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its characteristic yellow hue (in fact it is poisonous to cows and other livestock). A popular children's game involves holding a buttercup up to the chin; a yellow reflection is supposed to indicate a fondness for butter. In ancient Rome, a species of buttercup was held to the skin by slaves
652:, aquatic or terrestrial plants, often with leaves in a rosette at the base of the stem. In many perennial species runners are sent out that will develop new plants with roots and rosettes at the distanced nodes.
533:
Buttercups are found in both hemispheres on all continents aside from
Antarctica, and are primarily found in temperate or montane habitats. They likely originated in northern Eurasia during the late
1068:
can occur where buttercups are abundant in overgrazed fields where little other edible plant growth is left, and the animals eat them out of desperation. Symptoms of poisoning include bloody
460:
Buttercups usually flower in the spring, but flowers may be found throughout the summer, especially where the plants are growing as opportunistic colonizers, as in the case of garden weeds.
726:, especially in yellow species, owing to a special coloration mechanism: the petal's upper surface is very smooth causing a mirror-like reflection. The flash aids in attracting
541:
and rapidly radiated up to the present, dispersing worldwide. Fossil evidence suggests that despite no longer occurring there, they inhabited
Antarctica up to the mid-late
2137:
401:
2176:
1691:
Emadzade, K.; Lehnebach, C.; Lockhart, P.; Hörandl, E. (2010). "A molecular phylogeny, morphology and classification of genera of
Ranunculeae (Ranunculaceae)".
1836:
1500:
2085:
757:
966:
into several genera has thus been published in a 2010 classification for the tribe
Ranunculeae. The split (and often re-recognized) genera include
2150:
2098:
1064:
when eaten fresh, but their acrid taste and the blistering of the mouth caused by their poison means they are usually left uneaten. Poisoning in
2225:
431:
The genus is distributed worldwide, primarily in temperate and montane regions. The familiar and widespread buttercup of gardens throughout
2338:
1025:
906:
was tossing his eyes up in the air and catching them again when Eagle snatched them. Unable to see, Coyote made eyes from the buttercup.
1994:
691:
that are sometimes flushed with red, purple or pink (but the petals may be absent or have a different, sometimes much higher number).
1999:
1675:
1650:
1525:
740:
489:, "frog"). They have two different leaf types, thread-like leaves underwater and broader floating leaves. In some species, such as
1012:
Tamura. Not all taxonomists and users accept this splitting of the genus, and it can alternatively be treated in the broad sense.
667:, entire, more or less deeply incised, or compound, and leaflets or leaf segments may be very fine and linear in aquatic species.
2300:
2124:
775:
2274:
1586:
1577:
Roadside Plants and
Flowers: A Traveler's Guide to the Midwest and Great Lakes Area: With a Few Familiar Off-Road Wildflowers
1096:
in humans and care should therefore be exercised in extensive handling of the plants. The toxins are degraded by drying, so
2155:
1555:
793:
2333:
2163:
1216:"The biogeographical history of the cosmopolitan genus Ranunculus L. (Ranunculaceae) in the temperate to meridional zones"
593:
1968:
1945:
1770:
1743:
141:
2279:
2238:
1354:
Huang, Yong-Jiang; Zhu, Hai; Su, Tao; Spicer, Robert A.; Hu, Jin-Jin; Jia, Lin-Bo; Zhou, Zhe-Kun (September 2022).
1109:
264:
24:
1048:, may justify the uses of these species against fever, rheumatism and rubefacient in Asian traditional medicines.
2181:
1136:
2243:
613:
597:
127:
441:, which has extremely tough and tenacious roots. Two other species are also widespread, the bulbous buttercup
2072:
1521:
1356:"Rise of herbaceous diversity at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: First insight from fossils"
2046:
1888:
765:
1973:
2212:
2077:
2051:
1855:
1269:
882:
In the interior of the
Pacific Northwest of the United States, the buttercup is called "Coyote's eyes"—
2103:
1298:"Neogene vegetation of the Meyer Desert Formation (Sirius Group) Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica"
2305:
2191:
2007:
1414:
1309:
1227:
800:
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676:
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491:
702:
may be few, but often many are arranged in a spiral, are yellow or sometimes white, and with yellow
2328:
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711:
624:
604:
environment. The oldest potential fossil is from the Late Eocene (initially identified as
Miocene)
443:
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2199:
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1981:
1671:
1646:
1615:
1582:
1482:
1430:
1375:
1335:
Mai, Dieter Hans (2007). "The floral change in the tertiary of the Rhön mountains (Germany)".
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is not monophyletic with respect to a number of other recognized genera in the family—e.g.
2064:
1859:
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830:
432:
409:
179:
117:
1809:. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area
2038:
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1080:, and severe blistering of the mouth, mucous membranes and gastrointestinal tract. When
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1527:
Phylogenetic
Affinities, Species Delimitation and Adaptive Radiation of New Zealand
2292:
934:
518:
471:), which grow in still or running water, are sometimes treated in a separate genus
257:
202:
1986:
1937:
1451:
Van der Kooi, Casper; Elzenga, Theo; Dijksterhuis, Jan; Stavenga, Doekele (2017).
814:
710:
are not fused and are also arranged in a spiral, mostly on a globe or dome-shaped
1950:
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2020:
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Emadzade, Khatere; Gehrke, Berit; Peter Linder, H.; Hörandl, Elvira (2011).
1065:
1004:
641:
538:
100:
2256:
1486:
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867:. This probably refers to many species being found near water, like frogs.
683:, have usually five (but occasionally as few as three or as many as seven)
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Aslam, M.S.; Choudhari, B.S.; Uzair, M.; Ijaz, A.S. (2012). "The genus
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1645:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 641, 1007.
2025:
1873:
1501:"Buttercups focus light to heat their flowers and attract insects"
688:
684:
623:
502:
153:
1829:
1670:. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. pp. 54, 275.
1604:"A corpus of inscriptions: Representing slave marks in antiquity"
454:
1886:
847:) may be smooth or hairy, winged, nobby or have hooked spines.
16:
2012:
1097:
545:, even while glaciations were rapidly altering the landscape.
1726:
International
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
479:
1849:
879:
attempting to remove forehead tattoos made by their owners.
1771:"Are buttercups poisonous to horses? We ask the experts..."
1147:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022
389:
374:
19:"Buttercup" redirects here. For the variety of squash, see
453:. In ornamental gardens, all three are often regarded as
383:
380:
371:
362:
914:
Molecular investigation of the genus has revealed that
588:
of China. Indeterminate achenes have been found from
435:(and introduced elsewhere) is the creeping buttercup
392:
377:
368:
1724:: A phytochemical and ethnopharmacological review".
1581:. North Coast Books. University of Wisconsin Press.
874:
may derive from a false belief that the plants give
706:. The sometimes few but mostly many green or yellow
386:
359:
1895:
365:
1574:
525:selected for large and brightly coloured flowers.
1302:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
517:. Some species are popular ornamental flowers in
1453:"Functional optics of glossy buttercup flowers"
1291:
1289:
883:
1807:Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
893:
8:
1516:
1514:
698:that is naked or may be covered by a scale.
687:and usually, five yellow, greenish or white
1554:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879).
1024:species in traditional medicines are as an
1883:
722:The petals of buttercups are often highly
495:, a third, intermediate leaf type occurs.
116:
31:
1476:
694:At the base of each petal is usually one
1084:plants are handled, naturally occurring
829:
813:
1608:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
1446:
1444:
1296:Ashworth, A; Cantrill, D (2004-10-07).
1125:
736:
1457:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1131:
1129:
1840:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911.
1220:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1181:. World Flora Online Consortium. 2022
1166:
1164:
1162:
1100:containing dried buttercups is safe.
863:for "little frog", the diminutive of
734:of the flower's reproductive organs.
447:and the much taller meadow buttercup
7:
2280:1e2b993b-1a98-4e75-99d6-3e86dd1227ae
2192:72252b5a-8169-45a1-b887-53437cfbc764
1360:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
416:. Members of the genus are known as
1769:Bateman, Stephanie (May 25, 2021).
600:, which appear to have inhabited a
2244:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30002060-2
1092:, which is known to cause contact
584:is known from the Pliocene of the
14:
1750:. Botanical Dermatology Database
1537:, New Zealand: Massey University
843:The fruits (in this case called
792:
774:
756:
739:
501:species are used as food by the
355:
140:
1141:L., Sp. Pl. : 548 (1753)"
1:
1322:10.1016/S0031-0182(04)00359-1
990:Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray,
644:, but occasionally annual or
614:Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell
564:have been described from the
1401:Cockerell, T. D. A. (1922).
594:Meyer Desert Formation biota
2339:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1240:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.002
2355:
1573:Edsall, Marian S. (1985).
1562:. Perseus Digital Library.
1201:Sunset Western Garden Book
1145:Plants of the World Online
1110:List of Ranunculus species
1107:
986:(Prantl) Beurl. ex Rydb.,
480:
25:Buttercup (disambiguation)
18:
1799:"GRIN Species Records of
1203:. 1995. pp. 606–607.
1040:species of, for example,
568:Borsoni Formation in the
277:
270:
263:
256:
137:Scientific classification
135:
125:Eschscholtz's buttercup (
124:
115:
34:
1878:) Fields of Carlsbad, CA
1060:(buttercup) species are
1020:The most common uses of
1016:Pharmacological activity
598:Transantarctic Mountains
582:Ranunculus cf. tachiroei
128:Ranunculus eschscholtzii
1845:Jepson Manual treatment
1837:Encyclopædia Britannica
1602:Kamen, Deborah (2010).
1088:is broken down to form
1036:. The findings in some
894:
884:
1469:10.1098/rsif.2016.0933
962:. A proposal to split
910:Splitting of the genus
840:
827:
766:Ranunculus glaberrimus
732:temperature regulation
640:Buttercups are mostly
632:
630:Ranunculus glaberrimus
509:species including the
23:. For other uses, see
2213:Paleobiology Database
833:
817:
763:Sagebrush buttercup (
677:hermaphrodite flowers
627:
558:Ranunculus tanaiticus
463:The water crowfoots (
2334:Ranunculaceae genera
1643:Nez Perce dictionary
1641:Aoki, Haruo (1994).
1403:"A Fossil Buttercup"
801:Ranunculus asiaticus
781:Creeping buttercup (
749:Ranunculus glacialis
606:Florissant Formation
554:Ranunculus gailensis
1668:Umatilla dictionary
1666:Rude, Noel (2014).
1507:. 25 February 2017.
1419:1922Natur.109...42C
1314:2004PPP...213...65A
1232:2011MolPE..58....4E
837:Ranunculus arvensis
822:showing developing
804:, a cultivated form
679:are single or in a
444:Ranunculus bulbosus
265:About 1,700 species
1858:2016-02-16 at the
1831:"Ranunculus"
1707:10.1002/tax.593011
1560:A Latin Dictionary
1337:Acta Paleobotanica
1179:World Flora Online
1034:intermittent fever
841:
828:
746:Glacier buttercup
633:
586:Hengduan Mountains
515:small angle shades
2316:
2315:
2200:Open Tree of Life
1889:Taxon identifiers
1774:Horse & Hound
1463:(127): 20160933.
1372:10.1111/jse.12755
902:. In the legend,
834:Infrutescence of
784:Ranunculus repens
718:Reflective petals
438:Ranunculus repens
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978:Callianthemoides
897:
887:
885:ʔiceyéeyenm sílu
870:The common name
796:
778:
760:
743:
665:palmately veined
655:The leaves lack
612:, identified by
592:strata from the
511:Hebrew character
488:
483:
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450:Ranunculus acris
410:flowering plants
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40:Temporal range:
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21:Buttercup squash
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895:spilyaynmí áčaš
855:The genus name
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1823:External links
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1270:"Ranunculales"
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2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
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2148:
2144:
2139:
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2131:
2126:
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2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1900:
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1879:
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1857:
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1853:
1848:
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1827:
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1808:
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1796:
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1791:
1775:
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1723:
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1677:9780295994284
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1652:9780520097636
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1505:New Scientist
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1389:
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1347:
1343:(1): 135–143.
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1328:
1323:
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1274:www.mobot.org
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1177:
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1126:
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1090:protoanemonin
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1083:
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1042:protoanemonin
1039:
1035:
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1027:
1026:antirheumatic
1023:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1010:Peltocalathos
1007:
1006:
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1000:
995:
994:
989:
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959:Trautvetteria
955:
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953:Paroxygraphis
949:
948:
943:
942:
937:
936:
931:
930:
925:
921:
920:Ceratocephala
917:
909:
907:
905:
901:
896:
891:
886:
880:
877:
873:
868:
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818:Seed head of
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768:
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717:
715:
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696:nectary gland
692:
690:
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607:
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549:Fossil record
548:
546:
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536:
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419:
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414:Ranunculaceae
411:
407:
403:
397:
353:
352:
338:
335:
330:
327:
322:
319:
314:
313:Glossophyllum
311:
306:
305:Ceratocephala
303:
298:
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287:
282:
279:
278:
276:
273:
269:
266:
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255:
251:
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227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:Ranunculaceae
211:
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204:
201:
198:
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194:
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185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
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167:Tracheophytes
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
134:
130:
129:
123:
119:
114:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
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45:
37:
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30:
26:
22:
1896:
1875:
1874:The Flower (
1866:
1851:
1835:
1811:. Retrieved
1806:
1800:
1777:. Retrieved
1773:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1745:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
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1692:
1686:
1667:
1661:
1642:
1636:
1611:
1607:
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1568:
1559:
1556:"rānuncŭlus"
1549:
1539:, retrieved
1530:
1526:
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1495:
1460:
1456:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1340:
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1330:
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1301:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:
1264:
1223:
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1200:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1178:
1173:
1149:. Retrieved
1144:
1138:
1081:
1072:, excessive
1057:
1055:
1037:
1021:
1019:
1009:
1003:
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991:
988:Cyrtorhyncha
987:
981:
977:
971:
968:Arcteranthis
967:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
935:Laccopetalum
933:
927:
923:
919:
915:
913:
881:
871:
869:
864:
856:
854:
842:
835:
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782:
764:
747:
730:insects and
721:
693:
674:
654:
639:
629:
581:
557:
553:
552:
532:
529:Distribution
521:, with many
519:horticulture
498:
497:
492:R. aquatilis
490:
485:
472:
468:
464:
462:
459:
448:
442:
436:
430:
425:
421:
417:
350:
349:
348:
336:
329:Laccopetalum
328:
320:
312:
304:
296:
288:
281:Aphanostemma
280:
243:
242:
203:Ranunculales
186:
173:
160:
126:
35:
29:
2112:iNaturalist
1921:Wikispecies
1754:October 18,
1732:(5): 15–22.
1226:(1): 4–21.
1030:rubefacient
924:Halerpestes
728:pollinating
620:Description
602:periglacial
507:Lepidoptera
402:large genus
233:Ranunculeae
219:Subfamily:
180:Angiosperms
44:Late Eocene
2329:Ranunculus
2323:Categories
2130:30002060-2
2065:Ranunculus
2000:Ranunculus
1927:Ranunculus
1897:Ranunculus
1876:Ranunculus
1867:Ranunculus
1852:Ranunculus
1801:Ranunculus
1746:Ranunculus
1722:Ranunculus
1614:: 95–110.
1588:0299097048
1541:2024-06-26
1529:Ranunculus
1279:2024-03-26
1185:6 November
1174:Ranunculus
1151:6 November
1139:Ranunculus
1115:References
1094:dermatitis
1086:ranunculin
1082:Ranunculus
1074:salivation
1058:Ranunculus
1038:Ranunculus
1022:Ranunculus
973:Beckwithia
964:Ranunculus
947:Oxygraphis
916:Ranunculus
861:Late Latin
857:Ranunculus
820:Ranunculus
712:receptacle
650:herbaceous
628:Flower of
572:, central
499:Ranunculus
473:Batrachium
469:Batrachium
465:Ranunculus
422:spearworts
418:buttercups
351:Ranunculus
297:Beckwithia
292:(DC.) Gray
289:Batrachium
284:A.St.-Hil.
244:Ranunculus
36:Ranunculus
2034:FloraBase
1869:home page
1813:8 January
1779:March 24,
1620:0065-6801
1435:1476-4687
1388:235550327
1380:1674-4918
1248:1055-7903
1066:livestock
1062:poisonous
1005:Kumlienia
983:Coptidium
929:Hamadryas
890:Nez Perce
872:buttercup
642:perennial
616:in 1922.
580:labelled
539:Oligocene
523:cultivars
486:bátrakhos
467:subgenus
321:Kumlienia
258:Diversity
150:Kingdom:
2275:VicFlora
2264:VASCAN:
2257:40022595
2252:Tropicos
1995:eFloraSA
1958:BioLib:
1906:Wikidata
1856:Archived
1628:41419689
1524:(2008),
1487:28228540
1256:21078403
1070:diarrhea
1052:Toxicity
1046:anemonin
996:Guett.,
980:Tamura,
970:Greene,
941:Myosurus
900:Sahaptin
724:lustrous
661:petioles
657:stipules
646:biennial
610:Colorado
566:Pliocene
543:Pliocene
505:of some
481:βάτραχος
337:Myosurus
272:Synonyms
209:Family:
193:Eudicots
46:–present
2143:1256294
2091:3033294
1912:Q146130
1478:5332578
1415:Bibcode
1310:Bibcode
1228:Bibcode
1104:Species
1028:, as a
999:Krapfia
993:Ficaria
976:Jeps.,
845:achenes
824:achenes
708:carpels
700:Anthers
671:Flowers
659:, have
596:in the
590:Neogene
578:Achenes
574:Germany
562:fossils
406:species
308:Moench.
239:Genus:
229:Tribe:
199:Order:
154:Plantae
2306:416215
2226:PLANTS
2218:331065
2205:387812
2189:NZOR:
2078:127971
2052:127971
1974:121196
1938:194285
1935:APDB:
1674:
1649:
1626:
1618:
1585:
1485:
1475:
1433:
1407:Nature
1386:
1378:
1254:
1246:
904:Coyote
876:butter
851:Naming
704:pollen
689:petals
685:sepals
663:, are
535:Eocene
503:larvae
475:(from
324:Greene
316:Fourr.
2301:WoRMS
2231:RANUN
2156:18558
2138:IRMNG
2117:48230
2104:10248
2060:FoAO2
2039:21436
2026:1RANG
2013:37662
1961:38386
1951:93224
1694:Taxon
1624:JSTOR
1384:S2CID
1120:Notes
1078:colic
1002:DC.,
810:Fruit
636:Plant
560:seed
477:Greek
455:weeds
400:is a
332:Ulbr.
300:Jeps.
187:Clade
174:Clade
161:Clade
2267:1610
2239:POWO
2182:3445
2177:NCBI
2151:ITIS
2125:IPNI
2099:GRIN
2086:GBIF
2021:EPPO
1987:774N
1969:BOLD
1946:APNI
1865:The
1815:2008
1781:2022
1756:2013
1672:ISBN
1647:ISBN
1616:ISSN
1583:ISBN
1483:PMID
1431:ISSN
1376:ISSN
1252:PMID
1244:ISSN
1187:2022
1153:2022
1056:All
956:and
892:and
865:rana
681:cyme
675:The
556:and
513:and
424:and
51:PreꞒ
2288:WFO
2164:NBN
2073:FoC
2047:FNA
2008:EoL
1982:CoL
1703:doi
1473:PMC
1465:doi
1423:doi
1411:109
1368:doi
1318:doi
1306:213
1236:doi
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1098:hay
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888:in
859:is
608:of
537:or
408:of
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