540:
33:
56:
342:
461:
defend the nest by either using their mandibles to attack invaders or by using their large heads to plug the entrances to their nests. They are most well known for their defensive abilities, though they are known to do many other tasks, such as aiding colony reproduction by accompanying alates and
424:
since 50% of their genotype comes from their mother and 50% from their father who also shares 50% of his genotype with their shared mother. This has shown to bias female alate production over males, likely because colony members favor caring for those who they are most related to (see
660:
is commonly found in southern
Ontario, and is found in all the eastern states including Texas, extending as far south as Mexico City and as far west as Arizona, with likely accidental introductions on the west coast of the US.
1344:
Leniaud, L.; Dedeine, F.; Pichon, A.; Dupont, S.; Bagneres, A.G. (2010). "Geographical distribution, genetic diversity and social organization of a new
European termite, Reticulitermes urbis (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)".
1308:
Clément, J.-L.; Bagnères, A.-G.; Uva, P.; Wilfert, L.; Quintana, A.; Reinhard, J.; Dronnet, S. (2001). "Biosystematics of
Reticulitermes termites in Europe: Morphological, chemical and molecular data".
1043:
Matsuura, Kenji (1 January 2002). "Colony-level stabilization of soldier head width for head-plug defense in the termite
Reticulitermes speratus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)".
477:
in termites in which females have a larger size potential than males and the fact that soldiers need to be able to plug entrances with their large heads. However, in
1769:
449:
nature of most termites. Those who do not can either become soldiers or stay workers. These individuals typically focus on brood care and general nest management.
1808:
462:
stimulating the production of supplementary reproductives. Like other termite soldiers, they are unable to feed themselves due to their large mandibles.
1743:
1257:
Matsuura, Kenji (2 November 2006). "A novel hypothesis for the origin of the sexual division of labor in termites: which sex should be soldiers?".
1782:
1470:
Austin, J.W.; Bagneres, A.G.; Szalanski, A.L.; Scheffrahn, R.H.; Heintschel, B.P.; Messenger, M.T.; Clement, J.L.; Gold, R.E (20 August 2007).
852:
Kobayashi, Kazuya; Hasegawa, Eisuke; Yamamoto, Yuuka; Kawatsu, Kazutaka; Vargo, Edward L.; Yoshimura, Jin; Matsuura, Kenji (October 2013).
1431:"Intraspecific molecular phylogeny, genetic variation and phylogeography of Reticulitermes speratus (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae)"
1199:
809:
Lainé, L.V.; Wright, D.J. (July 2003). "The life cycle of
Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): what do we know?".
1472:"Reticulitermes malletei (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae): a valid nearctic subterranean termite from eastern North America"
531:, a newly described species is found in urban zones in the southeast of France (Marseille in the west to Italy in the east).
1787:
441:
species have a true worker caste, meaning that individuals who are not reproductives or soldiers could theoretically become
1795:
55:
1390:"Molecular Characteristics of Subterranean Termites of the genus Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) From Korea"
521:
1652:
580:
248:
1722:
1813:
574:
509:
218:
188:
483:, where there is no sexual dimorphism in the reproductive caste, there is also no sex bias in soldier production.
1735:
666:
631:
586:
410:
308:
242:
176:
593:
284:
236:
182:
624:
618:
561:
515:
469:
have sex biases in their soldier castes with significantly more female soldiers than males. Some species, like
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676:). These are less important economically (such as in damage to crops) because of their more limited range.
1582:
527:
302:
1657:
1834:
672:
224:
709:
queens is of interest because it implies the presence of an anti-aging mechanism. Long-lived queens of
1691:
1629:
1529:
1354:
1266:
865:
1179:
539:
1620:
32:
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than non-reproductive individuals (workers, soldiers and nymphs). Queens have more than twice the
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50:
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1447:
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1240:"The proportion of soldiers in termite colonies: a list and a bibliography (Isoptera)"
1866:
714:
426:
382:
154:
1415:
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1330:
1294:
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913:
1683:
1471:
986:
Korb, J.; Buschmann, M.; Schafberg, S.; Liebig, J.; Bagneres, A.-G. (7 July 2012).
420:, mother-son breeding systems have been found. This means their colony members are
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1011:
954:
897:
830:
656:) is the most widely distributed termite found in the eastern United States.
473:, have next to no male soldiers at all. This is believed to be caused by the
1704:
737:
725:
than workers, soldiers and nymphs. Catalase catalyzes the decomposition the
107:
87:
67:
1561:
1456:
1164:
1029:
1003:
972:
945:
905:
838:
765:
664:
Other termites found there are the dark southeastern subterranean termite (
642:
is also found in all place in South Korea as well as Japan and North Korea
1644:
721:
activity and seven times higher levels of expression of the catalase gene
1665:
1599:
779:
718:
442:
1748:
1670:
1479:
1322:
878:
853:
822:
784:
358:
117:
1761:
1138:
888:
507:
in southwestern France, northwestern and southern Spain and
Portugal,
396:
species have three general castes: reproductive, worker, and soldier.
97:
77:
1576:
1406:
1389:
1709:
538:
340:
1086:
Prestwich, G D (January 1984). "Defense
Mechanisms of Termites".
854:"Sex ratio biases in termites provide evidence for kin selection"
1429:
Park, Y.C.; Kitade, O.; Schwarz, M.; Kim, J.P.; Kim, W. (2006).
370:
1580:
1518:"An Efficient Antioxidant System in a Long-Lived Termite Queen"
1123:"The Soldiers in Societies: Defense, Regulation, and Evolution"
1696:
1388:
Kim, M.J.; Choi, Y.S.; Lee, J.; Kim, J.J.; Kim, G.H. (2012).
1180:"The Role of Pheromones in Termite Caste Differentiation"
992:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1589:
1516:Tasaki E, Kobayashi K, Matsuura K, Iuchi Y (2017).
670:) and the light southeastern subterranean termite (
744:queens is partially explained by their efficient
501:(former santonensis) is found in western France,
422:more related to their mothers than their fathers
1511:
1509:
1394:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
929:"Termites, hemimetabolous diploid white ants?"
988:"Brood care and social evolution in termites"
8:
1127:International Journal of Biological Sciences
1577:
1224:Social Control of Polymorphism in Termites
31:
20:
1551:
1541:
1446:
1405:
1154:
1019:
962:
944:
887:
877:
519:in the Provence region. The subspecies,
1184:Caste Differentiation in Social Insects
757:
513:in the Roussillon region of France and
7:
1736:e641d245-ad25-407e-91a6-0f841a2f54ee
804:
802:
1100:10.1146/annurev.en.29.010184.001221
1045:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
369:regions on Earth including much of
1192:10.1016/b978-0-08-030783-1.50021-5
811:Bulletin of Entomological Research
679:Other termites species are found:
650:The eastern subterranean termite (
525:is found in Corsica and Sardinia.
14:
522:Reticulitermes lucifugus corsicus
581:Reticulitermes leptomandibularis
249:Reticulitermes leptomandibularis
54:
736:. It appears that the extended
1227:. Royal entomological society.
1186:, Elsevier, pp. 221–226,
1121:Tian, Li; Zhou, Xuguo (2014).
1:
1448:10.1016/s1016-8478(23)12906-2
1178:Bordereau, Christian (1985),
715:oxidative damage to their DNA
575:Reticulitermes guangzhouensis
219:Reticulitermes guangzhouensis
1543:10.1371/journal.pone.0167412
766:"Reticulitermes santonensis"
1088:Annual Review of Entomology
587:Reticulitermes khaoyaiensis
243:Reticulitermes khaoyaiensis
1889:
705:The extended longevity of
697:in Louisiana and Florida.
594:Reticulitermes kanmonensis
510:Reticulitermes banyulensis
457:The soldier caste of most
285:Reticulitermes santonensis
237:Reticulitermes kanmonensis
189:Reticulitermes banyulensis
183:Reticulitermes balkanensis
1367:10.1007/s10530-009-9555-8
1279:10.1007/s10682-006-9117-9
1057:10.1007/s00265-001-0426-2
667:Reticulitermes virginicus
632:Reticulitermes arenincola
625:Reticulitermes yaeyamanus
619:Reticulitermes okinawanus
445:reproductives due to the
365:. They are found in most
329:
322:
315:Reticulitermes yaeyamanus
309:Reticulitermes virginicus
279:Reticulitermes okinawanus
177:Reticulitermes arenincola
167:
162:
51:Scientific classification
49:
39:
30:
23:
1221:Lüscher, Martin (1961).
613:Reticulitermes miyatakei
601:Reticulitermes amamianus
569:Reticulitermes chinensis
562:Reticulitermes lucifugus
558:is found in Middle East.
555:Reticulitermes clypeatus
516:Reticulitermes lucifugus
267:Reticulitermes miyatakei
255:Reticulitermes lucifugus
201:Reticulitermes clypeatus
195:Reticulitermes chinensis
171:Reticulitermes amamianus
1238:Haverty, M. I. (1977).
732:, and protects against
727:reactive oxygen species
711:Reticulitermes speratus
694:Reticulitermes nelsonae
688:Reticulitermes malletei
682:Reticulitermes hesperus
653:Reticulitermes flavipes
639:Reticulitermes speratus
607:Reticulitermes speratus
597:Korea, China and Japan.
546:Reticulitermes speratus
498:Reticulitermes flavipes
297:Reticulitermes tibialis
291:Reticulitermes speratus
273:Reticulitermes nelsonae
261:Reticulitermes malletei
231:Reticulitermes hesperus
207:Reticulitermes flavipes
42:Reticulitermes flavipes
1004:10.1098/rspb.2011.2639
946:10.1186/1742-9994-5-15
780:"GENUS Reticulitermes"
550:
504:Reticulitermes grassei
349:
213:Reticulitermes grassei
1835:Paleobiology Database
927:Korb, Judith (2008).
858:Nature Communications
673:Reticulitermes hageni
542:
344:
225:Reticulitermes hageni
1731:Fauna Europaea (new)
1347:Biological Invasions
1259:Evolutionary Ecology
933:Frontiers in Zoology
565:is found in Turkey.
528:Reticulitermes urbis
361:genus in the family
303:Reticulitermes urbis
1534:2017PLoSO..1267412T
1435:Molecules and Cells
1359:2010BiInv..12.1389L
1271:2006EvEco..20..565M
998:(1738): 2662–2671.
870:2013NatCo...4.2048K
713:have markedly less
701:In medical research
628:are found in Japan.
590:are found in China.
1323:10.1007/PL00001768
1244:Sociobiology (USA)
879:10.1038/ncomms3048
823:10.1079/BER2003238
635:is found in India.
551:
400:Reproductive caste
389:Caste descriptions
350:
1860:
1859:
1822:Open Tree of Life
1583:Taxon identifiers
1139:10.7150/ijbs.6847
730:hydrogen peroxide
475:sexual dimorphism
339:
338:
158:
16:Genus of termites
1880:
1853:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1830:
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1801:NHMSYS0021164911
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1378:
1353:(5): 1389–1402.
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1311:Insectes Sociaux
1305:
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1298:
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776:
770:
769:
762:
734:oxidative stress
691:in Mississippi;
646:In North America
465:Many species of
153:
138:Heterotermitinae
59:
58:
35:
21:
1888:
1887:
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1528:(1): e0167412.
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685:in California;
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363:Rhinotermitidae
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128:Rhinotermitidae
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1873:Termite genera
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1718:Fauna Europaea
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1649:
1639:
1635:Reticulitermes
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1621:Reticulitermes
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1591:Reticulitermes
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1573:External links
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1485:Magnolia Press
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817:(4): 267–278.
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439:Reticulitermes
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406:Reticulitermes
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394:Reticulitermes
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379:Western Europe
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346:Reticulitermes
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707:social insect
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742:R. speratus
658:R. flavipes
480:R. flavipes
417:R. speratus
375:Middle East
134:Subfamily:
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889:2123/11211
791:21 October
752:References
88:Arthropoda
1498:24 August
1493:1175-5326
1287:0269-7653
1147:1449-2288
1108:0066-4170
1065:0340-5443
1012:0962-8452
955:1742-9994
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898:2041-1723
831:0007-4853
738:longevity
492:In Europe
408:species,
367:temperate
108:Blattodea
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68:Eukaryota
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1867:Category
1666:BugGuide
1642:BioLib:
1606:Q1074282
1600:Wikidata
1562:28076409
1522:PLOS ONE
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1457:16511351
1416:85816528
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1030:22398169
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914:14636330
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543:Nest of
443:ergatoid
373:and the
324:Synonyms
163:Species
155:Holmgren
124:Family:
118:Isoptera
84:Phylum:
78:Animalia
64:Domain:
1850:1754885
1775:1067054
1749:2007365
1553:5226355
1530:Bibcode
1480:Zootaxa
1355:Bibcode
1267:Bibcode
1207:10 July
1156:3957085
1021:3350695
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866:Bibcode
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549:(Japan)
535:In Asia
404:In two
359:termite
144:Genus:
104:Order:
98:Insecta
94:Class:
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332:Maresa
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1770:IRMNG
1697:50424
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1371:S2CID
1327:S2CID
1291:S2CID
1069:S2CID
910:S2CID
357:is a
1809:NCBI
1783:ITIS
1744:GBIF
1705:EPPO
1653:BOLD
1558:PMID
1500:2023
1489:ISSN
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1283:ISSN
1209:2019
1196:ISBN
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