508:
the illegal weapons. Sudan serves as a transit state for the smuggling of weaponry to the Gaza Strip. Smuggling gangs, with a large majority from the
Rashaida tribe, are responsible for moving the illegal cargo to the Egyptian border. These patterns of weaponry trading have been long-standing within the group. In past centuries, the Rashaida have been documented for buying illegal weapons from countries such as Egypt, Eritrea, Saudi Arabia and Yemen and then mostly likely trading these weapons for slaves, tobacco and camels. The documented bestial excesses of torture in connection with human trafficking in Sinai have been described as a legacy of the Egyptian dictatorship.
463:
patterns occurring throughout the year. Beginning in mid-July they begin a pattern of migration with their camel herd to follow the rain showers. From the beginning of August to the end of
September, there is less movement, and they leave their camels to graze near their campsites, turning their focus to their livestock and agriculture practices. The next season, âAd Daratâ has more of a focus on finding pasture for the livestock as conditions start to get drier. Milk supplies also start to dwindle, so there is a need to harvest grain crops. The final season is the dry season, in which migration stops and they set up camps near reliable sources of water.
297:
503:
thousands of
Eritreans have been fleeing the country and seeking asylum in east Sudan, or using it as a passage to other countries. As of 2013 East Sudan itself hosted around 100,000 refugees. The high influx of refugees led to criminal activity along the Eritrean-Sudanese border that involved the abduction and extortion of these refugees. Refugees have been abducted in Sudan and then sold to criminal gangs towards Egypt. This has been recognised to involve the Rashaida people, with a small group being a part of this chain of
484:. It was created as a response to the neglect that the group faces by government policy implemented in the region. For example, the leaders of the Rashaida claimed that they were paying levies on their industry but not receiving any services from the government in return. Other ethnic groups also suffered from similar circumstances, with the whole region demonstrating a complete lack of development initiatives. In response, the group became a part of what was known as the
359:
On the seventh day, the bride joins her husband in daylight for the festivities, and they begin their public life as husband and wife. During this period, an important custom for the
Rashaida people is ensuring that the bride is concealed in elaborate veils and wedding masks during the week of festivities. During the first six days she wears the âmanghebâ, the young girl's veil. On the seventh day, she wears a specific â
488:; a political alliance between rebel groups in the region. This coalition was formed to create less of a focus on ethnicities and rather unite together to challenge the governmental neglect that the region was being faced with. This group operated out of three separate camps along the border with Eritrea. They have operations that involve activities such as stealing cars and weapons from the army.
78:
43:
96:
363:â which is given to her by her mother and decorated in metallic thread and pendants that are gifted to her from her husband. She will continue to wear this wedding burqa for a year after the wedding. She is only able to unveil herself outside the presence of her family on the seventh night when she is married to her husband; this is when he sees her uncovered for the first time.
387:
Most Arab groups have very distinct hospitality practices that revolve around the value of being generous, offering their home to both strangers and friends alike. It is an important factor in social relations as it is part of the foundation for a good reputation. These Arab hospitality practices can
444:
A paper released in 2022, showed that the
Rashaida Arab Bedouin tribe from Sudan has the highest values for Middle Eastern-related ancestry at 95.1% compared to any other populations in the study. This Middle Eastern ancestry was even higher than the studied populations from Yemen (75.8%) or Lebanon
507:
across the
Sudanese and Eritrean border. They have been deeply involved in the chain, with the Rashaida tribesman being responsible for ransoming, torturing and killing a large number of the Eritrean refugees. They also use this channel to smuggle weaponry, with the passengers being used to conceal
502:
Eritrea is a country with a one-party system which has been known for its lack of protection of civil freedoms with human rights violations being committed by the government. It is also one of the least developed countries in the world, making the living conditions poor. Due to these circumstances,
388:
also be seen in the traditional practices of the
Rashaida people. When guests are entertained in their homes, they are greeted, fed and entertained according to a set of established rules. For example, there cannot be an offering of hospitality within the household unless a senior woman is present.
358:
The traditional wedding of the
Rashaida group involves a seven-day event involving a number of festivities like drumming, dancing and camel racing. During the events on the first six days, the bride is unable to see anyone during the daylight except for mother, sisters and her father's other wives.
462:
In these regions there are various obstacles such as droughts and widespread famine, meaning that the pastoral groups have had to create various strategies to deal with the complexity of the eco-system. The
Rashaida follow a seasonal pattern of migration, with several seasons and consequent living
391:
When the
Rashaida hosts their guests, they treat it as a ritual and host it in their tents, designated spaces for significant ritual events such as childbirth and marriage. These tents, along with the ones they live in, are mostly made from goatskin or of animal hair from their camel herds but can
471:
The Rashaida people have become entwined in several controversies with other groups in the region, governments, and even the international community. For example, since they arrived in Sudan, they have been involved in new forms of economic activity besides pastoralism which has included illegal
322:
These veils cover their whole face apart from their eyes and are finely embroidered with metallic silver thread, beads and sometimes seed pearls. These veils cover their faces at all times, even when they eat unless there is no male present except for their husband as no other male will ever see
458:
is a leading way of life for tribes. The Rashaida people utilise their camel herds for multiple purposes. Camel milk is extremely important for the Rashaida people as it is a fundamental source of their vitamins and proteins, making it their primary focus for herding. However, they also produce
370:
The Rashaida people wish to maintain a level of ethnic purity within their community. It is rare to see interracial marrying as they are discouraged from marrying outside of the group to prevent their offspring from being a mix with other races. but it is very common to see them mixing with the
423:
During the middle of the 19th century, this group of ethnic people migrated to Sudan from the west coast of Arabia, predominantly Saudi Arabia, and settled in the eastern part of the nation. The total number of Rashaida living in Sudan is unclear but it is estimated to be around forty thousand
331:
cultures, the women are able to keep part of their hair uncovered. The Rashaida women are also said to be typically adorned in silver jewellery which the women craft themselves and often sell at local markets. The rest of their outfits are also said to be elaborate with long skirts and bright
445:(57.3%). The Rashaida population also showed a lack of geneflow from any neighboring African groups, which was said to be consistent with their migratory history into the region from Arabia. The Rashaida Arabs had the closest genetic affinity to Saudi Arabian, and populations from Yemen.
379:â also often being used to label them. There are certain rules regarding the ability of these two groups to intermarry. A male that is considered âRedâ is able to marry a âBlackâ Rashaidi as their offspring will be considered âRedâ, while a âBlackâ male is unable to marry a âRedâ Rashaidi.
472:
activity. This has involved actions such as joining rebel groups, participating in the slave trade, and buying/selling weapons. Along with this, it has become known that groups within the Rashaida people are involved in various acts of violence as well as human rights violations.
431:
The Rashaida people's relationships with other ethnic groups in the region are mostly due to the practices they have adopted since they migrated to the country. They adopted the pastoral production and agriculture methods also practised by other peoples in the area; such as the
436:. These tribes then retaliated against the new competition by violently opposing the expansion of the Rashaida into the coastal areas, forcing many of them to settle further inland. The arid conditions of these areas then led to them raising camels rather than cattle.
366:
During the festivities, men commonly wear a cotton tunic with an embroidered waistcoat and a turban. An important token during the wedding, is the groom's ceremonial sword which he uses during the festive dances and is gifted to him by his parents.
317:
The women explain their observance of the veil in terms of beauty, not the Islamic religion. "We feel you are more beautiful when you wear a veil," Mrs. Hamida said. "When we are 5 years old we ask our mothers if we can be veiled so we can be like
332:
colours; being particularly famous for their black-and-red geometrically patterned dresses. When looking at the hemming of the Rashaida women's dresses, it is clear to see the influences of their Arabian ancestry through the continued use of bold
374:
Within the Rashaida group, there are said to be two different âracesâ. Those that have lighter skin are referred to as âRedâ while the freed slaves who were raised by the Rashaida are referred to as the âBlackâ, with the term âmuwalladinâ or
453:
Camel breeding is one of the primary sources of work for the Rashaida people, with the group often living a fully nomadic life as pastoralists. Within the region of Eastern Sudan, in which the Rashaida are predominantly found,
351:
Due to the inability of Rashaidi men and women to freely interact in everyday life, marriages are most often arranged by the families. If the groom accepts the marriage, he must pay a
728:
336:
patterns. When they first migrated to Eritrea, they were said to be wearing these traditional red ankle-length skirts that were adorned with bright yellow and green patterns.
1767:
Humphris, Rachel. "Refugees and the Rashaida: Human Smuggling and Trafficking from Eritrea to Sudan and Egypt." Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2013.
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2017:
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also be made from sheep or goat hair. As this is treated as a ritual, there is a particular order of activities that take place. This sequence is as follows:
1172:
273:, who fled the Arabian peninsula in 1846 as the Saudis rose to power. As of 1998, the Rashaida were the smallest ethnic group present in Eritrea.
1660:
Lijnders, Laurie, and Sara Robinson. "From the Horn of Africa to the Middle East: Human Trafficking of Eritrean Asylum Seekers across Borders."
1873:
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Fortes-Lima, Cesar; TĆĂska, Petr; ÄĂĆŸkovĂĄ, Martina; PodgornĂĄ, EliĆĄka; Diallo, Mame Yoro; Schlebusch, Carina M; ÄernĂœ, Viktor (2022-09-29).
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2003:
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Young, William C. (2007). "Arab Hospitality as a Rite of Incorporation. The Case of the Rashaayda Bedouin of Eastern Sudan".
745:
Mai Weini, a highland village in Eritrea: a study of the people, their livelihood, and land tenure during times of turbulence
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which is usually in the form of cash and camels. A woman can only take one husband, but a man may have multiple wives.
2251:
313:
The most important part of the wardrobe for the women is their veil; which they begin wearing around the age of five.
280:
and as of 2005 constituted 187,500 people in Eritrea and 168,000 people in Sudan, mainly in the eastern part around
222:
Across Eritrea and Sudan, the Rashaida keep their traditional dress, culture, customs, camel breeds and practice of
2069:
892:
2225:
301:
2266:
1889:
226:. In Eritrea, Rashaida people are commonly confused with Adeni Arabs, a small group of about 18,000 Arabs from
783:
The pillage of sustainability in Eritrea, 1600s-1990s: rural communities and the creeping shadows of hegemony
2276:
2271:
68:
1055:
Spring, Christopher; Hudson, Julie; Mack, John; Barley, Nigel (1996). "africa95 at The Museum of Mankind".
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1971:
748:. Thomas Leiper Kane Collection (Library of Congress. Hebraic Section). Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.
2059:
2026:
1897:
1328:"RASHAIDA PEOPLE: THE ANCIENT BEDOUIN ARABS OF AFRICA AND ERITREA'S ONLY REMAINING NOMADIC ETHNIC GROUP"
485:
215:
and constitute 187,500 people in Eritrea and 168,000 people in Sudan, mainly in the eastern part around
2047:
1716:"Low-intensity conflict in Eastern Sudan: A comparative approach to the development of rebel groups"
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and tend to live in a more geographically concentrated area of Eritrea, mainly in the port city of
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people. From the early 2000s, many Rashaida people have become more or less settled in the Lower
230:, who tend to cohabit similar regions as the Rashaida. Although Adeni Arabs originally hail from
907:
1600:
428:
area of the region. Here, they mostly live in tents or newly constructed huts or adobe houses.
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1801:
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camels for meat to sell to the Egyptians and for racing which they sell to the Gulf states.
1173:"6 unconventional traditional African marriage ceremonies that will stun you - Page 7 of 7"
211:
tribe, who fled the Arabian peninsula in 1846 as the Saudis rose to power. They are mostly
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1947:
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285:
157:
120:
1828:
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1979:
1813:
1747:
1642:
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1313:
1240:
116:
480:
In Sudan, there is an active armed rebel group within the Rashaida tribe called the
2127:
2122:
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1952:
1924:
1533:"Demographic and Selection Histories of Populations Across the Sahel/Savannah Belt"
172:
1797:
1731:
1282:"From Many, One: The Social Construction of the RashÄyida Tribe in Eastern Sudan"
633:
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2107:
1984:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1425:
1209:"The Rashayda: Ethnic Identity and Dhow Activity in Suakin on the Red Sea Coast"
583:"The Rashayda: Ethnic Identity and Dhow Activity in Suakin on the Red Sea Coast"
455:
333:
223:
132:
42:
1026:. Latif, Zawiah Abdul. (2nd ed.). New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark.
697:"Sheeb Journal; For Bedouins of Africa, Sands Are Running Out (Published 1992)"
658:
2147:
1616:
1375:
619:
Young, William C., "The Rashaayda Bedouin - Arab Pastoralists of Sudan", 1996.
243:
184:
1805:
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1634:
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1548:
1503:
1457:
1305:
1232:
1001:
863:. Sault, Nicole Landry. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. 1994.
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and a white turban but sometimes they can be seen wearing colourful turbans.
1128:
1041:
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878:
801:
763:
1858:
1601:"Comprehensive Peace? An Analysis of the Evolving Tension in Eastern Sudan"
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Embodying honor: fertility, foreignness, and regeneration in eastern Sudan
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1224:
981:
824:. Carillet, Jean-Bernard. (3rd ed.). Footscray, Vic.: Lonely Planet.
819:
567:
402:
An animal is killed for the meal, and the knife is presented to the guests
399:
They are served beverages in the order of water, then tea and then coffee.
1145:
Clark, W.T. (1938). "Manners, Customs and Beliefs of the Northern Bega".
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Köhler-Rollefson, Ilse; Musa, Babiker E.; Achmed, Mohamed Fadl (1991).
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1782:"The arming of non-state actors in the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula"
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1446:"The Camel Pastoral System of the Southern Rashaida in Eastern Sudan"
598:
425:
1068:
944:. Stillman, Norman A., 1945- (Revised 2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill.
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Arab dress: a short history: from the dawn of Islam to modern times
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1113:. Fisher, Angela. (Concise ed.). New York: Harry N. Abrams.
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1999:
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Who knows tomorrow? : uncertainty in north-eastern Sudan
47:
Rashaida boys with their father near Kassala in Eastern Sudan
238:, Rashaida people tend to live along the Red Sea Coast from
405:
A broth is cooked from the animal and served to the guests
672:
Weekly, 29 December 2005 - 4 January 2006, Issue No. 775
246:
Sudan and to the Sinai in places as far north as Egypt.
1354:
Nydell, Margaret K. (Margaret Kleffner) (8 May 2018).
1153:(1). University of Khartoum: 1â29 – via JSTOR.
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1970:
1938:
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Many mirrors : body image and social relations
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126:
110:
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74:
62:
52:
414:Words of gratitude are given and the guests depart
1680:. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.
1266:Salih, Abdelrahim. "The Rashaida Bedouin." In
2011:
1874:
1357:Understanding Arabs: a guide for modern times
8:
33:
1786:Australian Journal of International Affairs
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1859:
1516:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1388:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
41:
32:
1624:
1564:
632:Connell, Dan; Killion, Tom (2010-10-14).
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411:Cooked grain is then served to the guests
517:
265:Rashaida people are the descendants of
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908:"The Rashaida: Gypsies of the Red Sea"
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1171:Otchere Johnson, Alice (2018-07-11).
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323:their face. Unlike a number of other
7:
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686:
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682:
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560:Rashaida people, Hejaz, Bani Rasheed
175:inhabiting the coastal plain of the
63:Regions with significant populations
1605:Review of African Political Economy
1599:Pantuliano, Sara (September 2006).
249:The Rashaida have been involved in
161:
1207:Agius, Dionisius A. (2012-05-11).
986:. New York, N.Y.: iUniverse, Inc.
25:
1482:Calkins, Sandra (February 2016).
980:Fadlalla, Mohamed Hassan (2005).
786:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
27:Ethnic group in Eritrea and Sudan
1270:, edited by Robert Perdue, 2008.
938:Stillman, Yedida Kalfon (2003).
638:. Scarecrow Press. p. 438.
635:Historical Dictionary of Eritrea
94:
76:
1537:Molecular Biology and Evolution
532:Fadlalla, Mohamed (July 2005).
1674:Fadlalla, Amal Hassan (2007).
195:. They are the descendants of
1:
1720:Small Wars & Insurgencies
339:The men traditionally wear a
2282:Muslim communities in Africa
1798:10.1080/10357718.2014.988206
1732:10.1080/09592318.2013.802601
729:"The Adeni Arabs of Eritrea"
581:Agius, Dionisius A. (2012).
498:Refugee kidnappings in Sinai
255:refugee kidnappings in Sinai
1426:10.5771/0257-9774-2007-1-47
1268:Cultures of the Middle East
695:Perlez, Jane (1992-03-05).
467:Social and political issues
2298:
1780:Zohar, Eran (2015-07-04).
1714:Baas, Saskia (July 2013).
1280:Young, William C. (1997).
495:
492:Human and weapon smuggling
1626:10.1080/03056240601119281
1617:10.1080/03056240601119281
1286:Northeast African Studies
1213:Northeast African Studies
742:Tronvoll, Kjetil (1998).
587:Northeast African Studies
538:. iUniverse. p. 20.
408:The meat itself is served
302:Sudan Ethnographic Museum
300:Rashaida silver jewelry,
143:
131:
115:
67:
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40:
2257:Ethnic groups in Eritrea
1890:Ethnic groups in Eritrea
1107:Beckwith, Carol (2002).
1662:Anti-Trafficking Review
1147:Sudan Notes and Records
1020:Levy, Patricia (2008).
818:Phillips, Matt (2006).
2262:Ethnic groups in Sudan
1827:Michael Obert (2013).
1549:10.1093/molbev/msac209
1063:(3). Los Angeles: 48.
983:The problem of Dar Fur
891:: CS1 maint: others (
821:Ethiopia & Eritrea
780:Murtaza, Niaz (1998).
535:The Problem of Dar Fur
396:The guests are greeted
320:
305:
276:They have been mostly
69:Red Sea coastal plains
2027:Demographics of Sudan
1298:10.1353/nas.1997.0002
1225:10.1353/nas.2012.0000
315:
299:
139:Related ethnic groups
1829:"Im Reich des Todes"
284:and to the Northern
179:stretching from the
482:Rashaida Free Lions
476:Rashaida Free Lions
207:decending from the
37:
2252:Arab ethnic groups
1428:– via JSTOR.
1110:African ceremonies
701:The New York Times
664:2006-11-02 at the
306:
267:Arab tribes people
197:Arab tribes people
2239:
2238:
2214:Foreign nationals
1993:
1992:
1966:
1965:
1907:Cushitic-speakers
1687:978-0-299-22383-0
1495:978-1-78533-016-2
1367:978-1-4736-6997-0
1033:978-0-7614-2083-5
906:Laffourge, Eric.
645:978-0-8108-7505-0
545:978-0-595-36502-9
505:human trafficking
419:Rashaida in Sudan
251:human trafficking
164:), also known as
150:
149:
16:(Redirected from
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1841:
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1711:
1700:
1699:
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1658:
1647:
1646:
1628:
1611:(110): 709â720.
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1522:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1441:
1430:
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1409:
1394:
1393:
1387:
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1177:Face2Face Africa
1168:
1155:
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79:
53:Total population
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38:
21:
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2267:Tribes of Sudan
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2240:
2235:
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1887:
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1821:
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1766:
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1712:
1703:
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1659:
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1598:
1597:
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449:Pastoralism
383:Hospitality
242:Eritrea to
224:Sunni Islam
133:Sunni Islam
2246:Categories
2231:Pakistanis
2075:Protestant
1833:SZ Magazin
1376:1063693911
1360:. London.
1337:2020-12-27
1182:2020-11-20
714:2020-11-18
659:Snap Shots
568:6134458465
512:References
288:of Egypt.
244:Port Sudan
185:Port Sudan
2118:Beni-Amer
2035:Religions
1814:153919087
1806:1035-7718
1748:143517640
1740:0959-2318
1696:654620278
1664:2 (2013).
1643:146646462
1635:0305-6244
1557:0737-4038
1512:cite book
1504:944247593
1458:0822-7942
1414:Anthropos
1384:cite book
1314:144931825
1306:1535-6574
1241:144443477
1233:1535-6574
1002:138482559
887:cite book
840:156777263
709:0362-4331
111:Languages
2203:Rashaida
2198:Bedouins
2168:Magyarab
2065:Orthodox
1958:Rashaida
1948:Tigrinya
1575:36173804
1466:43123340
1129:49664350
1042:77011622
960:57005557
879:29031479
802:37994334
764:38281367
670:Al-Ahram
662:Archived
607:41960562
440:Ancestry
434:Hadendoa
377:Muwallad
347:Marriage
334:appliqué
309:Clothing
209:Banu Abs
191:city of
189:Eritrean
183:city of
181:Sudanese
168:, are a
154:Rashaida
127:Religion
34:Rashaida
18:Rashaida
2226:Koreans
2173:Nubians
2158:Hedareb
2113:Bishari
1940:Semitic
1566:9582163
1077:3337343
292:Culture
282:Kassala
278:nomadic
261:History
240:Massawa
236:Massawa
217:Kassala
213:nomadic
193:Massawa
187:to the
177:Red Sea
170:Bedouin
106:168,000
88:187,500
84:Eritrea
2221:Greeks
2183:Ababda
2098:Amdang
1980:Kunama
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2048:Sunni
2043:Islam
1953:Tigre
1925:Bilen
1810:S2CID
1744:S2CID
1639:S2CID
1462:JSTOR
1310:S2CID
1237:S2CID
1073:JSTOR
1023:Sudan
911:(PDF)
603:JSTOR
361:burqa
353:dowry
341:thawb
271:Hejaz
269:from
232:Yemen
201:Hejaz
199:from
145:Arabs
102:Sudan
2188:Amri
2163:Maba
2153:Gula
2143:Doms
2108:Beja
2082:Jews
2053:Shia
1985:Nara
1930:Saho
1920:Beja
1915:Afar
1802:ISSN
1736:ISSN
1692:OCLC
1682:ISBN
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1571:PMID
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1518:link
1500:OCLC
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1390:link
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1229:ISSN
1125:OCLC
1115:ISBN
1038:OCLC
1028:ISBN
998:OCLC
988:ISBN
956:OCLC
946:ISBN
922:2020
893:link
875:OCLC
865:ISBN
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826:ISBN
798:OCLC
788:ISBN
760:OCLC
750:ISBN
705:ISSN
640:ISBN
564:ASIN
540:ISBN
325:Arab
304:2022
228:Aden
205:Najd
152:The
2148:Fur
1794:doi
1728:doi
1621:hdl
1613:doi
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