1667:
1678:
448:
Because of the existence in some but not all societies of historical writing during the first millennium BC, the period has often been termed 'protohistoric' instead of prehistoric. Of course, the understanding of the past gained through archaeology is broadly different in nature to understanding
409:. The preservation of oral traditions may complicate matters, as they can provide a secondary historical source for even earlier events. Colonial sites involving a literate group and a nonliterate group are also studied as protohistoric situations.
692:
362:
412:
The term can also refer to a period in which fragmentary or external historical documents, not necessarily including a developed writing system, have been found. For instance, the
1234:
500:
In its simplest form, protohistory follows the same chronology as prehistory and is based on the technological advancement of a particular people with regard to
355:
793:
Timothy Taylor (2001). "Believing the
Ancients: Quantitative and Qualitative Dimensions of Slavery and the Slave Trade in Later Prehistoric Eurasia".
1623:
1103:
849:
777:
741:
719:
348:
645:
413:
1000:
686: – Prominent trading partner of Sumer during the Middle Bronze Age, recorded in Sumerian records, possibly identical with the
1244:
1056:
398:, but other cultures that have developed writing have noted the existence of those pre-literate groups in their own writings.
497:. Data varies considerably from culture to culture, region to region, and even from one system of reckoning dates to another.
1630:
1143:
757:
441:
493:
As with prehistory, determining when a culture may be considered prehistoric or protohistoric is sometimes difficult for
1652:
1362:
1249:
1585:
1428:
1357:
1198:
540:
tribes mentioned by
European and Asian writers. Many protohistoric peoples also feature in prehistory and in history:
1138:
971:
948:
1472:
1460:
1326:
1266:
1219:
1096:
247:
1708:
1494:
1387:
1336:
1286:
1276:
208:
965:
1600:
1525:
1423:
1301:
986:
1645:
1635:
1555:
1550:
1520:
1499:
1372:
1367:
1331:
1120:
291:
157:
23:
1703:
1640:
1560:
1316:
1229:
1224:
1214:
425:
1031:
1670:
1570:
1565:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1321:
1311:
1239:
1168:
1163:
1089:
309:
129:
1465:
1450:
1352:
1158:
1148:
1128:
801:(1). World Archaeology, Vol. 33, No. 1, The Archaeology of Slavery (Jun., 2001), pp. 27–43: 27–43.
304:
1545:
1408:
818:
810:
687:
459:
In the abstract of a later paper on "slavery in the first millennium Aegean, Carpatho-Balkan and
278:
111:
467:
I have taken the rather unusual step of trusting what the classical authors tell us they knew.
1595:
1590:
1575:
996:
845:
773:
737:
715:
237:
232:
227:
189:
184:
124:
86:
48:
1580:
1515:
1482:
1193:
1178:
802:
580:
263:
194:
1418:
1271:
1173:
769:
678:
660:
460:
383:
270:
222:
139:
449:
derived from historical texts. Having both sorts of evidence is a boon and a challenge.
1682:
1487:
1477:
1438:
1413:
1183:
838:
630:
494:
478:
421:
116:
1697:
1455:
964:
822:
635:
482:
31:
1064:
1153:
590:
533:
509:
391:
171:
102:
990:
762:
1382:
1261:
1133:
1112:
570:
1445:
1377:
806:
620:
515:
501:
406:
379:
296:
199:
176:
144:
72:
37:
1433:
1392:
693:
The
Collection of Pre- and Protohistoric Artifacts at the University of Jena
640:
600:
537:
401:
Protohistoric may also refer to the transition period between the advent of
152:
79:
880:
1188:
625:
610:
521:
402:
335:
242:
214:
60:
1254:
683:
650:
615:
605:
595:
565:
555:
485:
and the work of
Muhammed Abdul Nayeem on that of the Arabian Peninsula
395:
387:
925:
906:
814:
760:(1994). "Thracians, Scythians and Dacians". In Cunliffe, Barry (ed.).
943:
326:
664:
654:
550:
545:
417:
428:
groups, recorded by early
European explorers, are protohistoric.
867:
Prehistory and
Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula (5 volumes)
585:
575:
560:
95:
1085:
1081:
992:
The World of the Huns: Studies in Their
History and Culture
454:
Timothy Taylor, The Oxford
Illustrated Prehistory of Europe
536:
are those for whom the term was originally coined: the
463:
regions", Taylor, primarily an archaeologist, stated,
840:
Ancient North
America: The Archaeology of a Continent
1235:
Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
734:
438:
The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe
1613:
1508:
1401:
1345:
1294:
1285:
1207:
1119:
837:
761:
532:The best-known protohistoric civilizations and
465:
446:
1097:
844:(4th ed.). London: Thames & Hudson.
477:For other examples, see also the writings of
356:
16:Period between prehistory and written history
8:
768:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
764:The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe
405:in a society and the writings of the first
1291:
1104:
1090:
1082:
1016:KĹŤzĹŤ, Yamamura; John Whitney Hall (1997).
472:Timothy Taylor, The Archaeology of Slavery
363:
349:
18:
1032:"Mid-America : an historical review"
703:
30:
7:
966:"Germanic Races and Languages"
865:Nayeem, Muhammed Abdul, ed. (1990).
944:"Gaul - World History Encyclopedia"
736:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
995:. University of California Press.
14:
1676:
1666:
1665:
714:Penguin Books Ltd (29 Nov 2001)
1018:The Cambridge history of Japan
1:
1057:"Where are the Susquehannock"
1020:. Cambridge University Press.
712:The Penguin Archaeology Guide
646:Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea
414:Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea
1250:electrical resistance survey
1061:The Susquehannock Fire Ring
963:Van Rhyn, G. A. F. (1879).
869:. Hyderabad: Hyderabad Pub.
1725:
1139:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
989:(1973). Max Knight (ed.).
949:World History Encyclopedia
1661:
1220:Philosophy of archaeology
807:10.1080/00438240120047618
528:Civilizations and peoples
987:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J.
732:Cunliffe, Barry (2001).
972:The American Cyclopædia
885:Encyclopædia Britannica
481:on the protohistory of
475:
457:
394:has not yet developed
378:is the period between
292:Post-classical history
158:Cradle of civilization
1230:Archaeological ethics
1225:Archaeological diving
1215:Archaeological theory
836:Fagan, Brian (2005).
1169:Augustus Pitt Rivers
1164:William Henry Holmes
1129:Archaeological sites
130:Behavioral modernity
1159:John Lloyd Stephens
1149:Heinrich Schliemann
209:Bronze Age collapse
1683:History portal
1245:geophysical survey
688:Indus civilisation
420:, recorded by the
112:Middle Paleolithic
1691:
1690:
1609:
1608:
1591:Pseudoarchaeology
1208:Method and theory
1067:on 9 January 2010
851:978-0-500-28532-9
795:World Archaeology
779:978-0-19-814385-7
743:978-0-19-285441-4
720:978-0-14-029308-1
710:Bahn, Paul (ed.)
386:, during which a
373:
372:
125:Upper Paleolithic
87:Lower Paleolithic
1716:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1668:
1516:Archaeoastronomy
1483:Paleoethnobotany
1292:
1194:Alfred V. Kidder
1179:Mortimer Wheeler
1106:
1099:
1092:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1063:. Archived from
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1036:Internet Archive
1028:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1007:
1006:
983:
977:
976:
975:. Vol. VII.
968:
960:
954:
953:
940:
934:
933:
921:
915:
914:
902:
896:
895:
893:
891:
877:
871:
870:
862:
856:
855:
843:
833:
827:
826:
790:
784:
783:
767:
754:
748:
747:
729:
723:
708:
581:Germanic peoples
473:
455:
440:, an article by
365:
358:
351:
340:
339:
333:
325:
279:Earliest records
264:Recorded history
65:
64:
58:
47:
40:
19:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1709:Historical eras
1694:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1657:
1605:
1504:
1419:Archaeogenetics
1397:
1341:
1287:Sub-disciplines
1281:
1277:Post-excavation
1272:Lithic analysis
1203:
1174:Flinders Petrie
1115:
1110:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1003:
985:
984:
980:
962:
961:
957:
942:
941:
937:
924:Sultzman, Lee.
923:
922:
918:
907:"The Histories"
904:
903:
899:
889:
887:
879:
878:
874:
864:
863:
859:
852:
835:
834:
830:
792:
791:
787:
780:
758:Taylor, Timothy
756:
755:
751:
744:
731:
730:
726:
709:
705:
701:
679:Ancient history
675:
670:
661:Yarlung dynasty
530:
508:Copper Age, or
495:anthropologists
491:
474:
471:
456:
453:
434:
384:written history
369:
331:
330:
329:
323:
318:
317:
314:
288:
271:Ancient history
266:
256:
255:
252:
204:
149:
140:Epipalaeolithic
108:
75:
56:
55:
54:
45:
35:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1673:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1646:Assyriologists
1643:
1636:Archaeologists
1633:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1488:Zooarchaeology
1485:
1480:
1478:Geoarchaeology
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1439:Paleopathology
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1414:Bioarchaeology
1411:
1405:
1403:
1402:Methodological
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1184:Dorothy Garrod
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1134:Antiquarianism
1131:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1078:
1048:
1023:
1008:
1001:
978:
955:
935:
916:
897:
872:
857:
850:
828:
785:
778:
749:
742:
724:
702:
700:
697:
696:
695:
690:
681:
674:
671:
669:
668:
658:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
542:
529:
526:
525:
524:
518:
512:
490:
487:
479:Brian M. Fagan
469:
451:
442:Timothy Taylor
433:
430:
371:
370:
368:
367:
360:
353:
345:
342:
341:
336:Holocene epoch
320:
319:
316:
315:
313:
312:
307:
301:
299:
297:Modern history
294:
289:
287:
286:
281:
275:
273:
267:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
251:
250:
245:
240:
238:Southeast Asia
235:
230:
225:
219:
217:
212:
205:
203:
202:
197:
192:
187:
181:
179:
174:
169:
163:
162:
161:
160:
155:
148:
147:
142:
136:
134:
133:
132:
127:
122:
114:
109:
107:
106:
99:
91:
89:
82:
76:
71:
70:
67:
66:
61:Pliocene epoch
42:
41:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1721:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:Egyptologists
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:Phenomenology
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:Environmental
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:Computational
1459:
1457:
1456:Archaeogaming
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:Post-Medieval
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:Protohistoric
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:Chronological
1293:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:Richard Hoare
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1038:. p. 228
1037:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1002:0-520-01596-7
998:
994:
993:
988:
982:
979:
974:
973:
967:
959:
956:
951:
950:
945:
939:
936:
931:
927:
920:
917:
912:
908:
901:
898:
886:
882:
876:
873:
868:
861:
858:
853:
847:
842:
841:
832:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
786:
781:
775:
771:
766:
765:
759:
753:
750:
745:
739:
735:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
707:
704:
698:
694:
691:
689:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
672:
666:
662:
659:
656:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
636:Susquehannock
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
541:
539:
535:
534:ethnic groups
527:
523:
519:
517:
513:
511:
507:
506:
505:
503:
498:
496:
488:
486:
484:
483:North America
480:
468:
464:
462:
450:
445:
443:
439:
431:
429:
427:
426:Mississippian
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
366:
361:
359:
354:
352:
347:
346:
344:
343:
337:
328:
322:
321:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
274:
272:
269:
268:
265:
260:
259:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
218:
216:
213:
211:
210:
206:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
135:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
120:
115:
113:
110:
105:
104:
100:
98:
97:
93:
92:
90:
88:
85:
84:
83:
81:
78:
77:
74:
69:
68:
62:
53:
52:
44:
43:
39:
33:
32:Human history
29:
25:
21:
20:
1704:Protohistory
1521:Archaeometry
1495:Experimental
1429:Near Eastern
1388:Near Eastern
1383:Mesopotamian
1337:Contemporary
1306:
1154:Arthur Evans
1069:. Retrieved
1065:the original
1060:
1051:
1040:. Retrieved
1035:
1026:
1017:
1011:
991:
981:
970:
958:
947:
938:
929:
919:
911:Sacred Texts
910:
900:
888:. Retrieved
884:
875:
866:
860:
839:
831:
798:
794:
788:
763:
752:
733:
727:
711:
706:
531:
510:Chalcolithic
499:
492:
476:
466:
458:
447:
437:
435:
411:
400:
392:civilization
376:Protohistory
375:
374:
332:
310:Contemporary
284:Protohistory
283:
207:
167:Protohistory
166:
119:Homo sapiens
118:
103:Homo erectus
101:
94:
57:
50:
1601:Transgender
1526:Battlefield
1302:Prehistoric
1262:Burnt layer
1199:George Bass
1113:Archaeology
930:Dick Shovel
905:Herodotus.
432:Use of term
248:West Africa
1698:Categories
1624:by country
1556:Industrial
1551:Indigenous
1500:Underwater
1446:Calceology
1368:Australian
1346:Geographic
1332:Historical
1267:Excavation
1042:2015-07-16
699:References
621:Sarmatians
516:Bronze Age
502:metallurgy
489:Chronology
424:, and the
407:historians
380:prehistory
233:South Asia
195:South Asia
177:Bronze Age
172:Copper Age
145:Mesolithic
73:Prehistory
38:prehistory
1561:Landscape
1434:Osteology
1317:Classical
890:March 12,
823:162250553
641:Thracians
626:Scythians
616:Parthians
611:Numidians
601:Mosopelea
538:barbarian
243:East Asia
228:Near East
200:East Asia
190:Near East
153:Neolithic
80:Stone Age
1671:Category
1653:Journals
1571:Mortuary
1566:Maritime
1541:Funerary
1536:Feminist
1531:Conflict
1509:Thematic
1424:Medieval
1378:Egyptian
1373:Oceanian
1358:American
1322:Medieval
1312:Biblical
1189:Max Uhle
1071:13 March
673:See also
522:Iron Age
470:—
452:—
444:stated:
403:literacy
215:Iron Age
24:a series
22:Part of
1631:Periods
1466:Virtual
1451:Digital
1353:African
1255:Sondage
1121:History
881:"Alani"
770:373–410
684:Meluhha
651:Yamatai
606:Timucua
596:Magyars
566:Dacians
556:Bulgars
422:Chinese
396:writing
388:culture
49:before
1620:Sites
1546:Gender
1409:Aerial
1393:Nubian
1240:Survey
999:
926:"Erie"
848:
821:
815:827887
813:
776:
740:
722:p. 368
718:
461:Pontic
416:, the
327:Future
223:Europe
185:Europe
117:Early
1614:Lists
1596:Queer
1576:Music
1363:Asian
819:S2CID
811:JSTOR
665:Tibet
655:Japan
631:Slavs
591:Kofun
576:Gauls
561:Celts
551:Balts
546:Alans
418:Yayoi
305:Early
1581:Nazi
1073:2016
997:ISBN
892:2016
846:ISBN
774:ISBN
738:ISBN
716:ISBN
586:Huns
571:Erie
520:The
514:The
382:and
96:Homo
51:Homo
36:and
803:doi
436:In
390:or
1700::
1059:.
1034:.
969:.
946:.
928:.
909:.
883:.
817:.
809:.
799:33
797:.
772:.
504::
26:on
1105:e
1098:t
1091:v
1075:.
1045:.
1005:.
952:.
932:.
913:.
894:.
854:.
825:.
805::
782:.
746:.
667:)
663:(
657:)
653:(
364:e
357:t
350:v
338:)
334:(
324:↓
63:)
59:(
46:↑
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.