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is known to have extensive fields of dunes. However, the origin of the material forming the dunes is unknown - it could be small fragments of water ice eroded by flowing methane or particulate organic matter that formed in Titan's atmosphere and rained down on the surface. Scientists are beginning to
788:
displacing a large pebble as it landed and that the surface is better described as a 'sand' made of ice grains. The images taken after the probe's landing show a flat plain covered in pebbles. The pebbles, which may be made of water ice, are somewhat rounded, which may indicate the action of fluids
523:
content, whereas the Moon has none. However, standard usage among lunar scientists is to ignore that distinction. "Lunar dust" generally connotes even finer materials than lunar soil, the fraction which is less than 30 micrometers in diameter. The average chemical composition of regolith might be
558:
and that the module might sink beneath the surface. However, Joseph
Veverka (also of Cornell) pointed out that Gold had miscalculated the depth of the overlying dust, which was only a couple of centimeters thick. Indeed, the regolith was found to be quite firm by the robotic
647:
629:
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are recharged and through which aquifer discharge occurs. Many aquifers, such as alluvial aquifers, occur entirely within regolith. The composition of the regolith can also strongly influence water composition through the presence of salts and acid-generating materials.
595:
The sand is believed to move only slowly in the
Martian winds due to the very low density of the atmosphere in the present epoch. In the past, liquid water flowing in gullies and river valleys may have shaped the Martian regolith. Mars researchers are studying whether
364:. Understanding regolith properties, especially geochemical composition, is critical to geochemical and geophysical exploration for mineral deposits beneath it. The regolith is also an important source of construction material, including sand, gravel,
437:
The impact of micrometeoroids, sometimes travelling faster than 96,000 km/h (60,000 mph), generates enough heat to melt or partially vaporize dust particles. This melting and refreezing welds particles together into glassy, jagged-edged
165:. In other instances it is of fragmental and more or less decomposed matter drifted by wind, water or ice from other sources. This entire mantle of unconsolidated material, whatever its nature or origin, it is proposed to call the regolith.
817:
352:
Regolith is also important to engineers constructing buildings, roads and other civil works. The mechanical properties of regolith vary considerably and need to be documented if the construction is to withstand the rigors of use.
754:, they behave differently from regolith, the grains melting and fusing with only slight changes in pressure or temperature. However, Titan is so cold that ice behaves like rock. Thus, there is an ice-regolith complete with
611:
514:
is often used interchangeably with "lunar regolith" but typically refers to the finer fraction of regolith, that which is composed of grains one centimetre in diameter or less. Some have argued that the term
604:
exist on Mars and play a role. It is believed that large quantities of water and carbon dioxide ices remain frozen within the regolith in the equatorial parts of Mars and on its surface at higher latitudes.
337:. The uppermost part of the regolith, which typically contains significant organic matter, is more conventionally referred to as soil. The presence of regolith is one of the important factors for most
795:
784:-like "material which might have a thin crust followed by a region of relative uniform consistency." Subsequent data analysis suggests that surface consistency readings were likely caused by
952:
750:
or rock fragments that were in turn composed of such minerals. Loose blankets of ice grains were not considered regolith because when they appear on Earth in the form of
1495:
703:
mission also returned clear images of regolith on an asteroid so small it was thought that gravity was too low to develop and maintain a regolith. The asteroid
588:
is covered with vast expanses of sand and dust, and its surface is littered with rocks and boulders. The dust is occasionally picked up in vast planet-wide
461:
regions. Below this true regolith is a region of blocky and fractured bedrock created by larger impacts, which is often referred to as the "megaregolith".
551:
1356:
1334:
McKay, David S.; Heiken, Grant; Basu, Abhijit; Blanford, George; Simon, Steven; Reedy, Robert; French, Bevan M.; Papike, James (1991),
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Regolith can vary from being essentially absent to hundreds of metres in thickness. Its age can vary from instantaneous (for an
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Mars Lander, where the descent thrusters have apparently cleared away several patches of dust to expose the underlying ice.
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and from solar and galactic charged particles breaking down surface rocks. Regolith production by rock erosion can lead to
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499:) averages approximately 1.35 g/cm for the top 30 cm, and it is approximately 1.85g/cm at a depth of 60 cm.
1492:
1420:
Sierks, H.; et al. (2011). "Images of
Asteroid 21 Lutetia: A Remnant Planetesimal from the Early Solar System".
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on landing to characterize the mechanical properties of the local regolith. The surface itself was reported to be a
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135:
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spacecraft that preceded Apollo, and during the Apollo landings the astronauts often found it necessary to use a
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has a layer of regolith near its north pole, which flows in landslides associated with variations in albedo.
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raised a concern that the thick dust layer at the top of the regolith would not support the weight of the
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592:. Mars dust is very fine and enough remains suspended in the atmosphere to give the sky a reddish hue.
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900: – Mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life
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In places this covering is made up of material originating through rock-weathering or plant growth
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871: – Hypothetical aggregate building material, similar to concrete, formed from lunar regolith
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422:. This regolith has formed over the last 4.6 billion years from the impact of large and small
322:
age occurs in parts of
Australia, though this may have been buried and subsequently exhumed.)
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106:
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The physical and optical properties of lunar regolith are altered through a process known as
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The
Regolith Glossary: Surficial Geology, Soils and Landscapes, Richard A Eggleton, Editor
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334:
303:
232:
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New Images from the
Huygens Probe: Shorelines and Channels, But an Apparently Dry Surface
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967:
Clarke, Jonathon (2008). "Extraterrestrial regolith. In Scott, K and Pain, C.F. (Eds)".
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Asteroids have regoliths developed by meteoroid impact. The final images taken by the
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Cooperative
Research Centre for Landscape, Environments, and Mineral Exploration
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or alluvium just deposited) to hundreds of millions of years old (regolith of
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spacecraft of a region approximately 160 by 325 kilometers (99 by 202 miles)
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519:" is not correct in reference to the Moon because soil is defined as having
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spacecraft was landing, this image shows an area that is only 12 m across.
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are the best images of the regolith of an asteroid. The recent
Japanese
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A layer of loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock
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739:
738:), the term had been applied only when the loose layer was composed of
443:
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223:
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Regolith
Exploration Geochemistry in Tropical and Subtropical Terrains
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similarity with regolith on other bodies. However, traditionally (and
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estimated from the relative concentration of elements in lunar soil.
369:
346:
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Earth's regolith includes the following subdivisions and components:
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protruding only on very steep-sided crater walls and the occasional
1341:, in Heiken, Grant H.; Vaniman, David T.; French, Bevan M. (eds.),
349:
would be unable to burrow or build shelter without loose material.
1268:
Regolith
Exploration Geochemistry in Arctic and Temperate Terrains
862:
805:'s surface, photographed from a height of about 85 cm by the
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240:: fractured bedrock with weathering restricted to fracture margins
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is shaping the Martian regolith in the present epoch and whether
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Regolith may host mineral deposits, such as mineral sands,
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and other transported cover, including that transported by
53:
47:
1396:"Thomas Gold, Astrophysicist And Innovator, Is Dead at 84"
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orbiter image is from a height of 30 km (19 mi).
1514:
882: – Weathered rock that is not transported by erosion
59:
50:
983:
Geomorphology: The Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes
953:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
506:
Relative concentration of various elements of lunar soil
406:
shows the fine and powdery texture of the lunar surface.
681:
Taken from just 250 m above the surface of Eros as the
453:
The regolith is generally from 4 to 5 m thick in
1266:
L. K. Kauranne, R. Salminen, & K. Eriksson 1992
56:
44:
1502:, Emily Lakdawalla, 2005-01-15, verified 2005-03-28
41:
262:of soils, saprolith and transported material like
617:Martian sand and boulders photographed by NASA's
252:that are interbedded with unconsolidated material
531:, which darkens the regolith over time, causing
865: – Sediment of accumulated wind-blown dust
157:
1157:
1145:
969:Regolith Science, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne
8:
1344:Lunar Sourcebook: A User's Guide to the Moon
457:areas and from 10 to 15 m in the older
981:Anderson, R. S. and Anderson, S. P., 2010,
290:layers resistant to weathering and erosion.
1449:
1295:
1254:
1242:
1230:
213:"saprolith'", generally divided into the
155:first defined the term in 1897, writing:
70:) is a blanket of unconsolidated, loose,
827:'s surface in a radar image taken by the
1199:. In Scott, Keith; Pain, Colin (eds.).
910:
791:
607:
375:The regolith is the zone through which
1347:, Cambridge University Press, p.
552:President's Science Advisory Committee
1375:. University of Tennessee (Knoxville)
1121:Scott, Keith M.; Pain, Colin (2009).
345:can grow on or within solid rock and
7:
1061:. New York: MacMillan Company, 411p.
985:. Cambridge University Press, p. 162
1203:. Csiro Publishing. pp. 7–29.
1096:Taylor, G.; Eggleton, R.A. (2001).
1071:Ollier, Cliff; Pain, Colin (1996).
1308:Mangels, John (15 February 2007).
1098:Regolith geology and geomorphology
410:Regolith covers almost the entire
151:), 'rock'. The American geologist
14:
894: – Chemically weathered rock
426:, from the steady bombardment of
1481:Titan probe's pebble 'bash-down'
1125:. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Pub.
1059:Rocks, rock-weathering and soils
816:
794:
646:
628:
610:
37:
1394:Pearce, Jeremy (24 June 2004).
538:During the early phases of the
464:The density of regolith at the
231:: chemically reduced partially
956:(5th ed.). HarperCollins.
1:
1310:"Coping with a lunar dust-up"
1073:Regolith, soils and landforms
726:call this loose icy material
695:spacecraft of the surface of
286:and less common agents, into
852:In situ resource utilization
434:buildup around lunar rocks.
141:
129:
1483:, BBC News, April 10, 2005.
1002:Online Etymology Dictionary
310:components derived from it.
1551:
1197:"2. Regolith through time"
1174:. London: Belhaven Press.
1158:Taylor & Eggleton 2001
1146:Taylor & Eggleton 2001
1075:. Chichester: John Wiley.
1025:
1017:
578:
402:'s footprint taken during
387:
178:Alluvial gravels in Alaska
146:
134:
1371:Alshibli, Khalid (2013).
875:Martian regolith simulant
362:lateritic nickel deposits
1100:. Chichester: J. Wiley.
635:Regolith beneath NASA's
1442:10.1126/science.1207325
1041:A Greek–English Lexicon
930:Oxford University Press
858:Lunar regolith simulant
602:carbon dioxide hydrates
535:to fade and disappear.
1195:Pillans, Brad (2009).
1170:Ollier, Cliff (1991).
1057:Merrill, G. P. (1897)
688:
619:Mars Exploration Rover
542:Moon landing program,
507:
407:
296:- and water-deposited
222:: completely oxidised
179:
167:
29:
1296:Scott & Pain 2009
1255:Scott & Pain 2009
1243:Scott & Pain 2009
1231:Scott & Pain 2009
1032:Liddell, Henry George
926:UK English Dictionary
680:
505:
398:This famous image of
397:
177:
24:
1336:"The Lunar Regolith"
335:biological processes
75:superficial deposits
25:Surface of asteroid
1434:2011Sci...334..487S
1282:C. R. M. Butt 1992
1160:, pp. 247–248.
598:groundwater sapping
483: /
103:terrestrial planets
1498:2007-08-29 at the
1400:The New York Times
689:
548:Cornell University
508:
487:26.1322°N 3.6339°E
408:
180:
139:), 'blanket', and
30:
1428:(6055): 487–490.
1358:978-0-521-33444-0
1314:The Seattle Times
1172:Ancient landforms
995:Harper, Douglas.
936:on 28 April 2021.
442:, reminiscent of
153:George P. Merrill
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1373:"Lunar Regolith"
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932:. Archived from
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529:space weathering
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329:originates from
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229:lower saprolite
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1200:
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778:penetrometer
771:
768:
742:grains like
727:
714:
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682:
662:
657:, a moon of
637:
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584:
556:lunar module
550:and part of
537:
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452:
440:agglutinates
439:
436:
420:lava channel
409:
374:
368:, lime, and
355:
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325:Regolith on
324:
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258:, formed by
246:volcanic ash
237:
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216:
208:gravity flow
181:
160:
158:
118:
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101:, and other
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1319:16 February
801:Pebbles on
766:processes.
764:sedimentary
748:plagioclase
718:'s largest
590:dust storms
567:to drive a
544:Thomas Gold
533:crater rays
490: /
400:Buzz Aldrin
320:Precambrian
294:groundwater
272:iron oxides
260:cementation
1286:. Elsevier
997:"regolith"
971:: 377–407.
948:"regolith"
919:"regolith"
906:References
869:Lunarcrete
810:spacecraft
732:mechanical
705:21 Lutetia
512:lunar soil
475:26°07′56″N
424:meteoroids
331:weathering
280:carbonates
250:lava flows
210:processes.
1379:8 October
892:Saprolite
823:Dunes on
789:on them.
673:Asteroids
510:The term
478:3°38′02″E
466:Apollo 15
446:found on
414:surface,
404:Apollo 11
288:indurated
268:silicates
256:duricrust
219:saprolite
117:The term
113:Etymology
99:asteroids
1535:Regolith
1529:Category
1496:Archived
1468:17580478
1460:22034428
1272:Elsevier
880:Residuum
839:See also
728:regolith
701:Hayabusa
664:Viking 2
561:Surveyor
459:highland
444:tektites
377:aquifers
316:ash fall
284:sulfates
196:alluvium
191:pedolith
120:regolith
33:Regolith
27:433 Eros
1430:Bibcode
1422:Science
1405:1 March
1044:at the
830:Cassini
808:Huygens
786:Huygens
776:used a
772:Huygens
762:and/or
760:aeolian
756:erosion
740:mineral
638:Phoenix
521:organic
416:bedrock
347:animals
308:organic
238:saprock
224:bedrock
204:glacial
200:aeolian
162:in situ
127:words:
97:, some
1466:
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1216:24 May
1207:
1178:
1129:
1104:
1079:
924:Lexico
744:quartz
716:Saturn
655:Deimos
622:Spirit
565:hammer
540:Apollo
432:fillet
370:gypsum
360:, and
343:plants
217:upper
142:lithos
130:rhegos
89:, the
1464:S2CID
1339:(PDF)
1026:λίθος
1018:ρῆγος
863:Loess
825:Titan
803:Titan
774:probe
723:Titan
711:Titan
448:Earth
412:lunar
327:Earth
304:biota
298:salts
264:clays
170:Earth
148:λίθος
136:ῥῆγος
125:Greek
107:moons
87:Earth
1456:PMID
1407:2018
1381:2016
1353:ISBN
1321:2007
1218:2022
1205:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1102:ISBN
1077:ISBN
898:Soil
886:Sand
782:clay
769:The
758:and
752:snow
720:moon
697:Eros
659:Mars
586:Mars
575:Mars
517:soil
455:mare
384:Moon
339:life
333:and
306:and
248:and
187:soil
105:and
95:Mars
91:Moon
83:dust
79:rock
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1438:doi
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546:of
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