Gymnasium (Germany) - Knowledge (XXG)

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were more likely to be classified as "selfless" than students attending any other kind of school and those attending a comprehensive were more likely to be classified "self-serving" than those attending any other type of school. This study has been widely criticised. It has been claimed that character cannot be measured on standardised tests and that students' answers might not reflect their real behaviour. Charges were raised that questions were worded in academic language thus, students attending a comprehensive may not have understood them properly. It has also been suggested that the answers the students gave may have been influenced by social class, that gymnasium students may have been brought up to think they were selfless, while really they were not. Proponents of comprehensive schools stated gymnasium students were phony and elitist while pretending to be selfless.

803:. In Bavaria, students are required to learn three different foreign languages. They start learning their first foreign language in 5th grade, the second in 6th grade and the third by grade 10 or 11. In Baden-Württemberg students attending the Europäisches gymnasium start learning Latin and English while in 5th grade. They pick up their third language by 7th or 8th grade and their fourth foreign language by 10th grade. By 10th grade, students also choose if they want to drop one of the languages they started in 5th grade. Later, they may drop another language. Students are required to take at least two foreign languages and fluency is a requirement for graduation. If they wish, students may also graduate with four foreign languages. 844: 339: 1633:

Development stated that nobody was "dumbed down" at the comprehensive school and that those attending a comprehensive in 10th grade did no worse on IQ tests than in 7th grade. The institute also stated that the IQ difference between comprehensives on the one hand and gymnasia and Realschulen on the other was greater by 10th grade than in 7th grade because the mean IQ of those at gymnasium and Realschule had risen. The institute did not believe, however, that attending Realschule or gymnasium boosts students' IQ. Instead, they stated that students with lower IQs who attend gymnasium or Realschule might find themselves increasingly unable to keep up and thus may drop out by 10th grade.

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English-speaking countries (high demand, little supply, among other things because of the limited importance of German lessons) even countries whose language is not taught at all are visited. While this is not required, it is encouraged. Some pupils might go a year or half a year abroad (and are granted some time to catch up with their studies at home), while the more general thing is an organized stay of 2–4 weeks in either country in a group of 20+ students with two teachers (who are, naturally, dispensed from every-day duties during the time).

1009: 868:(reprimand), not unlike equally-called measures in the disciplining of civil-servants or soldiers; the hardest of these measures is expelling from school. Such pupils have to go to another school, or even be banned from attending state schools altogether. This is rare though. Some private schools are more easy with expulsions, along with the line that the pupil in question does not fit into the community and should thus try his fortune with a school officially designated to take all pupils, i.e. a state school. 653:, in other states. In these federal states, it is not up to the parents to decide if a pupil will attend the Gymnasium but decision will mainly be based on the performance in elementary schools. However, even "the gifted" in this sense comprise a fourth or fifth of the population. Other gymnasia in other states have no such strict provisions. Though gymnasia traditionally impose strict grading that causes students of average academic ability to struggle, many schools share the motto: "No child left behind" (" 1181: 91: 1646:

school by one standard deviation on a standardised mathematics test. That equals 2 to 3 years of schooling. Proponents of comprehensive schools have criticised such studies, stating they believe standardised tests to be biased against those attending comprehensive school. They have said comprehensives taught their students "Independence, capacity for team work, creativity, conflict management and broad mindedness" and that those qualities cannot be measured on standardised tests.

1093: 1819:, quotas should be "a possibility" to help working-class children who do not do well in school gain access to gymnasium. Headmasters have objected, saying this type of policy would be "a disservice" to poor children, that they would not be able to keep up academically. The headmasters have also expressed concerns that children of working-class families would not feel welcome at gymnasia. Wolfgang Harnischfeger, headmaster of a well-known Berlin gymnasium, has stated, 954: 569: 1257:(training on-the-job), which normally lasts for 18–24 months. During this time, the student teacher gains practical teaching experience under the supervision of experienced colleagues. This phase is completed by the "Zweites Staatsexamen," which assesses the trainees' practical teaching ability. Those having successfully completed both the first and second state examinations may then apply for a position at a Gymnasium or lesser schools. 368: 122: 1370: 946: 114: 2758: 937:. Because students had the same IQ, the difference in knowledge can only be explained by a difference in the teaching methods. On the other hand, gymnasia in the south have the reputation of valuing knowledge over creativity, while those in the north have the reputation of valuing creativity over knowledge. Comparing students on a creativity test could produce different results. 1521:

attended gymnasium at four to six times the rate of working-class children. According to the study, immigrant children were not discriminated against. The reason so few immigrant children attended gymnasium was poor reading skills. After allowing for reading competency, children from immigrant families were as likely as children from native German families to attend gymnasium.

103: 2770: 2737: 1273: 36: 1220: 289:, who assaulted the school's "excessive humanism" and "aesthetic idealism." He argued that they are not aligned with the aims of patriotism, duty, and the idea of Germanhood and that the country's history could also provide the education and insights offered by the models of classical antiquity. During the 1611:

upper-middle-class children graduating from comprehensive schools) later graduated from college and followed the footsteps of their parents into higher professional jobs. It also revealed that for every working-class child who graduated from college, there were 12 upper-middle-class children who did.

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State-funded schools (a big majority) are tuition-free, as foreseen by the respective laws, even often on constitutional level. Segregation of students by parent wealth or income is looked down upon, to the point of being an exception to the constitutionally guaranteed freedom to have private schools

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A study revealed that upper-class gymnasium students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of "5" (fail). Comprehensive school upper-class students of average ability in mathematics found themselves in the upper half of their class

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German gymnasia follow different pedagogical philosophies, and teaching methods may vary. In the most traditional schools, students rise when the teacher enters the classroom. The teacher says "Good morning, class" and the class answers "Good morning, Mr./Ms. ... ." The teacher then asks them to sit

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decided that Berlin's gymnasium should no longer be allowed to handpick all of their students. It was ruled that while gymnasia should be able to pick 70% to 65% of their students, the other places are to be allocated by lottery. Every child will be able to enter the lottery, no matter how the child

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revealed that working-class children needed to achieve higher reading scores than middle-class children in order to get letters of recommendation for entrance into the gymnasium. After testing their reading abilities, the odds for upper-middle-class children to be nominated for a gymnasium were 2.63

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As the new crop of students arrive at gymnasium, there is often a period of adjustment. Some gymnasia have mentors that help the new, younger students get settled in. They show them around the school and introduce them to older students. In the case of boarding schools, they also show them the city.

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According to a disputed study evaluating students' character, based on a standardised test, those attending a Realschule or gymnasium were more likely to be respectful and considerate of other peoples' feelings than those attending a comprehensive school. According to this study, gymnasium students

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Working-class children were not discriminated against; in fact, there seemed to be some evidence that after evaluating performances in standardised tests, gymnasium admission after the sixth grade seemed to be slightly biased against middle-class children and favoured working-class children as well

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The German scientist Lehmann did a longitudinal study on the performance of pupils in Berlin in standardised tests. Such pupils used to be admitted to a gymnasium after the fourth grade and after the sixth grade. Pupils in German schools do not undergo standardised testing, but rather write essays.

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study, competency was linked to social class. After allowing for cognitive competency, middle-class children were still attending gymnasium at three times the rate of working-class children. After allowing for reading competency and cognitive competency, children from the highest social class still

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A study revealed that 50% of the students attending a gymnasium come from families of the top levels of German society. Some people have voiced concerns that gymnasia are designed to accommodate a minority of privileged children and that talented working-class children are impeded in gaining access

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While one third of all German youngsters have at least one foreign-born parent and other German schools are becoming more multicultural, gymnasia have remained more or less socially and ethnically exclusive. However, that is only half the truth. Children belonging to Russian-Jewish, Chinese, Greek,

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Based on that letter, the gymnasium determines the applicant's suitability for the school. Some gymnasia have informal interviews during which they present their school to the applicant and in turn, learn about him as the school representative works with the applicant and his parents to find out if

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In 2003, a study revealed that lower-class and working-class children attending a comprehensive school lagged behind their less disadvantaged peers in terms of mathematical abilities. The same study revealed that working- and lower-class children attending gymnasium nearly caught up to their peers

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is an organization formed for financial support of the school. Members may be parents and alumni, or philanthropists. They pay for books for the school library and offer a hand to students from less affluent families, affording them the opportunity to participate in field trips and school outings.

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proposed that Berlin gymnasia should no longer be allowed to expel students who perform poorly, so that the students who won a gymnasium place in the lottery have a fair chance of graduating from that school. It is not clear yet whether the Berlin Senate will decide in favour of The Left Party's

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He also said "this kind of policy would weaken the gymnasium" and that this would be dangerous because "German society could not afford to do without the excellence the gymnasium produces." Stefan Zillich answered this, saying that "German society afford to have so few adults with a world-class

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in Germany do not administer standardised tests to their students and few students are familiar with those kinds of tests. Yet, scientists sometimes use standardised tests to evaluate schools. 10th graders attending a gymnasium have been shown to outperform 10th graders attending a comprehensive

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In general, to obtain a teaching degree for Gymnasia, prospective teachers have to study at least two subjects which are part of the curriculum of the gymnasia. Some decide to study three subjects or more. In addition, the university programmes for teachers always include lectures on educational

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For younger students nearly the entire curriculum of a gymnasium is compulsory; in upper years more elective subjects are available, but the choice is not as wide as in a U.S. high school. Generally academic standards are high as the gymnasium typically caters for the upper 25–35% of the ability

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added to the curriculum later; these languages became the foundation of teaching and study in the gymnasium, which then offered a nine-year course. Hebrew was also taught in some gymnasia. The integration of philosophy, English, and chemistry into the curriculum also set the gymnasium apart from

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After controlling for individual students' competencies, e.g. their cognitive abilities, the common assumption that children with immigration backgrounds are disadvantaged could not be confirmed. Even a high proportion of children in a class who do not speak German as a family language does not

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Admission procedures vary by state and gymnasium. Most gymnasia do not have written entrance exams. In some cases, students need a certain grade point average in order to apply to gymnasium. In most cases, students applying to a gymnasium nominally need a letter of recommendation written by the

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Generally, gymnasia have no school uniforms or official dress codes. However, students may be expected to dress modestly and tastefully. Some gymnasia offer branded shirts, but students are allowed to choose whether or not to wear them. For specific school events (like the Abitur ball) students

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had higher IQs than 10th graders attending a comprehensive. It also revealed that the difference was greater in 10th grade than it had been in 7th grade. The media reacted to the charge that comprehensive schools are "the place where intelligence atrophies." The Max Planck Institute for Human

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A study by the University of Mainz revealed that of all children living in the city of Wiesbaden, 81% of children from the upper social classes and only 14% percent of working-class children received a letter of recommendation from their teachers. It also showed that only 76% of working-class

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This 1961 picture shows a student standing up, to answer the teacher's question. On the wall is a Christian crucifix, then commonly found in a gymnasium classroom, but now less frequent. In 1995, a court ruled it violates the rights of non-Christian students and must be removed if any student

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Schools concentrate not only on academic subjects, but on producing well-rounded individuals, so physical education and religion or ethics are compulsory, even in non-denominational schools which are prevalent. The German constitution guarantees the separation of church and state, so although

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secondary schools only received the title "Gymnasium" in 1918, which for some time would be the only path to university study. Due to the rise of German nationalism in the 1900s, the Gymnasium's focus on humanism came under attack, causing it to lose prestige. One of the harshest critics was

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Some believe that gymnasia are "the great equaliser" and have pointed out that state-funded and parochial gymnasia have helped many students rise above humble backgrounds. Some also point to the fact that gymnasia are the only schools where working-class students nearly catch up with their

1508:, students from ethnic German families were 4.96 times more likely than children from immigrant families to have their teacher write a letter of recommendation. Even when comparing children with the same reading scores, ethnic Germans were still 2.11 times as likely to receive the letter. 1075:

It has become increasingly common for gymnasium students to spend some time attending school in another country. Very popular destinations are English-speaking countries such as the US, Great Britain, Canada and Ireland; however, as it is increasingly difficult to find partner schools in

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A study done by Helmut Fend revealed that gymnasium may not matter as much as is generally perceived. According to the study, parents' social class, not schooling, determined children's life trajectories. The study revealed that upper-middle-class children graduating from gymnasium (and

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Corporal punishment was banned in 1973. Teachers who want to punish students put them in detention or assign them boring tasks. Some have them write essays like "Why a student should not interrupt his teachers." Students may also be subjected to official disciplinary measures, such as a

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A study revealed that gymnasia in the south did have higher standards than those in other parts of Germany. On a standardised mathematics test provided by scientists, the study showed that students attending a southern gymnasium outperformed those attending one elsewhere in Germany.

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Teaching English as a subject, particularly, has a long history at the Gymnasium and this is demonstrated by the time-honoured practices and subject matter that are unique to the gymnasia and could be baffling to outsiders. It is often offered in the last three years at school.

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According to scientists Joachim Tiedemann and Elfriede Billmann-Mahecha, there was a big-fish-little-pond effect. Children were more likely to have their teacher write a letter of recommendation if the remainder of their primary school class was not too bright. They stated,

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P. Stanat, R. Watermann, J. Baumert, E. Klieme, C. Artelt, M. Neubrand, M. Prenzel, U. Schiefele, W. Schneider, G. Schümer, K.-J. Tillmann, M. Weiß: "Rückmeldung der PISA 2000 Ergebnisse an die beteiligten Schulen." 2002. Berlin: Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsfoschung

860:." This is generally outdated. The headmaster might also be addressed more laxly as Herr Direktor (the correct title being Herr Oberstudiendirektor). The general mode of address is these days Mr. + surname. Teachers mostly address students by their first name. 239:(except in Rhineland-Palatinate and Lower Saxony which still has a year 13; Bavaria will bring back the 13th year in 2024, North Rhine-Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein will bring back the 13th year in 2025), which is roughly equivalent to the first year of 228:(primary education). In some states of Germany, permission to apply for gymnasium is nominally dependent on a letter of recommendation written by a teacher or a certain GPA, although when parents petition, an examination can be used to decide the outcome. 1537:

Performance in standardised tests was a key indicator of admission to a gymnasium; after evaluating the performance in those tests, it was clear that social class did not play a major role in determining whether or not a pupil would be admitted to a

751:(literally, "upper school"). In the 1960s, school reformers in an equalization effort discontinued these names. The most practical benefit of this was that it prevented the frequent confusion among parents about the fundamental difference between 648:

Gymnasien are often conceived as schools for the gifted. This, however, depends on many factors; some states such as Bavaria select their students by elementary grades or by entrance examination, and so do certain specialist schools, like the

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A 2007 study revealed that those attending a gymnasium in the north had similar IQs to those attending one in the south. Yet those attending a gymnasium in the north under-performed on standardised tests. The students who did worst came from

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However, Lehmann wanted to know if those test results would predict the likelihood of admission to a gymnasium after the sixth grade and if admission to a gymnasium after the fourth grade would boost their performance in standardised tests.

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a state-level exam, roughly equivalent to a master's degree, which marks the end of their academic training. However, having passed this test does not qualify someone at once to become a gymnasium teacher. This education is followed by the

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Proponents of comprehensive schools often hold the opinion that it is unfair to compare gymnasia and Realschulen with comprehensive schools. While gymnasia and Realschulen often handpick their students, comprehensives are open to all.

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A high share of students with above-average academic achievement, cognitive abilities and achievement-oriented parents actually decreases students’ chances of getting into higher educational tracks (Realschule and gymnasium instead of

996:. Students are not required to participate, but teachers see the trips as good for building character and leadership skills and encourage students to participate. As a rule, most of these trips come with fees. A school "Förderverein" ( 1313:, the Church receives a high percentage of the amount of money the State need not spend for a pupil in a Church-school); fees for schools who need to earn money by teaching are higher. Schools with fees generally offer scholarships. 1828:

would not feel good about themselves if they had to attend a type of school that mainly serves students from social classes different from their own. They will not be able to integrate. Every field day, every school party will show

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Gymnasium is a school where most of the students are college-bound and stringent grading is traditional. Pupils of average ability find themselves at the bottom of their class and might have done better at another type of school.

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In 2008, a mentoring programme called "Arbeiterkind" ("working-class child") was founded to assist students from working-class families make the transition. A year later, this organization had 1000 mentors and 70 local chapters.

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Manfred Tücke: "Psychologie in der Schule, Psychologie für die Schule: Eine themenzentrierte Einführung in die Psychologie für (zukünftige) Lehrer." 4 Auflage 2005. Münster: LIT Verlag; p. 127. The study was conducted in

1264:, include exceptions and are often modified. One trend is the abolishing of the first state examination in favour of Master of Education programmes. The second state examination is not affected by this development. 2368:

Ehmke et al., 2004, In: PISA-Konsortium Deutschland (Hrsg.): PISA 2003 – Der Bildungsstand der Jugendlichen in Deutschland – Ergebnisse des 2. internationalen Vergleiches, Waxmann Verlag, Münster/New York, p.

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Gymnasia are generally public, state-funded schools, but a number of parochial and private gymnasia also exist. In 2009/10, 11.1 percent of gymnasium students attended a private gymnasium. These often charge

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It can be noticed in children as young as kindergarten students, that children take after their parents. They emulate their language, their way of dressing, their way of spending their free time. Kids from

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The state of Berlin allows its gymnasia to pick 65% to 70% of their students, the rest being selected by lottery. Any qualified child can enter the lottery, regardless of previous school performance (see:

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Ehmke et al., 2004, In: PISA-Konsortium Deutschland (Hrsg.): PISA 2003 – Der Bildungsstand der Jugendlichen in Deutschland – Ergebnisse des 2. internationalen Vergleiches, Münster/New York: Waxmann, p.

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attending the same school. However, special care must be taken in interpreting the data, since lower- and working-class children admitted to gymnasium may be different from other pupils in their class

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Very few pupils who did poorly in standardised tests in the fourth grade were admitted to gymnasium. However, those who were, were able to improve their performance in those tests in subsequent years.

1169:. Gymnasium students were forbidden from wearing clothing that identified them as members of their school. Now, it is no longer illegal and these caps are again being sold however, few ever wear one. 1789:

Proponents of comprehensives also think they lack the most academically promising young people, who have been skimmed off by other schools. They also point out that some comprehensives (such as the "

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Humanities-oriented gymnasia usually have a long tradition. They teach Latin and Ancient Greek (sometimes also Classical Hebrew) and additionally teach English or French or both. The focus is on the

149: 536:, where secondary education normally begins in the seventh year of schooling, has some specialised gymnasia beginning with the fifth year which teach Latin or French as a primary foreign language. 2599:

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Manfred Tücke: "Psychologie in der Schule, Psychologie für die Schule: Eine themenzentrierte Einführung in die Psychologie für (zukünftige) Lehrer". 4 Auflage 2005. Münster: LIT Verlag; p. 126-127

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After the Second World War, German education was reformed with the introduction of new system, content, aims, and ethos. The Gymnasium was retained, along with vocational and general schools.

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Manfred Tücke: "Psychologie in der Schule, Psychologie für die Schule: Eine themenzentrierte Einführung in die Psychologie für (zukünftige) Lehrer". 4 Auflage 2005. Münster: LIT Verlag; p. 126

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Korean or Vietnamese minorities are more likely to attend a gymnasium than ethnic Germans. Yet, most minorities are less likely to attend a gymnasium than ethnic Germans. A study done in

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Traditionally, a pupil attended gymnasium for nine years in western Germany. However, since 2004, there has been a strong political movement to reduce the time spent at the gymnasium to

1341: 2324:(PDF), Umgekehrte Entwicklungshilfe – Die koreanische Arbeitsmigration in Deutschland (Reverse Development Assistance – Korean labour migration in Germany), Seoul: Goethe Institute 650: 548:

Although some specialist gymnasia have English or French as the language of instruction, most lessons in a typical gymnasium (apart from foreign language courses) are conducted in

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middle-class peers, while in the case of comprehensive schools, the effects of social class on student academic performance are more pronounced than in any other type of school.

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attending them may be expected to wear formal dress, usually consisting of dresses for women and blazer and tie for men, but even this is no longer the case for every gymnasium.

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Jürgen Baumert and Olaf Köller. "Nationale und internationale Schulleistungsstudien: was können sie leisten, wo sind ihre Grenzen?" Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung

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Students are generally admitted at 10 years of age and are required to have completed four years (six in Berlin and Brandenburg where they are enrolled at the age of 12) of

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Only a few specialised gymnasia admit their students on the basis of IQ tests. A 1999 study revealed 10th graders attending a normal gymnasium and 10th graders attending a

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primary school teacher. The letter covers the child's academic performance, classroom behaviour, personal attributes, leadership abilities and extracurricular activities.

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This vignette of the Arndt-Gymnasium Dahlem shows a young man studying at the left and a young man doing sports at the right; it was printed on the 2008 school programme.

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magazine, some minority students were denied a letter of recommendation for entrance to a gymnasium by their teachers simply because they were immigrants. According to

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Students at the Heinrich-Böll-Gymnasium (Ludwigshafen) can wear a t-shirt that says "Reading endangers stupidity" (it resembles the German warning label on cigarettes).

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revealed that 85.9% of students attending a gymnasium were ethnic Germans. Thus the gymnasium is the German school with the most homogenous student body. According to

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children whose grades placed them at the top of the class, as well as 91% of children from the upper social classes in the same situation received a recommendation.

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The Musikgymnasium has its focus on music. (In Bavaria) It requires to learn to play an instrument (mostly the piano or the violin) as one of their major subjects.

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German schools and pedagogy: Organization and instruction of common schools in Germany, with the views of German teachers and educators on elementary instruction

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throughout Germany; nowadays most pupils throughout Germany attend the gymnasium for 8 years (referred to as G8), dispensing with the traditional ninth year or

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Most gymnasia offer students the opportunity to participate in sport-related outings. In the summer months, they have the opportunity to enjoy rowing trips or

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and English as elective languages in the early twentieth century brought about the greatest change to German secondary education since the introduction of the

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Martin Klesmann. "'Kinder aus Neukölln würden sich nicht integrieren lassen' – Ein Politiker und ein Schulleiter streiten über Sozialquoten an Gymnasien."

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The Sportgymnasium is a school of the gymnasium-type, usually a boarding school, that has its main focus on sport. The Skigymnasium has a focus on skiing.

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At some schools, when graduating, students receive an Abitur T-shirt, which is printed with the name of the school, the year of graduation and a slogan.

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of the Nazis, the gymnasium cap was banned for political reasons. Literature describing student caps was burned.Students received new clothing from the

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In 2005, the German government spent €5,400 per student for those attending public gymnasium. This is less than what was spent on a student attending

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The first class of students admitted at the Gymnasium Kirchseeon (founded in 2008) gather in the assembly hall to celebrate their first day of school.

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This type of school is less traditional. It teaches at least two modern languages. In most cases the students have the chance to learn Latin as well.

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The gymnasium arose out of the humanistic movement of the sixteenth century. The first general school system to incorporate the gymnasium emerged in

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Landesinstitut für Schulentwicklung: "Untersuchung zum Abschneiden von Schülerinnen und Schülern mit Migrationshintergrund im Rahmen der DVA 2007"

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students (about 28 percent of all precollegiate students during that period), resulting in an average student number of 800 students per school.

747:. The Gymnasium was supposed to be the humanities-oriented variety; during the Nazi era, a common term for all of these schools put together was 1067:

Some gymnasia require students to participate in at least one club (of the student's choosing), but in most cases, participation is voluntary.

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schools for girls, which offered a six-year course. The rising prominence of girls' gymnasia was mainly due to the ascendancy of the German

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Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland: "Leichter Anstieg der Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund". Pressemitteilung Nr.105 vom 11.03.2008

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Some schools have mentors (mostly alumni or parents) who help graduates choose a college and who arrange practical training for them.

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Even after testing performance in grade four, those who were admitted to gymnasium outperformed their peers who were not at grade six

815:. Most of these schools have only the top three or four year groups, rather than the traditional 5th to 13th years. Examples are the 2059: 2034: 2009: 1975: 1906: 670: 75: 1108:

wore a traditional cap, marking them as a gymnasium student. The colour of the cap differed by gymnasium and grade. In case of the

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performed in primary school. It is hoped that this policy will increase the number of working-class students attending gymnasium.

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Deutscher Philologenverband. "Erkenntnisse der ELEMENT-Studie vorurteilsfrei zur Kenntnis nehmen!" Press release. April 22, 2008

2145: 835: 560: 1794: 1309:). Of the private gymnasia, the vast majority is run by the Catholic Church on very low tuition fees (which is more easy as by 1545:

After evaluating the test scores, it was shown that girls were somewhat more likely to be admitted to the gymnasium than boys.

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Federal Statistical office of Germany, Fachserie 11, Reihe 1: Allgemeinbildende Schulen – Schuljahr 2009/2010, Wiesbaden 2010

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Helmut Fend. "Schwerer Weg nach oben: Das Elternhaus entscheidet über den Bildungserfolg – unabhängig von der Schulform".

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Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung. Letter to the Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft Gesamtschule e.V. (February 9, 2000)

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Students who graduated from a gymnasium often do better in college than their grades or ranking in class would predict.

585: 286: 1380: 217:, though many also offer scholarships. Tuition fees are lower than in comparable European countries. Some gymnasia are 2615: 1667:

than college-bound students attending a comprehensive, but those did better than college-bound students attending an "

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The mentoring does not mean a student is seen as being "at risk." On the contrary, if there is a mentoring programme,

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as a compulsory primary foreign language, while the compulsory second foreign language may be English, French, Latin,

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Press release. "JU Lüneburg sieht Gesamtschule weiterhin kritisch" Junge Union Lüneburg, Handorf. (September 3, 2008)

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Co-educational gymnasia have become widespread since the 1970s, and today, single-sex gymnasia are rare in Germany.

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students have special needs requiring extra help, so those schools cannot operate as cost-effectively as gymnasia.

221:, while others run as day schools; they are now predominantly co-educational, and few single-sex schools remain. 2436: 1876: 232: 356:

in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, corresponding to the rising demand for women's university education.

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Gymnasium students wearing traditional caps in 1904. Wearing them was seen not as a liability, but a privilege.

142: 2509:"Zum Einfluss von Migration und Schulklassenzugehörigkeit auf die Übergangsempfehlung für die Sekundarstufe I" 2311:

Marina Mai. 07.10.2008. "Schlaue Zuwanderer: Ostdeutsche Vietnamesen überflügeln ihre Mitschüler." Der Spiegel

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Rowing has a long tradition for many German Gymnasia: Students participating in a Regatta in Neumünster, 1959

811:

There are a number of gymnasia for mature students, people who graduated from school, but did not receive an

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Students of the Arndt-Gymnasium, standing in front of their "rowing house", baptising their new boat in 2007

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religion or ethics classes are compulsory, students may choose to study a specific religion or none at all.

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teachers think minority students would not feel at home at a school having such a homogenous student body.

1296:

Some gymnasia are inundated with applications and some children have to resort to second or third choices.

909:" is the epitome of a good education, while to other Germans, it is the epitome of outmoded traditions and 856:

Up to the 1960s, students used to be supposed to call their teachers by the appropriate title, e. g. "Herr

2192: 1861: 1385: 1374: 1162: 1061: 1053: 90: 2406:

Susanne Vieth-Entus. "Sozialquote: Berliner Gymnasien sollen mehr Schüler aus armen Familien aufnehmen."

2269: 1790: 50:

that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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Dietlind fischer, Volker Elsenbast: "Zur Gerechtigkeit im Bildungssystem". 2007. Münster: Waxmann, p.18

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Brass-band of the gymnasium in Gütersloh, 2006. The students are wearing traditional uniforms and caps.

2170: 2649: 1748: 1676: 1394: 1348: 1057: 966: 934: 926: 824: 800: 549: 1816: 743:, the Gymnasium with focus on both modern languages and mathematics plus sciences used to be called 2355:

Mark Terkessidis. "Pisa-Zwischenruf: Normschüler aufs Gymnasium, Migranten ab in die Hauptschule".

1290: 1092: 687: 1947: 1016:

Most gymnasia offer social and academic clubs. Most traditional among these (sports excepted) are

953: 1866: 1848: 1812: 1807: 1663:

A study revealed that college-bound students attending a traditional gymnasium did better on the

962: 875:

and typically take one and a half hours. Many German students never take a multiple choice test.

386:) at the end of the ninth or tenth grade, the gymnasium used special terms for its grade levels: 290: 95: 2223: 1084: 378:

When primary school ended with the fourth grade and pupils left German basic secondary schools (

2495:"Schulwechsel: Reiche Eltern – Freibrief fürs Gymnasium." (September 12, 2008) Eltern family.de 2055: 2030: 2005: 1971: 1902: 1261: 568: 353: 2075: 707: 2774: 1843: 1393:

to gymnasium. There have been calls for the abolition of the gymnasium and a switch-over to

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sciences and didactics. After nine semesters (4.5 years) or more, students have to pass the

1049: 906: 589: 529: 525: 240: 163: 2291:"Bildungsausgaben im föderalen System – Zur Umsetzung der Beschlüsse des ‚Bildungsgipfels’" 2290: 2619: 2474: 1668: 1184: 1158: 820: 577: 509: 367: 218: 1679:" (the last three schools serve students, who graduated from another school receiving no 1941: 2762: 2334: 978: 816: 727:

Often combined with the Neusprachliches Gymnasium this type of schools have a focus on

691: 629: 270: 183: 107: 121: 2784: 2149: 2133: 2121: 1226:

on a skiing-trip. In many cases, the booster club covers the costs of poorer students

521: 2682:

Heinz-Peter Meidinger. "Berliner Schullotterie." Profil 07-08/2009 (August 24, 2009)

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who scored 100 on a mathematics test provided by the scientists conducting the study

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There are written, as well as oral, exams. Written exams are essay-based and called

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era, it became virtually impossible for girls to study at a Gymnasium according to

214: 1965: 1896: 2724:

The Training of Teachers for Secondary Schools in Germany and the United States,

1825: 1353: 1325: 1317: 1188: 1109: 1037: 581: 552:. This is true even in regions where High German is not the prevailing dialect. 225: 168: 113: 1594:

Do gymnasia help working-class students catch up with their middle-class peers?

303:, the education of girls should be conditioned only by the task of motherhood. 2508: 1629: 1321: 1021: 857: 621: 513: 299: 174: 516:

in the eighteenth century. Today, German gymnasia teach English, French, or

17: 2652:: "Was braucht die Oberstufe?" 2008. Weinheim and Basel: Beltz-Verlag; p.112 2574:

Kathrin Spoerr. "Die Gesamtschule: Ein Ort, an dem Intelligenz verkümmert."

1310: 970: 675: 605: 597: 318:

offered instead a nine-year course including Latin, but not Greek. Prussian

102: 2612: 711:, proof of study or comprehension of Latin or Ancient Greek, respectively. 701:

For certain subjects, such as History, many universities still require the

2769: 2736: 1895:

Leleu, Simead; Greck-Ismair, Michaela (2012). "Zusätzliche Einzelheiten".

1397:. Others want the gymnasia to target more children from poor backgrounds. 723:

Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliches Gymnasium (focus on math and science)

2074:

this subject has different names in the different states of Germany. See

1113: 1041: 839:

Students raising their hands to indicate they know the answer, Bonn, 1988

1272: 1964:

Samuel, Richard H.; Hinton Thomas, Richard (2001). "III. The Schools".

989: 930: 922: 910: 796: 739:

The Gymnasium with focus on mathematics and sciences used to be called

617: 601: 593: 281: 1680: 1192: 993: 812: 625: 533: 348: 294: 266: 245: 1584:

According to the same study, they are not. The researchers stated,

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The Europäisches Gymnasium has its focus on languages. It exists in

2171:

http://bildungsklick.de/pm/15913/europaeisches-gymnasium-im-aufwind

2613:"BiJu und die Gesamtschule oder: Über die Subjektivität von Noten" 1664: 1379: 1368: 1271: 1219: 1218: 1179: 1091: 1083: 1033: 1029: 1017: 1007: 1000:) pays for those wishing to attend, but unable to afford the fee. 952: 944: 842: 834: 669: 613: 567: 559: 517: 366: 342:

Students of the Gymnasium Nonnenwerth, an all-girls school in 1960

337: 274: 256: 120: 112: 101: 89: 182:

strongly emphasizes academic learning, comparable to the British

2546:

Jochen Leffers. "Gesamtschule folgenlos, Bildung wird vererbt."

1970:. Vol. 7. London: Routledge & K. Paul. pp. 44–51. 1580:

Are children with immigration backgrounds discriminated against?

1517: 609: 162:, is the most advanced and highest of the three types of German 2703:

Erziehungs- und Unterrichtslehre für Gymnasien und Realschulen,

965:

classes. Most gymnasia have sports teams. Sports often include

576:

Curricula differ from school to school, but generally include

2244: 330:

later offered nine-year courses with neither Greek nor Latin.

261:

H. W. Patterson. A Ladies' Class at The German Gymnasium. 1872

29: 2678: 2676: 346:

The early twentieth century saw an increase in the number of

2383: 363:

Historical names given to yeargroups in the German gymnasium

2402: 2400: 1260:

However, the systems of teacher education differ among the

1135:-students wore a violet cap with a blue, white and red cord 47:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

2052:

ost-O-Level Studies in Modern Languages: Language Division

905:

To many traditionally minded Germans, a "gymnasium in the

202:). In 2009/10 there were 3,094 gymnasia in Germany, with 2169:

Bildungklick.de: ""Europäisches Gymnasium" im Aufwind."

1147:-students wore a red cap with, a blue white and red cord 1123:-students wore green cap with a blue, red and white cord 2662: 2660: 2658: 1141:-students wore a violet cap with a black-and-white cord 1129:-students wore a green cap, with a black-and-white cord 933:

lagged two years behind those attending a gymnasium in

53: 2570: 2568: 1342:

Academic achievement among different groups in Germany

117:

Gymnasiasts sailing a rowboat on the Unterelbe in 1959

2746: 1797:" in Wiesbaden) ranked among Germany's best schools. 929:. According to the study, the final year students in 715:

Neusprachliches Gymnasium (focus on modern languages)

2433:"IGLU 2006 Press conference, retrieved May 27, 2008" 2027:

A History of Germany 1918 – 2014: The Divided Nation

1926: 1924: 1365:"Great equaliser" or "breeding ground of privilege"? 1153:-students wore a red cap with a black and white cord 2511:, Retrieved January 11, 2010. In German and English 2213:

Ulrich Sprenger: "Schulleistungen von Abiturienten"

1698:Percentage of students earning at least 600 points 1683:and give them the opportunity to earn the Abitur). 2507:Joachim Tiedemann and Elfriede Billmann-Mahecha. 1695:Percentage of students earning at least 550 points 1692:Percentage of students earning at least 500 points 1187:, a renowned private Gymnasium boarding school in 372:Evangelical Seminaries of Maulbronn and Blaubeuren 2146:"Informationen zum Europäischen Gymnasium Typ II" 1305:(Article 7 section 4 of the German constitution, 1506:Progress in International Reading Literacy Study 1411:Progress in International Reading Literacy Study 1405:Progress in International Reading Literacy Study 651:Sächsisches Landesgymnasium Sankt Afra zu Meißen 2717:Die höheren Schulen in Preußen und ihre Lehrer, 1637:Gymnasium and performance on standardised tests 1414:times higher than for working-class children. 961:Students from all grades are required to take 666:Humanistisches Gymnasium (humanities-oriented) 2607: 2605: 2503: 2501: 1492:Children from lower-working-class backgrounds 1481:Children from upper-working-class backgrounds 1320:, but more than was spent on those attending 564:Gymnasium student in crafts class, Bonn, 1988 326:provided six- or seven-year courses, and the 8: 2054:. Oxford: Pergamon Press, Ltd. p. 224. 2029:. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. p. 190. 1459:Children of parents holding pink-collar jobs 1448:Children from lower-middle-class backgrounds 1437:Children from upper-middle-class backgrounds 1418:Points needed to be nominated for gymnasium 1285:that gymnasium is a good fit for the child. 2696:Higher Schools and Universities in Germany, 1641:As has been mentioned before, gymnasia and 2320:Choi, Sun-Ju; Lee, You-Jae (January 2006) 2088:"Homepage of the CJD Christopherursschule" 1685: 1589:induce adverse results in recommendations. 1416: 1204:new students are likely to have a mentor. 190:in the United States. A student attending 2477:; p. 17 + p. 24 retrieved 11 January 2010 2268:. Schulministerium.nrw.de. Archived from 2148:. Did.mat.uni-bayreuth.de. Archived from 2090:(in German). Gymnasium-bgd.de. 2010-06-14 126:Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster 76:Learn how and when to remove this message 1542:as those from the higher social classes. 925:and the students who did best came from 388: 2753: 2132:For more information (in German), see: 2120:For more information (in German), see: 2107:For more information (in German), see: 1967:Education and Society in Modern Germany 1959: 1957: 1887: 775:The Sportgymnasium and the Skigymnasium 2712:(translated by Lorenz, New York, 1908) 2639:The questions used double subjunctives 1659:Gymnasium and performance on the TOEFL 1901:. Dunstable: Brilliant Publications. 1388:is an all-day school founded in 1989. 141: 7: 2195:with students in an advanced course. 1995: 1993: 1946:. New York: F.C. Brownell. pp. 1533:Lehmann's findings were as follows: 2710:German Education, Past and Present, 1811:introduced a discussion concerning 27:Type of secondary school in Germany 2335:Migrantenkinder mit Bildungserfolg 992:and in winter months, they may go 894:and had an average grade of "3+". 25: 1470:Children of self-employed parents 682:, a humanities-oriented gymnasium 632:, and several foreign languages. 98:in a former Benedictine monastery 2768: 2756: 2735: 1606:Does gymnasium matter after all? 1556:Study by the University of Mainz 1336:On cultural and ethnic diversity 612:(as well as crafts and design), 34: 2742:Gymnasiums (schools) in Germany 2382:. Eineschule.de. Archived from 2380:"Aktuell: Eine Schule für alle" 1781:Defending comprehensive schools 1565:The big-fish-little-pond effect 831:Culture of Teaching and Testing 243:. Final year students take the 2698:(second edition, London, 1882) 879:Gymnasium and academic grading 1: 2293:Friedrich Ebert Stiftung p.41 1898:German Pen Pals Made Easy KS3 807:Gymnasium for mature students 464:Untersekunda (lower Secunda) 203: 2791:Secondary schools in Germany 2109:de:Neusprachliches Gymnasium 1838:The Berlin Gymnasium lottery 1191:, that leads to prestigious 475:Obersekunda (upper Secunda) 2705:(5th edition, Berlin, 1893) 2004:. Oxford: Berg. p. 6. 885:Academic grading in Germany 680:Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium 442:Untertertia (lower Tertia) 269:in 1528, with the study of 2812: 1872:List of schools in Germany 1650:Gymnasium and selflessness 1339: 1064:, etc. can also be found. 901:A "gymnasium in the south" 882: 770:Special types of gymnasium 655:Keiner darf verloren gehen 453:Obertertia (upper Tertia) 2337:retrieved 20 January 2008 2002:Education in Nazi Germany 1877:Abitur after twelve years 1185:Internat Schloss Torgelow 690:and the civilizations of 661:Common types of gymnasium 486:Unterprima (lower Prima) 2050:Russell, Claude (2014). 1268:Admission to a gymnasium 1116:, for example, in 1920: 544:Languages of instruction 497:Oberprima (upper Prima) 2333:Panagiotis Kouparanis: 2025:Fulbrook, Mary (2014). 1940:Barnard, Henry (1861). 380:Volksschule/Hauptschule 160:German education system 2193:North Rhine-Westphalia 1862:Grammar schools debate 1831: 1389: 1386:Georg-Cantor-Gymnasium 1377: 1277: 1227: 1196: 1163:League of German Girls 1097: 1089: 1013: 958: 950: 849: 840: 791:Europäisches Gymnasium 683: 644:Schools for the gifted 573: 565: 532:. The German State of 375: 374:– church and courtyard 343: 297:'s idea, as stated in 262: 143:[ɡʏmˈnaːzi̯ʊm] 129: 118: 110: 99: 56:by rewriting it in an 2796:Gymnasiums in Germany 2744:at Wikimedia Commons 2076:de:Gemeinschaftskunde 1821: 1791:Laborschule Bielefeld 1703:Traditional gymnasium 1673:Technisches Gymnasium 1430:Parents wanting child 1395:comprehensive schools 1383: 1372: 1275: 1222: 1183: 1095: 1087: 1011: 956: 948: 846: 838: 673: 571: 563: 370: 341: 260: 124: 116: 105: 93: 2670:(February 23, 2009). 2650:Maria Kublitz-Kramer 2410:(Dezember 29, 2008) 1749:Wirtschaftsgymnasium 1717:Comprehensive school 1677:Wirtschaftsgymnasium 1432:to attend gymnasium 1250:Erstes Staatsexamen, 1058:experimental physics 825:Wirtschaftsgymnasium 762:on the one side and 550:Standard High German 508:The introduction of 2000:Pine, Lisa (2010). 1795:Helene Lange School 1765:Technical gymnasium 1427:child for gymnasium 1425:Teachers nominating 1419: 1373:Stella Matutina in 1291:Education in Berlin 1024:(i. e. producing a 688:classical antiquity 166:, the others being 2618:2011-07-19 at the 2578:(February 8, 2000) 2550:(January 3, 2008) 2534:(January 4, 2008) 2473:2010-01-15 at the 1867:Gymnasium (school) 1813:affirmative action 1417: 1390: 1378: 1278: 1228: 1197: 1098: 1090: 1014: 963:physical education 959: 951: 850: 841: 684: 674:Representation of 574: 566: 398:Year in gymnasium 376: 344: 334:Gymnasia for girls 291:National Socialism 263: 130: 119: 111: 100: 96:Kolleg St. Blasien 58:encyclopedic style 45:is written like a 2740:Media related to 2247:. Arbeiterkind.de 2245:"Arbeiterkind.de" 2134:de:Musikgymnasium 2122:de:Sportgymnasium 1778: 1777: 1516:According to the 1504:According to the 1502: 1501: 1349:Baden-Württemberg 1307:Sondierungsverbot 1243:Teacher education 935:Baden-Württemberg 927:Baden-Württemberg 801:Baden-Württemberg 501: 500: 392:School year (US) 354:feminist movement 164:secondary schools 154:; German plural: 86: 85: 78: 16:(Redirected from 2803: 2773: 2772: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2752: 2739: 2726:(New York, 1911) 2694:Matthew Arnold, 2683: 2680: 2671: 2668:Berliner Zeitung 2664: 2653: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2609: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2579: 2572: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2528: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2505: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2439:on July 19, 2011 2435:. 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According to 1803: 1783: 1732:Aufbaugymnasium 1669:Aufbaugymnasium 1661: 1652: 1639: 1626: 1621: 1615:Performance of 1608: 1596: 1582: 1567: 1558: 1527: 1514: 1431: 1426: 1407: 1367: 1344: 1338: 1302: 1270: 1245: 1217: 1178: 1159:Machtergreifung 1082: 1073: 1071:Exchange visits 1054:additional math 1006: 943: 903: 887: 881: 833: 821:Aufbaugymnasium 809: 793: 785: 777: 772: 737: 725: 717: 668: 663: 646: 630:social sciences 628:/ citizenship, 558: 556:Subjects taught 546: 506: 365: 336: 312: 287:Friedrich Lange 255: 206: 186:system or with 148: 147: 146: 138: 82: 71: 65: 62: 54:help improve it 51: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2809: 2807: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2765: 2732: 2731:External links 2729: 2728: 2727: 2720: 2713: 2706: 2699: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2672: 2654: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2601: 2592: 2580: 2564: 2555: 2539: 2523: 2513: 2497: 2488: 2479: 2468:German Version 2458: 2449: 2424: 2415: 2396: 2371: 2361: 2348: 2339: 2326: 2313: 2304: 2295: 2282: 2257: 2236: 2215: 2206: 2197: 2183: 2174: 2162: 2137: 2125: 2113: 2100: 2079: 2067: 2060: 2042: 2035: 2017: 2010: 1989: 1976: 1953: 1932: 1920: 1907: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1857: 1854: 1849:The Left Party 1839: 1836: 1817:Stefan Zillich 1802: 1799: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1689:Type of school 1660: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1638: 1635: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1566: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1526: 1523: 1513: 1510: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1406: 1403: 1366: 1363: 1337: 1334: 1301: 1298: 1269: 1266: 1244: 1241: 1216: 1213: 1177: 1174: 1155: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1124: 1081: 1078: 1072: 1069: 1026:Schülerzeitung 1005: 1002: 942: 939: 902: 899: 880: 877: 832: 829: 817:Abendgymnasium 808: 805: 792: 789: 784: 783:Musikgymnasium 781: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766:on the other. 756:Oberrealschule 753:Realgymnasium, 741:Oberrealschule 736: 735:Previous names 733: 724: 721: 716: 713: 705:some also the 692:ancient Greece 667: 664: 662: 659: 645: 642: 557: 554: 545: 542: 505: 502: 499: 498: 495: 492: 488: 487: 484: 481: 477: 476: 473: 470: 466: 465: 462: 459: 455: 454: 451: 448: 444: 443: 440: 437: 433: 432: 429: 426: 422: 421: 418: 415: 411: 410: 407: 404: 400: 399: 396: 393: 364: 361: 335: 332: 311: 308: 254: 251: 184:grammar school 108:Aloisiuskolleg 84: 83: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2808: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2730: 2725: 2722:J. F. 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However, 586:informatics 582:mathematics 514:Realschulen 491:Thirteenth 328:Oberschulen 233:eight years 226:Grundschule 169:Hauptschule 2785:Categories 2715:A. Beier, 2701:Schrader, 2443:2010-06-23 2390:2010-06-23 2276:2010-06-23 2251:2010-06-23 2230:2010-06-23 2156:2010-06-23 2094:2010-06-23 1983:2022-01-26 1914:2022-01-26 1883:References 1852:proposal. 1808:Left Party 1805:Germany's 1630:Realschule 1601:ab initio. 1538:gymnasium. 1512:PISA study 1340:See also: 1322:Realschule 1157:After the 1145:Unterprima 1127:Obertertia 1080:Dress code 1062:IT classes 1022:journalism 883:See also: 858:Studienrat 764:Realschule 760:Oberschule 749:Oberschule 731:subjects. 622:philosophy 395:Age group 384:Realschule 300:Mein Kampf 196:Gymnasiast 178:(middle). 175:Realschule 158:), in the 2775:Education 2708:Paulsen, 1375:Feldkirch 1311:Concordat 1176:Mentoring 1151:Oberprima 971:badminton 941:Athletics 676:Aristotle 606:geography 598:chemistry 469:Eleventh 237:oberprima 192:Gymnasium 180:Gymnasium 156:Gymnasien 134:Gymnasium 2616:Archived 2532:Die Zeit 2471:Archived 1856:See also 1826:Neukölln 1165:and the 1114:Uetersen 1042:debating 848:objects. 823:and the 703:Latinum, 480:Twelfth 425:Seventh 282:Prussian 2763:Germany 2749:Portals 1324:. 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