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pages to these stories have been lost, so it is difficult to tell what the exact literary changes are, of which there aren't many, with the exception of the typical changes that are seen from the early days of the printing press. There are also slight changes to the wording that show modernization of the uses and differing orders of the words. While the changes might appear to be mistakes, they are not thought of as such and are often kept in the modernization of the tales. There haven't been many attempts to better the works in during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Changes to the tales during the fifteenth century are not seen as mistakes because of specific roles in the process of printing designed to eliminate mistakes. In the early modern editions of
Reynard the Fox, the characteristics of the animals were based on
160:. The characters of Reynard the Fox were based on the medieval hierarchy, and are treated as human throughout the tales. Though, since multiple authors wrote the text, characters' personalities often change. Throughout the stories, these characters often switch between human and animal form and often without notice. The characters who switch between human and animal form are often those of elite status, while the characters who don't change tend to be peasants. Often, the readers will find themselves able to empathize with Reynard. They find that the situations he is in are not often that different from their own lives, and this carries across the decades. The most common usage of animals as characters in tales has made it so the stories that touch on morally gray areas are easier to understand and accept.
133:, and have since been translated into many different languages. However, the tales of Reynard come from all across Europe and each retelling has details that are specific to its area. The tales, no matter where they take place, are designed to represent the society around them and include the structures of society around them such as a noble court. While the authors take many liberties with the story telling, not all of the satire is meant to be rude or malicious in intent.
1827:"Reineke Fuchs. In 30 Blattern gezeichnet und radirt von Johann Heinrich Ramberg." Hannover 1826. New edition with colored prints 2016. Waltraud Maierhofer (ed.). Reineke Fuchs - Reynard the Fox. 31 Originalzeichnungen u. neu kolorierte Radierungen m. Auszügen aus d. deutschen Übersetzung des Epos im populären Stil v. Soltau | 31 original drawings and newly colored etchings with excerpts from the English translation of the burlesque poem by Soltau. VDG Weimar, 2016.
1482:, traces the literary origin of that world-renowned beast fable to the twelfth-century French versions, but, while admitting wholesale borrowing from Esop and other classical sources, points out that many incidents of the tale must have come from ancient northern folk-lore. And, as the names of the characters are of German origin, these folk-lore stories were most likely imported into France by the Germans. Mr. Jacobs would, in fact, localize the origin of the
619:(referred to as R I and R II, respectively) are two poems written by two different authors with R II being a continuation of R I. With different writers comes different variations. This can best be seen with Reynard himself. While describing the same character the Reynard from R I has many different character traits of that in R II. While a finished and completed poem by itself, Van den vos Reinaerde does not have a set ending.
40:
195:. Since Reynard has been written about in many different times and places across the world, it is not uncommon to see changes in his appearance to fit the natural surroundings of his story. His fur is often used as a camouflage, meaning if the story was written in a snowy landscape he will have white fur, or yellow fur for desert areas, in the wooded areas of forest he is depicted in red.
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life. The protagonist of the romance genre often has an adventure or a call to action, almost always caused by an outside force. During the 13th century, French was a standard literary language, and many works during the Middle Ages were written in French, including
Reynard the Fox. Many popular works from the Middle Ages fall into the romance genre.
311:
960:, whereby the author transposed his criticism and social scepticism to the animal society in which his fox 'Renert' lives. Beyond that, it is insightful analysis of the different regional and sub-regional linguistic differences of the country, where distinct dialects are used to depict the fox and his companions.
724:
mentioned was an earlier
Reynard poet whose work Willem (the writer) alleges to have finished. However, there are serious objections to this notion of joint authorship, and the only thing deemed likely is that Arnout was French-speaking ("Walschen" in Middle Dutch referred to northern French-speaking
1436:
This is about the most renowned of all the German fables . But though the story was conveyed into France there seems no doubt whatever that it is of German origin; and, according to probable conjecture, a certain
Reinard of Lorraine, famous for his vulpine qualities in the ninth century, suggested
364:
From the twelfth and thirteenth centuries there are around twenty-six different tales of
Reynard the Fox. While there might have been more that were written these are the ones that survive to present day. Many of these are written by different authors and anonymous authors, so there was not just one
349:. Alternatively, a 19th-century edition of a retelling of the Reynard fable states definitively with "no doubt whatever that it is of German origin" and relates a conjecture associating the central character with "a certain Reinard of Lorraine, famous for his vulpine qualities in the ninth century".
420:
Many versions follow
Reynard's fights with Ysengrin, the fox's regular antagonist throughout the stories. Violence between them and other characters is a common thematic element. It is a matter of debate whether the violence shows animals simply acting as such or is meant to reflect the violence in
404:
full of insincere piety, and which feature
Reynard's posthumous revenge. Reynard's wife Hermeline appears in the stories, but plays little active role, although in some versions she remarries when Reynard is thought dead, thereby becoming one of the people he plans revenge upon. Isengrim (alternate
412:
An individual tale might span several genres which makes classification difficult. Tales often include themes from contemporary society with references to relics, pilgrimage, confession, and the crusades. There is debate over whether or how closely they related to identifiable societal events, but
866:
With the invention of the printing press the tales of
Reynard the fox became more popular and started to be translated and recreated in many different languages. The tales of Reynard don't follow the typical sense of reprinting, as there is no clear chronology to the stories. Many of the original
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1180. Roman de Renart which fits into the genre of romance. Roman de Renart gets its start using the history of fables that have been written since the time of Aesop. The romance genre of the middle ages is not what we think of the romance genre of today; it was a fiction telling of a character's
1951:
Johann
Heinrich Ramberg (artist), Dietrich Wilhelm Soltau (author), Waltraud Maierhofer (editor): "Reineke Fuchs – Reynard the Fox. 31 Originalzeichnungen u. neu kolorierte Radierungen m. Auszügen aus d. deutschen Übersetzung des Epos im populären Stil v. Soltau | 31 original drawings and newly
416:
Reynard stories translate difficult laws and legal concepts into common language, allowing people to both understand them and enjoy the legal predicaments and antics of the characters. The court operates just as those in medieval society; the king heard cases only on one specified date and all
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appears in 1174, written by Pierre de St. Cloud, although in all French editions it is designated as "Branch II". The same author wrote a sequel in 1179—called "Branch I"—but from that date onwards, many other French authors composed their own adventures for Renart
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figure. His adventures usually involve his deceiving other anthropomorphic animals for his own advantage or trying to avoid their retaliatory efforts. His main enemy and victim across the cycle is his uncle, the wolf, Isengrim (or
Ysengrim).
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We shall content ourselves with extracting one passage from Grimm, important for the etymological grounds which it affords for supposing that stories of the Fox and Wolf were known to the Franks as early as the fourth, fifth, and sixth
413:
there is a growing camp that see direct societal connections and even implicit political statements in the tales. The stories are told in a way that makes such associations easy to make but difficult to substantiate.
122:, as well as a satire of political and religious institutions. The trickster fox, Reynard, lives in a society of other talking animals (lion, bear, wolf, donkey, et cetera), making the stories a
114:
While the character of Reynard appears in later works, the core stories were written during the Middle Ages by multiple authors and are often seen as parodies of medieval literature such as
361:(Berlin, 1834) provided evidence for the supposition on etymological grounds that "stories of the Fox and Wolf were known to the Franks as early as the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries".
441:, a long Latin mock-epic written c. 1148–53 by the medieval poet Nivardus, that collects a great store of Reynard's adventures. He also puts in an early appearance in a number of Latin
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around 1170, which sets the typical setting. Reynard has been summoned to the court of king Noble (or Leo), the lion, to answer charges brought against him by Isengrim the wolf. Other
1558:
Rouge Reynard : being a tale of the fortunes and misfortunes and divers misdeeds of that great villain, Baron Reynard, the fox, and how he was served with King Lion's justice
392:, making Reynard a peasant-hero character. The Catholic Church used the story of the preaching fox (as found in the Reynard literature) in church art as propaganda against the
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1815:
1379:
The cunning fox is the main character of many European folktales about animals. The plot of Russian folktales about a fox usually boils down to the fox duping everybody.
1927:
1360:. Toronto Studies in Semiotics and Communication. Translated by Perron, Paul; Debbèche, Jean-Patrick. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (published 2009). p. 77.
729:). Willem's work became one of the standard versions of the legend, and was the foundation for most later adaptations in Dutch, German, and English, including those of
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400:, is available to him whenever he needs to hide away from his enemies. Some of the tales feature Reynard's funeral, where his enemies gather to deliver maudlin
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animals, including Bruin the bear, Baldwin the ass, and Tibert (Tybalt) the cat, all attempt one stratagem or another. The stories typically involve
762:", Reynard appears as "Rossel" and an ass as "Brunel". Renyard (spelt "Renard") is also briefly mentioned in The Legend of Phyllis from Chaucer's
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is a poem in hexameters, in twelve parts, written 1793 and first published 1794. Goethe adapted the Reynard material from the edition by
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in 1498. It was translated to Latin and other languages, which made the tale popular across Europe. Reynard is also referenced in the
353:, while seeing an origin in Lorraine, traces classical, German, and "ancient northern folk-lore" elements within the Reynard stories.
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2011:
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1507:. Volume 12 of Early English poetry, ballads, and popular literature of the Middle ages. London: Percy Societ. p. xix - xx
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to a setting in Luxembourg. It is known to be a satirical mirror image of Luxembourg's social sphere after the turmoils of the
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84:. The first extant versions of the cycle date from the second half of the 12th century. The genre was popular throughout the
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409:) is Reynard's most frequent antagonist and foil, and generally ends up outwitted, though he occasionally gets revenge.
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colored etchings with excerpts from the English translation of the burlesque poem by Soltau." VDG Weimar, Weimar 2016.
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German artist Johann Heinrich Ramberg made a series of thirty drawings, which he also etched and published in 1825.
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Like Pierre, very little is known of the author, other than the description by the copyist in the first sentences:
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Pierre de St. Cloud opens his work on the fox by situating it within the larger tradition of epic poetry, the
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Of Reynaert the Fox: Text and Facing Translation of the Middle Dutch Beast Epic Van Den Vos Reynaerde
2008:
UNIversitas: The University of Northern Iowa Journal of Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity
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is thought to be another one of Willem's works that at one point existed but had been lost. The
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This article is about the popular cycle in Northwest European literature. For other uses, see
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Anne Lair, "The History of Reynard the Fox: How Medieval Literature Reflects Culture," in:
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The main characters are anthropomorphic animals. The given names of the animals are of
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Rare Book & Manuscript Library University of Pennsylvania Ms. Codex 724 fol.247v
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devised a highly sophisticated development of Reynardian material as part of his
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Kings, Knights and Bankers : the collected articles of Richard W. Kaeuper
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Le malizie della volpe: Parola letteraria e motivi etnici nel Roman de Renart
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is named after the cat in Reynard the Fox (and is called 'Prince of Cats' by
1501:(1844). "Sketch of the Literary History of the Romance of Reynard the Fox".
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107:
1664:
The Learned and the lewed : studies in Chaucer and medieval literature
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society, especially the various wars that common folk endured at the time.
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1354:(January 2009). "Duping". In Perron, Paul; Debbèche, Jean-Patrick (eds.).
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1989:
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person writing the tales. An extensive treatment of the character is the
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1970:
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Early English poetry, ballads, and popular literature of the Middle Ages
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illustrator., Larrieu, Odette, 1906- Lorioux, FĂ©lix, 1872-1964 (1928).
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175:"strong in counsel". Because of the popularity of the Reynard stories,
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17:
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1468:(753). New York: The Critic Company (published July–December 1896): 59
1419:
The diverting historie of Renard the fox, newly ed. and done into Engl
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author. An epic satirical work—adapted from the 1858 Cotta Edition of
449:. Both of these early sources seem to draw on a pre-existing store of
99:
The stories are largely concerned with the main character Reynard, an
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Holy and Noble Beasts: Encounters with Animals in Medieval Literature
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338:. The specific character of Reynard is thought to have originated in
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1891:"The Inspiration For Disney's Robin Hood Wasn't Actually Robin Hood"
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Foxes in general have the reputation of tricksters in traditional
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figure Reynard the Fox as depicted in an 1869 children's book by
1926:(Rome: Carocci editore, 2006) (Biblioteca Medievale Saggi). cf.
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231:
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803:
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origin; most of them were in common use as personal names in
1464:. Volumes 101-108 of American periodical series, 1850-1900.
972:
animated film from 1973 is partly based on Reynard the Fox.
298:, who had a son named Moneke that may be source of the word
1724:
Jonson, B. (1999) Brian Parker and David Bevington (eds.),
1180:
Kaeuper, Richard W; Guyol, Christopher (20 October 2015).
179:
became the standard French word for "fox", replacing the
2031:
Reynard the Fox Collection at Mitchell Library, Glasgow
1070:. Paris: Librairie Générale Française (Livre de poche)
472:("the fox"). There is also the Middle High German text
1999:, the journal for the International Reynard Society.
927:, Nietzsche uses Reynard the Fox as an example of a
2219:
2160:
2075:
345:, from where it spread to France, Germany, and the
2006:, ed. Anne Lair and Richard Utz. Special Issue of
1948:Reynaert]. Geografie 20 (2011: 2), pp. 30–33.
1728:, Manchester, Manchester University Press pp. 3–6
1478:MR. JOSEPH JACOBS, in his learned introduction to
1100:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp.
1437:the name to some unknown fabulist of the empire.
1426:. London: Willoughby & Co. 1850. p. 1-2
2192:
1480:The Most Delectable History of Reynard, the Fox
1868:Renert, oder de Fuuss Am Frack an a Mansgresst
1779:""Reynard the Fox" in the Seventeenth Century"
1002:Foxes in popular culture, films and literature
2051:
1990:Full text of the Middle Dutch poem with notes
1586:Medieval romance : themes and approaches
1532:Holy Terrors: Gargoyles on Medieval Buildings
29:Cycle of medieval, allegorical, Belgian fable
8:
2026:Reynard The Fox in the Vondelpark 05 03 2010
1934:unfortunately not yet translated in English.
1842:
1840:
1695:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1328:An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English
1154:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
306:In medieval European folklore and literature
1278:McGowan, Bob; says, Jr (18 November 2021).
1253:Owen, D. D. R. (Douglas David Roy) (1994).
603:, Of Reynaert the Fox), is also made up of
2328:Literature featuring anthropomorphic foxes
2058:
2044:
2036:
2018:Complete Bibliography on Reynard from the
1391:
1389:
1387:
1158:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1092:Bouwman, André; Besamusca, Bart (2009).
1066:Bianciotto, G. (2005). Introduction. In
1530:Benton, Janetta Rebold (1 April 1997).
1280:"In a Word: Coward, a Tale of the Tail"
1059:
786:. Also in the 1480s, the Scottish poet
463:The first "branch" (or chapter) of the
145:Defaced Reynard preaches to a rooster.
1688:
1147:
570:But never have you heard about the war
431:Reynard appears first in the medieval
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1578:
1576:
1555:Bannon, Andre; Norton, Laura (1947).
1248:
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1173:
1171:
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1123:
1121:
1087:
1085:
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871:appealing to the middle class reader.
7:
2020:Archives de littérature du Moyen Age
1330:. Courier Corporation. p. 945.
129:The original copies were written in
535:That many tellers have told to you.
445:by the early-13th-century preacher
1985:Full text of the Middle Dutch poem
807:. Hans van Ghetelen, a printer of
25:
1939:Het grenzeloze land van Reynaerde
1919:(Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2020).
689:he began it in Dutch as follows.
677:– which Arnout has not finished –
656:ende hise na den Walschen boucken
568:And many others told in this land
533:Lords, you have heard many tales,
2142:The Historie of Reynard the Foxe
1893:. gizmodo.com. 20 September 2014
1777:Mish, Charles C. (August 1954).
1322:Weekley, Ernest (18 July 2012).
1039:
863:is heavily indebted to Reynard.
780:The Historie of Reynart the Foxe
658:in Dietsche dus hevet begonnen.
516:Et fabliaus et chançons de geste
1618:Kiser, Lisa J. (October 2003).
1534:. Abbeville Press. p. 83.
830:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
681:that he had the life looked for
558:Spoke rather beautifully about;
520:Maint autre conte par la terre.
510:Le mal qu'il en ot et la paine,
506:Que maint conterre vous raconte
1978:The History of Reynard The Fox
1504:The History of Reynard the Fox
1256:The romance of Reynard the fox
640:dat die avonture van Reynaerde
572:That was difficult and lengthy
522:Mais onques n'oĂŻstes la guerre
512:De Tristan que la Chievre fist
504:Seigneurs, oĂŻ avez maint conte
396:. Reynard's principal castle,
1:
2363:Male characters in literature
1928:here an abstract of this book
752:used Reynard material in the
642:in Dietsche onghemaket bleven
574:Between Reynard and Isengrim
547:The evil and the pain he felt
524:Qui tant fu dure de gran fin,
518:Romanz d'Yvain et de sa beste
481:
417:disputes were heard at once.
327:
2373:Comedy literature characters
1852:European Literary Characters
1783:Huntington Library Quarterly
1667:. Harvard University Press.
1133:The story of Reynard the fox
782:, which was translated from
2333:Fictional Belgian criminals
1880:Retrieved on 22 April 2015.
1856:Retrieved on 22 April 2015.
1302:Online Etymology Dictionary
1259:. Oxford University Press.
1215:Avery, Anne Louise (2020).
940:, was published in 1872 by
679:remained unwritten in Dutch
671:which often kept him awake,
636:daer hi dicken omme waecte,
514:Qui assez bellement en dist
314:A studious fox in a monk's
2421:
2343:Fictional German criminals
2338:Fictional French criminals
2303:Medieval French literature
2283:French legendary creatures
1932:here a review of this book
1661:D., Bensen, Larry (1974).
910:(1752), based on the 1498
908:Johann Christoph Gottsched
675:that the tales of Reynaert
526:Entre Renart et Ysengrin.
508:Conment Paris ravi Elaine,
384:whose usual butts are the
183:word for "fox", which was
31:
2237:Willem die Madocke maecte
1640:10.1017/s0038713400101319
1583:Stevens, John E. (1974).
1450:Gilder, Jeannette Leonard
1395:Briggs, Asa (ed.) (1989)
1357:On the Comic and Laughter
1284:The Saturday Evening Post
924:The Twilight of the Idols
796:in the sections known as
725:people, specifically the
628:
502:
453:featuring the character.
51:, end of the 13th century
2378:Humor and wit characters
2004:Falling into Medievalism
1870:. Kessinger Publishing.
1866:Rodange, Michel (2010).
1758:. Johnson Reprint Corp.
1424:Pardon, George Frederick
1397:The Longman Encyclopedia
764:The Legend of Good Women
673:was so extremely annoyed
593:version of the story by
34:Reynard (disambiguation)
2209:Chanticleer and the Fox
2126:The Nun's Priest's Tale
1752:Percy, Society (1965).
1561:. Houghton Mifflin Co.
853:in reference to this).
833:during the third hunt.
760:The Nun's Priest's Tale
648:niet hevet vulscreven –
595:Willem die Madoc maecte
560:And fabliaux and epics;
478:Heinrich der Glïchezäre
173:Reginhard, Raginohardus
2368:Male literary villains
1981:by Henry Morley, 1889.
886:
770:Early Modern tradition
710:
663:
638:hem vernoyde so haerde
531:
331:
318:, in the margins of a
149:
52:
2398:Collections of fables
2358:Anthropomorphic foxes
2353:Fictional con artists
2201:Van den vos Reynaerde
2193:Van den vos Reynaerde
2118:Van den vos Reynaerde
1816:Twilight of the Idols
1454:Gilder, Joseph Benson
877:
784:Van den vos Reynaerde
774:In 1481, the English
700:
613:Van den vos Reinaerde
600:Van den vos Reynaerde
584:Van den vos Reynaerde
374:Pierre de Saint-Cloud
313:
144:
42:
2388:Works set in castles
2348:Fictional tricksters
1915:Avery, Anne Louise,
1221:. Bodleian Library.
251:Hirsent the She-wolf
92:form throughout the
43:Illumination from a
2383:Works about royalty
2323:Poems about animals
2298:Medieval literature
2185:The Tale of the Fox
2134:The Morall Fabillis
2102:Del cok e del gupil
1022:Medieval literature
919:Friedrich Nietzsche
683:and, following the
589:A mid-13th-century
221:King Noble the Lion
94:Early Modern period
2393:Forests in fiction
2094:Le Roman de Renart
1971:Le roman de Renart
1944:2013-08-01 at the
1937:Zebracki, Martin,
1922:Bonafin, Massimo,
1818:, Nietzsche, p. 13
1352:Propp, Vladimir J.
1068:Le Roman de Renart
987:Coyote (mythology)
887:
711:
701:Illustration from
370:Le Roman de Renart
332:
150:
53:
2318:Mock-heroic poems
2245:
2244:
1958:978-3-89739-854-2
1833:978-3-89739-854-2
1734:978-0-7190-5182-1
1541:978-0-7892-0182-9
1499:Thoms, William J.
1228:978-1-85124-555-0
1193:978-90-04-30265-5
1076:978-2-253-08698-7
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650:dat hi die vijte
617:Reinaert Historie
607:verses (the same
580:
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405:French spelling:
336:European folklore
199:Isengrim the Wolf
167:. The given name
158:medieval Lorraine
120:chansons de geste
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86:Late Middle Ages
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41:
35:
27:
19:
2403:Animal tales
2207:
2199:
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2148:
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2116:
2108:
2100:
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2084:
2019:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1977:
1923:
1916:
1910:Bibliography
1895:. Retrieved
1885:
1867:
1861:
1851:
1847:
1823:
1811:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1754:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1710:Lemma = Waal
1705:
1663:
1656:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1613:
1585:
1557:
1550:
1531:
1525:
1516:
1509:. Retrieved
1503:
1493:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1470:. Retrieved
1465:
1461:
1458:"The Critic"
1444:
1435:
1428:. Retrieved
1418:
1411:
1396:
1378:
1371:. Retrieved
1356:
1346:
1327:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1283:
1273:
1255:
1217:
1210:
1182:
1132:
1095:
1067:
1062:
967:
964:20th century
953:
952:'s fox epic
937:
936:
933:
929:dialectician
922:
916:
911:
899:
898:
895:19th century
865:
858:
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666:
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651:
645:
631:
630:Willem, die
629:
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612:
609:AA BB scheme
598:
591:Middle Dutch
588:
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128:
118:stories and
116:courtly love
113:
98:
62:of medieval
55:
54:
48:
26:
2227:Maleperduis
2204:(1943 film)
2161:Adaptations
1897:4 September
1416:"Preface".
1399:, Longman,
1017:Maleperduis
982:Animal tale
841:Shakespeare
739:F. S. Ellis
480:, dated to
386:aristocracy
372:written by
355:Jacob Grimm
293:Martin the
285:Bellin the
256:Kyward the
208:Tibert the
189:from Latin
64:allegorical
2258:1872 books
2252:Categories
2232:Reynardine
2086:Ysengrimus
2012:2.1 (2006)
1973:In French.
1930:& cf.
1876:1166177424
1605:1089580728
1518:centuries.
1511:27 January
1472:27 January
1462:The Critic
1430:27 January
1373:5 February
1265:1036938053
1237:1232084892
1032:Ysengrimus
997:Fox spirit
970:Robin Hood
817:Low German
815:printed a
809:Incunabula
438:Ysengrimus
426:Ysengrimus
398:Maupertuis
367:Old French
230:Bruin the
203:Ysengrimus
181:old French
137:Characters
131:Old French
124:beast epic
45:manuscript
2137:(c. 1480)
2089:(c. 1150)
1996:Reinardus
1691:cite book
1683:876454497
1648:0038-7134
1567:607036300
1202:936344680
1186:. BRILL.
1150:cite book
1027:Trickster
968:Disney's
880:trickster
555:la Chevre
470:li goupil
443:sequences
192:vulpēcula
108:trickster
1942:Archived
1854:website.
1628:Speculum
1324:"monkey"
1298:"monkey"
976:See also
921:'s 1889
857:'s play
851:Mercutio
778:printed
727:Walloons
703:Ghetelen
490:fabliaux
407:Ysengrin
394:Lollards
388:and the
343:folklore
340:Lorraine
171:is from
90:chapbook
2068:Reynard
1850:at the
1803:3816500
1726:Volpone
1484:Reynard
1307:14 July
1142:8761673
1007:Kitsune
992:Fabliau
860:Volpone
802:of the
800:Talking
745:Chaucer
714:Madocke
667:Madocke
654:soucken
634:maecte,
632:Madocke
562:Of the
551:Tristan
402:elegies
357:in his
324:Utrecht
267:Cuwaert
169:Reynard
104:red fox
71:English
47:of the
18:Reynard
2313:Fables
2212:(1958)
2196:(1937)
2188:(1937)
2180:(1872)
2172:(1844)
2153:(1498)
2145:(1481)
2129:(1392)
2113:(1180)
2097:(1175)
1956:
1874:
1848:Renert
1831:
1801:
1764:337731
1762:
1732:
1681:
1671:
1646:
1603:
1593:
1565:
1538:
1403:
1364:
1334:
1263:
1235:
1225:
1200:
1190:
1140:
1108:
1074:
950:Goethe
938:Renert
904:Goethe
855:Jonson
837:Tybalt
813:LĂĽbeck
758:; in "
737:, and
735:Goethe
722:Arnout
709:(1498)
685:French
646:Arnout
644:– die
605:rhymed
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