28:
153:
Examples: Ra-pí-ú-um; A-bi-ra-pí; Ya-ku-un-ra-pí; Am-mu-ra-pí; Ra-pa-Ya-ma; Ra-pí-DINGIR and more. It is not certain, however, if the element Rpʾ in these names refers solely to the
Rephaim For the nominative case, several readings have been suggested in various studies, such as Rapaʾūma, Rāpaʾūma, Rāpiʾūma, Rapiʾūma and so on.
185:. The second root denotes weakness or powerlessness; souls within Sheol are weak in the sense that they hold no physical power or status as they did in the living world. Because all things that give the living power are moot in the land of the dead, its inhabitants are thus powerless and weak and must be submissive to Elohim.
537:
imagined the spirits of the dead as playing an active and important role in securing blessings, healing, or other benefits in the lives of the living. In 2021, a new theory regarding the identity of the
Rephaim was published by J. Yogev, which suggests that the Rephaim were systematically eradicated
361:
are one and the same. This used to explain why the two names never appear together in
Biblical lists of Canaanite tribes. Nonetheless, later scholars have called this assumption into question. Others have argued that the Rephaim were not strictly Canaanite, but that their land was still nonetheless
152:
There is no consensus regarding the exact vocalization of the name “Rpʾum” in
Ugaritic, since the word does not appear in syllabic texts. The first syllable, /ra/, is mostly based on Semitic names from Ugarit, Canaan, Mari and other places written in syllabic text that carry the element Rpʾ.
837:
2002 p. 121: "It is also possible that the distinction here is not between the
Rephaim and non-Rephaim dead kings, but rather between the rpim qdmym (Ulkn, Tr 'limn, Sdn w Rdn, Trmn; the "ancient Rephaim") and the more recent Rephaim (Ammishtamru,
851:
2010 p160 "Unlike the texts from Ras Shamra, however, Israelite literature negatively portrayed the
Rephaim in order to undermine a politically potent element that was otherwise embraced in Ugaritic tradition. The equation of the Rephaim as dead
865:
1994 p267 "The
Ugaritic rp 'um are repeatedly invoked as confirmation for the existence of both a living and dead biblical Rephaim. De Moor's theory comprises the most compelling and thoroughgoing proposal to date. According to this
494:, "doctors". The Heb. root רפא means "heal", and thus the masculine plural nominalized form of this root may indicate that these "deceased ancestors" could be invoked for ritual purposes that would benefit the living.
525:, recently dead kings, were invoked in a funeral liturgy, presented with food/drink offerings, and asked to provide blessings for the reign of the current king. The many references to
661:
234:
1:20–22). Despite the inconsistency between these possible meanings and that modern translations clearly distinguish between
Rephaites as one of the tribes (e.g.
875:
758:
541:
The divine status of the
Rephaim is evident from "The Rephaim," where they are called "gods" and "divine ones," but also from the end of "Baal" in
1021:
505:
as the dead or dead kings. Lewis (1989) undertakes a detailed study of several enigmatic funerary ritual texts from the ancient coastal city of
924:
On the role of the dead and burial customs in ancient
Israelite society and the cultures of the ancient Levant generally, see L. Bloch-Smith's
637:
620:
207:", but this explanation enjoys rather limited popularity. Far more support has been gained by the hypothesis which derives the Hebrew
801:
960:
778:
1016:
1006:
986:
912:
883:
231:
27:
638:"Using Corpus Linguistics to Address some Questions of Phoenician Grammar and Syntax found in the Kulamuwa Inscription"
538:
from biblical texts as an agenda to eliminate their memory according to monotheistic belief systems in biblical times.
498:
402:
56:
879:
385:, which include various named peoples, including some unusually tall/large individuals. Several passages in the
1011:
991:
549:
Sun rules the Rephaim, Sun rules the divine ones: Your company are the gods, see, the dead are your company.
1001:
996:
271:
177:. The first root conveys the meaning of healing, as in the healing of souls living in the Jewish afterlife,
514:
77:
410:
331:
239:
96:
157:
There are two main groups of etymological hypotheses explaining the origins of the biblical term,
981:
576:
483:
335:
182:
113:
747:
Rouillard-Bonraisin, Hedwige. 1999. "Rephaim." In Dictionary of Deities and Demons, pp. 692–700.
429:
343:
339:
287:
323:
956:
816:
774:
655:
616:
582:
447:
279:
197:
193:
88:
421:
390:
327:
291:
766:
446:
in the Hebrew Bible) in more recent scholarship. Possible examples of this usage appear as "
475:
397:, the King of Bashan, was one of the last survivors of the Rephaim, and that his bed was 9
471:
467:
319:
283:
235:
162:
68:
463:
459:
455:
315:
311:
303:
451:
307:
299:
386:
295:
247:
32:
975:
479:
378:
363:
405:, or approximately 18 in (460 mm). This makes the bed over 13 feet long.)
759:"The Fallen (Or) Giants? The Gigantic Qualities of the Nefilim in the Hebrew Bible"
569:
530:
275:
48:
738:
Lewis, Theodore J. 1999. "Dead." In Dictionary of Deities and Demons, pp. 223–231.
610:
533:
in contexts involving Sheol and dead spirits strongly suggests that many ancient
559:
350:
676:
36:, a 15th-century manuscript painting from Iran or Iraq, depicting the Rephaite
770:
534:
374:
263:
129:
820:
133:
121:
401:
long. (An ordinary cubit is the length of a man's forearm according to the
258:
In the Hebrew Bible, "Rephaites" or "Repha'im" describe an ancient race of
112:) refers either to a people of greater-than-average height and stature in
564:
267:
259:
223:
214:
189:
501:
texts are also replete with references to terms evidently cognate with
367:
358:
17:
863:
Israel's beneficent dead: ancestor cult and necromancy in ancient ...
899:
T. J. Lewis (professor of Hebrew Bible at Johns Hopkins University),
506:
440:
Repha'im have also been considered the residents of the Netherworld (
382:
204:
145:
125:
450:", "spirits", or "dead" in various translations of the Bible. See:
615:. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. Brill. p. 6.
442:
425:
398:
354:
178:
117:
26:
849:
The Politics of Dead Kings: Dynastic Ancestors in the Book of ...
725:
Harris, R. Laird., Gleason L. Archer, and Bruce K. Waltke. 2003.
699:
Francis Brown, Samuel Rolles Driver and Charles A. Briggs C.A.,
417:
406:
377:
were instructed to exterminate the previous inhabitants of the "
250:
14:9–11; 26:13–15), the same word is used in the original text.
52:
188:
The second group of etymological hypotheses treat rephaim as a
835:
Of Dead Kings and Dirges: Myth and Meaning in Isaiah 14:4b-21.
490:
may be read as "dead ancestors" or "weakeners", as opposed to
394:
37:
270:. Many locations were also named after them. According to
886:
1.161. See the article by M.S. Smith, "Rephaim," in the
107:
513:
provides important evidence for understanding Ugarit's
278:
and his allies attacked and defeated the Rephaites at
217:
926:
Judahite Burial Practices and Beliefs About the Dead
208:
82:
714:
The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament
226:who are mentioned in such sources as the so-called
165:term, which could be derived either from the root
951:Coogan, Michael D.; Smith, Mark S. (2012-03-15).
701:A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament
161:. The first group proposes that this is a native
660:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
955:. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press.
150:
901:Cults of the Dead in Ancient Israel and Ugarit
712:Kohler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner. 2002.
643:. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012
116::10-11, or departed spirits in the afterlife,
8:
800:Klein, Reuven Chaim (Rudolph) (April 2018).
416:The Rephaites were called the "Emim" by the
172:
166:
953:Stories from Ancient Canaan, Second Edition
763:Jewish Translation - Translating Jewishness
246:as the inhabitants of the underworld (e.g.
729:. Chicago: Moody Press . (CD-ROM), 2198d.
727:Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament
604:
602:
222:which denotes the semi-deified deceased
120:as written in the following scriptures:
598:
653:
802:"Nations and Super-Nations of Canaan"
703:(Oxford, 1907/2013) , (CD-ROM), 9242.
7:
357:have suggested that the Rephaim and
100:
173:
167:
72:
55:ancient texts from the region, the
44:Group mentioned in the Hebrew Bible
282:. Rephaites are also mentioned at
144:The term Rephaim first appears in
25:
716:. Leiden: Brill . (CD-ROM), 8014.
757:Kosior, Wojciech (2018-05-22),
428:called them the "Zamzummim" in
373:In the biblical narrative, the
1022:Hebrew Bible words and phrases
765:, De Gruyter, pp. 17–38,
349:Medieval Jewish exegetes like
1:
939:The Rephaim: Sons of the Gods
612:The Rephaim: Sons of the Gods
572:, also called "Gilgal Refaim"
196:. Among the proposals is the
681:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
218:
108:
543:Stories from Ancient Canaan
509:. Lewis concludes that the
403:New American Standard Bible
209:
83:
1038:
92:
915:1.161 = Ras Shamra 34.126
771:10.1515/9783110550788-002
413:, was also a Rephaite.
517:, wherein beings called
511:"Ugaritic Funerary Text"
67:(cf. the plural word in
888:Anchor Bible Dictionary
882:6.6.46-52, CTA 20-22 =
181:, where they await the
903:(Scholars Press, 1989)
809:Jewish Bible Quarterly
551:
254:Canaanite people group
155:
41:
878:13.7-8, 14.8, 177.1;
547:
521:, the long dead, and
192:from another ancient
183:final judgment by God
30:
1017:Phoenician mythology
262:in Canaan, from the
1007:Books of Chronicles
987:Book of Deuteronomy
847:Matthew J. Suriano
436:Long dead ancestors
430:Deuteronomy 2:18–21
332:Books of Chronicles
288:Deuteronomy 2:10–21
240:Book of Deuteronomy
928:(Continuum, 1992).
609:Yogev, J. (2021).
577:The Book of Giants
336:1 Chronicles 11:15
42:
861:Brian B. Schmidt
622:978-90-04-46086-7
583:Valley of Rephaim
499:Northwest Semitic
280:Ashteroth-Karnaim
106:
81:
57:Northwest Semitic
51:, as well as non-
16:(Redirected from
1029:
967:
966:
948:
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673:
667:
665:
659:
651:
649:
648:
642:
635:Booth, Scott W.
633:
627:
626:
606:
515:cult of the dead
497:Various ancient
422:Deuteronomy 2:11
411:Deuteronomy 2:11
391:Deuteronomy 3:11
324:2 Samuel 5:18–22
238:14:5; 15:18–21;
221:
212:
194:Semitic language
176:
175:
170:
169:
132::18, as well as
111:
105:romanized:
104:
102:
94:
86:
76:
74:
21:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1030:
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1027:
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1012:Books of Samuel
992:Book of Genesis
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923:
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833:R. Mark Shipp.
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828:
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666:. 2007. p. 197.
652:
646:
644:
640:
636:
634:
630:
623:
608:
607:
600:
596:
591:
556:
482:, and possibly
438:
409:, according to
393:, suggest that
320:Books of Samuel
256:
236:Book of Genesis
163:Hebrew language
142:
45:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1035:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1002:Book of Joshua
999:
997:Book of Isaiah
994:
989:
984:
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969:
968:
961:
943:
930:
917:
905:
892:
868:
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826:
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779:
749:
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567:
562:
555:
552:
437:
434:
387:Book of Joshua
296:Book of Joshua
255:
252:
248:Book of Isaiah
141:
138:
43:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1034:
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962:0-664-23242-6
958:
954:
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944:
941:(Brill, 2021)
940:
937:see J. Yogev
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780:9783110550788
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520:
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508:
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485:
484:2 Chron 16:12
481:
477:
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431:
427:
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379:Promised Land
376:
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341:
337:
333:
329:
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321:
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293:
289:
285:
284:Genesis 15:20
281:
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253:
251:
249:
245:
242:2:11–20) and
241:
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114:Deuteronomy 2
110:
98:
90:
85:
79:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
39:
35:
34:
29:
19:
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895:
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848:
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834:
829:
815:(2): 73–85.
812:
808:
794:
784:, retrieved
762:
752:
743:
734:
726:
721:
713:
708:
700:
695:
684:. Retrieved
680:
671:
645:. Retrieved
631:
611:
575:
570:Rujm el-Hiri
548:
542:
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531:Hebrew Bible
526:
522:
518:
510:
502:
496:
491:
487:
441:
439:
415:
372:
348:
276:Chedorlaomer
272:Genesis 14:5
257:
243:
228:Rephaim Text
227:
200:
187:
158:
156:
151:
143:
64:
60:
49:Hebrew Bible
46:
31:
560:Emek Refaim
424:whilst the
389:, and also
351:Nachmanides
330:); and the
300:Joshua 12:4
128:88:10, and
33:Musa va 'Uj
976:Categories
786:2018-08-04
686:2021-06-05
647:2013-12-04
589:References
535:Israelites
375:Israelites
264:Bronze Age
130:Proverbs 9
97:Phoenician
982:Rephaites
821:0792-3910
677:"Rephaim"
468:Prov 2:18
426:Ammonites
224:ancestors
213:from the
140:Etymology
134:Isaiah 14
122:Isaiah 26
78:romanized
866:author,"
656:cite web
565:Nephilim
554:See also
527:repha'im
523:malakuma
519:rapi'uma
492:Rophe'im
488:Repha'im
486:, where
480:Job 26:5
464:Ps 88:10
452:Isa 14:9
418:Moabites
381:", i.e.
364:promised
268:Iron Age
215:Ugaritic
198:Akkadian
190:loanword
159:Repha'im
101:𐤓𐤐𐤀𐤌
89:Ugaritic
73:רְפָאִים
65:Repha'im
61:Rephaite
529:in the
503:Rephaim
368:Abraham
359:Hivites
318:); the
274:, King
266:to the
244:rephaim
84:rəfāʾīm
80::
47:In the
18:Rephaim
959:
819:
777:
619:
507:Ugarit
448:shades
399:cubits
383:Canaan
294:; the
260:giants
210:refaim
205:prince
146:Ugarit
126:Psalms
69:Hebrew
53:Jewish
805:(PDF)
641:(PDF)
594:Notes
476:21:16
460:26:19
456:26:14
443:Sheol
355:Radak
328:23:13
316:18:16
312:17:15
304:13:12
179:Sheol
124::14;
118:Sheol
93:rpʾum
59:term
957:ISBN
852:..."
838:..."
817:ISSN
798:See
775:ISBN
662:link
617:ISBN
472:9:18
407:Anak
353:and
346:).
344:20:4
342:and
340:14:9
308:15:8
292:3:11
219:rpum
201:rabu
136::9.
109:rpʾm
913:KTU
884:KTU
880:CTA
876:KAI
767:doi
420:in
370:.
366:to
232:KTU
174:רפה
171:or
168:רפא
63:or
978::
813:46
811:.
807:.
773:,
761:,
679:.
658:}}
654:{{
601:^
545::
478:;
474:,
470:,
466:;
462:;
458:,
454:,
432:.
395:Og
338:,
326:,
314:,
310:,
306:,
302:,
290:,
286:;
148:.
103:,
99::
95:,
91::
87:;
75:,
71::
38:Og
965:.
890:.
823:.
769::
689:.
664:)
650:.
625:.
334:(
322:(
298:(
230:(
203:"
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
