926:
1058:
463:, and now covers a considerable part of upland moorland. Once valued and gathered for use in animal bedding, tanning, soap and glass making, and as a fertiliser, bracken is now seen as a pernicious, invasive, and opportunistic plant, taking over from the plants traditionally associated with open moorland and reducing easy access by humans. It is toxic to cattle, dogs, sheep, pigs, and horses, and is also linked to cancers in humans. It can harbour high levels of sheep ticks, which can pass on
1072:
626:
76:
56:
534:
262:
991:. In May and June, temporary close grazing or mob stocking on small areas away from nests, particularly using cattle, horses, pigs, or ponies may crush emerging bracken fronds resulting in reduced bracken cover. Sufficient fodder will be required to prevent livestock eating the bracken. This may suit steep areas where human access is difficult and herbicide undesirable.
754:. They were eaten by exploring or hunting groups away from permanent settlements. The plant was widely distributed across New Zealand as a result of prehistoric deforestation, and planting on rich soils, which produced the best rhizomes. The rhizomes were dried, and could be heated and softened with a pounder (
1033:
Allowing plants to grow in its place, e.g., the establishment of woodland, causes shade that inhibits bracken growth. In the UK, trees, notably rowan, have done well since grazing reduced greatly after the foot-and-mouth epidemic in 2000 but young saplings struggle in high bracken. In decades to come
1022:
recommends that only Asulam can be sprayed aerially, Glyphosate requires spot treatment, e.g. using a weedwiper or knapsack spray. The toxicity of Asulam is low and has been generally highly cost-effective but its use is now restricted by the EU after 2012, at least until specific registered uses can
474:
Bracken is a well-adapted pioneer plant which can colonise land quickly, with the potential to extend its area by as much as 1%–3% per year. This ability to expand rapidly at the expense of other plants and wildlife can cause major problems for land users and managers. It colonises ground with an
1047:
A Bracken
Control Group was established in 2012 to provide best-practice guidance for all bracken control techniques. The Group has also been responsible for submitting an application for an Emergency Authorisation to secure the continued availability of Asulam for bracken control, following the
269:
Bracken is one of the oldest ferns, with fossil records over 55 million years old having been found. The plant sends up large, triangular fronds from a wide-creeping underground rootstock, and may form dense thickets. This rootstock may travel a metre or more underground between fronds. The
957:
Some small level of scattered cover can provide beneficial habitats for some wildlife, at least in the UK (as given above). However, on balance, removing bracken encourages primary habitats to re-establish, which are of greater importance for wildlife. Control is a complex question with complex
961:
All methods need follow-up over time, starting with the advancing areas first. Given the decades elapsed to arrive at the current levels of coverage on many sites, slowing or reversing the process will be also of necessity long-term, with consistency and persistence from all parties being key.
846:
to detoxify the plant before eating. Ptaquiloside also degenerates at room temperature, and denatures almost completely at boiling temperature. Despite this, moderation of consumption is still recommended to reduce chances of cancer formation. The
British Royal Horticultural Society recommends
545:
chemicals, which is an important factor in its ability to dominate other vegetation, particularly in regrowth after fire. Its chemical emissions, shady canopy, and thick litter inhibit other plant species from establishing themselves – with the occasional exception of plants which support rare
774:
and can contain as much as 55%. It has advantages over other sources of plant ash, such as hardwood, due to its high potash yield as a percentage of both dry and fresh mass, abundance, growth rate, and ease of harvesting. Bracken has been recognized as a source of potash since at least the
775:
10th century AD, with numerous references in
European texts, typically in relation to its use for soap and glass making. The turn to mined sources of potash in the industrial age ended significant use of bracken as a source of potash, contributing to its status as a troublesome weed.
443:
2.8 to 8.6. Exposure to cold or high pH inhibits its growth. It causes such a problem in invading pasturelands that at one time the
British government had an eradication programme. Special filters have even been used on some British water supplies to filter out the bracken spores.
1048:
decision not to register the product under new regulations in the EU. Registration has been re-applied for but this will not be available until 2017 at the earliest. Until re-registration is approved the Group will aim to keep Asulam available under the emergency provisions.
609:
1034:
and if permitted, tree shade cover may increase and so may reduce bracken growth, but this is both long-term and in some cases is contentious in the change it would bring to traditionally open heath or moorland, both aesthetically and as a valuable habitat.
478:
Bracken presents a threat to biodiversity. Many plant species occur only on upland moorland, tied to unique features in the habitat. The loss and degradation of such areas due to the dominance of bracken has caused many species to become rare and isolated.
438:
regions throughout much of the world. It is a prolific and abundant plant in the moorlands of
Ireland, where it is limited to altitudes of below 600 metres. It does not like poorly drained marshes or fen. It has been observed growing in soils from
850:
Ptaquiloside has been shown to leach from wild bracken plants into the water supply, which has been implicated in high rates of stomach and oesophageal cancers in areas with high bracken growth, such as Wales and South
America.
1002:
is not; but the latter has the advantage that the effects can be seen soon after application. They are applied when the fronds are fully unfurled to ensure that the chemical is fully absorbed. Rare ferns such as adder's tongue
958:
answers, which need to form part of a wider approach. Management can be difficult and expensive; plans may need to be about cost-effective, practical limitation and control rather than give an expectation for eradication.
912:
and 20-hydroxyecdysone, are found in bracken. These cause uncontrollable, repeated moulting in insects ingesting the fronds, leading to rapid death. Bracken is currently under investigation as a possible source of new
888:
In cattle, bracken poisoning can occur in acute and chronic forms, acute poisoning being the most common. Milk from cows that have eaten bracken may also contain ptaquiloside, which is especially concentrated in
2003:
Jbilou R, Amri H, Bouayad N, Ghailani N, Ennabili A, Sayah F (March 2008). "Insecticidal effects of extracts of seven plant species on larval development, α-amylase activity and offspring production of
215:(eggs and sperm). Brackens are noted for their large, highly divided leaves. They are found on all continents except Antarctica and in all environments except deserts, though their typical habitat is
831:, where bracken is often eaten, but it is unclear whether bracken plays a role. Consumption of ptaquiloside-contaminated milk is thought to contribute to human gastric cancer in the Andean states of
1121:
painting circa 1920 by the
Swedish botanist C. A. M. Lindman (1856–1928), taken from his book(s) Bilder ur Nordens Flora (first edition published 1901–1905, supplemented edition 1917–1926?).
842:
However, ptaquiloside is water-soluble and destroyed in heat (by cooking) and alkaline conditions (by soaking). Korean and
Japanese cooks have traditionally soaked the shoots in water and
2098:
1026:
Selective sprays like
Starane, Access, Metsulfuron 600WG, etc. work well but only if sprayed in late autumn so the rhizomes store food for winter and hence absorb the poison.
1899:
Amelot ME, Alonso (February 2005). "Kinetics of the natural evolution of hydrogen cyanide in plants in neotropical
Pteridium arachnoideum and its ecological significance".
2152:
1555:
Gomes, Joana; Magalhães, Ana; Michel, Valérie; Amado, Inês F; Aranha, Paulo; Ovesen, Rikke G; Hansen, Hans C B; Gärtner, Fátima; Reis, Celso A; Touati, Eliette (2012).
299:. The linear, leaf-edge pattern of these in bracken is different from that in most other ferns, where the sori are circular and occur towards the centre of the leaf.
561:
where the woodland does not exist. These plants are intolerant to stock trampling. Dead bracken provides a warm microclimate for development of the immature stages.
949:
and other physical evidence. These rhizomes may travel a metre or more underground between fronds and form 90% of the plant, with only the remainder being visible.
2496:
1952:
Kaplanis, J. N.; Thompson, M. J.; Robbins, W. E.; Bryce, B. M. (22 September 1967). "Insect Hormones: Alpha Ecdysone and 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Bracken Fern".
468:
447:
Bracken is a characteristic moorland plant in Ireland which over the last decades has increasingly out-competed characteristic ground-cover plants such as
987:
Livestock treading — During winter, encouraging livestock to bracken areas with food. They trample the developing plants and allow frost to penetrate the
471:
reduced commercial livestock production. Global climatic changes have also suited bracken well and contributed to its rapid increase in land coverage.
2187:
546:
butterflies. Herb and tree seedling growth may be inhibited even after bracken is removed, apparently because active plant toxins remain in the soil.
2405:
2197:
1015:) and lemon-scented ferns can also be found in similar habitats and it is important that these are not destroyed in the process of bracken control.
2470:
2418:
2192:
974:
2545:
1415:
1057:
2145:
1557:"Pteridium aquilinum and Its Ptaquiloside Toxin Induce DNA Damage Response in Gastric Epithelial Cells, a Link with Gastric Carcinogenesis"
638:
dessert. The darker jelly on the left is made from pure bracken powder, while the lighter jelly on the right uses other starches as well.
1103:
2078:
2645:
2314:
1740:
1385:
885:
in some animals. Animals may ingest the plant when other sources of food are unavailable, such as during droughts or after snowfalls.
2137:
1715:
1471:
2319:
925:
1372:
Encyclopaedia of ferns : an introduction to ferns, their structure, biology, economic importance, cultivation and propagation
718:(蕨菜), and is eaten like vegetables or preserved by drying. Also called "fernbrake", it is used as a vegetable in soups and stews.
1663:
1646:
2444:
1037:
Burning — Useful for removing the litter, but may be counter-productive as bracken is considered to be a fire-adapted species.
2594:
1441:
1322:
270:
fronds may grow up to 2.5 m (8 ft) long or longer with support, but typically are in the range of 0.6–2 m (2–
2475:
1274:
2483:
1530:
1071:
1342:
2640:
2457:
2288:
2180:
733:. Both fronds and rhizomes have been used to produce beer in Siberia, and among indigenous peoples of North America.
2599:
2558:
1145:
75:
2501:
339:
2635:
427:
2563:
929:
Bracken in Ireland with a linear pattern running across the hillside, a possible indication of past cultivation.
515:
38:
2392:
320:
2114:
2366:
2218:
2201:
1908:
404:
385:
2532:
2397:
2371:
1011:
1005:
942:
570:
521:
393:
355:
331:
699:
rice cakes, is a popular traditional dessert, although commercial variants are often made with cheaper
374:
2423:
1029:
On archaeological sites, chemical control is usually required as mechanical methods may cause damage.
736:
Bracken leaves are used in the Mediterranean region to filter sheep's milk, and to store freshly made
2511:
2327:
1961:
1404:
Lehnebach, Carlos A.; Regnault, Claire; Rice, Rebecca; Awa, Isaac Te; Yates, Rachel A. (2023-11-01).
582:
347:
1913:
487:
Evolutionarily, bracken may be considered one of the most successful ferns. It is considered highly
366:
1769:
1647:"Possible association between gastric cancer and bracken fern in Venezuela: An epidemiologic study"
1251:
588:
422:
312:
240:
1087:
Bracken is commonly referred to by local populations in the north of England as 'Moorland Scrub'.
211:
that have alternating generations, large plants that produce spores and small plants that produce
2607:
2550:
2379:
2066:
1985:
1934:
1686:
1596:
I A Evans; B Widdop; R S Jones; G D Barber; H Leach; D L Jones & R Mainwaring-Burton (1971).
1338:
1279:
562:
509:
70:
2537:
2270:
945:. The root systems of established bracken stands degrade archaeological sites by disrupting the
625:
2519:
2301:
2172:
2025:
1977:
1926:
1866:
1817:
1668:
1627:
1578:
1477:
1467:
1411:
1381:
1318:
1246:
1213:
904:
is released by the young fronds of bracken when eaten by mammals or insects. Two major insect
2524:
1377:
1370:
238:, both meaning fern. In the past, the genus was commonly treated as having only one species,
2206:
2164:
2090:
2058:
2017:
1969:
1918:
1856:
1848:
1807:
1658:
1617:
1609:
1568:
1509:
1203:
1195:
901:
783:
Bracken has traditionally been used for animal bedding, which later breaks down into a rich
558:
204:
201:
140:
1744:
1019:
966:
608:
554:
550:
488:
247:
Like other ferns, brackens do not have seeds or fruits, but the immature fronds, known as
2384:
2256:
747:
475:
open vegetation structure, but is slow to colonise healthy, well managed heather stands.
467:. Grazing provided some control by stock trampling, but this has almost ceased since the
288:
and, as it requires well-drained soil, is generally found growing on the sides of hills.
2358:
1965:
1170:
1130:
981:
Cutting — Once or twice a year, repeatedly cutting back the fronds for at least 3 years.
1861:
1836:
1794:
Pan, Xiaohua; Nan, Xuemei; Yang, Liang; Jiang, Linshu; Xiong, Benhai (September 2018).
1622:
1597:
1513:
1310:
1208:
1183:
1091:
820:
726:
657:
In Korea, bracken (sometimes referred to as 'fernbrake' in Korean recipes) is known as
646:
have been eaten by many cultures throughout history, either fresh, cooked, or pickled.
208:
100:
55:
533:
2629:
2062:
700:
2070:
1989:
1938:
2612:
2021:
819:, which causes damage to DNA, thus leading to cancers of the digestive tract. High
816:
542:
464:
130:
2306:
2280:
1973:
865:(vitamin B1). Excessive consumption of bracken can lead to vitamin B1 deficiency (
325:
261:
2293:
2586:
2488:
2431:
2250:
914:
828:
791:. It is also used as a winter mulch, which has been shown to reduce the loss of
689:
630:
435:
158:
31:
1534:
1044:
Any bracken control programme must be completed, or bracken will re-establish.
1922:
1812:
1795:
1347:
999:
938:
890:
882:
858:
812:
643:
492:
448:
249:
2241:
2188:
Natural England — Bracken control, vegetation restoration and land management
2168:
1821:
2353:
2340:
2265:
2042:
Marrs, R.H.; Watt, A.S. (2006). "Biological Flora of the British Isles 245:
1573:
1556:
1481:
1184:"Carcinogenic effects of ptaquiloside in bracken fern and related compounds"
934:
832:
792:
651:
566:
460:
431:
285:
227:
2576:
2462:
2176:
2029:
1930:
1672:
1582:
1217:
1199:
576:
The high humidity in the stands helps mosses survive underneath, including
219:. The genus probably has the widest distribution of any fern in the world.
1981:
1870:
1631:
1432:
2571:
2235:
1837:"The possible human hazard of the naturally occurring bracken carcinogen"
1598:"The possible human hazard of the naturally occurring bracken carcinogen"
1461:
1349:
Authentic Guizhou Special Sauerkraut with Wild Herbs and Green Vegetables
988:
909:
905:
870:
866:
862:
847:
against consumption of bracken altogether, by both humans and livestock.
796:
762:
were important ritual items, and several distinct styles were developed.
663:
456:
452:
398:
216:
17:
1852:
1613:
2410:
1664:
10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<::AID-IJC1028>3.0.CO;2-H
893:. In pigs and horses, bracken poisoning induces vitamin B1 deficiency.
800:
737:
722:
676:
360:
2146:
Independent page devoted to bracken (uses older classification scheme)
295:
are contained in structures found on the underside of the leaf called
2436:
1796:"Thiamine status, metabolism and application in dairy cows: a review"
995:
946:
855:
771:
573:
also seem to benefit from the conditions found under bracken stands.
409:
379:
253:, are sometimes eaten, although some are thought to be carcinogenic.
212:
2212:
1500:
Rymer, Julia (July 1976). "The history and ethnobotany of bracken".
2449:
2345:
1049:
836:
824:
788:
784:
695:
670:
635:
624:
607:
532:
504:
296:
292:
260:
244:, but the recent trend is to subdivide it into about ten species.
193:
87:
2332:
2153:"Human carcinogenesis and bracken fern: a review of the evidence"
1431:
McGlone, Matt S.; Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Leach, Helen M. (2005).
970:
708:
704:
197:
120:
110:
2216:
787:
that could be used as fertilizer. It is still used this way in
553:, and is important for giving shade to European plants such as
1466:. Kane, Mark. Santa Rosa, CA: Metamorphic Press. p. 268.
984:
Crushing/rolling — Using rollers, again for at least 3 years.
843:
729:, the rhizome was historically used to make a porridge called
426:(bracken or common bracken) is the most common species with a
1835:
Evans IA, Widdop B, Jones RS, et al. (September 1971).
30:"Pteridium" redirects here. For the Ediacaran organism, see
758:), after which the starch could be sucked from the fibers.
440:
1275:"At Cafe Lily, the Korean-Uzbek Menu Evokes a Past Exodus"
265:
Sori (paler green) along outer edge on underside of leaves
1463:
Designing and maintaining your edible landscape naturally
1234:. Bingley, England: Sports Turf Research Institute. 2003.
973:
to control bracken either individually or in combination
335:- Mexico, Central and South America, Florida, West Indies
1405:
1040:
Ploughing — Late in the season followed by sowing seed.
933:
Many sites have archaeological remains dating from the
873:
are less vulnerable because they synthesize thiamine.
703:
instead. The fiddleheads are also preserved in salt,
549:
Bracken substitutes the characteristics of a woodland
1645:
Alonso-Amelot, Miguel E; Avendaño, Marisabel (2001).
513:
can be found growing under the bracken canopy. Both
2225:
687:(わらび), and is steamed, boiled, or cooked in soups.
1369:
750:of New Zealand as a staple food, and are known as
1433:"An ecological and historical review of bracken (
667:, a popular mixed rice dish. Stir-fried bracken (
284: ft) high. In cold environments, bracken is
2008:(Herbst) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)".
1437:) in New Zealand, and its cultural significance"
1313:(2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.).
1090:The creature ’Bracken’ from the 2023 video game
998:(also known as Asulox) is selective for ferns;
881:Ptaquiloside from bracken has been shown to be
869:), especially in animals with simple stomachs.
725:can be ground into flour to make bread. In the
351:- China, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand
693:bracken jelly, named after its resemblance to
1525:
1523:
8:
2209:: Identification and edible parts of bracken
1763:
1761:
1495:
1493:
1491:
2151:Alonso-Amelot ME, Avendaño M (March 2002).
1709:
1707:
1171:NBN distribution map for the United Kingdom
2213:
1716:"The Bracken Fern: A Natural Born Killer?"
1245:Fontella, Amelia Cook (16 February 2017).
839:have also been implicated as carcinogens.
54:
45:
1912:
1860:
1811:
1662:
1621:
1572:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1207:
1502:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1376:. Portland, Ore.: Timber Press. p.
1337:Longmeimei cooking channel: Archived at
924:
746:rhizomes were traditionally used by the
541:Bracken is known to produce and release
525:grow primarily from dead bracken stems.
2193:RSPB: Bracken management in the uplands
2093:on 2015-09-24 – via ars-grin.gov.
2087:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1114:
1053:
1407:Flora: Celebrating our Botanical World
975:RSPB Bracken management in the uplands
965:Various techniques are recommended by
661:(고사리), and is a typical ingredient in
1399:
1397:
324:- Mexico, Central and South America,
7:
2600:b275dce4-6396-470c-807f-94ad9d48b200
2512:b9727996-e363-427a-84ab-ecf82fa563da
1768:Ravilious, Kate (9 September 2004).
469:2001 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak
1273:Mishan, Ligaya (16 February 2017).
1104:List of plants poisonous to equines
854:Uncooked bracken also contains the
157:Gled. ex Scop. 1760 not Raf. 1814 (
2564:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17210050-1
1514:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1976.tb02020.x
343:- Zaire, Zambia, Tanzania, Burundi
25:
1182:Potter, D.M. (4 September 2000).
616:) at a food market in South Korea
2063:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01177.x
1070:
1056:
770:Green bracken ferns average 25%
74:
1651:International Journal of Cancer
2022:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.03.017
1442:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1410:. Te Papa Press. p. 310.
1315:The Cultural History of Plants
714:In China, bracken is known as
683:In Japan, bracken is known as
674:) is also a common side dish (
1:
1974:10.1126/science.157.3795.1436
1050:Bracken Control Group website
634:bracken jelly, a traditional
1800:British Journal of Nutrition
340:Pteridium centrali-africanum
174:
1901:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1884:Auld, RA; Medd, RW (1992).
1131:The Plant List, search for
537:Young bracken fronds curled
230:origin, related to Swedish
207:. Ferns (Pteridophyta) are
2662:
2138:World fern species list —
2121:. Flora of North America.
1232:Bracken and Its Management
1094:is named after the plant.
799:in the soil, and to lower
598:Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus
36:
29:
2646:IARC Group 2B carcinogens
1923:10.1007/s10886-005-1343-z
1813:10.1017/S0007114518001666
1714:Shaw, Hank (2011-06-30).
1317:. Routledge. p. 35.
1188:British Journal of Cancer
516:Camarographium stephensii
428:cosmopolitan distribution
370:- Mexico, Central America
171:
166:
71:Scientific classification
69:
62:
53:
48:
2169:10.2174/0929867023370743
1368:Jones, David L. (1987).
650:is especially common in
529:Other plant associations
417:Distribution and habitat
39:Bracken (disambiguation)
2198:Bracken for Butterflies
1888:. Sydney: Inkata Press.
1460:Kourik, Robert (1986).
1247:"I brake for fernbrake"
612:Dried bracken bundles (
594:Pseudoscelopodium purum
2202:Butterfly Conservation
1561:Toxicological Sciences
1200:10.1054/bjoc.2000.1368
930:
639:
617:
538:
321:Pteridium arachnoideum
266:
2533:Paleobiology Database
1687:"Pteridium aquilinum"
1574:10.1093/toxsci/kfr329
1012:Trichomanes speciosum
1006:Ophioglossum vulgatum
943:Industrial Revolution
928:
811:Bracken contains the
628:
611:
571:chickweed wintergreen
536:
522:Typhula quisquiliaris
491:, and can survive in
316:- nearly cosmopolitan
264:
2207:Edibility of Bracken
1435:Pteridium esculentum
1146:"SPORES FOR THOUGHT"
861:, which breaks down
583:Hypnum cupressiforme
578:Campylopus flexuosus
405:Pteridium yunnanense
348:Pteridium esculentum
37:For other uses, see
2641:Japanese vegetables
2117:Pteridium aquilinum
2101:Pteridium aquilinum
2081:Pteridium aquilinum
2044:Pteridium aquilinum
2006:Tribolium castaneum
1966:1967Sci...157.1436K
1960:(3795): 1436–1438.
1853:10.1042/bj1240029pa
1614:10.1042/bj1240029pa
1152:. 22 September 1996
1064:Pteridium aquilinum
823:rates are found in
648:Pteridium aquilinum
589:Polytrichum commune
499:Fungal associations
423:Pteridium aquilinum
386:Pteridium revolutum
313:Pteridium aquilinum
241:Pteridium aquilinum
64:Pteridium aquilinum
2105:. Flora Europaea.
2051:Journal of Ecology
2010:Bioresour. Technol
1741:"Dol Sot Bibimbap"
1531:"Uses for Bracken"
1280:The New York Times
931:
640:
618:
563:Climbing corydalis
539:
510:Mycena epipterygia
394:Pteridium tauricum
356:Pteridium falcatum
332:Pteridium caudatum
267:
2623:
2622:
2520:Open Tree of Life
2219:Taxon identifiers
1417:978-1-9911509-1-2
1150:independent.co.uk
1077:Fronds of bracken
614:P. aquilinum
375:Pteridium lineare
196:of large, coarse
181:
180:
162:
16:(Redirected from
2653:
2636:Dennstaedtiaceae
2616:
2615:
2603:
2602:
2590:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2567:
2566:
2554:
2553:
2541:
2540:
2528:
2527:
2515:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2492:
2491:
2489:NHMSYS0000462114
2479:
2478:
2466:
2465:
2453:
2452:
2440:
2439:
2427:
2426:
2414:
2413:
2401:
2400:
2388:
2387:
2375:
2374:
2362:
2361:
2349:
2348:
2336:
2335:
2323:
2322:
2310:
2309:
2297:
2296:
2284:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2214:
2184:
2179:. Archived from
2126:
2110:
2094:
2089:. Archived from
2074:
2057:(6): 1272–1321.
2048:
2034:
2033:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1916:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1770:"The fatal fern"
1765:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1743:. Archived from
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1666:
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1636:
1635:
1625:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1576:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1533:. Archived from
1527:
1518:
1517:
1508:(1–3): 151–176.
1497:
1486:
1485:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1375:
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1356:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1307:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1270:
1264:
1263:
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1259:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1179:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1142:
1136:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1074:
1060:
908:hormones, alpha
902:Hydrogen cyanide
766:Source of potash
283:
282:
278:
275:
205:Dennstaedtiaceae
156:
141:Dennstaedtiaceae
79:
78:
58:
46:
21:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2611:
2606:
2598:
2593:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2562:
2557:
2549:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2518:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2495:
2487:
2482:
2474:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2430:
2422:
2417:
2409:
2404:
2396:
2391:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2365:
2357:
2352:
2344:
2339:
2331:
2326:
2318:
2313:
2305:
2300:
2292:
2287:
2279:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2221:
2157:Curr. Med. Chem
2150:
2134:
2129:
2113:
2097:
2077:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1914:10.1.1.517.4271
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1720:theatlantic.com
1713:
1712:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1499:
1498:
1489:
1474:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1343:Wayback Machine
1336:
1332:
1325:
1311:Pieroni, Andrea
1309:
1308:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1100:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1066:
1061:
1020:Natural England
967:Natural England
955:
941:through to the
923:
899:
879:
809:
781:
768:
623:
606:
555:common bluebell
531:
501:
485:
430:, occurring in
419:
414:
305:
280:
276:
273:
271:
259:
209:vascular plants
155:
73:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2659:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:wfo-4000031876
2604:
2591:
2581:
2568:
2555:
2542:
2529:
2516:
2506:
2493:
2480:
2467:
2454:
2441:
2428:
2415:
2402:
2389:
2376:
2363:
2350:
2337:
2324:
2311:
2298:
2285:
2275:
2262:
2247:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2183:on 2011-10-06.
2148:
2143:
2133:
2132:External links
2130:
2128:
2127:
2111:
2095:
2075:
2038:
2036:
2035:
1995:
1944:
1891:
1876:
1847:(2): 29P–30P.
1827:
1806:(5): 491–499.
1786:
1757:
1732:
1703:
1678:
1657:(2): 252–259.
1637:
1608:(2): 29P–30P.
1588:
1547:
1519:
1487:
1472:
1452:
1423:
1416:
1393:
1387:978-0881920543
1386:
1360:
1330:
1323:
1293:
1265:
1237:
1223:
1194:(7): 914–920.
1174:
1163:
1137:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1092:Lethal Company
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1017:
1016:
1009:), killarney (
992:
985:
982:
954:
951:
922:
919:
898:
895:
878:
875:
821:stomach cancer
808:
805:
780:
777:
767:
764:
727:Canary Islands
622:
619:
605:
602:
567:wild gladiolus
530:
527:
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484:
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390:
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371:
367:Pteridium feei
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169:
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148:
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133:
128:
124:
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121:Polypodiopsida
118:
114:
113:
111:Polypodiophyta
108:
104:
103:
98:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
67:
66:
60:
59:
51:
50:
27:Genus of ferns
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2658:
2647:
2644:
2642:
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2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2163:(6): 675–86.
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:(5): 959–64.
2015:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1907:(2): 315–31.
1906:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1747:on 2011-11-11
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1692:
1691:www.fs.fed.us
1688:
1682:
1679:
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1648:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1537:on 2009-12-12
1536:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1473:0-9615848-0-7
1469:
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1427:
1424:
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1409:
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1383:
1379:
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765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
744:P. esculentum
741:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
701:potato starch
698:
697:
692:
691:
686:
681:
679:
678:
673:
672:
666:
665:
660:
655:
653:
649:
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437:
433:
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391:
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341:
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185:
177:
176:
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160:
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139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
101:Tracheophytes
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
77:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2226:
2181:the original
2160:
2156:
2139:
2122:
2116:
2106:
2100:
2091:the original
2086:
2080:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1774:the Guardian
1773:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:the original
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1719:
1694:. Retrieved
1690:
1681:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1567:(1): 60–71.
1564:
1560:
1550:
1539:. Retrieved
1535:the original
1505:
1501:
1462:
1455:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1426:
1406:
1371:
1363:
1353:, retrieved
1348:
1339:Ghostarchive
1333:
1314:
1284:. Retrieved
1278:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1250:
1240:
1231:
1226:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1149:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1089:
1086:
1063:
1046:
1043:
1028:
1025:
1023:be defined.
1018:
1010:
1004:
994:Herbicide —
964:
960:
956:
932:
915:insecticides
900:
887:
883:carcinogenic
880:
853:
849:
841:
817:ptaquiloside
813:carcinogenic
810:
782:
769:
759:
755:
751:
748:Māori people
743:
742:
735:
730:
720:
715:
713:
694:
688:
684:
682:
680:) in Korea.
675:
668:
662:
658:
656:
647:
641:
629:
613:
597:
593:
587:
581:
577:
575:
559:wood anemone
548:
543:allelopathic
540:
520:
514:
508:
502:
486:
477:
473:
465:Lyme disease
449:moor grasses
446:
421:
420:
403:
392:
384:
373:
365:
354:
346:
338:
330:
319:
311:
306:
290:
268:
248:
246:
239:
235:
231:
223:
221:
188:
187:
183:
182:
172:
151:
150:
131:Polypodiales
94:
63:
43:
2432:iNaturalist
2251:Wikispecies
2123:efloras.org
2107:rbge.org.uk
939:Bronze Ages
921:Archaeology
829:North Wales
690:Warabimochi
644:fiddleheads
631:Warabimochi
436:subtropical
257:Description
250:fiddleheads
234:and Danish
159:Pteridaceae
32:Pteridinium
2630:Categories
1841:Biochem. J
1751:2011-12-19
1602:Biochem. J
1541:2009-07-08
1449:: 165–184.
1355:2021-06-26
1324:0415927463
1110:References
1083:In culture
1000:glyphosate
897:In insects
891:buttermilk
877:In animals
859:thiaminase
760:Patu aruhe
756:patu aruhe
652:East Asian
493:acid soils
107:Division:
2385:Pteridium
2354:FloraBase
2320:Pteridium
2266:AlgaeBase
2257:Pteridium
2227:Pteridium
2140:Pteridium
2047:(L.) Kuhn
1909:CiteSeerX
1822:0007-1145
1133:Pteridium
935:Neolithic
871:Ruminants
833:Venezuela
815:compound
793:potassium
654:cuisine.
503:Woodland
432:temperate
326:Galápagos
286:deciduous
228:Old Norse
222:The word
213:sex cells
189:Pteridium
152:Pteridium
84:Kingdom:
18:Pteridium
2595:VicFlora
2584:VASCAN:
2577:40019408
2572:Tropicos
2450:328202-2
2333:47172677
2315:eFloraSA
2236:Wikidata
2177:11945131
2071:85114338
2030:17493805
1990:37746757
1939:30063246
1931:15856786
1673:11146454
1583:22143989
1482:14258849
1341:and the
1286:19 April
1258:19 April
1218:10970694
1098:See also
989:rhizomes
969:and the
910:ecdysone
906:moulting
867:beriberi
863:thiamine
807:Toxicity
797:nitrogen
740:cheese.
723:rhizomes
721:Bracken
664:bibimbap
642:Bracken
636:Japanese
507:such as
489:invasive
461:heathers
457:bilberry
453:cowberry
399:Caucasus
217:moorland
167:Species
137:Family:
49:Bracken
2525:5602395
2411:5275011
2242:Q258034
1982:6037858
1962:Bibcode
1954:Science
1871:5158492
1862:1177200
1779:6 April
1725:6 April
1696:6 April
1632:5158492
1623:1177200
1252:Isthmus
1209:2374682
1156:6 April
953:Control
801:soil pH
738:ricotta
677:banchan
669:gosari
483:Ecology
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303:Species
279:⁄
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184:Bracken
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685:warabi
659:gosari
569:, and
551:canopy
459:, and
410:Yunnan
380:Yunnan
293:spores
236:bregne
232:bräken
226:is of
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2380:FoAO2
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2346:1PTEG
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2271:42956
2067:S2CID
1986:S2CID
1935:S2CID
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825:Japan
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785:mulch
752:aruhe
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696:mochi
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505:fungi
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198:ferns
194:genus
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2173:PMID
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1927:PMID
1867:PMID
1818:ISSN
1781:2018
1727:2018
1698:2018
1669:PMID
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1579:PMID
1478:OCLC
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1382:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1288:2017
1260:2017
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971:RSPB
937:and
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709:miso
705:sake
621:Food
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519:and
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