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592:, a glacial lake over 620 square miles (1,600 km), roughly 185,000-128,000 years ago. Over time this lake dried up and started to separate into smaller lakes or ponds. As this drying happened the pupfish became separated into different ponds and started to divergently evolve. There are thought to be two main subspecies of Death Valley pupfish (
557:
Pupfish on the island of San
Salvador, Bahamas, have a large adaptive diversification in only two small lakes. They evolve 50-130 times faster than any other species of pupfish. This is also the fastest morphological diversification seen in any fish that has been documented. It is believed that this
561:
Three species of pupfish on the island of San
Salvador, Bahamas, all live in salty lakes. These pupfish are able to take advantage of different food sources so they can all coexist. One species feeds on only the scales of other pupfish. Another has a modified jaw to be able to eat snails and
617:) is a specific species native to Nevada. There are fewer than 200 individuals since 2005. Their population size usually fluctuates between 37 and 400 fish. They are considered one of the world's rarest fish. These fish live in 94 °F (34.4 °C) waters.
868:
Arratia, G., I. Vila, N. Lam, C.K. Guerrero, and C. Quezada-Romegialli (2017). Morphological and taxonomic descriptions of a new genus and species of killifishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes) from the high Andes of northern Chile. PLOS ONE 12(8): e0181989.
349:
and their relatives, as they share some features: a flat head with protractile mouth beset with cardiform, villiform, or compressed, bi- or tricuspid teeth, generally large scales, and the absence of a well-developed
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on the Nevada side of Death Valley
National Park. Since 1995 the Devils Hole pupfish has been in a nearly steady decline, where it was close to extinction at 35–68 fish in 2013.
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385:; often the sexes are dissimilar, the female being larger and less brilliantly coloured, with smaller fins; the anal fin of the male may be modified into an
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by means of which internal fertilization takes place. Most pupfishes' diet consists, mainly, of algae, decaying vegetation, and any insects they can get.
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was the second smallest, and it ate zooplankton. These species are now considered extinct in the wild because of an invasive species of
African tilapia.
310:
and one of the first people to take an interest in them, coined the name after he observed their "playful" circling and tussling, which is actually the
275:. Pupfish are especially noted for being found in extreme and isolated situations. They are primarily found in North America, South America, and the
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1127:
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within cyprinodontoids (Cyprinodontiformes) following the detailed osteological analysis by Costa based on a new radiograph of the single type of
370:
were able to diversify into multiple species with different eating habits due to interbreeding with pupfish from other islands, mainly
Caribbean.
765:
283:
were known. Several pupfish species are extinct and most extant species are listed. In the U.S., the most well-known pupfish species may be the
820:
907:
1258:
660:
Beissinger SR. 2014. Digging the pupfish out of its hole: risk analyses to guide harvest of Devils Hole pupfish for captive breeding.
694:
108:
429:
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838:"The extinction of the Catarina pupfish Megupsilon aporus and the implications for the conservation of freshwater fish in Mexico"
565:
Before the 1990s, Lake
Chichancanab, in Mexico, was full of brackish water and another five species of pupfish were found there.
576:
The Death Valley pupfish evolve 5-10 faster than average and are known for their abilities to survive in extremely hot waters.
46:
1132:
710:
Barlow, George W. (1961). "Social behavior of the desert pupfish, Cyprinodon macularius, in the field and in the aquarium".
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The common name is said to derive from the mating habits of the males, whose activities vaguely resemble puppies at play;
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The pupfish found in Death Valley were once thought to be one main species. They were once all found in
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600:) present. These are both considered endangered since they are only found in one area of the world.
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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790:"San Salvador pupfish acquired genetic variation from island fish to eat new foods"
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eat algae off a rock shelf near the surface of the deep pool they live in.
689:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 326–239.
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778:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 695.
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In spite of their name, the cyprinodontids are not closely related to
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González, A.V.; L.M. Estévez; Ma.E.A. Villeda; G. Ceballos (2018).
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908:"Against all odds, the rare Devils Hole pupfish keeps on swimming"
264:
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Ceballos, G.; E.D. Pardo; L.M Estévez; H.E. Pérez, eds. (2016).
650:(Revised ed.). University of California Press. p. 271.
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342:
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18:
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Los peces dulceacuĂcolas de MĂ©xico en peligro de extinciĂłn
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live in extremely hot waters, 114 °F (45.5 °C).
345:
family. They were formerly considered near allies of the
354:. However, they are now generally assigned to the order
558:
diversification is because of their ecological niches.
279:
region. As of August 2006, 120 nominal species and 9
934:
885:Huber, J.H. (2015): A morphological rediagnosis of
358:. Several forms occur in the fossil records of the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
569:was the largest pupfish, and it ate other fish.
648:Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of California
8:
544:(possibly extinct, only known from one old
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131:
122:
853:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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906:Greenfieldboyce, Nell (July 7, 2023).
298:Warm Springs pupfish recovery plan art
7:
1198:865687AC-8E4D-4422-FF0F-0BF4FCB77846
1081:628928c2-5864-4b0d-8a8e-9d74490a5d98
325:Now extinct, this was the last male
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1254:Extant Oligocene first appearances
14:
748:
373:Most pupfish are inhabitants of
156:
23:
34:needs additional citations for
895:Killi-Data Series, 2015: 4-16.
792:. ScienceDaily. 10 August 2017
674:. Academic Press. p. 348.
1:
366:beds of Europe. Pupfish from
875:10.1371/journal.pone.0181989
672:Freshwater Fish Distribution
646:McGinnis, Samuel M. (2006).
1259:Taxa named by Theodore Gill
712:American Midland Naturalist
687:Inland Fishes of California
1275:
855:10.1017/S003060531800056X
247:
242:
153:Scientific classification
151:
139:
130:
125:
762:Boulenger, George Albert
685:Moyle, Peter B. (2002).
603:Cyprinodon pachycephalus
775:Encyclopædia Britannica
670:Berra, Tim M. (2001).
584:North American pupfish
334:
299:
1180:Paleobiology Database
627:List of fish families
324:
297:
259:are a group of small
145:Cyprinodon macularius
1076:Fauna Europaea (new)
333:) which died in 2014
43:improve this article
615:Cyprinodon diabolis
611:Devils Hole pupfish
578:Cyprinodon diabolis
381:. Many species are
368:San Salvador Island
312:aggressive behavior
285:Devils Hole pupfish
1249:Ovoviviparous fish
527:Quezada-Romegialli
387:intromittent organ
356:Cyprinodontiformes
335:
300:
210:Cyprinodontiformes
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1167:Open Tree of Life
928:Taxon identifiers
891:Cyprinodon martae
822:978-607-16-4087-1
553:Pupfish evolution
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331:Megupsilon aporus
263:belonging to ten
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452:C.L. Hubbs, 1936
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442:C.L. Hubbs, 1926
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327:Catarina pupfish
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220:Cyprinodontoidei
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16:Family of fishes
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567:Cyprinodon maya
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379:brackish waters
273:ray-finned fish
269:Cyprinodontidae
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308:ichthyologist
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304:Carl L. Hubbs
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1102:iNaturalist
960:Wikispecies
796:1 September
562:ostracods.
316:territorial
289:Devils Hole
1238:Categories
887:Yssolebias
633:References
598:C. milleri
594:C. salinus
590:Lake Manly
535:Yssolebias
478:Megupsilon
458:Jordanella
448:Garmanella
425:Cyprinodon
339:Cyprinidae
281:subspecies
235:T. N. Gill
216:Suborder:
69:newspapers
764:(1911). "
360:Oligocene
277:Caribbean
261:killifish
176:Kingdom:
170:Eukaryota
58:"Pupfish"
1000:BioLib:
945:Wikidata
912:NPR News
621:See also
546:specimen
523:Guerrero
493:Orestias
430:Lacepède
226:Family:
190:Chordata
186:Phylum:
180:Animalia
166:Domain:
126:Pupfish
99:May 2016
1208:4780802
951:Q134865
772:(ed.).
759::
732:2422959
511:Arratia
484:Walters
364:Miocene
318:males.
257:Pupfish
243:Genera
206:Order:
196:Class:
83:scholar
1221:125466
1205:uBio:
1185:266188
1172:583654
1133:165629
1120:116017
1055:1CYPIF
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768:". In
753:
730:
693:
529:, 2017
525:&
486:, 1972
469:, 1879
465:&
432:, 1803
409:, 1956
407:Miller
402:Cualac
393:Genera
265:genera
237:, 1865
85:
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1216:WoRMS
1193:Plazi
1115:IRMNG
1107:49334
1068:12054
1003:15980
728:JSTOR
540:Huber
463:Goode
375:fresh
347:pikes
341:, or
90:JSTOR
76:books
1159:8076
1154:NCBI
1128:ITIS
1094:7656
1089:GBIF
1050:EPPO
1042:5521
1016:1261
1011:BOLD
842:Oryx
817:ISBN
798:2017
691:ISBN
609:The
596:and
542:2012
515:Vila
500:1839
467:Bean
377:and
362:and
343:carp
62:news
1141:NBN
1037:EoL
1029:8WF
1024:CoL
988:AFD
975:ADW
871:doi
850:doi
720:doi
519:Lam
314:of
271:of
45:by
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