327:
40:
572:
267:
and the UK Institute of
Psychosomanautics defines psychonautics as "the means to study and explore consciousness (including the unconscious) and altered states of consciousness; it rests on the realization that to study consciousness is to transform it." He associates it with a long tradition of
533:(GIM) refers to all forms of music-imaging in an expanded state of consciousness, including not only the specific individual and group forms that music therapist and researcher Helen Bonny developed, but also all variations and modifications in those forms created by her followers.
294:
by research sources. Psychonautics as a means of exploration need not involve drugs, and may take place in a religious context with an established history. Cohen considers psychonautics closer in association to wisdom traditions and other transpersonal and integral movements.
423:) The ayahuasca ingredient, harmine, was once known as telepathine because of this group-facilitated activity of singing icaros and the shared perception it cultivates. A shaman who is one of the Ayahuascero people is expected to memorize as many icaros as they can.
726:, a pair of books which contain fictionalized autobiographies and detailed notes on over 230 psychoactive compounds. Some present-day psychonauts refer to themselves as "Shulginists" to denote a belief in the principles they identify in Shulgins' work.
557:
139:
substances in order to gain deeper insights and spiritual experiences. Self-experimentation of psychedelics in groups may foster innovation of alternative medication treatment. A person who uses altered states for such exploration is known as a
1315:
Schifano, Fabrizio; Leoni, Mauro; Martinotti, Giovanni; Rawaf, Salman; Rovetto, Francesco (August 2003). "Importance of
Cyberspace for the Assessment of the Drug Abuse Market: Preliminary Results from the Psychonaut 2002 Project".
616:
have psychonautic elements insofar as they explore human and drug-induced experiences. They may be considered precursors to psychonautic literature, but they are not psychonautic works in their own right.
1529:
192:(literally: "Approaches: Drugs and Inebriation"). In this essay, Jünger draws many parallels between drug experience and physical exploration—for example, the danger of encountering hidden "reefs."
260:, and a psychonaut as one who "seeks to investigate their mind using intentionally induced altered states of consciousness" for spiritual, scientific, or research purposes.
1557:
162:, which began appearing in North American works in the late 1950s. The first reference that corresponds to contemporary usages of the term was in the 1965 edition of the
953:
97:, and to a research cabal in which the researcher voluntarily immerses themselves into an altered mental state in order to explore the accompanying experiences.
630:, which recounts his experience after taking 400mg of mescaline. The American physician, neuroscientist, psychoanalyst, philosopher, writer and inventor
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as a psychonaut, stating that "Tibetan lamas could be called psychonauts, since they journey across the frontiers of death into the in-between realm."
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historical cultures worldwide. Leeds
Beckett University offers a module in Psychonautics and may be the only university in the UK to do so.
1054:
537:
These may be used in combination; for example, traditions such as shamanism may combine ritual, fasting, and hallucinogenic substances.
525:
240:
Clinical psychiatrist Jan Dirk Blom describes psychonautics as denoting "the exploration of the psyche by means of techniques such as
1211:
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sing to induce pictorial representations, rich tapestries of colors and patterns that are visually seen by the listener. (See:
86:
45:
101:
1401:
31:
1220:
1121:"Pharmanopo-Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine"
671:
361:
290:
The aims and methods of psychonautics, when state-altering substances are involved, is commonly distinguished from
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530:
264:
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626:
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1641:
1000:"Collective self-experimentation in patient-led research: How online health communities foster innovation"
999:
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546:
85:'sailor, navigator') refers both to a methodology for describing and explaining the subjective effects of
57:
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645:
509:
447:
415:, which are the songs (i.e. something verbal that is ordinarily perceived as an auditory sensation) the
291:
245:
669:. Leary is known for controversial talks and research on the subject; he wrote several books including
336:) has been used for healing and religious divination in the Andes Mountains region for over 3000 years.
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Methodology for describing and explaining the subjective effects of altered states of consciousness
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1508:"Mental Effects of Reduction of Ordinary Levels of Physical Stimuli on Intact, Healthy Persons"
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A Psychonaut's Guide to the
Invisible Landscape: The Topography of the Psychedelic Experience
859:
Newcombe, Russell (2008). "Ketamine Case Study: The
Phenomenology of a Ketamine Experience".
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Disruption of psychological and physiological processes required for usual mental states -
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is an author well-known for accounts of his experimentation with psychedelic drugs.
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455:, both as a means of inducing an altered state, and also for practical purposes of
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687:. McKenna spoke and wrote about subjects including psychedelic drugs, plant-based
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Buddhist scriptures as literature: sacred rhetoric and the uses of theory
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656:
has also been described as a psychonaut for several of his works such as
638:
and, amongst other techniques, he used isolation tanks in his research.
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377:
124:
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586:
Two iconic psychonautical researchers and advocates of the 20th century.
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The term's first published use in a scholarly context is attributed to
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The term has been applied diversely, to cover all activities by which
39:
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311:
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in which the person retains a degree of volition and awareness, and
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was a well-known psychonaut. Lilly was interested in the nature of
1427:
Darwin's
Pharmacy: Sex, Plants, and the Evolution of the Noösphere
505:
462:
412:
325:
211:
121:
38:
403:
314:
psychology, and studies into existing and emerging drugs within
279:
117:
817:
815:
512:) by means of light, sound, or electrical impulses, including:
1530:"Sturgill Simpson: A country voice of, and out of, this world"
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73:
66:
60:
1480:"The Doors of Perception: What did Huxley see in mescaline?"
310:
from a perspective of addiction, the drug abuse market and
184:
describes ideas related to psychonautics - in reference to
1380:"Analysing Icaros: The Musicology of Ayahuasca Ceremonies"
665:
Another influential figure is the psychologist and writer
188:- in his 1970 essay on his own extensive drug experiences
1247:"Course Specification - BA (Hons) Psychology and Society"
493:
can also be used to induce altered state of consciousness
1616:
214:
in the experimental exploration of consciousness and of
1558:"Fall brings a change in the climate of consciousness"
306:
and other drugs, it is also studied in the context of
1448:
1446:
1402:"See The Contest-Winning Cover For "Brave New World""
504:
and other devices that change neural activity in the
854:
852:
202:
the title of a 1982 book on the experimental use of
710:Among the most influential figures are undoubtedly
1420:
1418:
30:"Psychonaut" redirects here. For other uses, see
998:Kempner, Joanna; Bailey, John (1 October 2019).
675:. Another widely known name is that of American
1207:UK Institute of Psychonautics and Somanautics
459:and of obtaining suitable focus and intention
302:and due to its modern close association with
8:
1351:Bigwood, Jeremy; Stafford, Peter J. (1992).
947:
945:
620:One of the best known psychonautic works is
298:However, there is considerable overlap with
1357:. Berkeley, CA: Ronin Pub. pp. 118–9.
49:, a Chinese book of alchemy and meditation.
1096:. (1982) (published in one volume in 1987)
1203:
1201:
892:
890:
135:, and archaic/modern drug users who use
1056:The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature
938:(Thesis). National Institute of Siddha.
791:
904:. State University of New York Press.
659:The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch
594:Confessions of an English Opium-Eater
7:
1059:. Thoemmes Continuum. p. 1312.
1221:"Academy for Transpersonal Studies"
108:purposes or the exploration of the
1429:. University of Washington Press.
526:cranial electrotherapy stimulation
25:
1528:Richards, Chris (31 March 2014).
1478:Jordison, Sam (26 January 2012).
263:Psychologist Dr. Elliot Cohen of
1556:Harms, Shane (28 October 2014).
1087:Carroll, Peter J. (April 1987).
570:
555:
1047:Annaherungen: Drogen und Rausch
1016:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112366
861:Addiction Research & Theory
190:Annäherungen: Drogen und Rausch
87:altered states of consciousness
46:The Secret of the Golden Flower
1318:CyberPsychology & Behavior
1174:A Dictionary of Hallucinations
1137:10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574
825:A Dictionary of Hallucinations
1:
1400:Dunne, Carey (30 July 2013).
1125:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
1004:Social Science & Medicine
104:are induced and utilized for
89:, including those induced by
1517:. Vol. 5. pp. 1–9.
1515:Psychiatric Research Reports
1053:Taylor; et al. (2005).
935:Biography of the 18 Siddhars
932:R. N. Hema (December 2019).
158:derives from the prior term
150:Etymology and categorization
80:
67:
32:Psychonaut (disambiguation)
1688:
1583:Doc, Zee (14 April 2018).
1425:Doyle, Richard M. (2011).
1330:10.1089/109493103322278790
672:The Psychedelic Experience
544:
166:journal. A 1968 magazine,
74:
61:
29:
1354:Psychedelics encyclopedia
1260:. 2017–18. Archived from
1177:. Springer. p. 434.
970:10.1080/15563650701284894
873:10.1080/16066350801983707
828:. Springer. p. 434.
541:Works and notable figures
271:American Buddhist writer
72:'soul, spirit, mind' and
1295:Leeds Beckett University
1258:Leeds Beckett University
1254:Leeds Beckett University
1214:10 November 2010 at the
1045:Jünger. "Psychonauten".
531:Guided Imagery and Music
265:Leeds Beckett University
95:mind-altering substances
1585:"What is a Shulginist?"
1506:Lilly, John C. (1956).
1453:Carpenter, Dan (2006).
1171:Blom, Jan Dirk (2009).
822:Blom, Jan Dirk (2009).
683:, lecturer, and author
627:The Doors of Perception
1119:Ott, Jonathan (2001).
898:Flores, Ralph (2008).
756:Psychedelic experience
718:who together authored
547:Psychedelic literature
337:
330:The San Pedro cactus (
50:
1457:. Park Street Press.
510:brainwave entrainment
489:inducing dance, like
448:holotropic breathwork
376:psychedelics such as
329:
292:recreational drug use
246:brainwave entrainment
42:
1617:The Vaults of Erowid
1378:Herzberg, Nicholas.
1227:on 23 September 2010
954:"New Drugs of Abuse"
766:Self-experimentation
761:Responsible drug use
358:psilocybin mushrooms
236:Definition and usage
1564:on 24 February 2015
1535:The Washington Post
958:Clinical Toxicology
436:sensory deprivation
333:Echinopsis pachanoi
250:sensory deprivation
164:Group Psychotherapy
133:sensory deprivation
602:The Hasheesh Eater
440:oxygen deprivation
338:
174:as a psychonaut.
131:of Ancient India,
51:
43:Illustration from
1464:978-1-59477-090-6
1436:978-0-295-99095-8
1364:978-0-914171-51-5
1184:978-1-4419-1222-0
1105:978-0-87728-639-4
1066:978-1-84371-138-4
952:van Riel (2007).
911:978-0-7914-7339-9
835:978-1-4419-1222-0
736:Astral projection
712:Alexander Shulgin
598:Thomas De Quincey
428:sleep deprivation
387:Tabernanthe iboga
348:, and especially
252:, and the use of
216:psychic phenomena
16:(Redirected from
1679:
1672:Human activities
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1560:. Archived from
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771:Personal science
652:-fiction author
606:Fitz Hugh Ludlow
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465:, in particular
444:smoke inhalation
399:Salvia divinorum
393:Amanita muscaria
382:dextromethorphan
277:Tibetan Buddhist
196:Peter J. Carroll
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614:Walter Benjamin
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168:Beyond Baroque
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