344:, and also regulating the movement of molecules through the matrix. Evidence also shows they can affect the activity and stability of proteins and signalling molecules within the matrix. Individual functions of proteoglycans can be attributed to either the protein core or the attached GAG chain. They can also serve as lubricants, by creating a hydrating gel that helps withstand high pressure.
35:
443:
is a compound containing carbohydrate (or glycan) covalently linked to protein. The carbohydrate may be in the form of a monosaccharide, disaccharide(s), oligosaccharide(s), polysaccharide(s), or their derivatives (e.g. sulfo- or phospho-substituted). One, a few, or many carbohydrate units may be
734:
Seidler, Daniela (2006). "Defective glycosylation of decorin and biglycan, altered collagen structure, and abnormal phenotype of the skin fibroblasts of an Ehlers-Danlos syndrome patient carrying the novel Arg270Cys substitution in galactosyltransferase I (beta4GalT-7)".
400:
enzymes that normally degrade glycosaminoglycans leads to the accumulation of proteoglycans within cells. This leads to a variety of disease symptoms, depending upon the type of proteoglycan that is not degraded. Mutations in the gene encoding the galactosyltransferase
103:), although not every protein with this sequence has an attached glycosaminoglycan. The chains are long, linear carbohydrate polymers that are negatively charged under physiological conditions due to the occurrence of
376:
side chain on the core protein to serve as a primer for polysaccharide growth. Then sugars are added one at a time by glycosyl transferase. The completed proteoglycan is then exported in secretory
324:, a sturdy tissue that is usually heavily hydrated (mostly due to the negatively charged sulfates in the glycosaminoglycan chains of the proteoglycans). They are also involved in binding
626:"Syndecan-1 is a novel molecular marker for triple negative inflammatory breast cancer and modulates the cancer stem cell phenotype via the IL-6/STAT3, Notch and EGFR signaling pathways"
833:
608:
576:
493:
677:"Syndecan-1 (CD138) modulates triple-negative breast cancer stem cell properties via regulation of LRP-6 and IL-6-mediated STAT3 signaling"
448:
in which the carbohydrate units are polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. Such polysaccharides are also known as glycosaminoglycans.
1210:
123:
Proteoglycans are categorized by their relative size (large and small) and the nature of their glycosaminoglycan chains. Types include:
1250:
1100:
216:
176:
421:
1347:
826:
361:
1337:
254:
1300:
1260:
1240:
1215:
469:
280:
Certain members are considered members of the "small leucine-rich proteoglycan family" (SLRP). These include
811:
1383:
1378:
1275:
819:
393:
688:
305:
1280:
1205:
1092:
1069:
1033:
1005:
223:
187:
145:
80:
1230:
760:
79:(Ser) residue to which the glycosaminoglycan is joined through a tetrasaccharide bridge (e.g.
1305:
1134:
752:
716:
657:
604:
572:
566:
547:
489:
483:
417:
377:
112:
72:
1220:
1037:
990:
744:
706:
696:
647:
637:
537:
529:
389:
149:
1177:
1149:
1065:
365:
259:
183:
465:
692:
1327:
846:
779:"Nomenclature of glycoproteins, glycopeptides and peptidoglycans, Recommendations 1985"
711:
676:
652:
625:
542:
517:
309:
34:
1372:
1332:
1320:
1000:
406:
68:
60:
20:
778:
764:
1245:
1157:
854:
850:
440:
429:
289:
264:
28:
24:
701:
533:
1357:
1352:
1342:
1315:
1285:
1270:
1139:
995:
985:
862:
312:
in an organism. Here they form large complexes, both to other proteoglycans, to
108:
518:"Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive nomenclature of proteoglycans"
1185:
748:
642:
357:
313:
203:
46:
806:
388:
An inability to break down the proteoglycans is characteristic of a group of
243:, 260–370 kDa, present in many adult tissues including blood vessels and skin
1295:
1290:
1265:
1255:
1167:
333:
321:
169:
88:
42:
756:
720:
661:
551:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1082:
1077:
1055:
1050:
1010:
413:
397:
353:
317:
285:
245:
240:
235:
198:
192:
165:
159:
38:
1162:
1045:
842:
409:
402:
337:
325:
293:
281:
269:
228:
154:
104:
100:
64:
56:
1235:
954:
914:
373:
369:
329:
92:
76:
1129:
1124:
969:
964:
959:
949:
944:
939:
919:
904:
899:
884:
871:
341:
208:
33:
1310:
1225:
1119:
934:
929:
924:
909:
894:
889:
879:
84:
815:
372:
steps. First, a special link tetrasaccharide is attached to a
96:
95:-PROTEIN). The Ser residue is generally in the sequence -Ser-
603:. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 235.
601:
352:
The protein component of proteoglycans is synthesized by
599:
Voet, Donald; Voet, Judith; Pratt, Charlotte (2016).
320:. The combination of proteoglycans and collagen form
565:
Hans-Joachim Gabius; Sigrun Gabius (February 2002).
1198:
1176:
1148:
1091:
1064:
1032:
1023:
978:
870:
861:
99:-X-Gly- (where X can be any amino acid residue but
364:. Glycosylation of the proteoglycan occurs in the
304:Proteoglycans are a major component of the animal
63:. The basic proteoglycan unit consists of a "core
482:Gerhard Meisenberg; William H. Simmons (2006).
437:
420:chains, and cause a spondylodysplastic form of
827:
446:Proteoglycans are a subclass of glycoproteins
75:(GAG) chain(s). The point of attachment is a
8:
488:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 243–.
380:to the extracellular matrix of the tissue.
1029:
867:
834:
820:
812:
316:, and to fibrous matrix proteins, such as
308:, the "filler" substance existing between
217:Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
710:
700:
651:
641:
541:
468:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
435:Quoting from recommendations for IUPAC:
405:result in a reduced substitution of the
125:
1140:Structural maintenance of chromosomes 3
458:
571:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 209–.
568:Glycosciences: Status and Perspectives
428:Distinction between proteoglycans and
516:Iozzo, RV; Schaefer, L (March 2015).
168:, 220 kDa, the major proteoglycan in
7:
485:Principles of medical biochemistry
14:
1251:Cholesterylester transfer protein
1101:Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans
111:groups. Proteoglycans occur in
1:
737:Journal of Molecular Medicine
396:. The inactivity of specific
702:10.1371/journal.pone.0085737
534:10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.003
255:Keratan sulfate proteoglycan
177:Heparan sulfate proteoglycan
41:, the major proteoglycan in
1348:Tumor necrosis factor alpha
362:rough endoplasmic reticulum
1402:
1338:Thyroxine-binding proteins
132:Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
18:
1301:Serum amyloid P component
1261:Colony-stimulating factor
749:10.1007/s00109-006-0046-4
643:10.1186/s12943-017-0621-z
1241:B-cell activating factor
1216:Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin
675:Ibrahim, Sherif (2013).
624:Ibrahim, Sherif (2017).
470:Medical Subject Headings
188:chondroitin sulfate
146:chondroitin sulfate
19:Not to be confused with
1276:Membrane glycoproteins
450:
422:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
360:into the lumen of the
49:
394:mucopolysaccharidoses
384:Clinical significance
150:dermatan sulfate
37:
306:extracellular matrix
184:heparan sulfate
138:Large proteoglycans
135:Small proteoglycans
1281:Myelin protein zero
1206:Activin and inhibin
1006:Phytohaemagglutinin
693:2013PLoSO...885737I
224:chondroitin sulfate
81:chondroitin sulfate
67:" with one or more
1231:Asialoglycoprotein
50:
16:Class of compounds
1366:
1365:
1306:Sialoglycoprotein
1194:
1193:
1135:Platelet factor 4
1019:
1018:
807:Diagram at nd.edu
610:978-1-118-91840-1
578:978-3-527-30888-0
495:978-0-323-02942-1
418:glycosaminoglycan
390:genetic disorders
278:
277:
113:connective tissue
73:glycosaminoglycan
59:that are heavily
1391:
1221:Apolipoprotein H
1030:
991:Intrinsic factor
868:
836:
829:
822:
813:
794:
793:
791:
789:
775:
769:
768:
731:
725:
724:
714:
704:
672:
666:
665:
655:
645:
630:Molecular Cancer
621:
615:
614:
596:
590:
589:
587:
585:
562:
556:
555:
545:
513:
507:
506:
504:
502:
479:
473:
463:
126:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1190:
1172:
1144:
1087:
1060:
1015:
974:
857:
840:
803:
798:
797:
787:
785:
777:
776:
772:
733:
732:
728:
674:
673:
669:
623:
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618:
611:
598:
597:
593:
583:
581:
579:
564:
563:
559:
515:
514:
510:
500:
498:
496:
481:
480:
476:
464:
460:
455:
433:
386:
366:Golgi apparatus
350:
302:
268:
260:keratan sulfate
244:
239:
219:
207:
202:
179:
158:
121:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1328:Thrombopoietin
1325:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
982:
980:
976:
975:
973:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
876:
874:
865:
859:
858:
847:glycoconjugate
841:
839:
838:
831:
824:
816:
810:
809:
802:
801:External links
799:
796:
795:
783:www.qmul.ac.uk
770:
726:
687:(12): e85737.
667:
616:
609:
591:
577:
557:
522:Matrix Biology
508:
494:
474:
457:
456:
454:
451:
432:
426:
385:
382:
349:
346:
301:
298:
276:
275:
273:
262:
257:
251:
250:
232:
226:
221:
213:
212:
211:, >500 kDa
196:
190:
181:
173:
172:
163:
152:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
120:
117:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1397:
1396:
1385:
1384:Proteoglycans
1382:
1380:
1379:Glycoproteins
1377:
1376:
1374:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1333:Thyroglobulin
1331:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:Glycophorin C
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:Proteoglycans
1022:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1001:Peptidoglycan
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
981:
977:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
875:
873:
869:
866:
864:
860:
856:
855:glycopeptides
852:
851:glycoproteins
848:
844:
837:
832:
830:
825:
823:
818:
817:
814:
808:
805:
804:
800:
784:
780:
774:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
743:(7): 583–94.
742:
738:
730:
727:
722:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
671:
668:
663:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
620:
617:
612:
606:
602:
595:
592:
580:
574:
570:
569:
561:
558:
553:
549:
544:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
512:
509:
497:
491:
487:
486:
478:
475:
471:
467:
466:Proteoglycans
462:
459:
452:
449:
447:
442:
436:
431:
430:glycoproteins
427:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
408:
407:proteoglycans
404:
399:
395:
391:
383:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
347:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
274:
271:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
249:
247:
242:
237:
233:
230:
227:
225:
222:
218:
215:
214:
210:
206:, >300 kDa
205:
201:, 400–470 kDa
200:
197:
194:
191:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
174:
171:
167:
164:
161:
156:
153:
151:
147:
144:
142:
141:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
118:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:Proteoglycans
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
26:
22:
21:peptidoglycan
1246:4-1BB ligand
1158:Fibromodulin
1024:
863:Mucoproteins
786:. Retrieved
782:
773:
740:
736:
729:
684:
680:
670:
633:
629:
619:
600:
594:
582:. Retrieved
567:
560:
525:
521:
511:
499:. Retrieved
484:
477:
461:
445:
441:glycoprotein
438:
434:
387:
368:in multiple
358:translocated
351:
303:
290:fibromodulin
279:
265:fibromodulin
234:
122:
61:glycosylated
52:
51:
29:glycopeptide
25:glycoprotein
1358:Vitronectin
1353:Uteroglobin
1343:Transcortin
1316:Glycophorin
1286:Osteonectin
1271:Lactoferrin
996:Orosomucoid
986:Haptoglobin
109:uronic acid
47:amino acids
45:, has 2316
1373:Categories
1186:Syndecan 1
584:6 February
501:6 February
453:References
392:, called
314:hyaluronan
204:betaglycan
69:covalently
1296:Protein S
1291:Protein C
1266:Hemopexin
1256:Clusterin
1168:Keratocan
636:(1): 57.
528:: 11–55.
444:present.
398:lysosomal
370:enzymatic
354:ribosomes
348:Synthesis
334:potassium
328:(such as
322:cartilage
272:, 38 kDa
248:, 145kDa
238:, 136 kDa
231:, 25 kDa
195:, 44 kDa
170:cartilage
162:, 38 kDa
71:attached
43:cartilage
1115:Brevican
1110:Neurocan
1105:Aggrecan
1083:Perlecan
1078:Testican
1056:Versican
1051:Biglycan
1011:Ovomucin
788:16 March
765:10165577
757:16583246
721:24392029
681:PLOS ONE
662:28270211
552:25701227
414:biglycan
378:vesicles
318:collagen
300:Function
286:biglycan
267:, 42 kDa
246:brevican
241:versican
236:neurocan
220:(CSPGs)
199:perlecan
193:testican
180:(HSPGs)
166:aggrecan
160:biglycan
157:, 36 kDa
57:proteins
39:Aggrecan
1163:Lumican
1046:Decorin
843:Protein
712:3877388
689:Bibcode
653:5341174
543:4859157
410:decorin
403:B4GALT7
338:calcium
326:cations
294:lumican
282:decorin
270:lumican
229:bikunin
155:decorin
105:sulfate
101:proline
65:protein
1236:Avidin
915:MUC5AC
763:
755:
719:
709:
660:
650:
607:
575:
550:
540:
492:
472:(MeSH)
374:serine
340:) and
330:sodium
77:serine
1199:Other
1130:CSPG5
1125:CSPG4
979:Other
970:MUC20
965:MUC19
960:MUC17
955:MUC16
950:MUC15
945:MUC13
940:MUC12
920:MUC5B
905:MUC3B
900:MUC3A
885:CD164
872:Mucin
761:S2CID
416:with
342:water
310:cells
209:agrin
129:Type
119:Types
91:-Gal-
27:, or
1311:CD43
1226:CD70
1211:ADAM
1120:CD44
935:MUC8
930:MUC7
925:MUC6
910:MUC4
895:MUC2
890:MUC1
880:CD43
853:and
790:2021
753:PMID
717:PMID
658:PMID
605:ISBN
586:2011
573:ISBN
548:PMID
503:2011
490:ISBN
412:and
356:and
336:and
292:and
107:and
85:GlcA
55:are
745:doi
707:PMC
697:doi
648:PMC
638:doi
538:PMC
530:doi
97:Gly
93:Xyl
89:Gal
1375::
1178:HS
1150:KS
1103::
1093:CS
1070:CS
1066:HS
1038:DS
1034:CS
849::
845:,
781:.
759:.
751:.
741:84
739:.
715:.
705:.
695:.
683:.
679:.
656:.
646:.
634:16
632:.
628:.
546:.
536:.
526:42
524:.
520:.
439:A
424:.
332:,
296:.
288:,
284:,
115:.
23:,
1068:/
1036:/
835:e
828:t
821:v
792:.
767:.
747::
723:.
699::
691::
685:8
664:.
640::
613:.
588:.
554:.
532::
505:.
186:/
148:/
87:-
83:-
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
