:
3682:
3681:Coscinocercus
3678:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3660:Clypeotherium
3657:
3655:
3654:
3653:Castellanosia
3650:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3592:Proeuphractus
3586:
3584:
3583:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3373:Astegotherium
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3187:Eocoleophorus
3181:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3147:Barrancatatus
3141:
3139:
3138:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3117:Acantharodeia
3111:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3063:Scirrotherium
3060:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3034:Kraglievichia
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2930:Peltephilidae
2924:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2785:, with photos
2784:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
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2618:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2591:
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2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2385:
2384:Science Daily
2381:
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2278:
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2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
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2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:Glyptotherium
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:Glyptotherium
2061:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1832:Propanochthus
1826:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1795:Hoplophorini
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1757:
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1747:
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1743:
1742:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
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1717:
1711:Doedicurinae
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1683:
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1679:
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1404:Glyptotherium
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768:ground sloths
765:
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751:Glyptotherium
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737:
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727:South America
724:
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630:, similar to
629:
628:clubbed tails
625:
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595:Stromatherium
589:
587:
586:
579:
577:
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569:
567:
566:
559:
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555:Prodaedicurus
549:
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429:
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419:
417:
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406:
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366:
359:
357:
356:
355:Daedicuroides
349:
347:
346:
345:Cranithlastus
339:
337:
336:
335:Clypeotherium
329:
327:
326:
325:Castellanosia
319:
317:
316:
309:
307:
306:
299:
297:
296:
289:
288:
286:
283:
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274:
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3898:Stromaphorus
3896:
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3637:
3630:
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3607:
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3590:
3580:
3570:
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3536:Euphractinae
3525:Chlamyphorus
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3506:
3486:
3449:
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3429:
3422:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3350:Stegotherium
3348:
3325:
3315:
3305:
3295:
3285:
3275:
3265:
3255:
3245:
3235:
3225:
3215:
3205:
3195:
3185:
3175:
3165:
3157:Chasicotatus
3155:
3145:
3137:Archaeutatus
3135:
3125:
3115:
3084:Yuruatherium
3082:
3075:
3070:Tonnicinctus
3068:
3061:
3054:
3049:Pampatherium
3047:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3002:
2995:
2972:
2967:Peltephilus
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2939:Anantiosodon
2937:
2912:Saltatherium
2910:
2900:
2870:Superorder:
2799:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2695:(1): 41–49.
2692:
2688:
2678:
2651:
2641:
2624:
2620:
2564:
2560:
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2513:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2412:
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2398:
2387:. Retrieved
2383:
2373:
2340:
2336:
2291:
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2225:
2221:
2147:
2143:
2096:
2089:Paleoindians
2054:
2048:
2025:
2015:
2006:ankylosaurid
1998:Eucinepeltus
1997:
1993:
1979:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1847:
1846:
1830:
1829:
1806:
1805:
1781:
1780:
1739:
1738:
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1721:
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1687:
1671:
1670:
1633:
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1546:Eucinepeltus
1544:
1543:
1520:
1519:
1477:
1476:
1460:
1459:
1436:
1435:
1417:Glyptodonts
1409:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1337:
1319:
1299:Tolypeutinae
1297:
1282:
1262:Euphractinae
1260:
1238:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1125:
1124:
1108:
1107:
1084:
1083:
1072:Tolypeutinae
1048:
1047:
1033:Chlamyphorus
1031:
1030:
994:
990:
988:
929:
928:
912:
911:
888:
887:
864:
863:
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839:
827:Euphractinae
800:
749:
734:
720:
711:Paleoindians
700:
691:
681:
678:Tolypeutinae
666:sister group
659:
651:
649:
642:
636:
632:ankylosaurid
615:
614:
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593:
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385:Eucinepeltus
383:
373:
363:
353:
343:
333:
323:
313:
305:Asterostemma
303:
293:
267:
178:
155:
43:
4155:iNaturalist
4114:Wikispecies
3926:Xiphuroides
3863:Plohophorus
3856:Plaxhaplous
3786:Metopotoxus
3765:Hoplophorus
3723:Glyptatelus
3646:Boreostemma
3555:Doellotatus
3441:Pliodasypus
3338:Dasypodinae
3307:Punatherium
3297:Pucatherium
3217:Hemiutaetus
3100:Dasypodidae
2960:Peltecoelus
2669:11336/69574
2654:: 305–319.
2652:Ameghiniana
2253:11336/49579
2173:11336/48521
2060:Hoplophorus
2008:dinosaurs.
1954:Description
1808:Hoplophorus
1673:Plohophorus
1438:Boreostemma
1342:Glyptodonts
1324:Pampatheres
1240:Dasypodidae
1217:pampatheres
802:Dasypodidae
760:pampatheres
696:pampatheres
634:dinosaurs.
616:Glyptodonts
605:Xiphuroides
545:Plaxhaplous
475:Metopotoxus
445:Hoplophorus
395:Glyptatelus
315:Boreostemma
261:Subfamily:
62:Divisaderan
49:Glyptodonts
4222:Cingulates
4216:Categories
3980:Tolypeutes
3973:Priodontes
3919:Urotherium
3828:Panochthus
3779:Lomaphorus
3695:Doedicurus
3674:Comaphorus
3602:Prozaedyus
3562:Euphractus
3488:Proeutatus
3451:Propraopus
3424:Anadasypus
3412:Dasypodini
3317:Stenotatus
3277:Prodasypus
3267:Meteutatus
3177:Coelutatus
3167:Chorobates
3127:Amblytatus
2974:Ronwolffia
2902:Noatherium
2841:armadillos
2839:Genera of
2389:2007-12-14
2343:: 103189.
2104:References
2072:Doedicurus
2068:Panochthus
2039:Extinction
2024:Detail of
2002:keratinous
1985:osteoderms
1980:Doedicurus
1964:Doedicurus
1849:Panochthus
1724:Doedicurus
1110:Tolypeutes
1086:Priodontes
996:Doedicurus
842:Euphractus
764:armadillos
661:Doedicurus
624:armadillos
515:Panochthus
465:Lomaphorus
365:Doedicurus
273:Burmeister
180:Doedicurus
4064:Q23015579
3956:Kuntinaru
3946:Cabassous
3807:Neuryurus
3772:Kelenkura
3730:Glyptodon
3227:Isutaetus
3077:Vassallia
3027:Holmesina
2887:Cingulata
2872:Xenarthra
2852:Kingdom:
2748:2375-2548
2627:: 42–54.
2581:0962-8452
2542:245945029
2534:1064-7554
2409:PLOS Biol
2365:234062118
2318:1664-2376
2294:(1): 11.
2182:0962-1083
2056:Glyptodon
1969:Glyptodon
1611:Kelenkura
1479:Glyptodon
1398:Glyptodon
1227:Cingulata
1127:Cabassous
788:Cingulata
758:, as did
717:Evolution
644:Glyptodon
495:Neuryurus
455:Kelenkura
405:Glyptodon
245:Cingulata
211:Kingdom:
205:Eukaryota
157:Glyptodon
35:Glyptodon
4099:Wikidata
4058:Wikidata
3667:Cochlops
2866:Mammalia
2860:Chordata
2858:Phylum:
2854:Animalia
2792:(1920).
2766:30854426
2599:19710060
2490:26556496
2441:31800571
2262:26906483
2190:27158910
1570:Cochlops
251:Family:
235:Mammalia
225:Chordata
221:Phylum:
215:Animalia
201:Domain:
160:fossil,
66:Lujanian
4186:3617143
4147:3239782
4134:4471446
4105:Q132641
3990:Vetelia
3609:Zaedyus
3431:Dasypus
3327:Utaetus
3207:Eutatus
2864:Class:
2757:6402857
2728:Bibcode
2590:2825778
2481:4760074
2432:6892540
2345:Bibcode
2296:Bibcode
2230:Bibcode
2198:3720645
2152:Bibcode
2012:Ecology
1983:scutes/
1393:Miocene
1020:
866:Zaedyus
829:
817:
790:
683:Dasypus
241:Order:
231:Class:
37:or the
4173:102001
4160:537549
3056:Plaina
2764:
2754:
2746:
2597:
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2260:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2093:Falcón
2029:scutes
1016:
825:
813:
786:
723:Eocene
639:Eocene
282:Genera
54:Eocene
4199:43568
4168:IRMNG
4078:93607
2538:S2CID
2361:S2CID
2194:S2CID
742:Chile
670:clade
668:of a
620:clade
32:genus
4142:GBIF
2762:PMID
2744:ISSN
2595:PMID
2577:ISSN
2530:ISSN
2486:PMID
2437:PMID
2314:ISSN
2258:PMID
2186:PMID
2178:ISSN
2074:and
1996:and
1967:and
1401:and
275:1879
81:PreꞒ
4129:EoL
2752:PMC
2736:doi
2697:doi
2693:126
2664:hdl
2656:doi
2629:doi
2625:476
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2569:doi
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2427:PMC
2417:doi
2353:doi
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2304:doi
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41:.
20:)
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