490:, which cohabitat the streams with gastric brooding frogs, were observed in streams in Pelion State Forest. Given the more recent understanding of the role of the amphibian disease in the decline and disappearance of amphibians, combined with the temporal and spatial pattern of the spread of the pathogen in Australia, it appears most likely that the disease was responsible for the decline and disappearance of the gastric-brooding frogs. Despite continued efforts to locate the northern gastric-brooding frog it has not been found. The last reported wild specimen was seen in the 1980s. In August 2010 a search organised by the Amphibian Specialist Group of the
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95:
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gastric-brooding frogs was not investigated but the species did continue to inhabit streams in the logged catchments. The habitat that the southern gastric-brooding frog once inhabited is now threatened by feral pigs, the invasion of weeds, altered flow and water quality problems caused by upstream disturbances. Despite intensive searching, the species has not been located since 1976 or 1981 (depending on the source).
70:
1323:
42:
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In March 2013, Australian scientists successfully created a living embryo from non-living preserved genetic material. These scientists from the
University of Newcastle Australia led by Prof Michael Mahony, who was the scientist who first discovered the northern gastric-brooding frog, Simon Clulow and
450:
The birth process was widely spaced and may have occurred over a period of as long as a week. However, if disturbed the female may regurgitate all the young frogs in a single act of propulsive vomiting. The offspring were completely developed when expelled and there was little variation in colour and
469:
The cause for the gastric-brooding frogs' extinction is speculated to be due to human introduction of pathogenic fungi into their native range. Populations of southern gastric-brooding frogs were present in logged catchments between 1972 and 1979. The effects of such logging activities upon southern
402:
supplies. These large supplies are common among species that live entirely off yolk during their development. Most female frogs had around 40 ripe eggs, almost double that of the number of juveniles ever found in the stomach (21–26). This means one of two things, that the female fails to swallow all
699:
Frost, Darrel R.; Grant, Taran; Faivovich, Julián; Bain, Raoul H.; Haas, Alexander; Haddad, Célio F.B.; De Sá, Rafael O.; Channing, Alan; Wilkinson, Mark; Donnellan, Stephen C.; Raxworthy, Christopher J.; Campbell, Jonathan A.; Blotto, Boris L.; Moler, Paul; Drewes, Robert C.; Nussbaum, Ronald A.;
485:
has been located within several rainforest creeks within the park. It was thought that the declines of the northern gastric-brooding frog during 1984 and 1985 were possibly normal population fluctuations. Eight months after the initial discovery of the northern gastric-brooding frog, sick and dead
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Information on tadpole development was observed from a group that was regurgitated by the mother and successfully raised in shallow water. During the early stages of development tadpoles lacked pigmentation, but as they aged they progressively develop adult colouration. Tadpole development took at
390:
What makes these frogs unique among all frog species is their form of parental care. Following external fertilization by the male, the female would take the eggs or embryos into her mouth and swallow them. It is not clear whether the eggs were laid on the land or in the water, as it was never
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least six weeks, during which time the size of the mother's stomach continued to increase until it largely filled the body cavity. The lungs deflated and breathing relied more upon gas exchange through the skin. Despite the mother's increasing size she still remained active.
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necessary to keep the stomach in a non-functional state. These mucus excretions do not occur in tadpoles of most other species. Tadpoles that do not live entirely off a yolk supply still produce mucus cord, but the mucus along with small food particles travels down the
362:. Their large protruding eyes and short, blunt snout along with complete webbing and slimy bodies differentiated them from all other Australian frogs. The largely aquatic behaviour exhibited by both species was only shared (in Australia) with the
288:
of between 350 and 1,400 metres (1,150 and 4,590 ft). The causes of the gastric-brooding frogs' extinction are not clearly understood, but habitat loss and degradation, pollution, and some diseases may have contributed.
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The southern gastric brooding frog has been listed as
Extinct by the IUCN because it has not been recorded in the wild since 1981, and extensive searches over the last 35 years have failed to locate this species.
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amphibian embryonic cells, which along with sperm cryopreservation provides the essential "proof of concept" for the use of cryostorage as a genome bank for threatened amphibians and also other animals.
333:
was first described in 1973 by David Liem and since has not undergone any scientific classification changes; however its placement has been controversial. It has been placed in a distinct subfamily of
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443:(and several other species) there is no opening to the gut and the mucus cords are excreted. During the period that the offspring were present in the stomach the frog would not eat.
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The common names, "gastric-brooding frog" and "platypus frog", are used to describe the two species. "Gastric-brooding" describes the unique way the female raised the young and "
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At the time the female swallowed the fertilized eggs her stomach was no different from that of any other frog species. In the jelly around each egg was a substance called
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The combined ranges of the gastric-brooding frogs comprised less than 2,000 square kilometres (770 sq mi). Both species were associated with creek systems in
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and weed invasion. Continual fires may have destroyed or fragmented sections of the forest. The outskirts of the park are still subject to weed invasion and
1024:"Towards gene banking amphibian maternal germ lines: short-term incubation, cryoprotectant tolerance and cryopreservation of embryonic cells of the frog,
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395:, another species of frog, has been observed to exhibit similar mouth-brooding characteristics. This feature still remains extremely rare in nature.
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methods to produce an embryo that can survive to the tadpole stage. "We do expect to get this guy hopping again," says UNSW researcher Mike Archer.
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Browne, Robert; Mahony, Clulow (2002). "A comparison of sucrose, saline, and saline with egg-yolk diluents on the cryopreservation of cane toad (
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was enough to cease the production of acid during the embryonic stages of the developing eggs. When the eggs had hatched the tadpoles created PGE
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Scientists at the
University of Newcastle and University of New South Wales announced in March 2013 that the frog would be the subject of a
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under the subfamily
Rheobatrachinae, but others place them in their own family, Rheobatrachidae. Molecular genetics finds it sister to
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Hines, H., Mahony, M. and McDonald, K. 1999. An assessment of frog declines in Wet
Subtropical Australia. In: A. Campbell (ed.),
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The scientists from the
University of Newcastle have also reported successful freezing and thawing (cryopreservation) of
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set out to look for various species of frogs thought to be extinct in the wild, including the gastric-brooding frog.
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Straughan & Lee (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in
Eungella National Park, Queensland: distribution and decline".
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Mahony, Michael. "Report to
Queensland National Park on status of stream frogs in Pelion State Forest".
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Pough, F. H.; Andrews, R. M.; Cadle, J. E.; Crump, M.; Savitsky, A. H. & Wells, K. D. (2003):
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Both species of gastric-brooding frogs were very different in appearance and behaviour from other
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317:. Embryos were successfully cloned, and the project eventually hopes to produce a living frog.
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843:"Rheobatrachus vitellinus – Northern Gastric-brooding Frog, Eungella Gastric-brooding Frog"
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Scientists are making progress in their efforts to bring the gastric-brooding frog species
969:
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664:"Analysis of the inter-generic relationships of the Australian frog family Myobatrachidae"
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337:, Rheobatrachinae; in a separate family, Rheobatrachidae; placed as the sister taxon of
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Moreira, Nei; Lawson, Bianca; Clulow, Simon; Mahony, Michael J.; Clulow, John (2013).
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805:"A new genus of frog of the family Leptodactylidae from S. E. Queensland, Australia"
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477:, where the northern gastric-brooding frog was once found, was under threat from
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Prof Mike Archer from the
University of New South Wales hope to continue using
269:. The genus is unique because it contains the only two known frog species that
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Scientists
Resurrect Bonkers Extinct Frog That Gives Birth Through Its Mouth
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Eggs found in females measured up to 5.1 mm in diameter and had large
863:
Tyler, M. J. (1994). Chapter 12, "Gastric Brooding Frogs", pp. 135–140 in
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786:"Frog That Gives Birth Through Mouth to be Brought Back From Extinction"
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in eastern Australia. The genus consisted of only two species, the
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Scientists successfully create living embryo of an extinct species
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1146:(3rd ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
890:
Winter, J.; McDonald, K. (1986). "Eungella, the land of cloud".
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399:
349:, on the basis of molecular evidence, to be the sister taxon of
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with Limnodynastinae. In 2006, D. R. Frost and colleagues found
265:
gastric-brooding frogs, both of which became extinct in the mid-
250:
146:
1443:
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430:. The mucus excreted from the tadpoles' gills contained the PGE
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516:
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
403:
the eggs or the first few eggs to be swallowed are digested.
721:
10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2
700:
Lynch, John D.; Green, David M.; Wheeler, Ward C. (2006).
753:"Resurrecting the Extinct Frog with a Stomach for a Womb"
366:
and their ability to raise their young in the mother's
1184:
Zug, G. E.; Vitt, L. J. & Caldwell, J. P. (2001):
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919:
Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia
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is hotly debated. Some biologists class them within
1452:
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1353:
1330:
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970:"Global hunt begins for 'extinct' species of frogs"
707:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
313:attempt, referred to as the "Lazarus Project", to
1188:(2nd ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, California.
391:observed before their extinction. Interestingly,
273:the prejuvenile stages of their offspring in the
878:Declines and Disappearances of Australian Frogs.
1135:Barker, J.; Grigg, G. C.; Tyler, M. J. (1995):
845:. Department of the Environment, Canberra. 2015
637:Barker, J.; Grigg, G. C.; Tyler, M. J. (1995).
492:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1270:
608:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "
579:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "
8:
292:The assignment of the genus to a taxonomic
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1156:Ryan, M. & Burwell, C. (eds.) (2003):
382:" describes their largely aquatic nature.
209:
68:
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31:
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662:Heyer, W. Ronald; Liem, David S. (1976).
641:. Surrey Beatty & Sons. p. 350.
1683:Nature Conservation Act endangered biota
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615:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
586:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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950:
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418:), which could turn off production of
1224:American Museum of Natural History –
1158:Wildlife of Tropical North Queensland
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692:
355:and placed it within Myobatrachidae.
7:
1179:Australian Frogs – A Natural History
1008:Messenger, Stephen (15 March 2013)
671:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
518:; however, they are still listed as
1167:. William Collins Pty Ltd, Sydney.
1165:There's a frog in my throat/stomach
865:Australian Frogs A Natural History.
461:Extinction risk from global warming
422:in the stomach. This source of PGE
25:
1137:A Field Guide to Australian Frogs
826:Amphibian Species of the World –
639:A Field Guide to Australian Frogs
237:, whose members are known as the
1673:Amphibian extinctions since 1500
1321:
1242:
968:Black, Richard (9 August 2010).
809:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
93:
49:Southern gastric-brooding frog (
1160:. Queensland Museum, Brisbane.
1153:. Queensland Museum, Brisbane.
995:Nosowitz, Dan (15 March 2013)
784:Dolak, Kevin (20 March 2013).
1:
1648:IUCN Red List extinct species
1111:10.1016/S0011-2240(02)00031-7
552:somatic-cell nuclear transfer
540:somatic-cell nuclear transfer
1693:Amphibians described in 1973
1668:Extinct animals of Australia
1151:Wildlife of Greater Brisbane
1053:10.1371/journal.pone.0060760
702:"The amphibian tree of life"
524:Nature Conservation Act 1992
370:was unique among all frogs.
218:The former distributions of
1309:(Histotrophic, Hemotrophic)
1139:. Surrey Beatty & Sons.
502:Both species are listed as
451:length of a single clutch.
249:of extinct ground-dwelling
27:Extinct genus of amphibians
1709:
1404:Live-bearing aquarium fish
892:Australian Natural History
751:Yong, Ed (15 March 2013).
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90:Scientific classification
88:
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34:
1658:Amphibians of Queensland
909:McDonald, K.R. (1990). "
610:Rheobatrachus vitellinus
224:Rheobatrachus vitellinus
200:Rheobatrachus vitellinus
1215:Animal Diversity Web –
1199:"Gastric-brooding frog"
1149:Ryan, M. (ed.) (2003):
803:Liem, David S. (1973).
683:10.5479/si.00810282.233
360:Australian frog species
35:Gastric-brooding frogs
1678:EPBC Act extinct biota
1345:Internal fertilization
1340:External fertilization
949:Cite journal requires
880:Environment Australia.
488:Eungella torrent frogs
475:Eungella National Park
239:gastric-brooding frogs
1399:Gastric-brooding frog
1286:Modes of reproduction
1229:(Accessed 2006/08/19)
1220:(Accessed 2006/08/19)
1177:Tyler, M. J. (1994):
1163:Tyler, M. J. (1984):
1026:Limnodynastes peronii
530:De-extinction attempt
315:resurrect the species
1368:fish (mouthbrooding)
1204:Encyclopedia of Life
626:: e.T19476A78430385.
597:: e.T19475A78430533.
542:(SCNT), a method of
1217:Rheobatrachus silus
1044:2013PLoSO...860760L
832:. research.amnh.org
758:National Geographic
581:Rheobatrachus silus
522:under Queensland's
498:Conservation status
455:Cause of extinction
439:into the gut. With
364:Dahl's aquatic frog
220:Rheobatrachus silus
192:Rheobatrachus silus
60:Conservation status
51:Rheobatrachus silus
1688:Frogs of Australia
1653:Extinct amphibians
1105:(251–157): 251–7.
830:(under "Comments")
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1610:Open Tree of Life
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1424:Pregnancy in fish
420:hydrochloric acid
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1226:Rheobatrachus
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1197:
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925:(4): 187–194.
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911:Rheobatrachus
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393:Darwin's frog
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30:
19:
1453:
1398:
1394:Adelphophagy
1225:
1216:
1202:
1185:
1178:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1102:
1098:
1095:Bufo marinus
1094:
1088:
1035:
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999:. popsci.com
991:
979:. Retrieved
973:
963:
942:cite journal
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847:. Retrieved
837:
828:Rheobatrahus
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789:
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767:. Retrieved
763:the original
756:
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536:back to life
533:
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386:Reproduction
377:
374:Common names
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222:(green) and
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169:
50:
29:
1558:iNaturalist
1478:Wikispecies
1429:Trophic egg
1414:Matrotrophy
1186:Herpetology
1144:Herpetology
1099:Cryobiology
915:Taudactylus
898:(1): 39–43.
343:synonymized
282:rainforests
1642:Categories
1307:Viviparity
1097:) sperm".
867:Reed Books
566:References
559:totipotent
520:Endangered
510:and under
459:See also:
437:oesophagus
329:The genus
286:elevations
255:Queensland
253:native to
176:Liem, 1973
1302:Oviparity
1062:1932-6203
913:Liem and
730:2246/5781
714:: 1–370.
512:Australia
479:bushfires
352:Mixophyes
303:Mixophyes
271:incubated
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
1463:Wikidata
1119:12237090
1080:23577155
1032:PLOS ONE
981:9 August
790:ABC News
769:15 March
738:86140137
380:platypus
325:Taxonomy
263:northern
259:southern
182:Species
153:Family:
137:Amphibia
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
80:IUCN 3.1
1625:5757743
1576:1042871
1550:2424602
1469:Q550093
1419:Oophagy
1378:mammals
1201:at the
1071:3618038
1040:Bibcode
544:cloning
504:Extinct
368:stomach
311:cloning
275:stomach
245:, is a
226:(blue)
163:Genus:
143:Order:
133:Class:
78: (
75:Extinct
1622:uBio:
1615:918195
1602:326984
1589:208110
1373:humans
1235:Portal
1171:
1117:
1078:
1068:
1060:
849:25 May
736:
645:
538:using
341:; and
294:family
1571:IRMNG
1563:26671
1537:41278
1363:birds
1294:Modes
1249:Frogs
734:S2CID
667:(PDF)
267:1980s
251:frogs
247:genus
147:Anura
1597:NCBI
1584:ITIS
1545:GBIF
1524:78HH
1169:ISBN
1115:PMID
1076:PMID
1058:ISSN
983:2010
955:help
851:2015
771:2013
643:ISBN
624:IUCN
620:2022
595:IUCN
591:2022
473:The
463:and
414:(PGE
400:yolk
261:and
1532:EoL
1519:CoL
1506:ASW
1493:AFD
1107:doi
1066:PMC
1048:doi
975:BBC
923:114
726:hdl
716:doi
712:297
679:doi
675:233
612:".
583:".
514:'s
284:at
241:or
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197:†
189:†
167:†
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20:)
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