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according to one ascertained order and arrangement? And first of all, it appeared an unworthy thing that in the celebration of this most holy feast we should follow the practice of the Jews, who have impiously defiled their hands with enormous sin, and are, therefore, deservedly afflicted with blindness of soul. For we have it in our power, if we abandon their custom, to prolong the due observance of this ordinance to future ages, by a truer order, which we have preserved from the very day of the passion until the present time. Let us then have nothing in common with the detestable Jewish crowd; for we have received from our
Saviour a different way. A course at once legitimate and honorable lies open to our most holy religion. Beloved brethren, let us with one consent adopt this course, and withdraw ourselves from all participation in their baseness... being altogether ignorant of the true adjustment of this question, they sometimes celebrate Pascha (Passover) twice in the same year. Why then should we follow those who are confessedly in grievous error? Surely we shall never consent to keep this feast a second time in the same year... And let your Holinesses' sagacity reflect how grievous and scandalous it is that on the self-same days some should be engaged in fasting, others in festive enjoyment; and again, that after the days of Pascha(Easter) some should be present at banquets and amusements, while others are fulfilling the appointed fasts. It is, then, plainly the will of Divine Providence (as I suppose you all clearly see), that this usage should receive fitting correction, and be reduced to one uniform rule.
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that St. Polycarp, who like the other
Asiatics, kept Easter on the fourteenth day of the moon, whatever day of the week that might be, following therein the tradition which he claimed to have derived from St. John the Apostle, came to Rome c. 150 about this very question, but could not be persuaded by Pope Anicetus to relinquish his Quartodeciman observance. The question thus debated was therefore primarily whether Easter was to be kept on a Sunday, or whether Christians should observe the Holy Day of the Jews, the fourteenth of Nisan, which might occur on any day of the week. Those who kept Easter with the Jews were called Quartodecimans or terountes (observants); but even in the time of Pope Victor this usage hardly extended beyond the churches of Asia Minor. After the pope's strong measures the Quartodecimans seem to have gradually dwindled away. Origen in the "Philosophumena" (VIII, xviii) seems to regard them as a mere handful of wrong-headed nonconformists.
69:
395:. And I also, Polycrates, the least of you all, do according to the tradition of my relatives, some of whom I have closely followed. For seven of my relatives were bishops; and I am the eighth. And my relatives always observed the day when the people put away the leaven. I, therefore, brethren, who have lived sixty-five years in the Lord, and have met with the brethren throughout the world, and have gone through every Holy Scripture, am not affrighted by terrifying words. For those greater than I have said 'We ought to obey God rather than man.'
426:
the bishops. And they besought him to consider the things of peace, and of neighborly unity and love. Words of theirs are extant, sharply rebuking Victor. Among them was
Irenaeus, who, sending letters in the name of the brethren in Gaul over whom he presided, maintained that the mystery of the resurrection of the Lord should be observed only on the "Lord's day" namely Easter. He fittingly admonishes Victor that he should not cut off whole churches of God which observed the tradition of an ancient custom.
493:(Nicaea I) in 325. According to Mark DelCogliano, "the older opinion persists" but Duchesne's opinion "has gained widespread acceptance." According to DelCogliano, "by the early 4th century all Christians were celebrating Easter on a Sunday. Accordingly, it was not the quartodeciman practice that Constantine sought to eliminate, but rather the so-called 'Protopaschite' practice which calculated the paschal full moon according to the Jewish lunar calendar and not the Julian solar calendar".
391:... Among these are Philip, one of the twelve apostles, who fell asleep in Hierapolis; and his two aged virgin daughters, and another daughter, who lived in the Holy Spirit and now rests at Ephesus; and, moreover, John, who was both a witness and a teacher, who reclined upon the bosom of the Lord, and, being a priest, wore the sacerdotal plate. All these observed the fourteenth day of the Passover according to the Gospel, deviating in no respect, but following the
573:) that was discussed at Nicaea was between the Nisan 14 practice and Sunday observance. According to one account, "A final settlement of the dispute was one among the other reasons which led Constantine to summon the council at Nicaea in 325. At that time, the Syrians and Antiochenes were the solitary champions of the observance of the 14th day. The decision of the council was unanimous that Pascha (
500:, it was quite common at that time that the Jewish calendrical year started before and after the equinox according to Exodus 12:2 and Deuteronomy 16:1. In case the previous year had started after the equinox, two Passovers would be celebrated in the same solar year (the solar New Year was starting on March 21). Note: (The word month being Hebrew
504:
which literally means New Moon which is referenced in
Deuteronomy 16:1). Since the 3rd century this disorder of the Jewish calendar of the time was lamented by several Christian writers, who felt that the Jews were often using a wrong lunation as their Nisan month and advocated the introduction of an
472:
Endeavor to send copies of our epistle to every church, that we may not furnish occasion to those who easily deceive their souls. We show you indeed that also in
Alexandria they keep it on the same day that we do. For letters are carried from us to them and from them to us, so that in the same manner
585:
suggests that this view is no longer widely accepted; its view is that the dispute at Nicaea was between two schools of Sunday observance: those who followed the traditional practice of relying on Jewish informants to determine the lunar month of the Nisan in which
Passover would fall, and those who
518:
said that it had been decided to adopt a uniform date, rejecting the custom of the Jews, who had crucified Jesus and whose practice often meant that two passovers were celebrated in the same solar year: (Even though there is a commandment to keep a second passover in
Numbers 9:10-12 if found unclean
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It was resolved by the united judgment of all present, that this feast ought to be kept by all and in every place on one and the same day. For what can be more becoming or honorable to us than that this feast, from which we date our hopes of immortality, should be observed unfailingly by all alike,
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tell us almost all that we know concerning the paschal controversy in its first stage. A letter of St. Irenæus is among the extracts just referred to, and this shows that the diversity of practice regarding Easter had existed at least from the time of Pope Sixtus (c. 120). Further, Irenaeus states
614:
simply refers to Victor as one of the "rulers of the
Churches", not the ruler of a yet unknown or unformed "universal Church". As the date of observance of the Resurrection of Christ as being on the Sunday day of the week rather than the 14th day of the month was not resolved by Papal authority it
425:
Thereupon Victor, who presided over the church at Rome, immediately attempted to cut off from the common unity the parishes of all Asia, with the churches that agreed with them, as heterodox; and he wrote letters and declared all the brethren there wholly excommunicate. But this did not please all
172:, a Montanist caused a schism in Rome about the date of Easter, argued that Christians must keep Easter at the same time commanded in Exodus for the Passover and gained a following in Rome, and was then accused of Judaizing by the Church. This schism in Rome likely influenced the hostility of
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As the bishops of the West did not deem it necessary to dishonor the tradition believed to be handed down to them by Peter and by Paul, and as, on the other hand, the
Asiatic bishops persisted in following the rules laid down by John the evangelist, they unanimously agreed to continue in the
184:
The
Quartodeciman controversy arose because Christians in Jerusalem and Asia Minor observed Passover on the 14th of the first month (Nisan), regardless of the day of the week on which it occurred, while the churches in and around Rome celebrated Easter on the Sunday following first Full Moon
76:
There is scholarly disagreement on which tradition is the original. Some scholars believe that Sunday observance began before Quartodecimanism, while others have argued that Quartodecimanism was original. The Quartodecimans claimed that their traditions are inherited from the Apostles
298:
observance of the festival according to their respective customs, without separation from communion with each other. They faithfully and justly assumed, that those who accorded in the essentials of worship ought not to separate from one another on account of customs.
287:. Indeed, "Anicetus conceded the administration of the Eucharist in the church to Polycarp, manifestly as a mark of respect. And they parted from each other in peace, both those who observed, and those who did not, maintaining the peace of the whole church."
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and the churches of the Roman province of Asia. Within the same year, Polycrates presided over a council at Ephesus attended by several bishops throughout that province, which rejected Victor's authority and kept the province's paschal tradition.
330:
According to Eusebius, in the last decade of the 2nd century a number of synods were convened to deal with the controversy, ruling unanimously that the celebration of Easter should be observed and be exclusively on Sunday.
416:
On receiving the negative response of Polycrates, Victor attempted to cut off Polycrates and the others who took this stance from the common unity, but reversed his decision after bishops who included Irenaeus,
626:' position on the quartodeciman by Polycarp, and later Polycrates' letter to Pope Victor I, has been used by Orthodox theologians as proof against the argument that the Churches in Asia Minor accepted the
321:
of 115–25) was believed to have been handed down by the Apostles Peter and Paul, and Eusebius states that in Judea and Egypt the Sunday observance was also believed to have originated with the Apostles.
185:
following the vernal equinox, calling it "the day of the resurrection of our Saviour". The difference became an ecclesiastical controversy when the practice was condemned by synods of bishops.
317:
Thus the churches in Asia appealed to the Apostle John in support of their practice, while Sozomen wrote that the Roman custom (observed, according to Irenaeus, since at least the time of
212:
was ripe after the new moon near the Jewish lunar month of Nisan (no matter the day of the week on which it occurred), the date on which the Passover sacrifice had been offered when the
335:
Synods and conferences of bishops were convened, and drew up a decree of the Church, in the form of letters addressed to Christians everywhere, that never on any day other than the
109:, like other Asiatics, kept Easter on the fourteenth day of the month of Nisan. According to Eusebius, Polycarp claimed that his practice came from the apostle John. Some of the
2339:
452:
In the short following chapter of the account by Eusebius, a chapter headed "How All came to an Agreement respecting the Passover", he recounts that the Palestinian bishops
263:
with whom he had associated; neither could Polycarp persuade Anicetus to observe it, as he said that he ought to follow the customs of the presbyters that had preceded him.
468:, wrote a lengthy review of the tradition of Sunday celebration of Easter which believed "had come to them in succession from the apostles", and concluded by saying:
2198:. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series. Vol. 3. Translated by Chester D. Hartranft. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co. – via
594:
churches. Despite Victor's failure to carry out his intent to excommunicate the Asian churches, many Catholic theologians point to this episode as evidence of
550:, both bishops of Constantinople. This indicates that the Nisan 14 practice, or a practice that was called by the same name, lingered into the 4th century.
2295:
51:
according to biblical dating, on whatever day of the week it occurs. The Quartodeciman controversy in the Church was the question of whether to celebrate
2162:. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series. Vol. 1. Translated by Ernest Cushing Richardson. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co.
1243:
2411:
2148:. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series. Vol. 1. Translated by Arthur Cushman McGiffert. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co.
2183:. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series. Vol. 2. Translated by A.C. Zenos. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co. – via
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602:, citing the fact that none of the bishops challenged his right to excommunicate but rather questioned the wisdom and charity of doing so. From the
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should the mystery of the Lord's resurrection from the dead be celebrated, and on that day alone we should observe the end of the Easter fast.
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Because this was the first-recorded Paschal/Easter controversy, it has had a strong influence on the minds of some subsequent generations.
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Historically, there had been a debate about when quartodecimanism disappeared and in particular whether it disappeared before or after the
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We observe the exact day; neither adding, nor taking away. For in Asia also great lights have fallen asleep, which shall rise again on the
577:) was to be kept on Sunday, and on the same Sunday throughout the world, and that 'none hereafter should follow the blindness of the Jews
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Jewish Passover is on Nisan 15 of its calendar. It commences at sunset preceding the date indicated (as does Easter by some traditions).
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Neither could Anicetus persuade Polycarp not to observe what he had always observed with John the disciple of our Lord, and the other
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wished to set it using Christian computations using the spring equinox on the solar calendar. Laurent Cleenewerck suggests that the
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23:5, meaning fourteenth) is the name given to the practice of celebrating the death of Christ on the day of Passover, the 14th of
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A modern source says that the discussion between Polycarp and Anicetus in Rome took place within the framework of a synod.
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1627:
2003:. Aleppo, Syria: World Council of Churches (WCC) / Middle East Council of Churches Consultation (MECC). 10 March 1997.
2268:. Clarendon ancient history series. Translated by Cameron, Averil; Hall, Stuart G. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
1569:
Hippolytus and the Roman Church in the Third Century: Communities in Tension before the Emergence of a Monarch-Bishop
565:, styled his opponents in the Paschal/Easter controversy of his day "quartodecimans", though they celebrated Pascha (
251:
was its bishop (c. 68–153), and among the topics discussed was this divergence of custom, with Rome celebrating the
68:
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970:
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2035:. Translated by Quigley, James M.; Lienhard, Joseph T. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. pp. 1–23, 33–37.
2000:
1195:
A History of the Christian Councils, From the Original Documents, to the Close of the Council of Nicaea, A.D. 325
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never grant him presidency over anything other than his own church, his own synod. Cleenewerck points out that
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His broken body: understanding and healing the schism between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches
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Of the disputes over the date when the Lord's Supper (Eucharist) should be celebrated, disputes known as
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stood, and "the day when the people put away the leaven". Those who observed this practice were called
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in Gaul, interceded, recommending that Victor follow the more peaceful attitude of his predecessors.
1629:
NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine
1328:
NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine
55:
on Sunday (the first day of the week), or on Passover (the time of sacrifice of the Passover lamb).
1494:
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were Quartodeciman, however they probably observed Passover in addition to other Jewish festivals.
114:
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By the 4th century the influence of Quartodecimans declined; later they would even be persecuted.
980:
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569:) on Sunday. Many scholars of the 19th and 20th centuries thought that the dispute over Pascha (
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were also Quartodeciman. Montanism brought Quartodeciman practices to the west, for example
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The Lamb's High Feast: Melito, Peri Pascha and the Quartodeciman Paschal Liturgy at Sardis
1005:
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631:
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2252:
1897:
Fake Prophecy and Polluted Sacraments: Ecclesiastical and Imperial Reactions to Montanism
1613:
A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Second Series
208:
was for the pre-Paschal fast to end with a feast held on the 14th day of Nisan, when the
2088:
Reconsidering Eusebius: collected papers on literary, historical, and theological issues
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Polycrates emphatically stated that he was following the tradition passed down to him:
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85:, while western churches claimed that their views of Easter have been inherited from
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for "fourteenthers", because of holding their celebration on the 14th day of Nisan.
990:
955:
465:
2224:. Montanism: Gender, Authority, and the New Prophecy. Cambridge University Press.
1478:
Supernatural Religion (Vol. 1-3): An Inquiry Into the Reality of Divine Revelation
2344:
2263:
2119:
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1682:
2118:
Stephanus, Eddius (1983). "Ch. 12 Life of Wilfrid". In David Hugh Farmer (ed.).
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Image and Reality: The Jews in the World of the Christians in the Second Century
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could even be argued to have started with Victor's attempt to excommunicate the
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2031:(1993). Cantalamessa, Raniero; Quigley, James M.; Lienhard, Joseph T. (eds.).
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17:
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Easter in the early church: an anthology of Jewish and early Christian texts
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It is not known how long the Nisan 14 practice lasted. The church historian
158:
118:
110:
98:
44:
2305:
2153:
2139:
1244:"When Heresy was Orthodox: Quartodecimanism as a Brief Case Study | CSCO"
1073:: "Mense primo, quarta decima die mensis, ad vesperum Pascha Domini est."
670:
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364:
244:
228:
117:
was a Roman Montanist who was also a Quartodeciman. It is unclear if the
106:
94:
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But neither considered that the disagreement required them to break off
2105:
Duchesne, Louis (1880). "La question de la Pâque au Concile de Nicée".
667:
554:
290:
34:
2262:
Eusebius of Caesarea (1999). Cameron, Averil; Hall, Stuart G. (eds.).
2090:. Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae. Vol. 107. Leiden : Brill.
2080:"The promotion of the Constantinian agenda in Eusebius of Caesarea's
676:
574:
570:
566:
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Anti-Judaism in Early Christianity: Volume 2: Separation and Polemic
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keeps the quartodeciman Passover on the evening beginning Nisan 14.
680:
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102:
67:
48:
37:
558:
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Astronomical Easter is the first Sunday after the astronomical
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1168:
Early Christian Worship: An introduction to ideas and practice
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knew of quartodecimans who were deprived of their churches by
371:
in the west. The council in Rome, presided over by its bishop
157:
The opponents of Quartodecimanism argued that it is a form of
2284:
674:
514:
In a letter to the bishops who had not been present, Emperor
1728:
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1041:
as measured at the meridian of Jerusalem according to this
2299:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1940:, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1988, p. 392
1857:
1855:
1853:
1776:
666:
375:, took place in 193 and sent a letter about the matter to
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and bishop of Smyrna (c. 69 – c. 155) - one of the
105:, however it was rejected by churches in other regions.
1655:
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1651:
1649:
1263:
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606:, Victor had to relent in the end and we see that the
581:". A new translation, published in 1999, of Eusebius'
1596:
The Christian Church from the 1st to the 20th Century
2340:
Kerux: The Journal of Northwest Theological Seminary
2020:
615:
was only finally resolved by an Ecumenical Council.
2192:Sozomen (1890). Philip Schaff; Henry Wace (eds.).
2086:. In Inowlocki, Sabrina; Zamagni, Claudio (eds.).
2019:Cameron, Averil; Hall, Stuart G. "Commentary". In
1504:. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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824:
810:
796:
745:
734:
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2221:Montanism: Gender, Authority and the New Prophecy
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1516:"The Passover-Easter-Quartodeciman Controversy"
1142:"The Passover-Easter-Quartodeciman Controversy"
656:Table of (Gregorian) dates of Easter 2015–2030
521:
470:
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385:
333:
295:
257:
151:that spread into the east were Quartodecimans.
147:likely drew from a Quartodeciman source. Some
1681:"An Orthodox Christian Historical Timeline",
8:
473:and at the same time we keep the sacred day.
439:
2156:(1890a). Philip Schaff; Henry Wace (eds.).
1920:
1877:
1861:
1844:
1732:
1542:The Antenicene Pascha: A Rhetorical History
1115:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Easter Controversy"
1084:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Easter Controversy"
197:, the quartodeciman is the first recorded.
27:Observing the Easter on the eve of 14 Nisan
2179:(1890). Philip Schaff; Henry Wace (eds.).
2142:(1890). Philip Schaff; Henry Wace (eds.).
1676:
1674:
1672:
2171:. Cambridge: Medieval Academy of America.
1953:"Are You a Quartodeciman? Should You Be?"
1808:
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1713:
1697:
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1439:The Johannine Corpus in the Early Church
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268:
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1287:The Biblical Theology of Saint Irenaeus
1063:
1017:
619:even called Quartodecimanism a heresy.
303:
1832:
1475:Cassels, Walter Richard (2020-10-27).
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1412:The Apostolic Age in Patristic Thought
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546:, and harassed in unspecified ways by
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247:says that Polycarp visited Rome when
7:
1610:Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (1890).
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2331:"Homily on Passover, also known as
976:Christian views on the Old Covenant
72:Saint Polycarp was a Quartodeciman.
2001:"Towards a Common Date for Easter"
1982:. Tomorrow's World. 19 August 2013
1192:Hefele, bp Charles Joseph (1894).
255:always on Sunday. Irenaeus noted:
227:The practice had been followed by
93:. Quartodecimanism was popular in
25:
2361:"6. Sunday and the Quartodeciman"
1894:Tabbernee, William (2007-10-01).
1355:Wilson, Stephen G. (2006-01-01).
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2283:Fallow, Thomas MacCall (1911).
2107:Revue des questions historiques
1777:Socrates of Constantinople 1890
1436:Hill, Charles E. (2004-03-19).
1361:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press.
496:As shown, for instance, by the
460:, together with the bishops of
2397:Early Christianity and Judaism
1492:Chapman, Henry Palmer (1911).
1481:(Complete ed.). e-artnow.
143:held Quartodeciman views. The
1:
2050:Cleenewerck, Laurent (2008).
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1146:Grace Communion International
628:Primacy of the Bishop of Rome
367:in the east, and in Rome and
557:, the 7th-century bishop of
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2056:. Euclid University Press.
2021:Eusebius of Caesarea (1999)
1382:Lieu, Judith (2003-06-01).
1284:Lawson, John (2006-02-21).
1242:IshYoBoy.com (2018-03-30).
176:against Quartodecimanism.
2443:
2307:"Easter Controversy"
2304:Thurston, Herbert (1909).
2177:Socrates of Constantinople
2078:DelCogliano, Mark (2011).
971:Christian Torah-submission
646:Memorial of Christ's death
540:Socrates of Constantinople
355:These synods were held in
2422:Theological controversies
2367:, Andrews, archived from
2207:Pullan, Leighton (1896).
2169:Bedae Opera de Temporibus
2167:Jones, Charles W (1943).
1938:Insight on The Scriptures
1388:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
180:Quartodeciman controversy
622:The rejection of Bishop
491:first ecumenical council
389:day of the Lord's coming
231:, who was a disciple of
2417:Schisms in Christianity
2296:Encyclopædia Britannica
2249:Anatolius of Alexandria
1845:Cameron & Hall 1999
1037:after the astronomical
648:on Nisan 14, while the
137:Apollinaris of Laodicea
2407:Judeo-Christian topics
2195:Ecclesiastical History
2113:. Paris: Victor Palmé.
2082:On the feast of Pascha
1545:. Peeters Publishers.
1539:Gerlach, Karl (1998).
531:
487:
445:
409:
353:
312:
277:
237:seven churches of Asia
73:
2392:Christian terminology
2313:Catholic Encyclopedia
2029:Cantalamessa, Raniero
1501:Catholic Encyclopedia
1409:Hilhorst, A. (2004).
986:Expounding of the Law
617:Epiphanius of Salamis
598:and authority in the
498:Sardica paschal table
377:Polycrates of Ephesus
141:Polycrates of Ephesus
71:
2218:Trevett, C. (1996).
2210:Lectures on Religion
650:Living Church of God
630:and the teaching of
612:Eusebius of Caesarea
604:Orthodox perspective
519:to keep the first)
2265:Life of Constantine
2159:Life of Constantine
1835:, pp. 828–829.
1811:, pp. 117–118.
1797:Book VII Chapter 29
1749:Book III Chapter 18
1702:Book VII Chapter 19
961:Celtic Christianity
657:
638:Jehovah's Witnesses
583:Life of Constantine
511:by the Christians.
326:Condemnatory synods
308:Book VII Chapter 19
2213:. Longmans, Green.
1781:Book 6, Chapter 11
1765:Book VI Chapter 11
981:Easter controversy
655:
419:bishop of Lugdunum
204:, the practice in
133:Papirius of Smyrna
74:
64:Early Christianity
2365:Sabbath to Sunday
2254:The Paschal Canon
2231:978-0-521-52870-2
2131:978-0-14-044437-7
2063:978-0-615-18361-9
1907:978-90-474-2131-3
1718:Book V Chapter 25
1664:Book V Chapter 24
1639:978-1-61025-062-7
1579:978-90-04-31298-2
1552:978-90-429-0570-2
1449:978-0-19-153264-1
1422:978-90-04-12611-4
1395:978-0-567-48859-6
1368:978-0-88920-552-9
1338:978-1-61025-062-7
1297:978-1-59752-580-0
1272:Book V Chapter 23
1225:978-90-04-31309-5
1178:978-0-281-06488-5
1119:www.newadvent.org
1088:www.newadvent.org
947:
946:
483:Book V Chapter 25
440:Cantalamessa 1993
436:Book V Chapter 24
405:Book V Chapter 24
349:Book V Chapter 23
273:Book V Chapter 24
129:Sagar of Laodicea
16:(Redirected from
2434:
2372:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2343:, archived from
2317:
2309:
2300:
2288:
2279:
2258:
2251:, Schaff (ed.),
2235:
2214:
2203:
2188:
2172:
2163:
2149:
2135:
2114:
2101:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2046:
2024:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1957:Tomorrow's World
1949:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1921:Cleenewerck 2008
1918:
1912:
1911:
1891:
1885:
1878:Cleenewerck 2008
1875:
1869:
1862:Cleenewerck 2008
1859:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1790:
1784:
1774:
1768:
1758:
1752:
1742:
1736:
1733:DelCogliano 2011
1730:
1721:
1711:
1705:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1684:Orthodox Answers
1678:
1667:
1657:
1644:
1643:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1607:
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1600:
1590:
1584:
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1379:
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1342:
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1281:
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1199:
1189:
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1182:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1126:
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1111:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1046:
1031:
1025:
1022:
658:
608:Eastern Churches
588:East-West schism
580:
529:
485:
443:
442:, pp. 33–37
407:
351:
310:
275:
241:Melito of Sardis
233:John the Apostle
125:Melito of Sardis
31:Quartodecimanism
21:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2377:
2376:
2358:
2350:
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2328:
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2282:
2276:
2261:
2247:
2243:
2241:Further reading
2238:
2232:
2217:
2206:
2191:
2175:
2166:
2152:
2138:
2132:
2121:The Age of Bede
2117:
2104:
2098:
2077:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2049:
2043:
2027:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1876:
1872:
1860:
1851:
1843:
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1819:
1815:
1807:
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1791:
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1775:
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1759:
1755:
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1731:
1724:
1712:
1708:
1696:
1692:
1680:
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1670:
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1626:
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1621:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1592:
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1533:
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1140:
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1132:
1123:
1121:
1113:
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1105:
1092:
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1077:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1006:Supersessionism
996:Paschal mystery
952:
632:Papal supremacy
578:
544:John Chrysostom
536:
530:
528:
486:
477:
450:
444:
430:
414:
412:Excommunication
408:
399:
352:
343:
328:
311:
302:
283:and initiate a
276:
267:
191:
182:
167:
66:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2440:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:Date of Easter
2399:
2394:
2389:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2356:
2324:
2323:External links
2321:
2319:
2318:
2301:
2291:Chisholm, Hugh
2286:"Easter"
2280:
2274:
2259:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2215:
2204:
2189:
2181:Church History
2173:
2164:
2150:
2145:Church History
2136:
2130:
2115:
2102:
2096:
2075:
2062:
2047:
2041:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2006:
1992:
1969:
1944:
1929:
1913:
1906:
1886:
1870:
1849:
1847:, p. 260.
1837:
1825:
1813:
1809:Stephanus 1983
1801:
1785:
1769:
1753:
1745:Eusebius 1890a
1737:
1722:
1706:
1690:
1668:
1645:
1638:
1619:
1602:
1585:
1578:
1558:
1551:
1531:
1507:
1484:
1467:
1465:, p. 305.
1455:
1448:
1442:. OUP Oxford.
1428:
1421:
1401:
1394:
1374:
1367:
1344:
1337:
1318:
1316:, p. 202.
1303:
1296:
1276:
1255:
1231:
1224:
1201:
1184:
1177:
1157:
1130:
1103:
1075:
1071:Leviticus 23:5
1062:
1061:
1059:
1056:
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1016:
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697:
692:
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685:
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673:
665:
662:
644:celebrate the
642:Bible Students
535:
532:
526:
475:
449:
446:
428:
413:
410:
397:
341:
327:
324:
300:
265:
218:quartodecimani
190:
187:
181:
178:
166:
163:
65:
62:
60:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2439:
2428:
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2423:
2420:
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2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2371:on 2005-10-30
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2347:on 2007-03-12
2346:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2275:9781423767664
2271:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2112:
2109:(in French).
2108:
2103:
2099:
2097:9789004203853
2093:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2076:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2042:9780814621646
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1823:, p. 18.
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:Eusebius 1890
1789:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:Eusebius 1890
1757:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1735:, p. 44.
1734:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:Eusebius 1890
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:Eusebius 1890
1694:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:Eusebius 1890
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1589:
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1570:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1532:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1441:
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1432:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:Eusebius 1890
1264:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1158:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1057:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1039:March equinox
1036:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
949:
943:
928:
927:
911:
910:
897:
896:
880:
879:
863:
862:
852:
851:
835:
834:
821:
820:
807:
806:
793:
792:
776:
775:
756:
755:
742:
741:
731:
730:
714:
713:
700:
699:
696:
694:
693:
689:
683:
678:
675:Astronomical
672:
669:
660:
659:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:papal primacy
593:
589:
584:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
533:
525:
520:
517:
516:Constantine I
512:
510:
509:
503:
499:
494:
492:
484:
480:
479:Eusebius 1890
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
447:
441:
437:
433:
432:Eusebius 1890
427:
422:
420:
411:
406:
402:
401:Eusebius 1890
396:
394:
393:rule of faith
390:
384:
381:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
350:
346:
345:Eusebius 1890
340:
338:
332:
325:
323:
320:
319:Bishop Xystus
315:
309:
305:
299:
294:
292:
288:
286:
282:
274:
270:
269:Eusebius 1890
264:
262:
256:
254:
250:
246:
243:(d. c. 180).
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
214:Second Temple
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
188:
186:
179:
177:
175:
174:Pope Victor I
171:
164:
162:
160:
155:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
70:
63:
58:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:quarta decima
39:
36:
32:
19:
18:Quartodeciman
2369:the original
2364:
2349:, retrieved
2345:the original
2338:
2332:
2311:
2294:
2264:
2253:
2220:
2209:
2194:
2180:
2168:
2158:
2144:
2120:
2110:
2106:
2087:
2081:
2067:. Retrieved
2052:
2032:
1995:
1984:. Retrieved
1978:
1972:
1961:. Retrieved
1959:. 2013-09-30
1956:
1947:
1937:
1932:
1916:
1896:
1889:
1873:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1788:
1772:
1756:
1740:
1709:
1693:
1683:
1628:
1622:
1612:
1605:
1595:
1588:
1568:
1561:
1541:
1534:
1523:. Retrieved
1519:
1510:
1499:
1487:
1477:
1470:
1458:
1438:
1431:
1411:
1404:
1384:
1377:
1357:
1327:
1321:
1314:Trevett 1996
1286:
1279:
1247:. Retrieved
1214:
1194:
1187:
1167:
1160:
1149:. Retrieved
1145:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:
1097:
1091:. Retrieved
1087:
1078:
1066:
1029:
1020:
991:New Covenant
956:Anti-Judaism
942:
695:
636:
621:
600:early Church
582:
552:
537:
522:
513:
506:
505:independent
501:
495:
488:
471:
451:
424:
415:
386:
382:
354:
334:
329:
316:
313:
304:Sozomen 1890
296:
293:also wrote:
289:
278:
258:
226:
217:
199:
192:
183:
168:
165:Roman Schism
156:
153:
123:
75:
40:
30:
29:
2359:Samuel, E,
2333:Peri Pascha
2124:. Penguin.
1880:, pp.
1833:Fallow 1911
1463:Pullan 1896
1001:Peri Pascha
966:Celtic Rite
563:Northumbria
202:2nd century
200:In the mid–
2381:Categories
2351:2005-09-24
2200:New Advent
2185:New Advent
2069:28 October
1986:2018-05-18
1963:2018-05-18
1923:, p.
1864:, p.
1821:Jones 1943
1525:2022-05-06
1249:2022-05-06
1151:2022-05-06
1124:2022-05-06
1093:2022-11-18
1053:References
664:Full Moon
458:Theophilus
448:Resolution
337:Lord's Day
206:Asia Minor
189:Background
145:Didascalia
135:, perhaps
111:Montanists
95:Asia Minor
33:(from the
1900:. BRILL.
1616:. Parker.
1572:. BRILL.
1415:. BRILL.
1218:. BRILL.
1058:Citations
1045:proposal.
1035:full moon
941:April 28
935:April 18
918:March 31
907:April 16
904:April 11
887:April 22
876:April 12
859:April 20
856:April 13
842:April 23
831:April 16
817:April 24
811:April 16
797:March 28
789:April 19
772:April 28
763:April 20
746:March 31
738:April 16
735:April 11
721:April 23
710:April 12
682:Gregorian
548:Nestorius
466:Ptolemais
454:Narcissus
357:Palestine
281:communion
239:, and by
159:Judaizing
149:Novatians
119:Ebionites
99:Jerusalem
45:Leviticus
2329:Melito,
2154:Eusebius
2140:Eusebius
1632:. CCEL.
1331:. CCEL.
1198:. Clark.
1171:. SPCK.
950:See also
938:April 21
932:April 17
924:April 8
915:March 29
890:March 28
884:March 22
870:April 2
845:March 31
839:March 25
825:April 6
814:April 17
786:April 12
783:April 9
769:April 21
766:March 24
760:March 20
752:April 8
724:March 27
718:March 23
704:April 4
671:Passover
624:Anicetus
527:—
508:computus
476:—
429:—
398:—
365:Osrhoene
342:—
301:—
266:—
261:apostles
249:Anicetus
245:Irenaeus
229:Polycarp
107:Polycarp
2293:(ed.).
2012:Sources
921:April 1
901:April 9
873:April 5
867:April 3
828:April 9
800:April 4
780:April 8
749:April 1
707:April 5
690:Easter
684:Easter
555:Wilfrid
502:Chodesh
291:Sozomen
170:Blastus
115:Blastus
59:History
35:Vulgate
2272:
2257:, CCEL
2228:
2128:
2094:
2060:
2039:
1904:
1882:150–57
1636:
1576:
1549:
1446:
1419:
1392:
1365:
1335:
1294:
1222:
1175:
893:May 2
848:May 5
803:May 2
727:May 1
688:Julian
677:Easter
668:Jewish
575:Easter
571:Easter
567:Easter
534:Legacy
373:Victor
361:Pontus
285:schism
253:Easter
210:barley
83:Philip
53:Easter
2289:. In
1012:Notes
929:2030
912:2029
898:2028
881:2027
864:2026
853:2025
836:2024
822:2023
808:2022
794:2021
777:2020
757:2019
743:2018
732:2017
715:2016
701:2015
661:Year
592:Asian
222:Latin
103:Syria
91:Peter
49:Nisan
38:Latin
2270:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2126:ISBN
2092:ISBN
2071:2012
2058:ISBN
2037:ISBN
1902:ISBN
1634:ISBN
1574:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1363:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1173:ISBN
640:and
559:York
464:and
462:Tyre
456:and
438:see
369:Gaul
363:and
139:and
101:and
89:and
87:Paul
81:and
79:John
1925:154
1866:155
1043:WCC
561:in
43:in
2383::
2363:,
2337:,
2111:28
1955:.
1852:^
1795:,
1779:,
1763:,
1747:,
1725:^
1716:,
1700:,
1671:^
1662:,
1648:^
1518:.
1347:^
1306:^
1270:,
1258:^
1234:^
1204:^
1144:.
1133:^
1117:.
1106:^
1096:.
1086:.
634:.
481:,
434:,
403:,
359:,
347:,
306:,
271:,
220:,
161:.
131:,
127:,
97:,
2373:.
2355:.
2335:"
2278:.
2234:.
2202:.
2187:.
2134:.
2100:.
2084:"
2073:.
2045:.
2023:.
1989:.
1966:.
1942:.
1927:.
1910:.
1884:.
1868:.
1799:.
1783:.
1767:.
1751:.
1720:.
1704:.
1688:.
1666:.
1642:.
1582:.
1555:.
1528:.
1452:.
1425:.
1398:.
1371:.
1341:.
1300:.
1274:.
1252:.
1228:.
1181:.
1154:.
1127:.
579:'
20:)
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