242:
504:
cylinder, with the slider made from a number of metal fingers that grip lightly onto a small portion of the turns of resistance wire. The "fingers" can be moved along the coil of resistance wire by a sliding knob thus changing the "tapping" point. Wire-wound rheostats made with ratings up to several thousand watts are used in applications such as DC motor drives, electric welding controls, or in the controls for generators. The rating of the rheostat is given with the full resistance value and the allowable power dissipation is proportional to the fraction of the total device resistance in circuit. Carbon-pile rheostats are used as
395:
365:
particularly those from Europe, may be marked with an "A" for linear taper, a "C" or "B" for logarithmic taper, or an "F" for reverse logarithmic taper. The code used also varies between different manufacturers. When a percentage is referenced with a non-linear taper, it relates to the resistance value at the midpoint of the shaft rotation. A 10% log taper would therefore measure 10% of the total resistance at the midpoint of the rotation; i.e. 10% log taper on a 10 kOhm potentiometer would yield 1 kOhm at the midpoint. The higher the percentage, the steeper the log curve.
632:
has a transparent resistive coating. A finger or stylus deforms the glass to contact the underlying layer. Edges of the resistive layer have conductive contacts. Locating the contact point is done by applying a voltage to opposite edges, leaving the other two edges temporarily unconnected. The voltage of the top layer provides one coordinate. Disconnecting those two edges, and applying voltage to the other two, formerly unconnected, provides the other coordinate. Alternating rapidly between pairs of edges provides frequent position updates. An
515:
45:
530:
292:
74:
554:
257:
of the resistive element is connected to a terminal (E, G) on the case. The wiper is connected to a third terminal (F), usually between the other two. On panel potentiometers, the wiper is usually the center terminal of three. For single-turn potentiometers, this wiper typically travels just under one revolution around the contact. The only point of ingress for contamination is the narrow space between the shaft and the housing it rotates in.
810:
81:
345:
566:
628:, FR4, and Kapton. Membrane potentiometer manufacturers offer linear, rotary, and application-specific variations. The linear versions can range from 9 mm to 1000 mm in length and the rotary versions range from 20 to 450 mm in diameter, with each having a height of 0.5 mm. Membrane potentiometers can be used for position sensing.
624:
a theoretically infinite resolution. The service life of these types of potentiometers is typically 1 million to 20 million cycles depending on the materials used during manufacturing and the actuation method; contact and contactless (magnetic) methods are available (to sense position). Many different material variations are available such as
688:
1421:
600:
problematic. A digipot is generally immune to the effects of moderate long-term mechanical vibration or environmental contamination, to the same extent as other semiconductor devices, and can be secured electronically against unauthorised tampering by protecting the access to its programming inputs by various means.
415:
profile. A logarithmic taper potentiometer is constructed with a resistive element that either "tapers" in from one end to the other, or is made from a material whose resistivity varies from one end to the other. This results in a device where output voltage is a logarithmic function of the slider position.
352:
The relationship between slider position and resistance, known as the "taper" or "law", can be controlled during manufacture by changing the composition or thickness of the resistance coating along the resistance element. Although in principle any taper is possible, two types are widely manufactured:
327:
User-accessible rotary potentiometers can be fitted with a switch which operates usually at the anti-clockwise extreme of rotation. Before digital electronics became the norm such a component was used to allow radio and television receivers and other equipment to be switched on at minimum volume with
639:
Advantages of such sensors are that only five connections to the sensor are needed, and the associated electronics is comparatively simple. Another is that any material that depresses the top layer over a small area works well. A disadvantage is that sufficient force must be applied to make contact.
623:
A membrane potentiometer uses a conductive membrane that is deformed by a sliding element to contact a resistor voltage divider. Linearity can range from 0.50% to 5% depending on the material, design and manufacturing process. The repeat accuracy is typically between 0.1 mm and 1.0 mm with
587:
A digital potentiometer (often called digipot) is an electronic component that mimics the functions of analog potentiometers. Through digital input signals, the resistance between two terminals can be adjusted, just as in an analog potentiometer. There are two main functional types: volatile, which
418:
Most (cheaper) "log" potentiometers are not accurately logarithmic, but use two regions of different resistance (but constant resistivity) to approximate a logarithmic law. The two resistive tracks overlap at approximately 50% of the potentiometer rotation; this gives a stepwise logarithmic taper. A
260:
Another type is the linear slider potentiometer, which has a wiper which slides along a linear element instead of rotating. Contamination can potentially enter anywhere along the slot the slider moves in, making effective sealing more difficult and compromising long-term reliability. An advantage of
256:
Many inexpensive potentiometers are constructed with a resistive element (B in cutaway drawing) formed into an arc of a circle usually a little less than a full turn and a wiper (C) sliding on this element when rotated, making electrical contact. The resistive element can be flat or angled. Each end
736:
In audio systems, the word linear, is sometimes applied in a confusing way to describe slide potentiometers because of the straight line nature of the physical sliding motion. The word linear when applied to a potentiometer regardless of being a slide or rotary type, describes a linear relationship
631:
For touch-screen devices using resistive technology, a two-dimensional membrane potentiometer provides x and y coordinates. The top layer is thin glass spaced close to a neighboring inner layer. The underside of the top layer has a transparent conductive coating; the surface of the layer beneath it
316:
resistive element and a wiper that turns through 10, 20, or more complete revolutions, moving along the helix as it rotates. Multiturn potentiometers, both user-accessible and preset, allow finer adjustments; rotation through the same angle changes the setting by typically a tenth as much as for a
438:
use an optical disk to trigger an infrared sensor, or a magnet to trigger a magnetic sensor (as long as there are other types of sensors, such as capacitive, other types of non-contact potentiometers can probably be built), and then an electronic circuit does the signal processing to provide an
414:
is a potentiometer that has a bias built into the resistive element. Basically this means the center position of the potentiometer is not one half of the total value of the potentiometer. The resistive element is designed to follow a logarithmic taper, aka a mathematical exponent or "squared"
503:
Where the rheostat must be rated for higher power (more than about 1 watt), it may be built with a resistance wire wound around a semi-circular insulator, with the wiper sliding from one turn of the wire to the next. Sometimes a rheostat is made from resistance wire wound on a heat-resisting
364:
A letter code may be used to identify which taper is used, but the letter code definitions are not standardized. Potentiometers made in Asia and the US are usually marked with an "A" for logarithmic taper or a "B" for linear taper; "C" for the rarely seen reverse logarithmic taper. Others,
335:
Other potentiometers are enclosed within the equipment and are intended to only be adjusted when calibrating the equipment during manufacture or repair, and not otherwise touched. They are usually physically much smaller than user-accessible potentiometers, and may need to be operated by a
599:
Usage of a digipot is far more complex than that of a simple mechanical potentiometer, and there are many limitations to observe; nevertheless they are widely used, often for factory adjustment and calibration of equipment, especially where the limitations of mechanical potentiometers are
203:
1874:; The AS5600 is an easy to program magnetic rotary position sensor with a high-resolution 12-bit analog or PWM output. This contactless system measures the absolute angle of a diametric magnetized on-axis magnet. This AS5600 is designed for contactless potentiometer applications;
542:
386:
to the distance between them. Linear taper potentiometers are used when the division ratio of the potentiometer must be proportional to the angle of shaft rotation (or slider position), for example, controls used for adjusting the centering of the display on an analog cathode-ray
328:
an audible click, then the volume increased by turning the same knob. Multiple resistance elements can be ganged together with their sliding contacts on the same shaft, for example in stereo audio amplifiers for volume control. In other applications, such as domestic light
640:
Another is that the sensor requires occasional calibration to match touch location to the underlying display. (Capacitive sensors require no calibration or contact force, only proximity of a finger or other conductive object. However, they are significantly more complex.)
979:
253:, a sliding contact (wiper) that moves along the element, making good electrical contact with one part of it, electrical terminals at each end of the element, a mechanism that moves the wiper from one end to the other, and a housing containing the element and wiper.
500:, "to set, to cause to stand") meaning "setter, regulating device", which is a two-terminal variable resistor. For low-power applications (less than about 1 watt) a three-terminal potentiometer is often used, with one terminal unconnected or connected to the wiper.
304:
1298:
261:
the slider potentiometer is that the slider position gives a visual indication of its setting. While the setting of a rotary potentiometer can be seen by the position of a marking on the knob, an array of sliders can give a visual impression of settings as in a
745:
Potentiometers were formerly used to control picture brightness, contrast, and color response. A potentiometer was often used to adjust "vertical hold", which affected the synchronization between the receiver's internal sweep circuit (sometimes a
381:
describes the electrical characteristic of the device, not the geometry of the resistive element) has a resistive element of constant cross-section, resulting in a device where the resistance between the contact (wiper) and one end terminal is
311:
Multiturn potentiometers are also operated by rotating a shaft, but by several turns rather than less than a full turn. Some multiturn potentiometers have a linear resistive element with a sliding contact moved by a lead screw; others have a
801:, using a non-linear resistance card to supply approximations to trigonometric functions. For example, the shaft rotation might represent an angle, and the voltage division ratio can be made proportional to the cosine of the angle.
670:
User-actuated potentiometers are widely used as user controls, and may control a very wide variety of equipment functions. The widespread use of potentiometers in consumer electronics declined in the 1990s, with rotary
836:
1081:
131:
Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on audio equipment. It is also used in speed control of fans. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position
287:
Conductive track potentiometers use conductive polymer resistor pastes that contain hard-wearing resins and polymers, solvents, and lubricant, in addition to the carbon that provides the conductive properties.
1459:
In addition, the load resistance is often not known and therefore simply placing a variable resistor in series with the load could have a negligible effect or an excessive effect, depending on the load.
1282:
332:, the normal usage pattern is best satisfied if the potentiometer remains set at its current position, so the switch is operated by a push action, alternately on and off, by axial presses of the knob.
588:
lose their set position if power is removed, and are usually designed to initialise at the minimum position, and non-volatile, which retain their set position using a storage mechanism similar to
750:) and the received picture signal, along with other things such as audio-video carrier offset, tuning frequency (for push-button sets) and so on. It also helps in frequency modulation of waves.
1145:
722:
which is simply the reverse of a logarithmic potentiometer. It is almost always used in a ganged configuration with a logarithmic potentiometer, for instance, in an audio balance control.
1233:
1189:
446:
integrated circuit. However, absolute encoders must also use similar principles, although being for industrial use, certainly the cost must be unfeasible for use in domestic appliances.
714:
is approximately logarithmic. It ensures that on a volume control marked 0 to 10, for example, a setting of 5 sounds subjectively half as loud as a setting of 10. There is also an
648:
Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant amounts of power (more than a watt or so). Instead they are used to adjust the level of analog signals (for example
348:
Size scaled 10k and 100k pots that combine traditional mountings and knob shafts with newer and smaller electrical assemblies. The "B" designates a linear (USA/Asian style) taper.
821:
to obtain a manually adjustable output voltage at the slider (wiper) from a fixed input voltage applied across the two ends of the potentiometer. This is their most common use.
1435:
One of the advantages of the potential divider compared to a variable resistor in series with the source is that, while variable resistors have a maximum resistance where some
1416:{\displaystyle {2\ \mathrm {k\Omega } \over 1\ \mathrm {k\Omega } +2\ \mathrm {k\Omega } }\cdot 10\ \mathrm {V} ={2 \over 3}\cdot 10\ \mathrm {V} \approx 6.667\ \mathrm {V} .}
1666:
From p. 309: "As the principal use of this instrument is to adjust or regulate the circuit so that any constant degree of force may be obtained, I have called it a
Rheostat."
699:
Low-power potentiometers, both slide and rotary, are used to control audio equipment, changing loudness, frequency attenuation, and other characteristics of audio signals.
514:
1946:
422:
Logarithmic taper potentiometers are often used for volume or signal level in audio systems, as human perception of audio volume is logarithmic, according to the
336:
screwdriver rather than having a knob. They are usually called "trimmer", "trim", or "preset" potentiometers (or pots), or the genericized brand name "trimpot".
419:
logarithmic potentiometer can also be simulated with a linear one and an external resistor. True logarithmic potentiometers are significantly more expensive.
324:
is a multi-turn potentiometer operated by an attached reel of wire turning against a spring, allowing it to convert linear position to a variable resistance.
999:
529:
2820:
169:: a potentiometer that is adjusted by sliding the wiper left or right (or up and down, depending on the installation), usually with a finger or thumb
702:
The 'log pot', that is, a potentiometer has a resistance, taper, or, "curve" (or law) of a logarithmic (log) form, is used as the volume control in
2461:
1899:
250:
615:
can be used in place of a digipot, and this can offer higher setting resolution, less drift with temperature, and more operational flexibility.
611:
or other functional logic which can store settings and reload them to the "potentiometer" every time the equipment is powered up, a multiplying
1468:
Ageing may cause intermittent contact between the resistive track and the wiper as it is rotated. In volume control use this causes crackling.
1772:
241:
2378:
117:
31:
679:, and other digital controls now more common. However they remain in many applications, such as volume controls and as position sensors.
2159:
1939:
1845:
2142:
2038:
1894:
1684:
1636:
1515:
1919:
553:
443:
667:
Preset potentiometers are widely used throughout electronics wherever adjustments must be made during manufacturing or servicing.
2282:
2009:
1798:
974:{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {L} }={R_{2}R_{\mathrm {L} } \over R_{1}R_{\mathrm {L} }+R_{2}R_{\mathrm {L} }+R_{1}R_{2}}\cdot V_{s}.}
1238:
2330:
2129:
1932:
1452:(zero volts) as the wiper moves from one end of the potentiometer to the other. There is, however, always a small amount of
394:
2984:
383:
1738:
2361:
2113:
1755:
1730:
1107:
2165:
2102:
633:
612:
2825:
2372:
1750:
625:
541:
464:. Because of the change in resistance, they can also be used to adjust magnitude of current in a circuit. The word
1920:
How to build a potentiometer with familiar outputs – and unfamiliar qualities (AS5600 - contactless potentiometer)
1194:
1150:
2579:
2293:
2136:
2021:
1704:
266:
2446:
280:. Other materials used include resistance wire, carbon particles in plastic, and a ceramic/metal mixture called
2588:
2298:
2154:
692:
793:, high precision potentiometers are used to scale intermediate results by desired constant factors, or to set
2599:
2319:
2118:
1709:
1487:
565:
144:), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the power in the controlled load.
2768:
2335:
2200:
2176:
1822:
p3-61 (PDF 207/1224): 3.9 Resistors, variable wirewound (lead screw actuated) – 3.9.7.4 Failure mechanisms
398:
95:
1850:
423:
2837:
2789:
2610:
2426:
2341:
2272:
2108:
1654:"An account of several new Instruments and processes for determining the constants of a voltaic circuit"
1482:
1477:
1436:
993:
775:
703:
582:
296:
193:
potentiometer typically meant to be adjusted once or infrequently for "fine-tuning" an electrical signal
190:
44:
2989:
2911:
2655:
2550:
2324:
2217:
2071:
2032:
1963:
1955:
1449:
730:
726:
321:
1653:
2631:
2539:
2431:
2267:
2244:
1863:
759:
737:
of the pot's position versus the measured value of the pot's tap (wiper or electrical output) pin.
672:
291:
2936:
2796:
2504:
2471:
2287:
2171:
2149:
1453:
798:
520:
469:
391:. Precision potentiometers have an accurate relationship between resistance and slider position.
179:: a small rotating potentiometer meant to be adjusted infrequently by means of a small thumbwheel
125:
1904:
245:
Single-turn potentiometer with metal casing removed to expose wiper contacts and resistive track
202:
766:. This method of motion control is the simplest method of measuring the angle or displacement.
2931:
2852:
2743:
2695:
2524:
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2413:
1841:
1680:
1632:
1511:
794:
262:
73:
65:
58:
1914:
1717:
152:
Some terms in the electronics industry used to describe certain types of potentiometers are:
2647:
2594:
2456:
2421:
2060:
781:
because of the simplicity of construction and because they can give a large output signal.
2924:
2857:
2710:
2441:
2351:
2195:
1760:
818:
790:
653:
455:
206:
121:
102:
1286:
Since the load resistance is large compared to the other resistances, the output voltage
1819:
p3-11 (PDF 157/1224): 3.1.5.5 General characteristics of variable resistors, RJR and RTR
809:
2899:
2680:
2670:
2436:
2239:
1909:
763:
604:
270:
1785:
1576:
813:
A potentiometer with a resistive load, showing equivalent fixed resistors for clarity.
303:
2978:
2961:
2700:
2519:
2346:
2314:
1746:
747:
128:(voltage); the component is an implementation of the same principle, hence its name.
1605:
140:. Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power (more than a
80:
2842:
2830:
2718:
2685:
2514:
2499:
2082:
2066:
589:
388:
1915:
Potentiometer calculations as voltage divider - loaded and open circuit (unloaded)
30:
This article is about the electrical component. For the measuring instrument, see
460:
The most common way to vary the resistance in a circuit continuously is to use a
2884:
2626:
2575:
2481:
2466:
2249:
2211:
1698:
676:
2956:
2946:
2879:
2753:
2723:
2690:
2665:
2660:
2637:
2509:
2489:
2367:
2229:
2206:
2092:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1531:
778:
133:
1900:
Electrical calibration equipment including various measurement potentiometers
1553:
1439:
will always flow, dividers are able to vary the output voltage from maximum (
1425:
Because of the load resistance, however, it will actually be slightly lower:
2919:
2763:
2758:
2748:
2675:
2555:
2389:
2384:
2309:
2234:
707:
505:
358:
758:
Potentiometers can be used as position feedback devices in order to create
344:
2941:
2889:
2869:
2847:
2733:
2728:
2616:
2605:
2534:
2304:
649:
277:
137:
98:
1924:
1807:
17:
2801:
2738:
2560:
2545:
2399:
2356:
2004:
656:), and as control inputs for electronic circuits. For example, a light
1784:"3.1.5.5 General characteristics of variable resistors, RJR and RTR".
1076:{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {L} }={R_{2} \over R_{1}+R_{2}}\cdot V_{s}.}
105:. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a
2874:
2565:
2529:
2494:
2054:
2026:
1999:
1974:
657:
593:
354:
329:
281:
276:
The resistive element of inexpensive potentiometers is often made of
1889:
996:), the output voltage can be approximated by the simpler equation:
2951:
2862:
2621:
2394:
2187:
2049:
2044:
808:
687:
686:
661:
393:
343:
313:
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240:
201:
1905:
The Secret Life of Pots - Dissecting and repairing potentiometers
992:
is large compared to the other resistances (like the input to an
797:
for a calculation. A motor-driven potentiometer may be used as a
299:
potentiometers, or "trimpots", intended for infrequent adjustment
2894:
2277:
2223:
2124:
2077:
2015:
1794:
608:
442:
An example of a non-contact potentiometer can be found with the
141:
1928:
1508:
725:
Potentiometers used in combination with filter networks act as
1510:(seventh ed.). Piscataway, New Jersey: IEEE Press. 2000.
711:
1739:
1731:
492:
482:
473:
1875:
706:, where it is also called an "audio taper pot", because the
101:
with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable
1277:{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {L} }=100\ \mathrm {k\Omega } .}
1658:
1816:
p3-5 (PDF 151/1224): 3.1.3.2 Resistors, variable – Noise
535:
Charles
Wheatstone's 1843 rheostat with a moving whisker
774:
Potentiometers are also very widely used as a part of
1631:. New Delhi: Selina Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 189.
664:
and so indirectly to control the brightness of lamps.
229:) terminals connected to ends of resistance element, (
1301:
1241:
1197:
1153:
1110:
1002:
839:
508:
for testing automobile batteries and power supplies.
217:) stationary carbon composition resistance element, (
1813:
p3-4 (PDF 150/1224): 3.1. Resistors, general – Noise
2910:
2810:
2777:
2709:
2646:
2574:
2480:
2412:
2258:
2186:
2091:
1973:
1962:
660:uses a potentiometer to control the switching of a
523:'s 1843 rheostat with a metal and a wooden cylinder
64:
54:
1697:
1415:
1276:
1227:
1183:
1139:
1075:
973:
233:) terminal connected to wiper. A mechanical stop (
1140:{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {S} }=10\ \mathrm {V} }
1840:; 1ed; Carl Todd; McGraw-Hill; 300 pages; 1975;
1787:MIL-HDBK-978B - NASA Parts Application Handbook
439:output signal that can be analogue or digital.
1861:; Alpsalpine talks about some care with pots.
27:Type of resistor, usually with three terminals
1940:
1577:"Linear Type Precision Potentiometer Diagram"
8:
1228:{\displaystyle R_{2}=2\ \mathrm {k\Omega } }
1184:{\displaystyle R_{1}=1\ \mathrm {k\Omega } }
37:
1808:NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging Program
1797:. 1988-03-01. p. 3-11 (PDF 157/1224).
307:Electronic symbol for pre-set potentiometer
1970:
1947:
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1925:
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1202:
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1116:
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1024:
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340:Resistance–position relationship: "taper"
1499:
510:
559:Electronic symbol for trimmer rheostat
36:
1677:Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS: 1802-1875
7:
2379:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
1895:Pictures of measuring potentiometers
1718:participating institution membership
1554:"Beginners' Guide to Potentiometers"
571:A high-power wirewound potentiometer
361:(aka "audio taper") potentiometers.
237:) prevents rotation past end points.
32:Potentiometer (measuring instrument)
2160:Programmable unijunction transistor
817:The potentiometer can be used as a
49:A typical single-turn potentiometer
2061:Multi-gate field-effect transistor
1890:Beginners' Guide to Potentiometers
1773:Membrane Potentiometer White Paper
1406:
1392:
1365:
1348:
1345:
1331:
1328:
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1312:
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1177:
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1117:
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923:
898:
874:
846:
434:Unlike mechanical potentiometers,
116:The measuring instrument called a
25:
2039:Insulated-gate bipolar transistor
209:of potentiometer showing parts: (
159:: abbreviation for potentiometer.
2283:Heterostructure barrier varactor
2010:Chemical field-effect transistor
1859:Potentiometer caution (Problems)
1804:from the original on 2024-05-27.
564:
552:
540:
528:
513:
79:
72:
43:
2331:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
1629:Concise Physics Class IX (ICSE)
412:logarithmic taper potentiometer
401:Helipot precision potentiometer
547:Electronic symbol for rheostat
1:
317:simple rotary potentiometer.
2362:Silicon controlled rectifier
2224:Organic light-emitting diode
2114:Diffused junction transistor
1652:Wheatstone, Charles (1843).
249:Potentiometers consist of a
225:) shaft attached to wiper, (
2166:Static induction transistor
2103:Bipolar junction transistor
2055:MOS field-effect transistor
2027:Fin field-effect transistor
634:analog-to-digital converter
3006:
2373:Static induction thyristor
1838:The Potentiometer Handbook
1740:
1732:
1092:and cancelling terms with
580:
493:
483:
474:
468:was coined in 1843 by Sir
453:
436:non-contact potentiometers
375:linear taper potentiometer
369:Linear taper potentiometer
221:) phosphor bronze wiper, (
29:
2542:(Hexode, Heptode, Octode)
2294:Hybrid integrated circuit
2137:Light-emitting transistor
1872:Contactless potentiometer
1705:Oxford English Dictionary
603:In equipment which has a
430:Contactless potentiometer
406:Logarithmic potentiometer
71:
42:
2589:Backward-wave oscillator
2299:Light emitting capacitor
2155:Point-contact transistor
2125:Junction Gate FET (JFET)
1556:. Elliott Sound Products
1083:(dividing throughout by
2600:Crossed-field amplifier
2119:Field-effect transistor
1756:A Greek–English Lexicon
1710:Oxford University Press
1488:Motorized potentiometer
1295:will be approximately:
619:Membrane potentiometers
481:meaning "stream", and -
2769:Voltage-regulator tube
2336:MOS integrated circuit
2201:Constant-current diode
2177:Unijunction transistor
1417:
1278:
1229:
1185:
1141:
1104:As an example, assume
1077:
975:
833:can be calculated by:
814:
710:response of the human
704:audio power amplifiers
696:
691:Slide potentiometers (
636:provides output data.
402:
349:
308:
300:
246:
238:
2838:Electrolytic detector
2611:Inductive output tube
2427:Low-dropout regulator
2342:Organic semiconductor
2273:Printed circuit board
2109:Darlington transistor
1956:Electronic components
1747:Liddell, Henry George
1627:Jhakki, Akki (2020).
1606:"Potentiometer taper"
1478:Potentiometric sensor
1418:
1279:
1230:
1186:
1142:
1078:
994:operational amplifier
976:
812:
690:
583:Digital potentiometer
577:Digital potentiometer
397:
347:
306:
294:
244:
205:
2985:Resistive components
2656:Beam deflection tube
2325:Metal oxide varistor
2218:Light-emitting diode
2072:Thin-film transistor
2033:Floating-gate MOSFET
1675:Brian Bowers (ed.),
1608:. the Resistor Guide
1299:
1239:
1195:
1151:
1108:
1000:
837:
673:incremental encoders
322:string potentiometer
136:, for example, in a
2632:Traveling-wave tube
2432:Switching regulator
2268:Printed electronics
2245:Step recovery diode
2022:Depletion-load NMOS
1806:(Description page:
1708:(Online ed.).
1575:Peterson, Phillip.
824:The voltage across
805:Theory of operation
760:closed-loop control
720:reverse audio taper
124:used for measuring
39:
2937:Crystal oscillator
2797:Variable capacitor
2472:Switched capacitor
2414:Voltage regulators
2288:Integrated circuit
2172:Tetrode transistor
2150:Pentode transistor
2143:Organic LET (OLET)
2130:Organic FET (OFET)
1454:contact resistance
1413:
1274:
1225:
1181:
1137:
1073:
971:
815:
799:function generator
795:initial conditions
697:
521:Charles Wheatstone
470:Charles Wheatstone
403:
350:
309:
301:
247:
239:
126:electric potential
2972:
2971:
2932:Ceramic resonator
2744:Mercury-arc valve
2696:Video camera tube
2648:Cathode-ray tubes
2408:
2407:
2016:Complementary MOS
1910:Making a rheostat
1868:
1855:
1716:(Subscription or
1584:Precision Sensors
1404:
1390:
1380:
1363:
1353:
1343:
1326:
1310:
1262:
1216:
1172:
1131:
1055:
953:
472:, from the Greek
424:Weber–Fechner law
263:graphic equalizer
251:resistive element
120:is essentially a
107:variable resistor
88:
87:
66:Electronic symbol
16:(Redirected from
2997:
2826:electrical power
2711:Gas-filled tubes
2595:Cavity magnetron
2422:Linear regulator
1971:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1926:
1862:
1849:
1825:
1805:
1803:
1792:
1781:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1734:
1728:
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1713:
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1649:
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1618:
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1602:
1596:
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1593:
1591:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1532:"Resistor Guide"
1528:
1522:
1521:
1504:
1447:
1431:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1395:
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1324:
1319:
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1294:
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1253:
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1251:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1170:
1163:
1162:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1101:as denominator)
1100:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1040:
1039:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1012:
991:
980:
978:
977:
972:
967:
966:
954:
952:
951:
950:
941:
940:
928:
927:
926:
916:
915:
903:
902:
901:
891:
890:
880:
879:
878:
877:
867:
866:
856:
851:
850:
849:
832:
791:analog computers
568:
556:
544:
532:
517:
496:
495:
486:
485:
477:
476:
83:
76:
47:
40:
21:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2906:
2821:audio and video
2806:
2773:
2705:
2642:
2570:
2551:Photomultiplier
2476:
2404:
2352:Quantum circuit
2260:
2254:
2196:Avalanche diode
2182:
2094:
2087:
1976:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1886:
1834:
1832:Further reading
1829:
1828:
1801:
1790:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1761:Perseus Project
1729:
1725:
1715:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1674:
1670:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1474:
1466:
1446:
1440:
1426:
1320:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1060:
1044:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1003:
998:
997:
990:
984:
958:
942:
932:
917:
907:
892:
882:
881:
868:
858:
857:
840:
835:
834:
831:
825:
819:voltage divider
807:
787:
772:
762:, such as in a
756:
743:
685:
654:audio equipment
646:
621:
585:
579:
572:
569:
560:
557:
548:
545:
536:
533:
524:
518:
458:
456:Liquid rheostat
452:
432:
408:
371:
342:
207:Cutaway drawing
200:
150:
122:voltage divider
103:voltage divider
84:(ANSI Standard)
78:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:Wollaston wire
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2681:Selectron tube
2678:
2673:
2671:Magic eye tube
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2240:Schottky diode
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1884:External links
1882:
1881:
1880:
1869:
1856:
1846:978-0070066908
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1793:(B ed.).
1776:
1765:
1723:
1689:
1668:
1644:
1637:
1619:
1597:
1567:
1544:
1523:
1516:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1444:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1291:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1245:
1223:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1097:
1088:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1006:
988:
970:
965:
961:
957:
949:
945:
939:
935:
931:
925:
920:
914:
910:
906:
900:
895:
889:
885:
876:
871:
865:
861:
854:
848:
843:
829:
806:
803:
786:
783:
771:
768:
764:servomechanism
755:
754:Motion control
752:
742:
739:
684:
681:
645:
642:
620:
617:
605:microprocessor
581:Main article:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
563:
561:
558:
551:
549:
546:
539:
537:
534:
527:
525:
519:
512:
451:
448:
431:
428:
407:
404:
370:
367:
341:
338:
271:mixing console
199:
196:
195:
194:
180:
177:thumbwheel pot
170:
160:
149:
146:
86:
85:
77:(IEC Standard)
69:
68:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3002:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2963:
2962:mercury relay
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:Potentiometer
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2701:Williams tube
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Fleming valve
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:Photodetector
2345:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:Memtransistor
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2167:
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2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2081:
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2048:
2046:
2043:
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2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:Semiconductor
1961:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
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1789:
1788:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1751:Scott, Robert
1748:
1744:
1736:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1685:0-85296-103-0
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1638:9789388594387
1634:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1555:
1552:Elliot, Rod.
1548:
1545:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1517:0-7381-2601-2
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
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1471:
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1321:
1305:
1290:
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1257:
1254:
1243:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1126:
1123:
1112:
1102:
1096:
1087:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1004:
995:
987:
981:
968:
963:
959:
955:
947:
943:
937:
933:
929:
918:
912:
908:
904:
893:
887:
883:
869:
863:
859:
852:
841:
828:
822:
820:
811:
804:
802:
800:
796:
792:
784:
782:
780:
777:
769:
767:
765:
761:
753:
751:
749:
748:multivibrator
740:
738:
734:
732:
728:
727:tone controls
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
694:
689:
683:Audio control
682:
680:
678:
674:
668:
665:
663:
659:
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651:
643:
641:
637:
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629:
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591:
584:
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147:
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139:
135:
129:
127:
123:
119:
118:potentiometer
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
92:potentiometer
82:
75:
70:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
46:
41:
38:Potentiometer
33:
19:
2784:
2719:Cold cathode
2686:Storage tube
2576:Vacuum tubes
2525:Neutron tube
2500:Beam tetrode
2482:Vacuum tubes
2067:Power MOSFET
1876:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1837:
1786:
1779:
1768:
1754:
1726:
1703:
1692:
1679:, IET, 2001
1676:
1671:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1628:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1586:. Betatronix
1583:
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1526:
1507:
1502:
1467:
1458:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1288:
1285:
1103:
1094:
1085:
985:
982:
826:
823:
816:
788:
776:displacement
773:
757:
744:
735:
724:
719:
716:anti-log pot
715:
701:
698:
677:push-buttons
669:
666:
647:
644:Applications
638:
630:
622:
602:
598:
590:flash memory
586:
502:
497:
488:
478:
465:
461:
459:
441:
435:
433:
421:
417:
411:
409:
389:oscilloscope
384:proportional
378:
374:
372:
363:
351:
334:
326:
319:
310:
286:
275:
259:
255:
248:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
198:Construction
186:
182:
176:
172:
166:
162:
156:
151:
148:Nomenclature
130:
115:
110:
106:
91:
89:
2990:Transducers
2885:Transformer
2627:Sutton tube
2467:Charge pump
2320:Memory cell
2250:Zener diode
2212:Laser diode
2095:transistors
1977:transistors
1612:19 November
785:Computation
779:transducers
770:Transducers
359:logarithmic
187:trimmer pot
134:transducers
94:is a three-
2979:Categories
2957:reed relay
2947:Parametron
2880:Thermistor
2858:resettable
2817:Connector
2778:Adjustable
2754:Nixie tube
2724:Crossatron
2691:Trochotron
2666:Iconoscope
2661:Charactron
2638:X-ray tube
2510:Compactron
2490:Acorn tube
2447:Buck–boost
2368:Solaristor
2230:Photodiode
2207:Gunn diode
2203:(CLD, CRD)
1985:Transistor
1865:(download)
1852:(download)
1720:required.)
1687:pp.104-105
1664:: 303–327.
1494:References
741:Television
731:equalizers
675:, up/down
652:controls
506:load banks
454:See also:
295:PCB mount
213:) shaft, (
167:slider pot
2920:Capacitor
2764:Trigatron
2759:Thyratron
2749:Neon lamp
2676:Monoscope
2556:Phototube
2540:Pentagrid
2505:Barretter
2390:Trancitor
2385:Thyristor
2310:Memristor
2235:PIN diode
2012:(ChemFET)
1537:3 January
1397:≈
1383:⋅
1356:⋅
1349:Ω
1332:Ω
1316:Ω
1268:Ω
1222:Ω
1178:Ω
1058:⋅
956:⋅
708:amplitude
173:thumb pot
163:Slide pot
2942:Inductor
2912:Reactive
2890:Varistor
2870:Resistor
2848:Antifuse
2734:Ignitron
2729:Dekatron
2617:Klystron
2606:Gyrotron
2535:Nuvistor
2452:Split-pi
2338:(MOS IC)
2305:Memistor
2063:(MuGFET)
2057:(MOSFET)
2029:(FinFET)
1877:(AS5600)
1799:Archived
1590:29 April
1472:See also
1427:≈ 6.623
498:histanai
466:rheostat
462:rheostat
450:Rheostat
278:graphite
138:joystick
111:rheostat
99:resistor
96:terminal
18:Rheostat
2843:Ferrite
2811:Passive
2802:Varicap
2790:digital
2739:Krytron
2561:Tetrode
2546:Pentode
2400:Varicap
2381:(3D IC)
2357:RF CMOS
2261:devices
2035:(FGMOS)
1966:devices
1759:at the
1741:ἱστάναι
1483:Trimmer
1464:Failure
1437:current
494:ἱστάναι
399:Beckman
330:dimmers
314:helical
297:trimmer
191:trimmer
183:trimpot
59:Passive
2875:Switch
2566:Triode
2530:Nonode
2495:Audion
2375:(SITh)
2259:Other
2226:(OLED)
2188:Diodes
2139:(LET)
2121:(FET)
2093:Other
2041:(IGBT)
2018:(CMOS)
2005:BioFET
2000:BiCMOS
1844:
1699:"stat"
1683:
1635:
1560:7 June
1514:
1450:ground
1403:
1389:
1362:
1342:
1325:
1309:
1261:
1235:, and
1215:
1171:
1130:
693:faders
658:dimmer
650:volume
594:EEPROM
491:(from
489:states
484:στάτης
444:AS5600
379:linear
355:linear
282:cermet
267:faders
2952:Relay
2925:types
2863:eFUSE
2634:(TWT)
2622:Maser
2613:(IOT)
2602:(CFA)
2591:(BWO)
2515:Diode
2462:SEPIC
2442:Boost
2395:TRIAC
2364:(SCR)
2327:(MOV)
2301:(LEC)
2220:(LED)
2179:(UJT)
2168:(SIT)
2162:(PUT)
2105:(BJT)
2074:(TFT)
2050:LDMOS
2045:ISFET
1802:(PDF)
1791:(PDF)
1714:
1580:(PDF)
1448:) to
1400:6.667
662:TRIAC
479:rheos
269:on a
2895:Wire
2853:Fuse
2437:Buck
2290:(IC)
2278:DIAC
2214:(LD)
2083:UMOS
2078:VMOS
1995:PMOS
1990:NMOS
1975:MOS
1842:ISBN
1795:NASA
1733:ῥέος
1681:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1614:2012
1592:2015
1562:2012
1539:2018
1512:ISBN
609:FPGA
475:ῥέος
357:and
227:E, G
189:: a
142:watt
55:Type
2457:Ćuk
1662:133
1258:100
983:If
789:In
729:or
718:or
712:ear
626:PET
613:DAC
592:or
265:or
185:or
175:or
165:or
157:Pot
109:or
2981::
2831:RF
2580:RF
1848:.
1810:)
1753:;
1749:;
1745:.
1737:,
1702:.
1660:.
1656:.
1582:.
1456:.
1432:.
1386:10
1359:10
1191:,
1147:,
1127:10
733:.
607:,
596:.
426:.
410:A
373:A
320:A
284:.
273:.
113:.
90:A
2582:)
2578:(
1948:e
1941:t
1934:v
1763:.
1712:.
1641:.
1616:.
1594:.
1564:.
1541:.
1520:.
1445:S
1442:V
1429:V
1411:.
1407:V
1393:V
1378:3
1375:2
1370:=
1366:V
1346:k
1339:2
1336:+
1329:k
1322:1
1313:k
1306:2
1292:L
1289:V
1272:.
1265:k
1255:=
1249:L
1244:R
1219:k
1212:2
1209:=
1204:2
1200:R
1175:k
1168:1
1165:=
1160:1
1156:R
1134:V
1124:=
1118:S
1113:V
1098:L
1095:R
1089:L
1086:R
1071:.
1066:s
1062:V
1050:2
1046:R
1042:+
1037:1
1033:R
1026:2
1022:R
1016:=
1010:L
1005:V
989:L
986:R
969:.
964:s
960:V
948:2
944:R
938:1
934:R
930:+
924:L
919:R
913:2
909:R
905:+
899:L
894:R
888:1
884:R
875:L
870:R
864:2
860:R
853:=
847:L
842:V
830:L
827:R
695:)
487:-
377:(
235:H
231:F
223:D
219:C
215:B
211:A
34:.
20:)
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